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Assignment 9

1. The document is a math assignment containing 10 problems related to differential equations and Legendre polynomials. It asks students to find power series solutions, radii of convergence, fundamental systems of solutions, Rodrigues' formula, orthogonality properties, and apply Legendre polynomials to various problems. 2. Several questions involve solving differential equations for power series solutions and finding their radii of convergence. Other problems relate to properties of Legendre polynomials including Rodrigues' formula, orthogonality, and generating functions. 3. The final two problems involve applying Legendre polynomials to solve Sturm-Liouville eigenvalue problems and proving properties of the eigenvalues.

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Keesari Vigneshwar Reddy
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24 views

Assignment 9

1. The document is a math assignment containing 10 problems related to differential equations and Legendre polynomials. It asks students to find power series solutions, radii of convergence, fundamental systems of solutions, Rodrigues' formula, orthogonality properties, and apply Legendre polynomials to various problems. 2. Several questions involve solving differential equations for power series solutions and finding their radii of convergence. Other problems relate to properties of Legendre polynomials including Rodrigues' formula, orthogonality, and generating functions. 3. The final two problems involve applying Legendre polynomials to solve Sturm-Liouville eigenvalue problems and proving properties of the eigenvalues.

Uploaded by

Keesari Vigneshwar Reddy
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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The LNM Institute of Information Technology

Jaipur, Rajasthan
MATH-II
Assignment 9

1. The equation y 00 + y 0 − xy = 0 has a power series solution of the form an xn .


P

(i) Find the power series solutions y1 (x) and y2 (x) such that y1 (0) = 1, y10 (0) = 0 and y2 (0) =
0, y20 (0) = 1.
(ii) Find the radius of convergence for y1 (x) and y2 (x).
2. Consider the differential equation (1 + x2 )y 00 − 4xy 0 + 6y = 0.
(i) Find its general solution in the form y = a0 y1 (x) + a1 y2 (x), where y1 and y2 are power series.
(ii) Find the radius of convergence for y1 (x) and y2 (x).
3. (a) Show that the fundamental system of solutions of Legendre equation

(1 − x2 )y 00 − 2xy 0 + p(p + 1)y = 0


∞
X ∞
X
consists of y1 (x) = a2n x2n and y2 (x) = a2n+1 x2n+1 , where a0 = a1 = 1 and
n=0 n=0

(p − 2n)(p + 2n + 1)
a2n+2 = − a2n n = 0, 1, 2 . . .
(2n + 1)(2n + 2)
(p − 2n + 1)(p + 2n)
a2n+1 =− a2n−1 n = 1, 2, 3, . . .
2n(2n + 1)

(b) Verify that


 
1 1+x
y1 (x) =P0 (x) = 1, y2 (x) = log for p = 0
2 1−x
 
x 1+x
y2 (x) =P1 (x) = x, y1 (x) = 1 − log for p = 1.
2 1−x

1 dn
(c) The expression, Pn (x) = n [(x2 − 1)n ], is called the Rodrigues’ formula for Legendre
2 n! dxn
polynomial Pn of degree n. Assuming this, find P1 , P2 , P3 , P4 .
4. Using Rodrigues’ formula for Pn (x), show that
(i) Pn (−x) = (−1)n Pn (x) (ii) Pn0 (−x) = (−1)n+1 Pn0 (x)
Z 1 Z 1
2
(iii) Pn (x)Pm (x)dx = δmn (iv) xm Pn (x)dx = 0 if m < n.
−1 2n + 1 −1
Z 1
5. Suppose m > n. Show that xm Pn (x)dx = 0 if m − n is odd. What happens if m − n is even?
−1
∞
1 X
6. The function on the left side of √ = Pn (x)tn is called the generating function of the
1 − 2xt + t2 n=0
Legendre polynomial Pn . Using this relation, show that
(i) (n + 1)Pn+1 (x) − (2n + 1)xPn (x) + nPn−1 (x) = 0 (ii) nPn (x) = xPn0 (x) − Pn−1
0
(x)
0
(iii) Pn+1 (x) − xPn0 (x) = (n + 1)Pn (x) (iv) Pn (1) = 1, Pn (−1) = (−1)n
1.3.5. . . . (2n − 1)
(v) P2n+1 (0) = 0, P2n (0) = (−1)n .
2n n!
7. Expand the following functions in terms of Legendre polynomials over [−1, 1]:
(i) f (x) = x3 + x + 1
(
0, if − 1 ≤ x < 0
(ii) f (x) = (first theree nonzero term).
x, if 0 ≤ x ≤ 1

8. Find the eigenvalues and eigen functions of the following Sturm-Liouville Problems:

(i) y 00 + λy = 0, y(0) = y(1) + y 0 (1) = 0


(ii) (xy 0 )0 + λx y = 0, y(1) = y 0 (e) = 0
9. If p(x), q(x), r(x) are all greater than zero on (a, b), then prove that the eigenvalues of the Strum-
Liouville problem, (p(x)y 0 )0 − q(x)y + λr(x)y = 0, are positive with any of the boundary conditions:
(i) p(a) = 0, p(b) = 0, (ii) p(a) = p(b) with y(b) = y(a), y 0 (b) = y 0 (a) (iii) y(a) − ky 0 (a) = 0, y(b) +
my 0 (b) = 0, k, m > 0.
10. Consider the Strum-Liouville problem (p(x)y 0 )0 + [q(x) + λr(x)]y = 0 with p(x) > 0 on [a, b] and
y(a) 6= y(b), y 0 (a) 6= y 0 (b). Show that every eigen function is unique except for a constant factor.

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