Differential Calculus 1

JEE TRAINER
Preparing You For Both JEE MAIN and ADVANCED

DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS
By V Ramakrishna

Ativeer Publication
A unit of Ativeer Research and Educational Services Pvt Ltd
 Differential Calculus 2

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 Differential Calculus 3

Preface

I have been into teaching JEE -advanced Mathematics for more than 10 years. I have observed
that multi-conceptual questions asked are increasing drastically over the years. For ex: Maxima/
Minima problem combined with definite integrals, finding the roots of a solution for given DE etc.
So many multi-concept oriented questions have been incorporated in the book.

Attempt is made to present this book in such a manner that students/ teachers who follow the
book in proposed manner will be able to solve any kind of questions at both JEE-mains and advanced
level.

Students who refer this book are future IITians/ NITians who try to find solutions to real life
problems using their Mathematical skills. I have learnt from my students that, solving direct problems
(though very important at initial stage ) without understanding basic motto behind it will not help
in performing at IITs/ NITs and even beyond though they could do well in JEE-main level tests. The
proposed book is an attempt to bridge this gap by Make Concept Clear questions (MC2). Order of
MC2 problems is kept in a way to maximize the learning curve of the students.

Students are advised to go through illustration problems first to strengthen their basics and look
at the hint from solutions page only when they fail to solve practice session on their own.

Was it not for the advise, support and encouragement given by my colleagues, friends, students
and family , this book would not have been materialized. I am extremely indebted to their support
in all my endeavors.

Any suggestions to improve the book are welcome. Your suggestions will go a long way in making
this book perfect in subsequent editions.

I am very much thankful to Ativeer Publications for giving me an opportunity to share my knowledge
with wide student and teacher community.

V Ramakrishna
Differential Calculus 4
 Differential Calculus 5

CONTENTS
Chapter 1 Functions 1.1 – 1.100
1.1 Functions 1.1
1.2 Some Standard Functions 1.3
1.3 Value of a Function 1.5
1.4 Domain of a Function 1.7
1.5 Range of Function 1.11
1.6 Equal or Identical Functions 1.17
1.7 Types of Functions 1.18
1.8 Symmetricity and Reflection of a Curve 1.20
1.9 Periodic Function 1.24
1.10 Classification of Functions 1.29
1.11 Composite Function and its properties 1.37
1.12 General Functions 1.40
1.13 Inverse of a Function 1.41
1.14 Functional Equations 1.46
Practice Session - 1 for JEE MAIN 1.49
Practice Session - 2 for JEE ADVANCED 1.51
Practice Session - 3 - CHALLENGERS 1.61
Flashback - Previous Year Questions 1.63
Answer Key 1.65
Explanations to Mc2 1.67
Explanations to PS - 1 1.77
Explanations to PS - 2 1.80
Explanations to PS - 3 1.95
Explanations to Flashback 1.98

Chapter 2 Limits 2.1 – 2.106

2.1 Basic Terminology 2.1
2.2 Limit of a Function 2.3
2.3 Methods to Evaluate Limits 2.11
2.4 Neighbourhood Properties and Sandwitch Theorem 2.20
2.5 Limits of Trigonometric Functions 2.23
2.6 Limits using Expansion of Functions 2.30
2.7 Method of Evaluation of Limits of the form - 1  , Exponential
and Logarithmic Limits 2.33
2.8 Indeterminate forms and De'L' Hospital's Rule 2.40
2.9 Limit of a Sequence 2.46
 Differential Calculus 6

Practice Session - 1 for JEE MAIN 2.49

Practice Session - 2 for JEE ADVANCED 2.53
Practice Session - 3 - CHALLENGERS 2.64
Flashback - Previous Year Questions 2.66
Answer Key 2.68
Explanations to Mc2 2.69
Explanations to PS - 1 2.77
Explanations to PS - 2 2.82
Explanations to PS - 3 2.99
Explanations to Flashback 2.103

Chapter 3 Continuity 3.1 – 3.43

3.1 Continuity of Functions of a Single Real Variable 3.1
3.2 Algebraic Properties of Continuous Functions 3.6
3.3 Discontinuous Function 3.7
3.4 Special Properties of Continuous Functions 3.10
3.5 Kinds of Discontinuities 3.15
Practice Session - 1 for JEE MAIN 3.18
Practice Session - 2 for JEE ADVANCED 3.21
Practice Session - 3 - CHALLENGERS 3.26
Flashback - Previous Year Questions 3.27
Answer Key 3.29
Explanations to Mc2 3.30
Explanations to PS - 1 3.32
Explanations to PS - 2 3.34
Explanations to PS - 3 3.40
Explanations to Flashback 3.42

Chapter 4 Differentiability 4.1 – 4.57

4.1 The Differentiability of a Real Function at a Point 4.1
4.2 Derivative as a Rate of Change 4.2
4.3 Relation Between Continuity and Derivability 4.4
4.4 Differentiability Using Derivative of a Function 4.10
4.5 Algebra of Differentiability of Functions 4.12
4.6 Determination of Function Satisfying the given Functional Rule 4.17
Practice Session - 1 for JEE MAIN 4.19
Practice Session - 2 for JEE ADVANCED 4.22
 Differential Calculus 7

Flashback - Previous Year Questions 4.31

Answer Key 4.35
Explanations to Mc2 4.36
Explanations to PS - 1 4.39
Explanations to PS - 2 4.42
Explanations to Flashback 4.52

Chapter 5 Differentiation 5.1 – 5.57

5.1 Derived Function 5.1
5.2 Derivative of The Inverse of A Function 5.8
5.3 Methods of Differentiation 5.13
5.4 Second Order Derivatives 5.23
5.5 L'Hospital's Rule 5.27
Practice Session for JEE MAIN & JEE ADVANCED 5.30
Flashback - Previous Year Questions 5.39
Answer Key 5.41
Explanations to PS 5.42
Explanations to Flashback 5.55

Chapter 6 Tangents and Normals 6.1 – 6.45

6.1 Equations of Tangent and Normal to a curve at a point 6.1
6.2 To Find a Point on a Curve when Tangent or Normal at one
Point meet the Curve again at other Point 6.9
6.3 Angle between two intersecting curves 6.13
6.4 Lengths of the Tangent, Normal sub - tangent and sub - normal
at any point of a curve 6.16
Practice Session - 1 for JEE MAIN 6.20
Practice Session - 2 for JEE ADVANCED 6.22
Flashback - Previous Year Questions 6.28
Answer Key 6.29
Explanations to PS - 1 6.30
Explanations to PS - 2 6.33
Explanations to Flashback 6.44

Chapter 7 Rolle's and Mean Value Theorems 7.1 – 7.27

7.1 Rolle's Theorem 7.1
7.2 Lagrange's Mean Value Theorem (LMVT) 7.5
Practice Session for JEE MAIN & JEE ADVANCED 7.12
 Differential Calculus 8

Flashback - Previous Year Questions 7.17

Answer Key 7.18
Explanations to PS 7.19
Explanations to Flashback 7.26

Chapter 8 Monotonocity and Maxima & Minima 8.1 – 8.141

8.1 Increasing and Decreasing Functions 8.1
8.2 Establishing Inequalities (Comparision of Functions) 8.9
8.3 Maxima and Minima 8.15
8.4 Testing a Function for Local Maximum and Local Minimum
with Second Derivative Test 8.24
8.5 Miscellaneous Methods to Optimise the Functions 8.37
8.6 Concave up, Concave down and Points of Inflection 8.46
8.7 Curve Sketching 8.51
8.8 Graphs of Rational Functions, General tips for Plotting
the Graph of a Rational Function 8.54
8.9 Studying Monotonocity and Local Extremum of Oscillating
Functions 8.57
Practice Session - 1 for JEE MAIN 8.59
Practice Session - 2 for JEE ADVANCED 8.63
Practice Session - 3 - CHALLENGERS 8.79
Flashback - Previous Year Questions 8.80
Answer Key 8.85
Explanations to Mc2 8.87
Explanations to PS - 1 8.100
Explanations to PS - 2 8.106
Explanations to PS - 3 8.131
Explanations to Flashback 8.133

Appendix - 1 A1.1 – A1.12

Appendix - 2 A2.13 – A2.20

Differential Calculus 9

DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS

Chapter 1

FUNCTIONS
1.1 Functions
1.2 Some Standard Functions
1.3 Value of a Function
1.4 Domain of a Function
1.5 Range of Function
1.6 Equal or Identical Functions
1.7 Types of Functions
1.8 Symmetricity and Reflection of a Curve
1.9 Periodic Function
1.10 Classification of Functions
1.11 Composite Function and its properties
1.12 General Functions
1.13 Inverse of a Function
1.14 Functional Equations
Differential Calculus 10
 Differential Calculus 11

FUNCTIONS
The concept of function is a fundamental technique in almost element of A, a unique element in B. Then f is called a
all branches of Mathematics. In fact they are the major tool function or mapping from A to B. It is denoted by the
to describe the real world in mathematical notions. As a symbol
matter of fact, functions are some special kind of relations. f
A relation R from a set A to a set B is said to be a function if f : A  B or A  B
every element of A has a unique relation in B. Thus under a
which reads ‘ f ’ is a function from A to B’ or ‘f maps A to
function from A to B, each element of A is associated to one
B,
and only one element in B.
If an element a  A is associated with an element b  B
1.1 Functions then b is called ‘the f image of a’ or ‘image of a under f ’ or
‘the value of the function f at a’ denoted by f(a). Also a is
Before we talk about function let us see some real life called the pre-image of b or argument of b under the function
examples. f. We write it as b = f (a) or f : a  b or f : (a, b)
In everyday life, many quantities depend on one or more
Function as a set of Ordered Pairs
changing variables. For example:
A function f : A  B can be expressed as a set of ordered
(a) Plant growth depends on sunlight and rainfall pairs in which each ordered pair is such that its first element
(b) Speed depends on distance travelled and time taken belongs to A and second element is the corresponding element
of B.
(c) Voltage depends on current and resistance
As such, a function f : A  B can be considered as a set of
(d) Test marks depend on attitude, listening in lectures and ordered pairs (a, f(a) ) where a  A and f (a)  B which is the
doing tutorials (among many other variables !) f image of a. Hence f is a subset of A × B.
Informally a function is a rule that relates how one quantity As a particular type of relation, we can define a function as
depends on other quantities. follows :
Let A and B be two non-empty sets and let there exist a rule A relation R from a non -empty set A to a non-empty set B is
or manner or correspondence ‘ f ’ which associates to each called a function if
 Differential Calculus 12

Differential Calculus

(i) each element of A is associated with some element of B. is associated to two elements u and w in B.
(ii) each element of A has unique image in B. Note
Thus a function ‘ f ’ from a set A to a set B is a subset of A Every function is a relation but every relation is not
× B in which each 'a' belonging to A appears in one and only necessarily a function.
one ordered pair belonging to f. Hence a function f is a
relation from A to B satisfying the following properties : Graphical Test
Every function from A  B satisfies the following conditions. If the graph of a relation contains no two points on the same
vertical line i.e., no two ordinates correspond to the same
(i) f  A × B abscissa, then that relation is a function.
(ii)  a  A  (a, f (a))  f and Thus a relation is a function, if no line parallel to the y-axis
(iii) (a, b)  f & (a, c)  f  b = c. cuts the graph more than once.

Thus the ordered pairs of f must satisfy the property that Observe the following graphs of functions :
each element of A appears in some ordered pair and no two y - axis y - axis
ordered pairs have same first element.
Eg: Let A = {2, 4, 6, 8} and B = {s, t, u, v, w} be two sets
and let f1, f2, f3 and f4 be rules associating elements of A to
P
elements of B as shown in the following figures. P x - axis
O x - axis O
2 f1 s
t
4 u
6 v fig - 1 fig - 2
8 w
y - axis y - axis
f2 s
2 t
4 u
P
6 v
8 w P
O O
x - axis x - axis
f3 s
2 t
4 u
6 v
8 w fig - 3 fig - 4

y y
f4 s
2
4 t
u
6 v
8 w
x’ x x’ x
O O
i) the relations f1 is not a function from set A to set B,since
there is an element 6  A which is not associated to any
element of B.
ii) the relations f2 and f3 are the functions from A to B, because y’
y’
under f2 and f3 each elements in A is associated to a unique
element in B.
fig - 5 fig - 6
iii) f4 is not a function from A to B because an element 8 A fig 1, 2, 3, 4 are functions and fig. 5, 6 are relation.

Solved Examples
Y
x2 y2
1. Find whether the relation 2 + 2 = 1 is a mapping or
a b
O X

1.2
 Differential Calculus 13

Functions

b 2 a 3b a
Given relation can be written as y = ± a  x2 not a function. Also for x  ,y   i.e. has
a 2 2 2
Here straight lines drawn parallel to y-axis meets the two images.
curve at more than one point. Thus, given relation is

Representation of Function E.g: f  x   ln   x  is an empty function since it is not valid

2

Let A and B be two non-empty sets. Let f be function from A for any real value of x.
to B. If variables x and y represent the elements of A and B
respectively, then x and y are respectively called the Real valued functions
independent variable and the dependent variable of the If f : A  B is a function, and
function f. This is so because each y-value depends on the
corresponding x-value and we then write y = f(x). (i) if A  R then f is called a real variable function,
The function itself is most often called f, and the notation (ii) if B  R then f is called a real valued function
y = f(x)(Alexis Claude Clairaut (in approximately 1734)
(iii) if A  R, B  R then f is called a real function.
and Euler introduced the familiar notation " f(x) ")
indicates that a function named f has an input named x and E.g : Let i = 1 and x  R .
an output named y. E.g. ƒ(x) = 2x+1, implies ƒ(3) = 7;
(i) The function defined by f ( x ) = x + i is a real variable
when a name for the function is not needed, the form
function.
y = 2x + 1 may be used.
(ii) The function defined by f( x +i) = x 2  1 is a real
Domain, Co-Domain & Range of a Function
valued function
Let f : A  B be a function, then
(iii) The function defined by f(x)= x+1 is a real function
(i) The set A is called the domain of f.
(ii) The set B is called codomain of f. 1.2 Some Standard Functions
(iii) The set of all f images of elements of A is called the
range of f ,denoted by f(A). 1) Piecewise Function
Thus : A piecewise-defined function (also called a piecewise function)
Domain of f = {a  a  A, (a, f(a))  f} is a function whose definition changes depending on the value
of the independent variable. Mathematically, a real-valued
Range of f = {f(a)  a  A, f(a)  B, (a, f (a) )  f} function f of a real variable x is a relationship whose definition
It should be noted that range is a subset of codomain. is given differently on disjoint subsets of its domain (known
as subdomains).
Empty Function
The word piecewise is also used to describe any property of a
A function whose domain is empty set is called an empty piecewise-defined function that holds for each piece but may
function.For each set A,there is exactly one such empty not hold for the whole domain of the function
function f :   A .The graph of an empty function is a sub
set of the cartesian product   A .The empty sub set of   A is  x 2, 0x2
E.g : The function defined by f  x    is a
a valid graph since every x in the domain  there is a unique  x  2, 2  x  4
piecewise -defined function.
y in the co-domain A such that  x, y     A .

Solved Examples
(i) f(–11) (ii) f(0) (iii) f(4) (iv) f(3)
x 2  3, if x  10
 (v) f(5)
 2x  1, if  10  x  10
2. f x   3 Sol. (i) f(–11)=112–3=118  11  10 
 x , if 2x4
 ln x,
 if x4 (ii) f(0) is undefined
(iii) f(4) is undefined
The above function is defined for all real numbers except (iv) f(3) = –33 = –27
for values of x in the interval (-2,2] and x=4 (v) f(5) = ln 5
Now evaluate

1.3
 Differential Calculus 14

Differential Calculus

2) Modulus Function (or) Absolute Value It may be observed that

Function [x] = [Integer + proper positive fraction] = Integer
The function f : R  R defined by Eg: [–6.2] = [–7 + 0.8] = –7
x if x0 [6.2] = [6 + 0.2] = 6
f(x) = |x| =  x if x0
 [0.5] = [0 + 0.5] = 0.
is called the modulus function. It is also called absolute value [4] = 4
function. Its domain is R and its range is [0, ) . [–0.5] = [–1 + 0.5] = –1.
Y Similarly,

f (x [–1.5] = [–2 + 0.5] = –2.

)= x
–x )= [–2.5] = –3.
f(x

X X 1) The graph consists of infinitely many broken pieces.

O
2) Each piece of the graph coincides with the graph of a
It may be observed that :
constant function.
1. The graph is symmetric with respect to the y-axis.
2. It is above the x-axis, except at one point, (say) x=0. 3) The graph lies within the first and third quadrants with
3. It passes through the origin. the exception of one piece in [0, 1] which lies on the
4. In the first quadrant, it coincides with the graph of the X-axis.
identity function.
Properties of Greatest Integer Function
3) Greatest Integer Function (Floor a) [x]  x < [x] + 1 and x  1< [x]  x , 0  x [x]< 1
Function )
b) [x + m] = [x] + m if m is an integer.
The function f : R  R defined by f(x) = [x] is called the
c) [x] + [y]  [x + y]  [x] + [y] + 1
greatest integer function, where [x] or [x] = integral part of x
or greatest integer less than or equal to x.  0 if x  Z
d) [x] + [ x]= 
1 if x  Z
i.e., f(x) = n, where n  x  n  1, n  I (the set of integers).
It is also called floor function or integral function. Its domain 4) Fractional Part Function
is R and its range is I. (I = integers). Let x  R , fractional part of x, denoted by {x} and is defined
For example [4.2] = 4, [–4.2] = –5, etc. as f(x) = {x} = x  [x].

x y = [x] For n  x  n  1, [x]  n

–2 < x < – 1 –2  0  x  n  1  0  x  [x]  1
–1 < x < 0 –1
 Domain of {x} is R and Range is [0,1)
0<x<1 0
1<x<2 1
2<x<3 2

E.g. : the fractional part of the number 2.1 is 2.1 2 = 0.1

and the fractional part of  3.7 is 0.3.
Note
(i) {x + n} = {x} n  x

1
(ii) For f (x) = , domain is R – I, range is (1, )
{x}

1.4
 Differential Calculus 15

Functions

5) Smallest Integer Function (Ceiling x

For x < 0, y =   1 (  |x| = – x )
Function) x
For any real number x, we use the symbol (x) or  x  to denote For x = 0, y = 0
the smallest integer greater than or equal to x.
x
For x > 0, y = 1 ( |x| = x)
For example, (4.9) = 5, (–6.2)=–6, (5) = 5, (0.75)=1 etc. x
The function f : R  R defined by f(x) =(x) for all x  R is
 1 ,if x  0
called the smallest integer function or the ceiling function. Its 
domain is R and range is I is set of integers. Therefore , sgn  x   0 ,if x  0
1 , if x  0

x y = [x]
–3 < x < – 2 –2
–2 < x < – 1 –1
–1 < x < 0 0
0<x<1 1
1<x<2 2

 The graph of the function consists of :

Y
i) line y = – 1, x   , 0 
3
2 ii) point (0, 0)

iii) line y = 1, x   0,  
0
1 2 3 4
X
–1
X  D(f) =  ,   and R(f) = {–1, 0, 1}.

–2 The points which do not lie on the graph have been shown
by small circles.
Y
Note
6) Signum Function
sgn(sgn x) = sgn x
|x |
 , x0
The real function defined as y = f(x) =  x is called 1.3 Value of a Function
0, x 0
The value of a function y = f(x) at x = a is denoted by f(a).
the signum function. This function is denoted by ‘sgn (x)’. It is obtained by putting x = a in f(x)

Solved Examples
1  x2
1 x  4. If f : R  R is defined by f  x   then show that
3. If f(x)= log   , x(–1, 1), then find the value of 1  x2
 1+ x 
the function for x=0,1/2. f  tan    cos 2

1 0  1  tan2 
Sol. f(0) = log   = log 1 = 0 , Sol. f(tan )  = cos 2
1 0  1  tan2 

x2
 1 5. If y  f(x)   x  1, 2  then show that x = f(y)
 1 1 2  1 x 1
f   = log   = log
 2  1  1  3 x2
 2 2
y2 x 1 3x
Sol. Now, f(y)  = x2 = =x
y 1 1 3
x 1
1.5
 Differential Calculus 16

Differential Calculus

6. If f : R  R is defined by f(x)  2x  x , then show that

 1  f(x) 
2 1
f(3x)  f( x)  4x  2f(x) . 1  f(x)  3f(x)  1
f(2x)   
 1  f(x)  f(x)  3
Sol. Given f(x)  2x  x 2  1
 1  f(x) 
Now, f(3x)  6x  3 x and f( x)  2x  x
a 2x
 L.H.S. = f(3x)  f(x)  4x 9. If f(x)  then show that f(x) + f(1 – x) = 1 and
a 2x  a
= 6x  3 x  2x  x  4x
K 1
r
= 4x  2 x = 2f(x)= R.H.S. hence evaluate  f  K  . where k is odd.
r 1
1 x
7. If y = f(x) = , prove that x = f(y). a 2(1 x ) a2 a
1 x
Sol. f(1 – x) = 2(1  x)
 2 1  2x 
a a a a a  a 2x
1 x
1  y 1  1  x 1  x  1  x 2x
Sol. f(y) = 1  y =   x a 2x a
1 x 1 x 1 x 2  f(x)  f(1  x)   1
1 a  a 2x a  a 2x
1 x
now
x 1 3f(x)  1
8. If f(x)  then show that f(2x)  K 1
r 1 2  K  2  K 1
x 1 f(x)  3  f  K   f  K   f  K   ...  f 
r 1
f
K   K 

2x  1
Sol. f(2x)  .....(i)
2x  1 1 2  2  1
 f    f    ....  f  1    f  1  
x 1 1 x 1 K K  K  K
Now f(x)   
x 1 f(x) x  1
 1  1    2   2 
  f    f  1      f    f  1    ....
1  f(x)  K   K     K   K 
 x .....(ii)
1  f(x)
k 1
Put the value of x from equation (ii) in equation (i). 
2

Make Concepts Clear 1.3

1. If f(x) = sin (log x), then
 1 1  1 
4. If f  x   = x3 + 3 - 4  x 2  2  + 13, then the
x  x x  x 
f(xy)  f    2f(x) cos(log y) equals.
y
value of f(2  3) .
A) 0 B) f(x)f(y) C) 1 D) f(x)–f(y)
5. If f 3 (x) – 3f 2 (x) + 3f(x) – 1 = x6, then the value of
1 x f(x). f(x 2 )
2. If f(x) = , there 1  f(x) 2 equals. f(0) is
1 x  
1 1 1  x 
6. If f(x) = log   , -1 < x < 1, then
A) 1 B) 2 C) D) – 1 x 
2 2
9x
3. Let f(x) = . show that f(x) + f(1 - x) = 1. Hence  3x  x 3   2x 
x
9 3 f  2 
f 2  is M f(x) then the value of M is
 1  3x   1  x 
evaluate the sum
2
 1   1   1995   x 1 x 1
f 7. f
If   , then the value of 11 f(2) is
f   .....  f  .  2
 x  2 x  2
 1996   1996   1996 

Answers
1.A 2.C 3. 997.5 4.9 5.1 6.1 7.8
Solutions Are On Page No. 1.67

1.6
 Differential Calculus 17

Functions

v) Let f : A  R , C  x  A |f(x)  0 , then f defined

1.4 Domain of a Function
Domain is largest set of real numbers for which f(x) is a real
on C as f(x)  f(x) for all x  C .
number. In other words if relation between independent
Note
variable and dependent relation is given then the domain of
the function is the set of those real numbers, where function
1
 f   x  
n
f(x)f(x)......f(x)

ntimes
is defined or meaningful. For instance the function f(x) =
x
is defined for all real values of x except at x = 0.i.e domain Some More Tips to Find Domain of Algebra
of f (x) is R - {0}. Consider another example f (x) = x  1 .Wee of Functions
know that square root is real only for non-negative real Assume f, g are defined on some interval I  R .
numbers.Thus f is defined when x –1  0  x  1.Therefore
The domain of
domain of f is [1,  ).
Note (i) f(x) = x : f(x)  0  I

1. For convenience, domain of f is denoted by

1
dom f or Df . (ii) f(x)
= x : f(x)  0  I

2. When we find domain of a function sometimes we

see that the values of x for which f(x) is not defined,and (iii) |f(x)| is I
those values are removed from set of real numbers R.
1
Domain of Algebra of Functions (iv) |f(x)|  x :f(x)  0   I
If f and g are real valued functions with domain A and B
respectively, then both f and g are defined on A  B when
(v) f(x) |f(x)|  x :f(x)  0   I
AB  .

i) Let f : A  R and g : B  R then f + g, f – g and fg 1

(vi) f(x) |f(x)| is not defined for any x.
are defined on A  B as  f  g  (x)  f(x)  g(x) and
(fg)(x)= f(x)g(x). (vii) logg(x)f(x) is defined for x  I and satisfying f(x)>0
ii) Let f : A  R be a function and k be a constant then and g(x)>0 and g(x)  1
from the above definition (f + k)(x) = f(x)+k and (kf)
(viii) logg(x)|f(x) | is defined for x  I and satisfying f(x)  0 .
(x) = kf(x) for all x  A . The function (–1)f is denoted
by –f. (ix) log|g(x)|f(x) is defined for x  I and satisfying
iii) Let f : A  R , g : B  R , and
f(x)>0, g(x)  0, 1,  1
f 1
C  x  A  B|g(x)  0 then g defined on C as (x) is defined for x  I and f(x)  1,0,1
log | f(x)|
f f(x)
  (x)  for all x  C . (xi) log g(x)f(x) is defined for x  I and satisfying
g
  g(x)
0<f(x)<1,0<g(x)<1 or f(x)  1 and g(x)>1
Note
(xii) sin–1 f(x), cos–1 f(x) are defined when  1  f(x)  1
f(x)
If g(x) = 0, then g(x) is not defined.
(xiii) sin1 f(x),cos 1 f(x) are defined when 0  f(x)  1 .

iv) Let f : A  R and n  N then f , f n are defined on A

(xiv) tan 1 f  x  , cot 1 f  x  are defined for all f  x   R .
n
as f (x)  f(x) and f n (x)   f(x) for all x  A .

1.7
 Differential Calculus 18

Differential Calculus

Solved Examples
10. If A = {a, b, c}, B={p, q, r} are subsets of R, p < 0, f  x   x 2  25 exists if x 2  25  0
r < 0, q > 0 and f   a, p  ,  b,q  ,  c,r  , then find f.
  x  (5) x  5   0  x  5 (or) x  5
Sol. Given f   a, p  ,  b,q  ,  c,r 
 Domain of f is  , 5   5,  
Given p < 0, r < 0, q > 0 . So, 
f  (b, q)  iii) f(x) is defined when 4 - 9x2 .> 0

11. If f and g are real valued functions defined by 4  4  4

f(x)= 2x–1 and g(x) = x2 then find  x2 – < 0   x   x    0
9  9  9
i) (3f–2g) (x) ii) (fg)(x)
 2 2
 f x  x    0
iii)  g   x  iv) (f+g+2)(x)  3 3
 
Sol. Given f(x) = 2x–1 and g(x) = x2  4 4   2 2 
 x   ,   , 
i) (3f – 2g) (x) = 3 f(x) – 2 g(x) = 3 (2x–1) – 2(x2)  9 9  3 3
= – 2x2 + 6x – 3
ii) (fg)(x) = f(x). g(x)= (2x – 1). x2 = 2x3 – x2  4 4
Therefore, domain of f (x) is   , 
 9 9
 f f(x) 2x  1 14. Find the domain of the following real valued functions
iii)  g   x  = =
  g(x) x2 i) f(x)  x 2  3x  2
iv)  f  g  2 x  = f(x)  g(x)  2 ii) f ( x) = x2  x  1
= 2x – 1 + x2 +2= x2 + 2x + 1 = (x + 1)2
1 1
1
12. Let f  x   sin x , g  x    3  x  x  1 . Find f + g, iii)(a) f(x) = | x |  x (b) f(x) = x| x |

f
f – g, f . g and . Sol. i) f  x   x 2  3x  2 exists if x 2  3x  2  0
g
 (x  1)(x  2)  0
Sol. sin1 x is defined for  1  x  1 and g(x) is defined for
 x  1 (or) x  2
1  x  3 .
(f+g)x= sin 1 x   Domain of f is  ,1   2,  
 3  x 1  x  , defined on 1  x  1
2
(f-g)x = sin 1 x   1 3
 3  x 1  x  , defined on 1  x  1 ii) Since the function x2 + x + 1 =  x     0
 2 4
(f.g)x = sin 1 x  3  x 1  x  , defined on 1  x  1 therefore, domain of f (x) is R.

f sin1 x 0 if x  0
 x  iii)(a) We have x  x  2x if x  0
g  3  x 1  x  , defined on  1  x  3 
Therefore f(x) is defined when x<0 since – 2x>0 for
13. Find the domain of the following real valued functions
x<0.
x2  1 hence domain of f(x) is (, 0)
i) f(x) = x 2  4
0 if x  0
(b) We have x  x   domain of f(x) is 
ii) f(x)  x 2  25  2x if x  0

1 since 2x < 0 for x < 0

iii) f(x) = 2 15. Find the domain of the following real valued functions
4  9x
1/2000
Sol. i)Denominator should be non-zero for any  x 
function.Therefore x2 – 4  0  x   2 i) f(x) =  
1 - x 
Hence domain of f is R – {–2, 2}
ii) f(x) = log x  3  x  2x  1
2
ii)Expression under even root (i.e. square root, fourth
root, sixth root etc) should not be negative.
2 x  2x
iii) f(x) 
x

1.8
 Differential Calculus 19

Functions

Sol. i) Expression under even root (i.e. square root, fourth

1
root, sixth root etc) should not be negative. Sol. i) is defined when [x] > 1 and
log|x|1[x]
x
f(x) is defined when 1  x  0 ...(1) | x | – 1 > 0 and |x| – 1  1
i.e., [x] > 2 and x <–1 or x > 1 and x   2
x
Case 1: if x  0 then f  x    x  (2, )
1 x
( [x]  2  x  2)
x x
For domain 0   0 x  [0, 1) ...(2)
1 x x 1 1
ii) log |x  3| is defined when | x – 3 |  0, 1 and
[x]

x [x] > 0, [x]  1

Case 2: If x < 0 then f(x) 
1 x
i.e., x  3, + 4, 2  x (2, )  {3,4 }
x
For domain 1  x  0 x  ( ,  1)  [0, ) 4  x2
18. Find the domain of f  x  
x  2
Rejecting the values of x [0, ) because they don’t
satisfy the inequality x < 0. 4  x2
Sol. f  x   exists if
We get x ( ,  1) ...(3) x  2
Taking union of (2) and (3)
Case (i) : 4  x 2  0 and [x] + 2 > 0
Domain = ( ,  1)  [0, 1)
 x 2  4  0 and [x] > – 2
ii) log g(x) f (x) is defined for values of x at which
f(x) > 0 and g(x) > 0 and g(x)  1.  x   2, 2 and x  [1, )

x 2  2x  1  0 and x  3  0 and x  3  1  x   1,2

(x  1)2  0 and x   3 and x  2 Case (ii) : 4  x 2  0 and [x] + 2 < 0
x   1 and x   3 and x   2  x 2  4  0 and [x] < – 2
Hence, the domain is  3,    {  1,  2 }  x   , 2   2,   and x   , 2 

2 x  2x  x   , 2 
iii) f  x   exists if 2  x  0 , 2  x  0
x
 Domain of f is  , 2   1,2
and x  0
19. Find the domain of the function
 x  2 , x  2 and x  0
1  2x  1
 Domain of f is [–2, 2]–{0} f(x)   sin 1   
16. Find the domain of the following functions : sin (cos x)    { x}

1 1
1
i) log |x | ii) log x
|x|   x   x
ln  1   tan     tan  
  2  2 
1
Sol. i) log |x| is defined when |x|  1, 0  x   1, 0
 2x 
 Domain = R – { – 1, 0, 1 } Sol. Start with domain of sin–1   ,it is defined when
  
 1 if x  0, x  1
ii) log|x| x   undefined if x  0 2x   1
 1   1    x  , but
 2 2  x is undefined

 domain =  0,    {1} when x is an integer,i.e x = –1, 0, 1, and
17. Find the domain of the following functions where [.]
 0 if x  Z
denotes greatest integer function. Note that [x] + [–x] = 
1 if x  Z
1 1
i) log ii) log |x  3|
(|x|1) [x] [x]   x  x x
ln  1   tan 2     tan 2   = ln2 if tan is not
     2
1.9
 Differential Calculus 20

Differential Calculus

undefined.
1   
integer,otherwise is Therefore, domain=   ,   1 , 0 , 1 .
  x  x  2 2
ln  1   tan     tan  
  2  2 

Domain of f(g(x)) when domain of f(x) is f(g(x)) is set of all values of x satisfying the inequality
given a  g x  b .
Let the domain of f (x) be given as [a,b].Now domain of

Solved Examples
20. If domain of f (x) is [0,1],then find domain of f(|x|). 0  x  1  1  x  1 .Thus the required domain is
Sol. Domain of f(|x|) is set of all values of satisfying
[–1,1].

Make Concepts Clear 1.4

1. Find the domain of following functions:
C)  2 ,  
n1
D) (1, )
i) f(x) = sin–1 4x 2

ii) f(x) = ln (– 2 + 3x – x2) tan 2x

7. The domain of the function f  x   is
2. Find the domain of the function 6 cos x  2 sin 2x
f(x) = logx (x2 – 3x + 2).

3. Find the domain of the function A) R   2n  1 , n  I 
 2 
1
f(x) = , where [  ] denotes the greatest

B) R   2n  1 , n  I 
2
x   7  x   10
 4 
integer function.
4. Find the domains of the following functions      
C) R  x : x   2n  1 , n  I    2n  1 , n  I 
 2   4 
i) f (x) = cos 2x  16  x 2
D) None of these
ii) f (x) = l n  x 2  5x  24  x  2  8. If [x] denotes the integral part of x and f(x) has domain
 5 
1  5x   2 , 2 , the domain of f(|x|) is
iii) f (x) =  
7 x 7
A) [– 3, 2] B) ( – 3, 2]
C) [ – 2, 2] D) ( – 3, 3)
iv) y = log10 sin(x  3)  16  x 2
9. Domain of the function f(x) = log log x is
1
5. The domain of the function f  x   is A) (0, ) B) (, 0) C) (2, ) D) (0,1)  1,  
tan x  tan x 10. The domain of

   1  x2 
A)  n, n   , n  I f(x)  sin 1    cos (sin x) is
 2  2x 
A) {–2,2} B) {–1,1} C) {–3,3} D) {0,1}
  
B)  n  , n    , n  I 11. The largest interval lying in ( / 2,  / 2) for which the
 2 
function
   1  x  
C)  2n, 2n   , n  I  x2
 f(x)  4  cos  2  1   log(cos x) is defined, is
 2  
 
D) none of these
6. The domain of the function   
A)  0, B)   , 
f  x   log 2 log 2 log 2 ...log 2 x (n times) is  2 2
    
A)  2n 1 ,   B)  2n ,  C)   ,  D) 0, 
 4 2  2

1.10
 Differential Calculus 21

Functions

12. If f(x) is defined on domain [0, 1] then f(2 sin x) is

A)  0,1 B)  1,cos 2
defined on
   5  C)  1,cos 3    cos 3,cos 4 
A)   2n, 2n  6    2n  6
,  2n  1   

nI  D)  1,cos 3    cos 3,cos 2

   15. The sum of the real values that the function

B)   2n, 2n  6   x 2  3x  2
nI   f x   cannot take is
x2  x  6
 5  6 4
C)   2n 
nI 6
,  2n  1 

A) 2 B) – 3 C)
5
D)
5
D) None of these 16. Set the values of x for which the function
1 sin1 x 1
 2  f(x)  +2  exists is
13. The values of f(x) = 3 sin   x 2  lie in the interval x x2
 16 
  A) R B) R  {0} C)  D) R  1
 3   3 3  17. Let f(x) = x2 and g(x) = x , (where x > 0), then
A)  0,  B)  , 
 2  2 2 A) f  g(x)  x
 3   3 3  B) g  f(x)  x
C)  0, D)  ,
 2   2 2

1
C) The least value of f  g(x)  is 2
1 g  f(x)
14. The domain of the function f  x   is where
ln cos 1 x 
1
[.] indicates greatest integer function D) gf(x)  2
f(g(x))

Answers
1. (i) (1, 2) (ii) [ 2,  3 ]  [ 3, 2] 2. (0, 1)  (2,  ) 3. (– , 2)  [6,  )

 5   3      3 5  
4. (i)   ,     4 , 4    4 , 4  ; (ii) (–  , – 3] ; (iii) (–  , – 1)  [0,  ) ;
 4 4     
(iv) (3  2 < x < 3  ) U (3 < x  4) 5. B 6. D 7. C 8. D
9. C 10. B 11. D 12.A 13.C 14.B 15. C
16. C 17.A, B, C, D

Solutions Are On Page No. 1.68

Type - 2
1.5 Range of Function To find range of a cos kx+b sin kx + c and

There are no certain methods to find range of 1

we can proceed according to the
functions.Methods may vary from problem to a cos kx  b sin kx  c
problem,anyhow we are going to explain a few procedures procedure described below.
for finding range of a function. The range of a cos kx + b sin kx + c is
Type - 1  c  a 2  b2 ,c  a 2  b 2 
 
Sometimes A.M-G.M inequality plays vital role in finding range
of a function. Type - 3
If ai 's where i = 1 to n, are non-negative real numbers then
To find range of a quadratic expression. A function
a1  a 2  a 3  ...  a n n
 a1a 2a 3 ...a n , equality occurs when f : R  R defined by y = f(x) = ax2 + bx + c, where a, b,
n
c  R, a  0 is called a parabolic function. Domain of
quantities are equal.
f=R

1.11
 Differential Calculus 22

Differential Calculus

The graph of y = ax2 + bx + c a parabola opening either

 y2  b  a  2  x  a  b  x   b  a
upward or downward according as a > 0 or a < 0, and it is
b
symmetric about x  as shown below.. y  b  a , minimum of y occurs when x = a or b
2a
Now using AM-GM inequality,we have
y
2  x  a  b  x   x  a  b  x  b  a
a>0
Therefore, y 2  b  a  2  x  a  b  x   2  b  a 
x’ x
i)
b  y2  2  b  a  y  2  b  a
x=-
2a
y’ ab
Maximum occurs when x-a = b-x ,i.e x 
4ac  b 2 2
 b 
In this case f has minimum value  f 
4a  2a 
Hence range of y is  b  a, 2  b  a  
y
b)The range of x  a  b  x, x  a, b is

ii) x’ x   b  a, b  a  .
 
a<0
Let y  x  a  b  x
b
x = –-
y’ 2a  y2  x  a  b  x  2  x  a  b  x 

 y2  b  a  2  x  a  b  x  ...(1)
4ac  b 2
In this case f has minimum value is
4a
From the above discussion y2  b  a and
2
Thus,the range of ax + bx + c
 ba y  ba .

 4ac  b2  Type - 5
 ,  ,if a  0
 4a 
= P(x)
2 To find range of f(x)  where P(x) and Q(x) aree
  4ac  b  Q(x)
  ,   , if a  0
 4a  polynomial functions of second degree.
Type - 4
a1x 2  b1x  c1
Let y  ,x  R
To find range of x  a  b  x, x   a, b ,and a 2x 2  b2x  c 2

x  a  b  x, x  a, b Then y (a2x2 + b2x + c2) = a1x2 + b1x + c1

x2 (a2y – a1) + x (b2y – b1) + c2y – c1= 0 ...(1)
a) The range of x  a  b  x, x   a, b is since x is real, therefore roots of equation (1) are real. Hence
 b  a, 2(b  a)  discriminant of (1)  0
 
 (b2y – b1)2 – 4 (a2y – a1) (c2y – c1)  0
Let y  x  a  b  x
b 2
2  4a 2c 2  y 2  y  2b1b 2  4  a1c 2  a 2c 1    b12  4a 1c1  0

 y2  x  a  b  x  2  x  a  b  x  from here onwards we can find range of y using regular method

a1
 y2  b  a  2  x  a  b  x  ...(1) as x   , y  . If there is some x satisfying
a2
1.12
 Differential Calculus 23

Functions

a1 a1x 2  b1x  c1 a1 Type - 6

 then range contains a otherwise range
a 2 a 2 x 2  b 2x  c 2 2 If in a function there is only one variable whose range is
known, and can be easily found in terms of y, then we use
a1
doesnot contains a . the range of that variable to find the range of the given
2
function.

Solved Examples
1 24. Find the range of the function
21. Show that the range of x + is  , 2   2,  
x  2x 
Sol. Here domain of the function is R – {0}. f(x) = tan–1  2 
1 x 
1 1 1 1
if x >0 then x   2 x.  2 if x<0 then let Sol. We know that x   2 or x   2
x x x x
1 2x 2x
x = – y where y > 0 then y  y  2 now putting   1 and 1
1  x2 1  x2
1 1 2x
y = – x we get  x   2  x   2  1  1
x x 1  x2

1   2x  
The range of x  is    ,  2   2,    tan1  2 

x 4 1 x  4
Note
  
range =   , 
b  4 4
Range of ax +
x

is   ,  2 ab    2 ab ,  wheree 
ab > 0.
25. Show that the range of a cot x + b tan x is  2 ab,  
x 2  2x  3  
22. If f  x   , then find the range of f(x). where a, b  R  and x   0, 
x  2
Sol. Using AM–GM inequality we have
3
Sol. y  x  2 a cot x  b tan x
x  a cot x  b tan x  ab
2
3

now x   ,  2 3    2 3, 
x
  a cot x  b tan x  2 ab


 y  , 2  2 3    2  2 3,   26.
2
Range of a2sec2 x + b2cosec2 x is  a  b  ,  
x2  x  1  
23. Find the range of the function f(x) = . where a, b  R  and x   0, 
x2  x  1  2
Sol. Since a2sec2 x+ b2 cosec2 x
2x 2
Sol. y  1  1 = a2 (1 + cot2 x) + b2 (1 + tan2 x)
x2  x  1  1
x   1 =a2 + b2 + a2cot2 x + b2tan2 x
 x
 a2 + b2 + 2ab (using AM–GM inequality)
= (a + b)2
1 1 27. Find the range of the following functions.
x  2 or x   2
x x i) [ | sin x | + | cos x | ]
1 1 1 1
x 1
1
x  1
3 ii) |sin x |  |cos x|
x   or x 
2 2 2 2
1
iii) 3 sin x  4 cos x  2
1 
Therefore, y   , 3
3 

1.13
 Differential Calculus 24

Differential Calculus

1 i) 2x  1 x ii) x 1  3x

iv) 3 sin2 x  sin x cos x  cos 2 x
Sol. i) Here a = 1, b = 2,  Range = [ 1, 2]
 ii) Here a = 1, b = 3,  Range = [–
Sol. i) sin x  cos x is perodic with peroid 2, 2]
2
ax 2  bx  a
 29. Find the range of f(x)  ,a, b  0
For 0  x  ax 2  bx  a
2

| sin x |  |cos x |  sin x  cos x  1, 2  ax 2  bx  a

  Sol. y  ax 2 (y  1)  bx(y  1)  a(y  1)  0
ax 2  bx  a
 1  |sin x |  |cos x |  2
Disc  0  b 2 (y  1)2  4a 2 (y  1)2  0
 |sin x |  |cos x |  1
Hence, range = { 1 }   b(y  1)  2a(y  1) b(y  1)  2a(y  1)  0
ii) By AM – HM inequality
|sin x |  | cos x | 2 1  b  2a   b  2a 

2 1 1

b2  4a 2  y  b  2a   y  b  2a   0
   
|sin x| |cos x|
b  2a b  2a
2  |sin x |  |cos x | 
4 Case (i) : If b>2a then y  ,y 
1 1 b  2a b  2a

|sin x| |cos x|
 b  2a b  2a 
1 1
(ii) If b<2a then y   , 
  2 2  b  2a b  2a 
|sin x| |cos x|

30. Find the range of the following functions

 Range   2 2,  
x 1 x
iii) f(x) = 3 sin x + 4 cos x + 2 i) x  1 ii)
Here a = 4, b = 3, c = 2 1 x

x
Range =  c  a  b , c  a  b 
2 2 2 2
Sol. i) Let y  x  1
  2  5, 2  5    3, 7  dom = R – { –1 }
1 x 1  1 1
iv) f(x)  3 sin 2 x  sin x cos x  cos 2 x now y  x 1
1
x 1
1

2 for x  R – { –1}  y  1

6 sin x  2 sin x cos x  2 cos 2 x
2
1 1 y
Again 1  x  1  y  x  1  y  1  1  y
2

3 1  cos 2x   sin 2x  1  cos 2x y
now, x   1  1  y   1  y   1  y
2
 which is true for all y  R
4  sin 2x  2cos 2x
domain of 4 + sin 2x – 2 cos 2x x
 Range of x  1 is R  1
 4  5, 4  5  , it does not contain zero
 
1 x
ii) Let y  dom = R – { 1 }
2  2 2  1 x
  , 
4  sin 2x  2cos 2x  4  5 4  5 
2  x 1 2
now y   1  1 for any
1 x 1x
 2 2 
 Range =  , 
4  5 4  5  x  R  {1}  Range  R  {1}
28. Find the range of

1.14
 Differential Calculus 25

Functions

2 2  1
Again y  1   1 x   Range of f  0, 
1 x 1 y  2

2 y 1 x
x 1  33. The range of the following function f(x)  is
1 y y 1 1  x

2 2 A) R+ B) R C) (0, ) D) (1, )
Since, x  1  1  1   0 
1 y 1 y
x 1
Which is true for any y  R –{–1} Sol. (C) f(x)   1
1  x 1  x
1 x
 Range of is R– {–1} we have 0  x  1   1   x  0
1 x
31. Find the range of the following functions 1
 0  1  x  1  1  
1  x
 x  x
i) sin1   ii) x  1
2
 1
x 1
 0 1
1  x
x
Sol. i) Let y  . Clearly dom = R  Range of f  [ 0, )
x2 1

1 1 1 ex
 y , we know that x    2 or x   2 34. The range of the function f(x)  , x  0 is
1 x x 1  [x]
x
x A) R B) [1, ) C) R+ D) R+–ZT
1 1 1 1 ex
  or  Sol. f(x)  , x 0
1 2 1 2 1  [x]
x x
x x
f is not defined when 1 + [x] = 0
 1 1     [x]   1  x  [1, 0)
 y    ,   sin 1 y    , 
 2 2  6 6 but given that x > 0
Let n – 1 < x < n, n  N
x2
ii) y  , dom  R  1 then [x] = n – 1
x 1
ex ex
x 2 1  1 1 f(x)  
now y   x 1  1  n1 n
x 1 x 1
now n – 1 < x < n  en 1  e x  en
1
 x 1  2
x 1 en  1 ex en
   , n  1, 2, 3, ......
n n n
for x > –1, y > 2 – 2 and for x < – 1, y < – 2 – 2
y  (,  4]  [ 0, )  Range of

x  [x]  e e2   e2 e 3 
32. The range of the following function f(x)  is f = [ 1, e)   ,    ,   ...... = [1, )
1  x  [x] 2 2   3 3 
35. Find the domain and range of the given function
 1  1  1  1
A) 0,  B) 0,  C)  1,  D)  0,   1 
 2  2 2  2
 
 
 1
f(x) = sin–1 x2 +  ln x   x    cot  2 
 1  2x 

 x 1
Sol. (A) f(x)   1 Sol. Domain of function is (–1, 1) – {0}. because
1  x 1  x
x – [x] = 0 for integral value of x, hence middle term
we have 0  x  1  1  1  x  2 will not be defined.
Also [{f(x)}] = 0, whenever f is meaningful.
  2   1  x    1  value of f (x) = sin–1 x2 + tan–1 (1 + 2 x2).
1 1 1 1  1 1 1 
 1    0 1 
1  {x} 2 1  {x} 2  cot x  tan x 
 
 when x  0 

1.15
 Differential Calculus 26

Differential Calculus

Function is continuous and is even. 37. Let f(x) = [9x – 3x + 1] where [.] denotes greatest integer
Least value of the function will occur when x  0 and function.
 A) Domain of f =   , 1
is . Here x  0 means x  0 and x can take any
4 B) Domain of f = R
value which is very close to 0. C) Range of f = N  { 0 }
viz x = 0.999999 or x = 0.0000000001 etc
D) For x   , 1 , Range of f contains 7 elements.
As x  1
 3 7  x 1  2 3 
f(x) = sin–1 1 + tan–1 (1 + 2 ) = + = Sol. (B,D) f(x)   3     ,  f is defined x  R
2 8 8  2 4 
which is maximum value of f(x) 2
 x 1 3 3
Now  3    
 7   2 4 4
 Range of f (x) is  , 
4 8   x 1  2
3 
36. Find the range of the function   3  2   4   N {0}
 
f (x) = | x – 1 | + | x – 2 | + | x – 8 | + | x – 9 |.
For x  ( , 1)
 4x  20 ,x  1
 2x  18 ,1  x  2  3x  (0, 3)

Sol. f  x    2 2
 14 ,2  x  8  1  25   x 1 3 3 
 2  2x ,8  x  9   3 x     0,    3      , 7
 2  4   2 4 4 
and f  x   4x  20 for x  9
 x 1 2 3 
least value is 14 which occurs when x  [2, 8]  3     = 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6
Thus, Range = [14, )  2  4 

Make Concepts Clear 1.5

e x iii) sin1|sin x|  cos 1|cos x|
1. The range of the function f(x)  is
1  [x]
iv) l n  cos  sin x  
A) R B) R+ C) [1, ) D) R  {0}
2. Find the domain & range of the following functions. sin x cos x
v) 
( Read the symbols [*] and {*} as greatest integers 1  tan x2
1  cos 2 x
and fractional part functions respectively.)
1
i) y = log 5  2(sin x  cos x)  3  6. Range of the function f(x) = x2 +
x2  1
, is

x 2  3x  2
ii) f(x) = 3 
x2  x  6 A) [1, ) B) [2, ) C)  ,   D) (-)
2 
x
iii) f(x) = 1 |x| 7. The range of f(x)  4 x  2x + 1 is

3  3   3   3 3 
x4 3 A)  ,1  B)  ,   C)  ,1 D)  , 
iv) f(x) =  4   4   4   4 4
x5 8. The number of elements in the range of f(x) =
3. Find the range of the following functions:
i) f(x) = x2 – 7x + 5 
tan   x 2  x  
is (where [x] denotes the greatest integer
ii) f(x) = log2 (log1/2 (x2 + 4x + 4)) 1  sin  cos x 
3 function )
4. Find the range of the following function f(x) 
2  x2 2x
9. The range of the function f(x)  ,x  2 is
5. Find the range of the following functions 2x
i) e sin(x  [x ]) A) R B) R  {1} C) R  {1} D) R  {2}
1   x2  e 
ii) cos sin 1  sin x  cos x  10. The range of sin–1  ln  x 2  1   is
  

1.16
 Differential Calculus 27

Functions

        
A)  0,  B)  0,  C)  0,  D)   ,  13. If the domain of the function f  x   x   x  is  3,2
 2  2  2   2 2
then the range of f  x  is (where [x] denotes the great-
11. The range of the function of f  x   sin 1 x 2  x  1 is
est integer less than or equal to x )
       
A) 0,  B) 0,  C)  ,  D)  ,  A)  1,1   2, 3 B)  1,3 
 2  3 3 2 6 2
   C)  0, 4  D)  1, 0    2,3 
12. The range of the function f(x)  cos  6 sin  2 sin x   is
   sin [x 2  1]
14. The range of f(x)  is
 3   3 x4  1
A) [ –1, 1] B) [0, 1] C)  2 , 1 D)  0, 2  A) R B) [–1,1] C) {0,1} D) {0}
   

Answers
1.D 2. i) D : x R R : [0 , 2] ; ii) D : {xx  R ; x  3 ; x  2}
R : {f(x)f(x)R , f(x)  1/5 ; f(x)  1}
 1   1 1  1 1  29 
iii) D : R ; R : (–1, 1); iv) D : [– 4,  ) – {5}; R :  0,    ,  3. (i)  11 , 5  ii)   4 ,   (iii) (– ,  )
 6   6 3    
3 
4. ( , 0)   ,   5. i) [1, e]; ii)  ,  1   1,   ; iii) 0 ; iv) 0 ; v) [0, 1) 6. A 7. B
2 
8. 0 9. B 10.C 11.C 12. C 13. A 14. D
Solutions Are On Page No. 1.69

1 x
1.6 Equal or Identical Functions E.g. f (x) =
x
and g(x) = 2 are identical functions,
x
Two functions f and g are said to be equal if since both are defined on R–{0} and ranges are same
i) The domain of f = the domain of g. E.g. f(x) = 1 and g(x) = x / x are not identical functions ,
ii) The range of f = the range of g and because domain of f(x) is R where as domain of g(x) is
iii) f(x) = g(x), for every x belonging to their common R – { 0 }.
domain.
Solved Examples
38. Check whether the following functions are identical or (iii) Identical functions.
not (iv) Non identical functions.
i) f(x) = ln x2 ; g(x) = 2ln x   
Reason: Domain of f(x) = R   2n  1 :n  Z  wheree
1  2 
ii) f (x) = cosecx ; g (x) =
sin x
iii) f(x) = cot(cot–1x) ; g(x) = x as domain of g(x) = R   2n  1  :n  Z   n : n  Z 
 2 
1
iv)f (x) = tan x; g (x) = v) Non identical functions
cot x Reason: Domain of f (x) is R where as domain of g(x) is
v) f(x) = ln ex ; g(x) = eln x R+
1 vi) Identical functions.
vi) f (x) = sec x; g (x) =
cos x vii) Non identical functions
(vii) f(x) = sin–1(3x – 4x3) ; g(x) = 3sin–1x  3
 3 1 3  3 
 Reason: f    sin  3.  4     0 and
viii) f(x) = sec–1x + cosec–1x ; g(x) =  2   2  2  
2 
ix) f(x) = Sgn (x2 + 1); g(x) = sin2x + cos2x  3  3
g  3 sin1  
Sol. (i) Non identical functions. Reason : domain of f(x) is  2   2 
   
R - {0} where as domain of g (x) is R+
(viii) Non identical functions
(ii) identical functions. Reason : domain of f(x) and
Reason: Domain of g (x) is R where as domain of f(x) is
domain of g (x) are equal ,each is equal to
R- ( -1,1).
R   n :n  Z  and Ranges are also equal ,each is (ix) Identical functions
equal to R - ( -1 , 1) and f (x) = g (x). Reason: Domain of f (x) is R where as domain of g(x) is
R+

1.17
 Differential Calculus 28

Differential Calculus

Make Concepts Clear 1.6

Check whether the following functions are 1  cos 2x
12. f(x) = ; g(x) = sin x
identical or not 2
1. f(x) = cot2x.cos2x ; g(x) = cot2x – cos2x
13. f(x) = x 2 ; g(x) = ( x )2
2. f(x) = tan2x.sin2x ; g(x) = tan2x – sin2x
3. f(x) = sec2x – tan2x ; g(x) = 1 14. f(x) = log(x + 2) + log(x – 3) ;g(x) = log(x2 – x – 6)
1
1 15. f(x) = |x | ; g(x) = x 2
4. f(x) = logxe; g(x) =
log e x 16. f(x) = x|x| ; g(x) = x2sgn x
5. f (x)=sgn(cot–1x); g(x)=sgn(x2 – 4x + 5) 17. f(x) = sin(sin–1 x) ; g(x) = cos(cos–1x)
1
6. f(x) = logex ; g(x) = 1 x
log x e 18. f(x)  ;g(x) 
7. f(x) = tan(cot–1x) ; g(x) = cot(tan–1x) 1 1x
1
8. f(x) = x
x 2  1 ; g(x) = x 1  x 1
19. f(x) = [{x}] ; g(x) = {[x]}
9. f(x) =
1  x 2 ; g(x) = 1  x  1  x l n cot 1 x
20. f(x) = e ; g(x) = cot–1x
10. f(x) = tanx · cotx ; g(x) = sinx · cosecx 1

x
21. f(x) = eln sec x ; g(x) = sec–1x
11. f(x) = el n e ; g(x) = ex 22. F(x) = (fog)(x);G(x)=(gof) (x) where f(x)=ex;g(x) = ln x

Answers
1.I 2.I 3.N.I 4.I 5.I 6.N.I 7.I 8.N.I
9.I 10.N.I 11.I 12.N.I 13.N.I 14.N.I 15.I 16.I
17.I 18.N.I 19.I 20.I 21.N.I 22.N.I

1.7 Types of Functions a) Polynomial Function

If a function f defined by f (x) = a0 xn + a1 xn1 + a2 xn2 +
Here we shall write some important real valued functions
... + an1 x + an where n is a non negative integer and a0,
which are frequently used. Classification of functions is shown a1, a2, ..., an are real numbers and a0  0, then f is called a
below in chart form. polynomial function of degree n. A polynomial function is
TYPES OF FUNCTIONS always continuous and its domain is R.
(An Overview) For example, f(x) = 4x2 – x + 7, g(x) = x5 – 3x2 + 9 are
polynomial functions where as the function
h(x) = x  7 is not a polynomial function.
Algebraic Transcendental
b) Linear Function
A function f : R  R defined by y = f(x) = ax + b, a  0 is
Polynomial Constant Trigonometric
called a linear function. This is a particular type of
polynomial function. For every real value of x, the function is
Inverse
Rational Identity Trigonometric uniquely defined.

D(f) = R. Also for any k  R,

Irrational Exponential
k b k  b
f   a  b = k – b + b = k  R(f) = R.
Piecewise Modulus Logarithmic  a   a 
defined The graph of the function is a straight line.
Signum Note
1. A polynomial of degree one with no constant term is
Greatest Integer called an odd linear function .
i.e. f(x) = ax , a  0.
Fractional part 2. If f (x) = 0 is a constant function degree is not defined.

1.18
 Differential Calculus 29

Functions

c) Algebraic Function
Y = f(x)
A function f is called an algebraic function if it can be
constructed using algebraic operations such as addition,
subtraction, multiplication, division and taking roots, started
with polynomials.On the otherhand we can define algebraic
function as follows y is said to be an algebraic function of x,
if it is a function that satisfies an algebraic equation of the X’ O
X
form, P0 (x)y n  P1 (x)y n 1  ...  Pn 1 (x)y  Pn (x)  0 ...(i)

where n is a positive integer and P0 (x),P1 (x).......... are

Y’
Polynomials in x.
Remark :
E.g.y=|x| is an algebraic function, since it satisfies the
The reciprocal function is a particular case of a rational
equation y 2  x 2  0 .
function.
E.g.The functions (i)f (x) = x2  1 f) Transcendental Functions
Note that all polynomials are algebraic but not the converse.
x 4  16x 2 Functions which are not algebraic are known as Transcendental
(ii)g (x) = + (x – 2) × 3
x  1 are all algebraic
x x functions,i.e a transcendental function is a function that does
functions. not satisfy a polynomial equation whose coefficients are
themselves polynomials. In other words, a transcendental
d) Rational Function function is a function that "transcends" algebra in the sense
Let p(x) and q(x) be any two polynomials. Let X be a subset that it cannot be expressed in terms of a finite sequence of
of R and not containing zeros of q(x), then a function f : the algebraic operations of addition, multiplication, and root
extraction.
px
X  R defined by f(x) = q x is called a rational function. Examples of transcendental functions include the exponential
  function, the logarithm, and the trigonometric functions.

4x 2  x  7 x 1 g) Exponential Function
E.g. f(x) = , g(x) = 5 are rational
x3  9 x x8 A function f(x) = ax = ex ln a (a > 0 , a  1,
functions. x  R) is called an exponential function with base a.

7x 4  x 2  2 f (x) = ax is called an exponential function because the

E.g. f(x) = 2 is a rational function which is variable x is the exponent. It should not be confused with
x  4x  3
power function. g (x) = x2 in which variable x is the base.
defined for all real values of x except 1 and 3
E.g. f (x) = ex domain is R and range is R+.
4 2
2x  x  1
E.g. f (x) = ; D = {x | x  ± 2} 1
x2  4 E.g. f (x) = e x domain is R – {0} and range is R+ – {1}.
i.e. (0, 1)  (1, )
e) Reciprocal Function
Note that f(x) & g(x) are inverse of each other & their graphs
1 are as shown.
The real function y = f(x) = , x  0 is called the reciprocal
x
function.
 Domain of the function is R – {0}.

1 1
For    x  0,     0 and 0  x    0   
x x

 Range  R  {0}

1.19
 Differential Calculus 30

Differential Calculus

Let f be real valued function of real variable such that for all
Y
–x
y = 4 y = 10–x x
x  D   x  D (where D = domain of f) and
y = 10x y = 4 y = 2x
–x
y=2
Domain : R
i) if f(-x) = f(x) or f(-x)-f(x)=0 for every x  D then f is said to
a>1 Range : R+
be an even function
Nature : one-one ii) if f(-x)=-f(x) or f(-x)+f(x)=0 then f is said to be an odd
function.
0<a<1
Geometrically, the graph of an even function is symmetric
X with respect to the y-axis(i.e. if (x, y) lies on the curve, then (-
O
x, y) also lies on the curve), means that its graph remains
unchanged after reflection about the y-axis.See figure.

h) Logarithmic Function Y
If a > 0, a  1, then the function y = loga x, x  R+(set of
positive real numbers) is called the logarithmic function with
base a.

Y -p O p X
y = log2x
y = log4x
4
y = log10 x
Domain : R +
y x
Range : R
O X
Nature: one-one Geometrically, the graph of an odd function has rotational
symmetry with respect to the origin((i.e. (x, y) lies on the
y = log1/10x
y = log14x
curve, then (-x, -y) also lies on the curve. ), means that its
y = log12x graph remains unchanged after rotation of 180 degrees about
the origin, and odd functions are symmetric about the origin

1
Note the graph of f (x) = l n x with domain R+ – {1}, range
3
is R – {0}

1.8 Symmetricity and Reflection

of a Curve O

Odd & Even Functions

 3
Even and odd functions are functions which satisfy particular
symmetry relations, with respect to taking additive inverses.
They are important in many areas of mathematical analysis,
especially the theory of power series and Fourier series. They E.g. The functions f (x) = cos x; g (x) = x² + 3 are even
are named for the parity of the powers of the power functions functions
which satisfy each condition. The function f(x) = xn is an E.g. The functions f (x) = sin x; g (x) = x3 + x. are odd
even function if n is an even integer, and it is an odd function
functions.
if n is an odd integer.

Solved Examples
39. Which of the given functions is (are) even, odd; and i) f(x) = x2sin x
which of them is (are) neither even, nor odd in their ii) f(x) = 7 – 2x6 + sin2 x
respective domains ?

1.20
 Differential Calculus 31

Functions

x x x 2 - 1  cos x 
iii) f(x) = + +1
e -1 2 x i) f(x) =
1+ log  ex + e-x 
Sol. i) f(–x) = (–x)2 sin (–x) = –x2 sin x = –f(x). Hence, f is
an odd function.
1- x 
ii) f(–x) = 7 – 2(–x)6 + (sin (–x))2 = 7 – 2x6 + sin2 x = ii). f  x  = log  
f(x).Hence ,f is an even function.  1+ x 
iii) We have, iii). f (x) = sin x – cos x
x x e x . x x x 2  1  cos x 
f(–x)=  1 =  1
x
e 1 2 1  ex 2 Sol. i) f(x) =
1  log  e x  e x 
(e x  1  1)x x 2
=  1  x   1  cos  x   x 2  1  cos x 
(e x  1) 2
f(– x) = = 1  log e x  e x

1  log e x  e
  x 
  
x x x x
=x  x
 1 = x   1 = f(x)
= f(– x)  f(x) is even.
e 1 2 e 1 2
OR we can prove that f(–x) – f(x) = 0  1  (x)  1  x 
Hence, f(x) is an even function. ii) f(x)  log    log  
 1  ( x)  1 x 
40. Determine the nature of the following function for even = – f(x).Hence f(x) is odd.
and odd in their respective domains ? iii) f(– x) = sin (– x) – cos (– x) = – sin x – cos x
Hence f(x) is neither even nor odd.
2

i) f(x) = log x  x  1  42. Let f (x) = ax7 + bx3 + cx – 5, where a, b and c are
constants. If f (–7) = 7, then f (7) equals
 ax  1  A) –17 B) –7 C) 14 D) 21
ii) f(x) = x  a x  1  Sol. (A) f (–x) = –ax7 – bx3 – cx – 5
 
 f (x) + f (–x) = – 10; Put x = 7
Sol. i) f(-x) = log ( x  x 2  1) f (7) = – 10 – f (–x) = – 17
cos x
 1  43. f(x) = , (where x is not an integral multiple of
= log   x  1
    2
2
x  x 1

= –log (x + x 2  1 ) = – f(x)  and [x] denote the greatest integer function), is

So, f(x) is an odd function A) an odd function B) an even function
C) neither odd nor even D)can’t be determined
 1 
 a x  1   ax  1  cos ( x) cos x
ii) f(x)   x   x x 1  Sol. (A) f(–x) = =
 a 1   x 1 x  1
  1       2   1
a x
  2

 x  x x  
 1  ax   ax  1   as x  n   I, so as         1 
 x x 
 x x  = f(x)     
  
1  a   a 1 
cos x
 f is even function. =  x   f(x)  f(x) is an odd function.
41. Which of the following functions is (are) even, odd or   1

   2
neither in their respective domains ?

Properties of Even and Odd Function i) E – O or O – E = N j) O/E = E/O = O

1. If we denote even function by E, odd function by O k) O – O = O l) O/O = E
and neither even nor odd by N, then
a) E + E = E b) E – E = E n O if n is odd
m) E = E n) On  
c) EE = E d) E . O = O  E if n is even

e) OO = E f) O + O = O o) Let f and g be such that gof is defined, then

1) E(E) = E 2) E(O) = E
E
g) EO = OE = O h) E
E 3) O(E) = E 4) O(O) = O

1.21
 Differential Calculus 32

Differential Calculus

Let h(x) = g(f(x)). Then h(–x) = g(f(–x) 2x  2 x 2x  2 x

e.g f(x)= 2x = +
If f is even and g is odd, then h(–x) = g(f(x)) = h(x). 2 2
Therefore O(E) = E and etc. 3. A function may neither be odd nor even .

2. Every function can be uniquely expressed as a sum of 4. All even functions are many one.
an even and odd functions. 5. If x = 0  domain of f, and f is an odd function, then
Let f(x) be a function. Define f(0) = 0 and if, f(0)  0, then f(x) can not be odd.

1 6. The only function which is defined on the entire number

u(x) =
2
 f  x   f  x   and line & is even and odd at the same time is f(x) = 0.
Any non zero constant function is even.
1
v x 
2
 f  x   f  x   E.g. f(x) = sin [ x]  [  x]  is an even function where
[.] and {.} be respectively denotes G.I.F. and F.P.F.
1 7. If f and g both are even or both are odd then the
Then u  x  
2
f  x   f  x   u  x  and function f.g will be even but if any one of them is odd
then f.g will be odd .
1
v  x  
2
f  x   f  x   v  x  . 8. If g is even then fog is always even irrespective of f,since
fog(–x) = f(g(–x))=f(g(x))
 u  x  is an even function and v(x) is an odd function.
9. If fn is even,then f1of2of3o...ofn  x  is always even
Also u  x   v  x   f  x  .
10. f1of2of3 o...ofn  x  is odd if all functions are odd.

Solved Examples
44. The function f(x) is an even function and satisfies  x 2 x  1
1 
x2f(x) – 2f   = g(x), where g(x) is an odd function. Sol. f  x   1  x   1  x  1  x  1
x  2
x x 1
Then find the value of f(5).
 x 2  x  1  x  1
1 
Sol. x2 f(x)  2f    g(x) ...(1) f   x   1  x   1  x  1   x  1  1  x  1
x  2
x  x  1  x  1
1
x 2 f  x   2f    g(x) ...(2) = f(x)
x
 f  x  is even.
adding (1) and (2)
46. If f(x) satisfies the relation f(x + y) = f(x) + f(y) for all
2 1 m
x f  x   2f   ...(3)
x x, y R and f(1) = 5 then find  f(n).
n 1
Also prove that f(x) is odd.
1 1 1 Sol. f(x) = kx satisfies the given relation
By replacing x by we get 2 f    2f(x) ...(4)
x x x  f(1) = 5  k = 5
By using (3) & (4), we get f(x) = 0.  f(x) = 5x which is an odd function.
45. Find out whether the given function is even, odd or m m
5m(m  1)
neither   f(n)   (5n) =
n 1 n 1 2
 x |x | , x  1 47. If f (x) = (a – 2)x + 3a – 4 is even or odd. Find 'a'.
 Sol. For odd f (-x ) = -f (x)  3a - 4 = 0  a = 4/3
f(x) = [1  x]  [1  x] ,  1  x 1.
  x|x | , x 1 For even f (-x ) = f (x)  a -2 =0  a = 2.


Extension of Domain [0, a]. The domain of f(x) can be extended to the set
Let a function be defined on certain domain which is entirely [–a, 0] = {–x: x [0, a] } in two ways:
non–negative (or non positive). Suppose f is defined on
i) Even extension: The even extension is obtained by

1.22
 Differential Calculus 33

Functions

defining a new function f(–x) for x  X, such that ii) Odd extension: The odd extension is obtained by defining
f(–x) = f(x). a new function f(–x) for x X, such that f(–x) = –f(x).

 f(x) , x [0, a]  f(x) , x [0, a]

 g(x)    g(x)  
 f( x), x [a,0]  f(x), x [a,0]

Solved Examples

 x 3 + x 2 for 0<x<2  x  2, 4  x  2

f(x) = g(x)   3 .
48. If  , then find the even and 2
 x  x , 2  x  0
 x + 2 for 2 < x < 4
The odd extension of f(x) is as follows:
odd extension of f(x)
Sol. The even extension of f(x) is as follows:  x  2, 4  x  2
h(x)   3 2 .
 x  x , 2  x  0

Symmetry of Function Symmetric about a point (a,0)

If graph of a function f(x) is symmetrical about (a, 0), then
Symmetric about a line f(a – x) = –f(a + x).
A function y = f(x) is said to be symmetric about the line
E.g : f(x) = (x–a)3 is symmetric about x = a.
x = a if f  a  x   f  a  x  or f  2a  x   f  x  .In
otherwords, f(x) has same value at a distance of x units from
a, on both sides of line x = a.
x3

a–x
O a a+x

-x 3
x' O a- x a a+x

y'
3
b f(x)=(x-a)
E.g : f(x) = ax2+bx+c is symmetric about x 
2a

Solved Examples
49. If ‘f ’ be a differentiable function such that  f(x + 1) = f(1 – x) [Replace x by x + 1)
f  x   f  2  x  x  R and g  x   f 1  x  , then  (c) is true
also g(x) = f(x + 1)  g(–x) = f(–x + 1)
A) g(x) is an odd function = f(x + 1) = g(x)
B) g(x) is an even function
 (b) is true
C) graph of ‘f ’ is symmetrical w.r.t x = 1 Now differentiating f(x + 1) = f(1 – x)
D) f ' 1  0  f ' 1  x    f ' 1  x 
Sol. (B,C,D) f(x) = f(2 – x)
put x = 0  f ' 1  0

Make Concepts Clear 1.8

Find whether the following functions are even or 3. f(x) = sin [x]  + tan [x] 
odd or none 4. f(x) = x sin2 x  x3
1.  
f(x) = sin log x  1  x
2
 5. f(x)= sin x cos x + x
x 2
x  a x  1 6. f(x) =
1  2 
2. f(x) = 2x
ax  1
1.23
 Differential Calculus 34

Differential Calculus

cos x cos x
7. f(x)= e x  1  2  x 2  ex  e x   sin x  tan x 
11. Prove that f(x)  is an odd
 x  2 
8. f(x) = [(x+1)²] 1/3
+ [(x 1)²]1/3 2   3
  
function where [x] denotes the greatest integer function.
9. f  x   ln  sgn  x   1  sgn  x   n
 f(x)  f(x) 
10. Show that f(x) is an odd function if 12. Let F(x) =   then F(x) is
 g(x)  g( x) 
f(x) = log (x 3  1  x 6 ) . A) even when n is even B) odd when n is odd
C) even  n N D) odd  n N

Answers
1. odd 2. even 3. odd and even 4. odd 5. neither odd nor even
6. even 7. odd 8. even 9. neither odd nor even 12. A, B
Solutions Are On Page No. 1.71

whose graph exhibits translational symmetry. Specifically, a

1.9 Periodic Function function f is periodic with period T if the graph of f is invariant
In mathematics, a periodic function is a function that repeats under translation in the x-direction by a distance of T. This
its values in regular intervals or periods. The most important definition of period can be extended to other geometric shapes
examples are the trigonometric functions, which repeat over and patterns, such as periodic tessellations of the plane.
intervals of length 2 (for sine and cosine functions). Periodic
functions are used throughout science to describe oscillations,
Periods of Some Standard Functions
waves, and other phenomena that exhibit periodicity. a) sin x, cos x, sec x and cosec x are periodic functions with

Everyday examples are seen when the variable is time; for the period 2 . Because sin  x  2   sin x ,
instance the hands of a clock or the phases of the moon
cos  x  2  cos x and other two follow same strategy..
show periodic behaviour. Periodic motion is motion in which
the position(s) of the system are expressible as periodic b) tan x and cot x are periodic functions with the period  .
functions, all with the same period.
A function f(x) is said to be periodic function if, there exists Because tan  x     tan x , cot  x     cot x
a positive real number T, and if whenever x is in domain of
c) |sin x|, |cos x|, |tan x|, |cot x|, |sec x|, |cosec x| are
f,so is x + T and further f(x + T) = f(x), then T is called a
periodic functions with the period  .
period of f(x) .If there exists a least positive constant T with
this property, it is often called the period or prime period d) sinn x, cosn x, secn x, cosecn x are periodic functions with
or fundamental period of the function f. the period 2  or  according as n is odd or even.
A function that is not periodic is called aperiodic. e) tann x and cotn x are periodic functions with the period
 whether n is odd or even.
For instance the most popular function sin x is periodic function
with fundamental period 2 .Infact sin (x + 2) = sin (x + f) If f(x) is periodic with the period T, then
4)= sin (x + 6) = ... = sin x, which means sin x has i f(x) is periodic with the period T.
periods 2,4 ,6,8 ,... among which 2 is the least period. ii f(x + c) is periodic with the period T.

Clearly f(x) = f(x + T) = f(x + 2T) = f(x + 3T) = ... Therfore iii f(x)  c is periodic with the period T..
,if T is fundamental period of f(x),then nT is also a period of
f(x),where n is positive integer. iv) a f  x  , sin f  x  , tan f  x  are also periodic function
Geometrically, a periodic function can be defined as a function with the period T.

Solved Examples
50. Show that the period of f(x)={x} is 1,where {x}denotes  {x  T}  {x}  x  T  [x  T]  x  [x]
fractional part of x.
 T  [x  T]  [x]  [x  T]  [x]  T
Sol. Let there exist a positive number T such that
which is possible when T is positive integer,therefore
f (x + T) = f (x)
T = 1,2,3,... of which 1 is least one.

1.24
 Differential Calculus 35

Functions

THEOREM not exist l <k such that l is period of above algebra of

functions.Otherwise l is period of these functions.
If f(x) is periodic with the period T, then f(ax + b) has
ii) If | f | and | g | are periodic with the period T then the
T
period , i.e., period is affected only by coefficient of T
|a| period of | f |+|g| is and the period of | f |–| g | is T..
2
x , where; a, b, c, are constants with a, b  0.
Proof How to take LCM
Suppose a>0, we have While taking LCM we should always remember,
i LCM of p and q always exist if p/q is a rational quantity.
  T 
f  a  x    b   f   ax  b   T   f  ax  b  , since ii LCM of rational with rational is possible
  a  
T is the period of f(x). a c e LCM of (a,c,e)
LCM of  b , d , f   HCF of (b, d, f) , where a, b, c, d,
We will show that T is the least one.  
e, f  I with b, d, f  0
Let T 1 be a positive number such that
iii LCM of irrational with irrational is possible (but not always)
f  a  x  T1   b   f  ax  b  . Let us take any arbitrary
point x' from the domain of definition of f and put iv LCM of rational and irrational is not possible.

xb E.g., LCM of (2  , 1, 6  ) is not possible as 2  ,6  are

x'  . irrational and 1 is rational.
a
Properties of periodic function
 x ' b  1) f (T) = f (0) = f (-T) , where ‘T’ is the period.
Then f  ax ' b  f  a  b  = f(x)
 a 
2) Inverse of a periodic even function does not exist.
Now, f  a  x ' T1   b   f  ax ' b  aT1   f  x  aT1  , 3) Every constant function is always periodic, with no
fundamental period .
T
whence it follows that the period T  aT1 , i.e T1  4) If f (x) has the period T & g (x) also has the period T then
a it does not mean that f(x) + g (x) must have the period T.
T
and is the period of the function f (ax + b). Eg. f(x)  sin 2 x , g(x)  cos 2 x are both have period  but
a
f + g = 1 which has no fundamental period.
Aliter
1
Let f(x + T) = f(x) and 5) If f(x) has a period T, then f ( x ) and f (x) also has a
f[a(x +T) + b] = f(ax + b). period T.
Now f(ax + b + aT) = f(ax + b) 6) If f (x) and g (x) are periodic then f (x)  g(x), f(x)g(x) and
f  x
f(y + aT) = f(y) = f(y + T)
g  x  need not be periodic.
T E.g. Let f (x) = cos x and g (x) = { x }, since period of
 T = aT  T =
a cos x is 2 =T1 = irrational ,and period of {x} is 1= T2 =
rational,L.C.M these two values does not exist. Hence
x  f + g, f – g, fg etc are not periodic.
E.g. The period of f(x) = 2cos   is 10
 5 
7) If g is periodic then fog will always be a periodic function.
Period of Algebra of Functions Period of fog may or may not be the period of g.
i) If f(x), g(x) are periodic functions with the periods T1, T2 E.g. If f( x )  x 2 and g(x)= sin x then fog(x) = sin2 x whose
respectively then the period of f(x) + g (x) or f (x) - g(x) or
period is  where as period of g is 2
f x
f(x)g(x) or g x is LCM of {T1, T2}= k (say) if there does 8) If f is periodic g is strictly monotonic (other than linear)
  then fog is non periodic.

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 Differential Calculus 36

Differential Calculus

9) If f is trigonometric periodic g is non periodic and fog is fog is periodic then g must be linear expression.
periodic then g must be linear expression or g(x) = k[x] . 11) All periodic functions can be analysed over an interval of
10) If f is non-trigometric periodic and g is non-perioidic and one period within the domain, as the same pattern shall be
repetitive over the entire domain.

Solved Examples
51. Let f  x   sin x  cos x and g  x   sin x  cos x .  5 
LCM  3,   15 which is required period.
Find the period of f + g.  2 
Sol. The period of f is 2  and the period of g is  . Now the
56. Which of the following is/are true? The period of
period of f + g is LCM of 2  ,  which is 2  , it is
A) f(x) = cos (sin x) is 
absolutely incorrect,because
B) f(x) = sin (cos x) is 2
     C) cos (sin x) + sin (cos x) is 2
f  x    g  x    f  x   g  x  implies is the
 2   2  2
D) cos (sin x) – sin (cos x) is 2
required period of f + g. Sol. (A,B,C,D) A) Let f (x) = cos (sin x) .Clearly
52. Show that f (x) =| sin x | + | cos x |;
f  x     cos  sin  x    

g(x) = sin4 x + cos4 x each have period  cos   sin x   cos  sin x   f  x 
2
Thus the period of cos (sin x) is 
  B) Let f (x) = sin (cos x) .Clearly
Sol. Clearly f   x   |cos x|  | sin x|
2 
f  x  2   sin  cos  x  2   sin  cos x   f  x 
 |cos x |  |sin x|  f(x), Thus the period of cos (sin x) is 2 
C)Let f (x) = cos (sin x) +sin (cos x)
 
g   x   cos 4 x  sin4 x  g(x)
 2  Clearly , f  x  2   f  x 
53. Find the period of (sin x)0 + (cos x)0 + (tan x)0 Thus,the period of cos (sin x) +sin (cos x) is 2 
Sol. Let f(x) = (sin x)0 + (cos x)0 + (tan x)0 D) Let f (x) = cos (sin x) – sin (cos x)

 Clearly, f  x  2   f  x  .
then f(x) = 3 if x  n,(2n  1)
2 Thus,the period of cos (sin x) – sin (cos x) is 2 
57. Find the period of f(x) = |sin x| + | cos x|
y’ Sol. |sin x| has period  , |cos x| has period 2 
Hence, according to the rule of LCM, period of f(x)
must be  .
x x
     
y 2 2 But sin  2  x  = |cos x| and |cos(  x)| =|sin x|
  2
  
From graph it is obvious that period of f(x) is . Since,   , period of f(x) is
2 2 2
54. If f is periodic g is non periodic and fog is periodic and 58. Which of the following function(s) is/are periodic?
g(2)=3 and g(4)=7 then prove that g(5) is equal to
A)11 B) 9 C) –9 D) 0 2x
A) f (x) = where [ ] denotes greatest integer
Sol. (B) From point (10) let g(x) = ax + b from conditions 2[x]
2a+b=3,and 4a+b=7 on solving we get a = 2, function
b = –1.therefore g(x) = 2x – 1. Now g(5)=9 B) g (x) = sgn {x} where {x} denotes the fractional
2x 4x part function
55. Find the period of f(x) = cos – sin
3 5 C) h (x) = sin 1  cos (x 2 ) 
2x 4x
Sol. Period of cos
3
is 3 and the period of sin
5
is D) k (x) = cos
1
 sin x 
5 Sol. (A,B,D) A) f  x   2x [x]  2{x} is a periodic function
.
2 with period 1.

1.26
 Differential Calculus 37

Functions

B) since {x} is a periodic function with the is (are)

period 1, therefore the period sgn{x} is also periodic
with period 1. 15 7 7 15
A)  B)  C) D)
C) since cos(x2) is non-periodic function, therefore 2 2 2 2

h(x) = sin  cos(x )  is also aperiodic.

1 2
Sol. (A,B,C,D) The periods of sin x and cos  4  a2 x 
D) sin x is a periodic function with the period 2 , 2
are respectively 2 and now LCM
therefore cos
1
 sin x  is also periodic function with 4  a2

the period 2 .  2 
 2,   4
2
 [x]   4a 
59. Find the period of sin   , where [.] denote is G.I.F
 4 
1 3
i.e., 4  a2  , ( – 2 < a < 2 )
 [x]  2 2
Sol. Let f(x)  sin  .
 4  15 7
a ,
Suppose ,there exists T  N such that f ( x + T) = f(x) 2 2
 [x]   [x  T]  63. If f ( x + a ) + f (x + b) =0 then find the period of f (x),
 sin    sin   where a > b > 0.
 4   4 
Sol. f ( x + a ) + f (x + b) =0 ......(1)
 [x]   [x] T  replace x by x –b in (1),we get
 sin    sin    which is possible f (x + a – b ) + f (x) = 0 ......(2)
 4   4 4 
replace x by x + a – b in (2),we get
f (x + 2(a–b)) + f(x + a – b) =0 .....(3)
when T  2  T  8 . (3) – (2),we get f (x + 2(a–b)) = f (x).
4
The period of f (x) is 2(a – b)
Note
Note
2
i) The periods of sin  a[x] , cos  a[x]  is , a>0 The period of f(x) if f(x  a)  f(x  b)  0 is 2 a  b .
a
64. Find the period of f(x + a ) + f(x – a)= f(x). where a>0
1 Sol. f(x + a ) + f(x – a)= f(x) ...(1)
ii) The period of tan  a[x] is , a>0, where [.] denotes replace x by x + a in (1),we get
a
f(x + 2a ) + f(x )= f(a + x) ...(2)
G.I.F
60. Find the period of f(x) = x + sin x –[x] (1) + (2)  f  x  2a   f  x  a   0
Sol. Given f(x) = sin x + {x}= g(x) + h(x)  f  x  3a   f  x   0 ...(3)
Period of g(x) = 2 and Period of h(x) = 1 2 is
irrational and 1 is rational. Therefore LCM will not exist.  f  x  6a   f  x  3a   0 ...(4)
Therefore ,f(x) is aperiodic.  3    4   f  x  6a   f  x 
61. Find the period of the function,
Therefore, f is periodic with the period 6a.
n(n  1) 65. Consider those functions f that satisfy
f (x) = [x] + [2x] + [3x] + ... + [nx] – x
2 f (x + 4) + f (x – 4) = f (x) for all real x. Any such
where n  N and [ ] denotes the greatest integer function, function is periodic, and there is a least common positive
is p
Sol. f(x)=( [x] – x ) + ( [2x] – 2x ) + ... + ( [nx] – nx ) period p for all of them. The value of , is
8
= ({x} + {2x} + ..... {nx} )
Sol. (3) From the previous example f (x) is periodic with the
1 period 24.
Period of {rx} is .Therefore,period of RHS
r
p
 3
 1 1 1 8
= LCM  1, , ,...,   1
 2 3 n
62. If the fundamental period of the function 66. Let g(x) = x  |2k|  2k  x  2(k  1) , where
k  Integer . Find the period of g(x)
f(x)  sin x  cos  
4  a 2 x is 4 then the value (s) of a

1.27
 Differential Calculus 38

Differential Calculus

a function defined as g(x) = f(2x, 0). Prove that g(x) is

Sol. (2) g(x) = x  |2k|  2k  x  2(k  1) , where
periodic function and find its period.
k  Integer Sol. f(x, y) = f(2x + 2y , 2y – 2x)
= f(2(2x + 2y) + 2(2y – 2x), 2(2y –2x) – 2(2x + 2y)
f(x, y) = f(8y, –8x) = f(8(–8x), – 8 (8y))
 . . = f(–64x, –64y) = f(64 (64x), 64(64 (y))
 . . = f(212x, 212y)

 . . f(x, 0) = f(212x, 0)
 f(2y, 0) = f(212 . 2y, 0) = f(212+y, 0)
 x  2, 2  x  0  g(y) = g(y + 12)

 x, 0x2 Hence g(x) is periodic and its period is 12.
 g(x) =  69. If a, b  R be fixed positive numbers such that f(a + x)
 x  2, 2  x  4
 = b + [b3 + 1 – 3b2. f(x) + 3b{f(x)}2 – {f(x)}3]1/3
 x  4, 4  x  6 for all x  R then prove that f(x) is a periodic function.
 . . Sol. Here, {f(a + x) – b}3

 . . = b3 + 1 – 3b2 f(x) + 3b{f(x)}2 – {f(x)}3
 . = 1 – [{f(x)}3 – 3b. {f(x)}2 + 3b2. f(x) – b3]
 .
= 1 – {f(x) – b}3
 {f(a + x) – b]3 + {f(x) – b}3 = 1 .... (i)
 g is periodic with period = 2 This is true for all x.
67. If f(x) = sin x + cos ax is a periodic function, show that Putting a + x for x in (i), we get,
a is a rational number. {f(2a + x) – b}3 + {f(a + x)} – b}3 = 1 ....(ii)
2 Subtracting (i) from (ii)
Sol. Period of sin x = 2  = and period of {f(2a + x) – b)3 – {f(x) – b)3 = 0 or
1
{f(2a + x) – b}3 = {f(x) – b}3
2
cos ax  or f(2a + x) – b = f(x) – b or f(2a + x) = f(x)
a  f(x) is a periodic function with the period 2a
2 2
Period of sin x + cos ax = L.C.M of and 70. Show that sin x is not periodic
1 a
L.C.M. of 2 and 2 2 Sol. Suppose that f(x) = sin x is periodic with period T.
  where  is the H.C.F. of
H.C.F. of 1 and a  Then,
1 and a.
f(x  T)  sin x  T  f(x)  sin x ; x  0
1 a
Since  is the H.C.F of 1 and a, and should be xT x xT x
   2 cos sin 0
2 2
both integers.
xT x xT x
 cos  0 or sin 0
a 2 2
1 a n
Suppose = m and = n, then   , where n,  
  1 m
 x  T  x  2 (2n  1)   (2n  1), n  I
  2
n or x  T  x  2n, n  I
m  I i.e., a = .
m The above equalities gives T as function of x. But for
Hence, a is rational number f(x) to be periodic T should be constant i.e.
68. Let f(x, y) be a periodic function, satisfying the condition independent of x.
f(x, y) = f(2x + 2y, 2y – 2x)  x, y  R and let g(x) be Hence f(x) cannot be periodic

Make Concepts Clear 1.9

1. If f (x) = (a + 3)x + 5a, x  R is periodic then a equals 1
A) 3 B) –3 C) 0 D) 2 3. Let f is periodic with period . If f (2) = 5 and
2
sin nx 9 1
2. The number of integers 'n' that f(x) = has its f   = 2, then f (–3) + f   equals.
x 4 4
sin
n A) –7 B) 7 C) 0 D) 5
fundamental period 4 is. 4. The period of the function
A) 0 B) 1 C) 2 D) 4

1.28
 Differential Calculus 39

Functions

A)1 B) 2
1 |sin x| sin x 
f(x) =    is C) does not exist D) 2
2  cos x |cos x |
9. If f(x  a)  f(x  b)  f(x  c) and a  c  b are in A.P
  then the period of f is :
A)  B) 2  C) D)
2 3 A) b  a B) 2(b  a)
5. Which of the following functions is periodic ?
C) 3(b  a) D) 6(b  a)
A) f(x) = e x – [x] where [x] denotes the greatest integer
less than or equal to the real number x x x
10. Period of f  x   sin  cos is
1  n  1 ! n!
B) f(x) = sin for x  0 , f(0) = 0
x A) n! B) 2 (n !)
C) f(x) = x cos x C) 2(n – 1) ! D) (n–1)!
D) f(x) = sin x 11. If f(g (x)) = |cos x|, g(f (x))  cos 2 x ,then
A) f(x) is a periodic function and g(x) is a non – periodic
6. If f(x) = sin a  x, (where [x] denotes the greatest function
B) f(x) is a non – periodic function and g (x) is a periodic
integer function, has  as it’s fundamental period, then function
A) a = 1 B) a  [1, 2) C) both f (x) and g(x) is a periodic functions
C) a = 9 D) a  [4, 5) D) neither f(x) nor g (x) is a periodic function
 12. f(x) = ax + sin x, g(x) = sin x, g(f(x)) is periodic then
7. The function f(x)  k cos x  k 2 sin x has the period a must be
2
A) a  integer
if K equal to B) a  integer and a < 1
1 C) a  integer and 1 < a < 3
A) 1 B) 2 C) 3 D) D) none of these
2
8. The period of the function x
13. Let f(x) = nx + n – [nx + n] + tan , where [x] is the
2
1 when x is rational
f(x)   is greatest integer  x and nN. It is a periodic function of
 0 when x is irrational the period, is

Answers
1. B 2.C 3.B 4. B 5.A 6.D 7.A
8.C 9.C 10. B 11. B 12. D 13.2
Solutions Are On Page No. 1.72

1.10 Classification of Functions y

1. Strictly Increasing and Strictly

Decreasing Functions
1. A real valued function is said to be x1 O x1 x2 x
a) strictly increasing on an interval I  R if y1
x1 , x 2  I, x1  x 2  f(x 1 )  f(x 2 ) 2. A differentiable function f is said to be
a) strictly increasing on an interval I  R if f '(x)  0
y
b) strictly decreasing on an interval I  R if f '(x)  0 .
3. A function f is said to strictly monotonic over an interval
I  R if it is either strictly increasing or strictly decreasing
but not both.
x1 O x1 x2 x
Note
y1
Linear function is always strictly monotonic on R
b) strictly decreasing on an interval I  R if
x1 , x 2  I, x1  x 2  f(x 1 )  f(x 2 )

1.29
 Differential Calculus 40

Differential Calculus

Solved Examples
71. Check the strictly monotonocity of the following functions f) f(x) = x + sin x, x  R
on the specified intervals. f '(x)  1  cos x  0  x  R
a) x2, x  R b) x2, x  R 
 f is strictly increasing on R
c) x3, x  R d) ex, x  R
g) f(x) = x – cos x
e) lnx, x  R  f) x + sin x, x  R
f '(x)  1  sin x  0  x  R  f is strictly increasing
g) x – cos x, x  R
Sol. a) f(x) = x2
f '(x)  2x Note
f '(x)  0 for x > 0 and f '(x)  0 for x < 0 i) sometimes even if f '(x)  0  0 on I, then f can be
 f is not monotonic. strictly increasing (decreasing) on I.
b) f(x)  x 2 , x  R  ii) If a polynomial function f is strictly monotonic on R
then range of f = R.
f(x)  2x  0  x  R 
iii) If f is increasing on [a, b] the range of f = [f(a), f(b)]
 f is strictly increasing function on R+
c) f(x) = x3
f '(x)  3x 2  0  x  R f(b)
f is strictly increasing on R f(a)
a b
d) f(x) = ex, x  R iv) If f is decreasing on [a, b] then range of
f '(x)  ex  0  x  R  f is strictly increasing on R f = [f(b), f(a)]

e) f(x) = ln x, x  R 
f(a)
1 f(b)
f '(x)   0  x  R   f is strictly increasing on R
x a b

2. Minimum and Maximum of Two or More

f x   g  x f  x  g x 
Functions = 
2 2
Suppose y = f(x), y = g(x) are two given functions solve the ii) maximum { f(x), g(x) } means we have to identify the
equations f(x) = g(x) and obtain the values of x (if any found). graph which lies above the given graphs in interval.
Now draw the graphs of both functions.  f(x), f(x)  g(x)
 max { f(x), g(x) } = g(x), f(x)  g(x)
i) minimum { f(x), g(x) } means we have to identify the graph 
which lies below the given graphs in each interval. f x   g  x f x   g  x 
 f(x), f(x)  g(x) = 
2 2
 min { f(x), g(x) } = g(x), f(x)  g(x)

Solved Examples
72. i) Find minimum { x2, 1 } ii) maximum { x3, x } y x >1
Sol.
y
y=1
-1
x1 +1 x
x1 1 x ii)
i) -1 O

y1
y1
minimum { x2, 1 }
 x, x   1
1, x   1  y  1 lies below y  x 2  x 3 ,  1  x  0

 3
maximum { x , x } = 
 x, 0  x  1
2
=  x ,  1  x  1
 x 3 , x  1
 1, x  1

1.30
 Differential Calculus 41

Functions

3.One-One Function (Injective mapping) distinct.

ii) The function g = {(1,1), (2,5), (3,4)} from A to B is one
A function f : A  B is said to be a oneone function or
- one, because images of distinct elements of A are distinct.
injective mapping if distinct elements of A have distinct f
E.g. Let A = {x, y, z}, B ={l, m, n, p, q},and
images in B. In otherwords if no two or more distinct elements
of domain of f have same image in its codomain then f is f = {(x, p), (y, l), (z, q)} then f : A  B is an injective function.
called one-one function.
A B
Diagramatically an injective mapping can be shown as f
l
x
m
f
A B y n
p
z q
f(a1)

a1 Geometrical interpretation of one - one real functions

If an arbitrary line parallel to x – axis cuts the graph of
a2 y = f(x) in exactly one point then function is 1-1
f(a2 )
Note
1. Even functions are always many-one functions
Therefore,f is one -one if for a1, a2  A, a1  a2, then f(a1) 
f(a2). 2. Periodic functions are always many-one functions
Equivalently, we say function f : A  B , a one - one function 3. If a function is strictly increasing or decreasing on I
if for a1, a2  A, f(a1) = f(a2), then a1 = a2 then 1–1
Working rules for checking injectivity of the function
f: A  B 4. Many-one Function (non-injective)
Step I : For x1, x2  A , put f(x1) = f(x2) A function f : A  B is said to be a many one function
Step II : Solve the equation f(x1) = f(x2) if two or more elements of A have the same f image in B.
Step III : If we get x1 = x2, then f is injective, otherwise f is Thus f : A  B is many one if for ; x1, x2  A, f(x1) = f(x2)
not 1 – 1 (we may get several relations between x1 and x2). but x1  x2.
E.g. Let A = {1,2,3} and B = {1,2,3,4,5,6} E.g. Let A = {1,2,3,4}, B = {11,12,13,14,15} and
i) The function f = {(1,2), (2,3), (3,2) from A to B is not one f = {(1,11),(2,11),(3,14),(4,15)} since 1, 2 have same image,
- one because image of distinct elements 1 and 3 are not  f is many - one

Solved Examples
73. Check whether the following functions are 1 – 1 or not ? 74. Show that the functions (i) f:R  R such that
i) f : R – R, f(x) = | x | f (x) = x3 (ii) f (x) = e – x (iii) f (x) = ln x are all one -
ii) f : R  R, f(x) = x + | x | one functions
iii) f : R  R, f(x) = x3 + x Sol. This phenomena can be observed by drawing the graphs
iv) f : R  R, f(x) = ex + x of these functions
v) f : R  R, f(x) = { x } + | x |
Sol. i) since f( – 1) = f(1) = 1,  f is not 1 – 1
Note
If f, g are one - to - one function on a set A (  R) then
 0, x  0
ii) f(x)   , f(x) = 0  x  0
x, x  0 f
f + g, f – g, g  g  0  are need not be 1 - 1 functions.
 f is not 1 – 1
iii) f(x) = x3 + x  f '(x)  3x 2  1  0  f is strictly Eg : f, g : R  R, be such that f(x) = x, g(x) = – x then
neither f + g = 0 nor f – g = – x2, is 1 – 1 but f – g = 2x
increasing  x  R  f is 1 – 1 or R. is 1 – 1 function..
iv) f(x) = ex + x  f '(x) = ex + 1 > 0 x  R 75. Show that the function f : R  R ,defined by
(i) f (x) = [ x ], (ii) f (x) = | x |, (iii) f (x)=ax2 + bx+c
 f is strictly increasing  x  R , and (iv)
 f is 1 – 1 on R f (x) = sin x are all many - one functions.
v) f(1) = f(–1) = 1  f is not 1 – 1 Sol. (i) f (0.1) = f (0.2) = 0  f is many -one.
(ii) f(-1) = f(1) = 1  f is many -one.

1.31
 Differential Calculus 42

Differential Calculus

Note 2x1  1 2x 2  1
 
x1  7 x2  7
1. If A and B are finite sets and f : A  B is one-one,
 2x1x 2  14x1  x 2  7  2x 1x 2  14x 2  x1  7
then n( A)  n(B) and number of 1-1 functions
 15x1  15x 2  x 1  x 2
n(B)!
  '  ' is one - one
(n(B)  n( A))
x 1
2. The number of One One functions + the number of 77. If f: R  R where f (x)  , find whether f(x) is
x2  x  1
many One functions = Total number of mappings.
one – one or many one.
3. Periodic functions are not 1-1 functions Sol. If f(x) is a rational function then f(x1) = f(x2) will always
4. Even functions are not 1-1 functions be satisfied when x1 = x2 in the domain.
Hence we can write f(x1)– f(x2)= (x1–x2) g(x1,x2)=0
76. Which of the following functions are one - one?
where g(x1, x 2 ) is some function in x1 and x2. Now if
i) f : R  R , defined by f(x) = 4, x  R .
ii) f : R  R , defined by f(x) = 6x –1, x  R . g(x1, x 2 )  0 gives some solution which is different from
iii) f : R  R , defined by f(x) = x2 + 7, x  R . x1 = x2 and which lies in the domain, then f is many –
one else one – one.
iv)  : R  7  R , defined by
x1  1 x 1
2x  1 f(x1 )  f(x 2 )  2
 2 2
 x   , x  R  7 x1  x1  1 x 2  x 2  1
x 7
Sol. i) We have f(x) = 4, x  R  x 1x 2 2  x 1x 2  x 1  x 2 2  x 2  1 
Here the images of any two distinct real numbers are
x 2x 1 2  x1x 2  x 2  x 12  x 1  1
equal (=4 each)
 f is not one - one.  x 1x 2  x 2  x 1    x 2 2  x 1 2   0
ii) We have f(x) = 6x – 1, x  R
  x 2  x 1  x 1x 2  x 2  x 1   0
Let f  x 1   f  x 2  , x1 , x 2  R
x1
 6x1  1  6x 2  1  6x1  6x 2  x 1  x 2  x 2  x 1 or x 2  
x1  1
 ‘f’ is one - one.
One solution of this is obviously x1 = x2. Also we have
iii) We have f  x   x 2  7,x  R got a relation in x1 and x2 and for each value of x1 in
2 2
f  2    2   7  11, f  2    2   7  11 the domain we get a corresponding value of x2 which
may or may not be same as x1.
 The images of distinct elements –2 and 2 of R are
equal. 1
If x1 = 1 we get x 2   x 1 , and both lies in the
 ‘f’ is not one - one. 2
2x  1 domain of f.
iv) We have   x   , x  R  7  Hence we have two different values x1 and x2 for which
x 7
f(x) has the same value.
Let   x 1     x 2  , x 1 , x 2  R  7
Hence f is many -one function.

5.Onto Function (Surjective mapping)

A function f from A to B is such that "every element of B
has atleast one pre-image in A", is called an onto function
or surjection. In other words a function f : A  B as called
surjection if the range of f is equal to the codomain of f,i.e
f(A)=Rf=B.
E.g. Let A = {1, 2, 3} and B = {1, 4, 5}. The function f :
Thus f is onto if for each b  B , there exists at least one A  B is defined as f(1) = 1, f(2) = 5, f(3) = 1 is not onto,,
a  A such that f(a) = b. because there is no element of A, whose image under f is 4.
Diagramatically surjective mapping can be shown as The function g : A  B given by g = { (1, 4), (2, 5), (3, 1)}
is onto, because each element of B is the image of at least
one element of A.

1.32
 Differential Calculus 43

Functions

E.g. i) f : R  R defined by f (x) = 2x +1 iii)Any polynomial of degree odd over R is onto.

ii) f : R  R+ defined by f (x) = ex iv)Any polynomial of degree even over R is into.
iii) f : R+  R defined by f (x) = ln x are all onto
functions. v) If n(A) = n(B) = m, then the number of onto functions
E.g. Let A = {a, b, c, d}, B = {x, y, z}, f = {(a, z), (b, y), from A to B = m!
(c, y), (d, z)} then f is onto function. vi) If n(A) = m, n(B) = 2, then the number of onto
A
functions = 2m – 2.
B
f
a x 6. Into Function
b
y If f : A  B is such that there exists atleast one element in
c
z codomain which is not the image of any element in domain,
d
then f(x) is into.
Range f = {x, y, z} = B = codomain of f Diagramatically into function can be shown as

E.g. f : N  N defined by f(n)  2n  3 is not onto because

Range f  {5, 7, 9,......}  N , the codomain of f
E.g. f : Q  Q defined by f(x) = 2x + 3 is surjection because,
y3
the pre image of y is  Q (dom) y  Q(co-domain)
2
E.g. If f : R  R be such that (i) f (x) = [x],
Note (ii) | x |, (iii) sgn x, and (iv) f (x) = ax2 + bx + c
i) If for each b  B , there exists at least one a  A such are all into mappings
Geometrical Interpretation of Onto Real Functions
that f(a)  b then f : A  B is a surjection
Let f : R  R be an onto real function. Since the function f is
ii) If A, B are finite sets and f : A  B is a surjection onto, for each real number k, there exists at least one a  R
then n( A)  n(B) such that f(a) = k.
 The horizontal line y = k cuts the graph of f at the point
ii) If range of f = codomain of f i.e f(A)= co-domain (a, k) for at least one value of ‘a’.
of f then f(x) is onto function..  Each horizontal line cuts the graph of f at least once.

Solved Examples
78. Check whether the following functions are onto or not? 4x  3 5y  3
i) f : N  N, f(x) = 2x + 3 iii) y  x R  yR
5 4
 f is onto..
3x  5
ii) f : Z  Z, f(x)  iv) since | x | + 1  1  ln (| x | + 1)  0
4
 Range of f(x) =  0,    R
4x  3
iii) f : R  R, f(x)  Hence f is not onto.
5
v) y = f(x) = x3 – x  x3– x – y = 0, for each y  R ,
iv) f : R  R, f(x)  l n |x | 1 the cubic equation has at least one real x, thus f(x) is
v) f : R  R, f(x)  x 3  x onto.

Sol. i) Suppose f(x) = 2  co-domain of f then 2 = 2x + 3 79. Let f: R  [2,  ) defined by f(x) = x 2  2x  b is an
onto function, then find the value of b is
1 A) 0 B) 1 C) 2 D) 3
x  N (domain)
2 Sol. (D) Given function is an onto function. Hence range
 f is not onto should be to co-domain.
2
3x  5 4y  5 Given f(x) = x 2  2x  b =  x  1  b  1 .
ii) y   x , now x  Z only if
4 3 Hence range of f(x) is [b–1,  ).
4y + 5 is multiple of 3. b – 1 = 2 b3
13 80. Let a function f defined from R to R as :
for y = 2, x = Z
3  x  a, x  1
f(x)  
 f is not onto  2ax  1, x  1

1.33
 Differential Calculus 44

Differential Calculus

If the function is surjective, then all values of a lies in has real roots  y  [0, 1]
the interval.
A) (0, 2] B) ( –  , 0]  Discriminant  0  1  4y (ay  1)  0
C) ( –  , 0) D) (0,  )
  4ay 2  4y  1  0 ...... (1)  0  y  1
Sol. For x  1, x + a  a + 1 and x > 1,
2ax – 1 > 2a – 1 or 2ax – 1 < 2a – 1 according as Case (i) : If y = 0 then x = – 1, when a = – 1,
a > 0 or a < 0. x 1
Case (i) : For a > 0, Range y which is undefined for x = – 1.
x2  1
=  , a  1  (2a  1, )
 a  1
= R if a + 1  2a – 1
i.e., a  2 1
Case (ii) : If 0 < y < 1, put y  then t > 1 now (1)
 a  (0, 2] t

Case (ii) : For a < 0, Range 4a 4

becomes   1 0
  , a  1  ( , 2a  1) t2 t

now a+ 1 < 1, 2a – 1 < – 1  t 2  4t  4a  0,  t  1

 Range  ( , 1)  ( ,  1)  R 2 2

a
 t  2  1 , now
 t  2 1 
9
1 
5
 This case is not possible.
4 4 4 4
81. Show that the real function f : R  R defined by
y = f(x) = x2 is not onto . 5
a and a   1
4
Sol. Since x 2  0  Range of f   0,    R
 f is not onto..  5
 a    ,  1   1, 
If co-domain restricted to  0,  then f is onto..  4 

82. If f : R  R be a function defined as 84. If the function f : R   A defined by

 x .|x|  9, x  Q
f(x)   f(x) 
1  x  x  1  x 
2 4

is onto then A =
, show that f is an onto x3
 x|x |  5 , x  Q
function. A) (6, ) B) [6, ) C) [2, ) D) [3, )
Sol. Case (i) : For x  0, x  Q, f(x) = – x2 – 9  – 9
1  1 2
For x > 0, x  Q, f(x) = x2 – 9 > – 9 Sol. (B) f(x)    1  x   2  x 
x  x 
 For x  Q , f(x)  Q .
Case (ii) : 1 1
Now  x 2  2 and x   1  3
For x  0, x  Q, f(x) = – x2 – 5  – 5 x2 x

For x > 0, x  Q, f(x) = + x2 – 5 >– 5

 Product  6
 For x  Q, f(x)  R – Q  Range =  6,    A
 Range of f = R co-domain. Hence f is onto
Note
x 1
83. For what real values of a does the range of f(x) 
a  x2 If a function is onto, it cannot be into and vice versa . A
polynomial of even degree defined from R  R will always
contain the interval [0,1]
be into & a polynomial of odd degree defined from
x 1 R  R will always be onto.
Sol. Let y   yx 2  x   ay  1  0
a  x2
f
A B
7. Bijective function
A function f : A  B is called a Bijection if it is both one-
one and onto. The adjoining diagram illustrates a bijective
function :

Let A = {1, 2, 3}, B = {6, 10, 15} and f1 = {(1, 6),

1.34
 Differential Calculus 45

Functions

(2, 6), (3, 15)}, f2 = {(1, 15), (2, 6), (3, 10)}, f3 = {(1, 6), 8. Constant Function
(3, 15)}. A function f : A  B is said to be a constant function if
The function f1 : A  B is not bijective because f1 is neither every element of A has the same f image in B. Thus
one-one nor onto. f : A  B ; f(x) = c ,  x  A , c  B is a constant
function. Note that the range of a constant function is a
The function f2 : A  B is bijective because f2 is both one-
singleton set and a constant function may be oneone or
one and onto.
manyone, onto or into.
The function f3 : A  B is not bijective because f3 is not a
E.g. f (x) = [{x}]; where [.] and {.} be respectively denotes
function. G.I.F. is F.P.F. g(x) = sin2 x + cos2 x;
Note h(x) = sgn (x2 – 3x + 4) are all constant functions.
The bijective functions are also named as invertible,
non singular or biuniform functions.

Solved Examples
85. Let A = {x : – 1  x  1} = B be a mapping Range = { –1, 0, 1 }  B
f : A  B. For each of the following functions from A  f is into function
to B, find whether it is surjective or bijective
x
a) f(x) = |x| b) f(x) = x|x| c) f(x) = x3 e) f(x)  sin
2
πx Graphically ;
d) f(x) = [x] e) f(x)= sin
2
y
Sol. a) f(x) = |x| is not 1 – 1, since f(–1) = f(1) = 1 and
1
| x | > 0 i.e., range = [0, 1]. Hence f is neither one
one nor onto function.
–1
 x 2, x  0
b) f(x) = x|x|,   2 0 1 x
 x , x  0
y
–1
1
which shows f(x) is one-one and onto as range = co-
domain.
–1 Therefore, f(x) is bijective.
0 1 x
x, if x is rational
86. If f(x) =  0, if x is irrational , and

–1  0, if x is rational
g(x) = x, if x is irrational , then f – g is

From the graph it is obvious that f is one one.
A) one–one and into
Range f  [1,1] . Thus, range = co-domain B) neither one–one nor onto
Hence, f is onto. Therefore, f(x) is one-one onto C) many one and onto
(bijective) D) one–one and onto
c) f(x) = x3, Graphically;
f(x) is one-one onto (i.e., bijective)   x if x  rational
Sol. (f – g) (x) = 
 x if x  irrational
Note
Since f , g : R  R for any x there is only one value of
f(x) = ax3 + b is both one one and onto function on R. (f(x) – g(x)) whether x is rational or irrational. Moreover
d) f (0.1) = f(0.2) = 0, therefore f is not one-one as xR, f(x) – g(x) also belong to R. Therefore (f – g) is
one-one and onto.
87. Let f : R  R be a function defined by
 1,  1  x  0
f(x) = cos (2x + 3). Show that this function is neither
 x    0, 0  x  1 one-one nor onto.
 1, x1


1.35
 Differential Calculus 46

Differential Calculus

show that the function f is a bijective function.

Sol. f  x    cos  2  x    3 
Sol. We have f(x) = 4x3 – 7, x  R , f '(x)  12x 2  0
= cos  2   2x  3  = cos (2x + 3) = f(x).  f is 1-1.
 f is not one-one. Since – 1 < cos (2x + 3) < 1 Since f is strictly monotonic on R,
 f is not onto..  Range of f = R
88. If f : R  R be a function defined by f(x) = 4x3 – 7,  f is onto, hence f is a bijective function.

9. Identity Function called the identity of A and is denoted by IA. It is easy to

The function f : A  A defined by f(x) = x  x  A is observe that identity function defined on R is a bijection.

Solved Examples
89. The function f : [2, )  Y defined by f(x) = x2  4x + A) (– , ) B) (–2, )
5 is both one-one and onto if : C) (–2, 0) D) (– , 2)
A) Y = R B) Y = [1, ) Sol. For many one in [0, 1]
C) Y = [4, ) D) [5, ) 0 < vertex < 1
Sol. f : [2,  )  y
b
f (x) = x2 – 4x + 5 = (x – 2)2 + 1 0<– <1
2

1
If the function is onto then Y  [1, )
90. Check whether the function f : R  R,defined by
f(x) = x3 – 6x2 +11x - 6 is bijective or not. 0<–b<2  –2<b<0
Sol. We have f(1) = f(2) = f(3) = 0
Therefore f is many one and onto function Note
91. If the function f (x) = x2 + bx + 3 is not injective for If f is injective then b  R – (–2, 0)
values of x in the interval 0  x  1 then b lies in

Make Concepts Clear 1.10

1. Check whether the following function are bijective or x2
not ? 4. If the function f : R  A given by f (x) = 2 is a
x 1
i) f : R  R , f(x) = 2x + cos x surjection, then A is
ii) f : Z  Z , f(x) = x + ex A) R B) [0, 1]
C) (0, 1] D) [0, 1)
iii) f : R  [0, 1) , f(x) = { sin x }
e|x|  e x
iv) f : R  (0, ) , f(x) = eln |x| 5. Let f : R  R be a function defined by f(x) = .
ex  e  x
x2  e Then
2. The function f : R+  (1, e) defined by f(x) = is A) f is both one-one and onto
x2  1
B) f is one-one but not onto
A) one–one but not onto
C) f is onto but not one-one
B) onto but not one–one
D) f is neither one-one nor onto.
C) both one–one and onto
D) neither one–one nor onto  x, x2
6. If f : R  R defined by f(x)   then f is
3. If f : D  [–2, 2] and f(x) = cos x – 3 sinx and f(x) 5x  2, x  2
is bijective function, then D may be
A) a function B) one one
  2  C) onto D) one one and onto
A) [0,  ] B)   , 
 3 3  7. Let Z denote the set of all integers
 x / 2 (x is even)
  4  Define f : Z  Z by f(x)   then f is
C)  ,  D)  0, 2  0 (x is odd
3 3 

1.36
 Differential Calculus 47

Functions

A) onto but not one-one B) one – to – one not onto

B) one-one but not onto C) onto but not one – to – one
C) one-one and onto D) neither one – to – one or onto
D) neither one-one nor onto 11. If the following functions are defined from

1  cos 2x
 1,1 to  1,1 , identify those which are not bijective.
8. If the function f: A  B defined by f  x  
2 2 1
A) sin  sin x  sin  sin x 
1
B)
is injective then the set A can be 
A)  0,  B)  ,  
C) sgn  x  ln  e 
x
 D) x 3  sgn  x  

   sin [x] 
C)   , 0  D)  , 0
 2  12. If f : R  R defined as f(x) =
x2  x  1
, where  is 
the greatest integer less than or equal to x, then
9. If the function f : R  B defined by f  x   4 x 4 is A) f is one–one B) f is many –one
surjective then the set ‘B’ can be C) f is into D) f is on to
A) (, 0] B) [0, ) 13. Let f : X  Y and g : Y  Z . Suppose g is one –
one and onto. If h = gof, then which of the following
C) (0, ) D) R is / are true?
10. Let a function f : R  R be defined by f(x) = 2x + sin x A) If h is one- one, then f is one- one
for x  R . Then f is B) If f is one-one, then h is one-one and onto
A) one – to – one and onto C) If f is not onto, then h is not onto
D) If f is not one-one, then h is not one-one

Answers
1. i) Yes ; ii) No ; iii) No ; iv) Yes 2. D 3. B 4. D 5. D
6. C 7. A 8.C 9.B 10. A 11.B,C,D 12. B,C
13. A,C,D
Solutions Are On Page No. 1.72

1.11 Composite Function and its that (gof) (a) = g(f(a))  a  A is called the composite function
of f and g.
properties
A B C
Composite Function f g
Let f : A  B and g : B  C be two functions. a f(a ) g ( f (a ))

f g gof
A B C

can be written as
f(a)

a A f
B
g(f(a)) = (gof)(a)
gof g
gof
For each a  A , there exists exactly one element f(a)  B.
Since, g : B  C is a function, so g(f(a)) is a unique element C
of C. Thus, to each a  A , there exists exactly one element Note
g(f(a)) in C. This correspondence between the elements of A f g
and C defines a function from the set A to the set C and it is A   B   C then gof : A  C, if
called the composite function of f and g and is denoted by f(a) = b; g(b) = c then (gof) (a) = c and codomain of f
gof. is a subset of domain of g and range of gof is a subset of
range of g.
 We have (gof)(a) = g(f(a)), a  A .
E.g. Let A = {x, y, z}, B= {a, b, c, d}, c={1, 2, 3, 4, 5},
If f : A  B and g : B  C are two functions then the f={(x, a), (y, d), (z, c)} and g={(a, 1), (b, 1),(c, 3), (d, 5)}
function denoted by gof (read as g circle f) from A to C such then gof = {(x, 1), (y, 5), (z, 3)} is a function from A to C.

1.37
 Differential Calculus 48

Differential Calculus

A B C Note
f g
x a 1 Generalisation of composite function:
b 2
y 3 Let f : A  B & g : B  C be two functions. Then the
c
z 4 function gof : A  C defined by
d 5
(gof) (x) = g (f(x))  x  A is called the composite of the
A C
two functions f & g.
gof
x 1 Diagramatically
2
then y x f (x)
3  f  g  g (f(x)) .
z 4
5

Solved Examples
92. If f(x) = x2 and g(x) = x – 7 find gof and fog. Sol. f(x) is defined for
Sol. gof(x) = g(x2) = x2 – 7
fog(x) = f(g(x)) = f(x – 7) = (x – 7)2
1
93. f : R  R be the function defined by f (x) = ax2 – 2
i) 100 x > 0 & 100 x  1  x 
100
for some positive a. If (fof) ( 2 ) = – 2 then the 1
value of 'a' is ii) x > 0 and log10x + 1 < 0  0 < x < &
10
1 1 1
A) 2 B) 2 C) D) x  (fog)(x) exists  range of g(x)  domain of
2 2 100
f(x)
Sol. f ( 2 ) = 2a – 2 96. f (x) = ax + b ; g (x) = bx + a, a, b  N if

 f  f  2  
= f 2a  2 = –  2
f  g(50) – g  f(50) = 28. Find ab.

2 Sol. f  g(50) = f (50b + a ) = a(50b + a)+b


a 2a  2  – 2 =– 2
g  f(50) = g(50a + b) = b(50a + b)+a
 2
a 4a  2  4a 2  – 2= – 2 f  g(50) – g  f(50) = 28  a2 + b – b2 – a = 28

 2

a 4a  4 2 a  2 = 0  a = 0 (rejected)  (a – b) (a + b –1) = 7  4 or 14  2
a – b = 4 and a + b – 1 = 7  a = 6, b = 2
2
or 4a2 – 4 2 a + 2 = 0 
 2a  2  =0 and a – b = 1 and a + b – 1 = 28  a = 14,b = 13
97. f : R  R, f (x 2 + x + 3) + 2 f (x 2 – 3x + 5)
1 = 6x2 – 10x + 17  xR then find f (x).
a= Sol. Obviously f is a linear polynomial
2
let f (x) = ax + b hence f (x2 + x + 3)+2f(x2–3x + 5)
94. If g(x) = x2 + x and g(f(x)) = x + 3 x  2 then find  6x2 – 10x + 17
f(x). or [a(x2 + x + 3) + b] + 2[a(x2 – 3x + 5) + b]
 6x2 – 10x + 17
Sol. g(f(x)) = x + 3 x  2 a + 2a = 6 ....(1) and a – 6a = – 10....(2)
2  a2
  x  2 x 1 x 1
(comparing coefficient of x2 and coefficient of x both
2
sides)
  
x  1  x 1 again, 3a + b + 10a + 2b = 17
 6 + b + 20 + 2b = 17
 f(x)  x  1 26 + 3b = 17  b = – 3
 f (x) = 2x – 3
 2 log 10 x  2  98. If g (x) = 2x + 1 and h (x) = 4x2 + 4x + 7, find a
95. If f (x) = log100x   and g(x) = {x}. If the function f such that fog = h.
 x 
Sol. f [2x + 1] = (2x + 1)2 + 6, put 2x + 1 = t
function (fog)(x) exists then find the range of g(x).
 f (x) = x2 + 6.
1.38
 Differential Calculus 49

Functions

99. Let P and Q be polynomials such that P(x) and Sol. Let the degree of Q(x) is n i.e. Q(x) = xn and
P(x) = x7
Q  P  Q(x)  have the same roots. If the degree of P is
7, then the degree of Q, is Q  P  Q(x)  has degree n × 7n = 7n2
A) 0 B) 1 C) 2 D) 7 7n2 = 7  n = 1

Properties of Composite Functions A

gof
C

1. The composite of functions is not commutative i.e. 1 a

gof  fog . 2 b
2. The composite of functions is associative i.e. if f, g, h are 3 c
three functions such that fo (goh) & (fog) oh are defined,
then fo (goh) = (fog) oh.
gof : A  C is one-one and f : A  B is one-one but
e.g Let f : N  I0 be such that f(x) = 2x
1
g : B  C is not one-one.
g : I0  Q be such that g(x) = gof : A  C is onto and g : B  C is onto but
x
1
f : A  B is not onto..
h : Q  R be such that h(x) = e x .Then e.g: f and g are mapping from R to R defined by f(x) = ex and
(hog)of = ho(gof) = e2x g(x) = x2 so that gof(x) = e2x which is clearly one -one even
3. Suppose f is not defined only at x = a and fof is not though g is not one -one .
defined at x = b then dom fof = R - {a, b}.
4.If f : A  B and g : B  C are two one-one functions then Composite of Piecewise Functions
gof : A  C is also one-one (OR) (The composition of two  (x) for a1  x  b1
one-one functions is also one-one). Let f(x)   1 and
5.If f : A  B and g : B  C are two onto functions then gof 1(x) for c1  x  d1

: A  C is also onto. (ie composition of two onto functions

 (x) for a 2  x  b2
is also onto) g(x)   2 Then
6.If f : A  B and g : B  C are two bijections then  2 (x) for c 2  x  d 2
gof : A  C is also bijection i.e., composition of two bijections
1(g  x ) for a1  g  x   b1
is also a bijection f  g  x   
7.If f : A  B , g : B  C are two functions and 1 (g  x ) for c1  g  x   d1

i) gof : A  C is one-one then f : A  B is one-one and

1 (2 (x)) for a1  2 (x)  b1 and a 2  x  b2
g : B  C need not be one-one  ( (x)) for c   (x)  d and a  x  b
 1 2
f  g  x   
1 2 1 2 2

ii) gof : A  C is onto then g : B  C is onto f : A  B  (

 1 2 (x)) for a 1   2 (x)  b 1 and c 2  x  d 2

need not be onto. We illustrate by giving an example 1 ( 2 (x)) for c1   2 (x)  d1 and c 2  x  d 2
E.g :
A B C In RHS of f ( g (x ) ) each piece of function exists when there
f g
1 p are common values of both intervals.Otherwise that
a
q corresponding function does not exist.similarly we can find
2 b
r then g(f(x)).
3 c
s

Solved Examples
100. Two functions are defined as under:
 g(x)  1, g(x)  1
Sol. (fog)(x) = f(g(x)) = 
 x +1, x 1  2g(x)  1, 1  g(x)  2
f x    ,
 2x +1, 1 < x  2
 x 2  1, x 2  1   1  x  2
 x 2 , 1  x  2  2 2
g x     2x  1, 1  x  2   1  x  2
 x + 2, 2x3 
 x  2  1, x  2  1  2  x  3
Find fog and gof. 
 2(x  2)  1, 1  x  2  2  2  x  3

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 Differential Calculus 50

Differential Calculus

x 2  1,  1  x  1
  (x  1)2 ,  1  x  1  2  x  1
2 
 2x  1, 1  x  2  x  1  2, 2  x  1  3  x  1
( For 3rd and 4th piece of function, there is no common  2
 (2x  1)  1  2x  1  2  1  x  2
interval of x)  2x  1  2, 2  2x  1  3  1  x  2
Now, Let us consider gof : 

 2 = (x + 1)2, – 2  x  1
gof = g (f(x))=  f (x), 1  f(x)  2
(  in next 3 cases, common interval does not exist)
 f(x)  2, 2  f(x)  3

Make Concepts Clear 1.11

1. xx
Suppose that f (x) = and g (x) = Which one of x2x.
[a, b] then 4b+a equals
the following represents the composite function
f [g(x)], is 7. f : R   R, f(x) |x  1| and
2 x 1 2x
x 2x
A) x B) x g : [1, )  R, g(x)  e x
x 1

C) x
2x
D) x 2 x
2 x 1
If the function fog(x) is defined, then its domain and
range respectively are
 1x if 0  x  2 A) (0, ) & [0, ) B) [1, ) and [0, )
2. f(x) =  find fof
3  x if 2  x  3  1  1 
C) [1, ) & 1  ,   D) [1, ) and   1,  
 e  e 
1  x  2x 3x  x 3
3. f  x   log   , g(x) = , h(x) = , then
1 x  1  x2 1  3x 2 
8. Let f(x) = ,  x  0,   0  . Then for what value of
f(g(x)) + f(h(x)) x
A) 0 B) x C) 3f(x) D) 5f(x)  , f(f(x)) = x is
x A) 2 B)– 2 C) 1 D) –1
4. If f(x) = 3x, g(x) = , h(x) = f(g(x)) then h ( h (....n
3
 x 2  4x  3, x  3
times)) equal to 9. Let f(x)   and
A) xn B) x
n
C) 3 x D) 2x  x  4, x3

1  x  3x  x 3  x  3, x4
g(x)   2 then, which of the following
5. Given f(x) = log   and g(x) = then  x  2x  2, x 4
1 x  1  3x 2
fog (x) equals is/are true ?
A) – f(x) B) 3f(x) C) [f(x)]3 D) 2f(x) A) (f  g)(3.5)  0 B) f(g(3))  3
–1 2
6. If f(x) = cos x and g(x) = x , and the range of f(g(x)) is C) (fg)(2)  1 D) (f  g)(4)  0

Answers
1. D 3. C 4. B 5. B 6. 2 7. B 8.A, B, C, D
9. A,B,C
Solutions Are On Page No. 1.74

Example on Homogeneous Function

1.12 General Functions
x  y cos x
i) f (x, y) = is not a homogeneous function
i) Homogeneous Functions y sin x  x
A function is said to be homogeneous with respect to any set kx  ky cos kx
of variables when each of its terms is of the same degree  f(kx, ky) 
ky sin kx  kx  k n f(x, y)
with respect to those variables. For example
x y y x
5x2 + 3y2 – xy is homogeneous in x & y. Symbolically if, ii) f(x, y) = y ln x  x ln y ; x 2  y 2 + x are respectively
f (kx, ky) = kn . f (x , y) then f (x , y) is homogeneous function
of degree n. homogeneous functions of degree 0, 1.
y
iii) x + y cos are homogeneous functions of degree one.
x
1.40
 Differential Calculus 51

Functions

ii) Bounded Function 1) x 1  y + y 1  x = 0;

A function is said to be bounded if there exists M  R such
that f(x)  M , where M is a finite quantity. x 1  y  y 1  x
On squaring and rearranging the terms we get
iii) Implicit & Explicit Function
x
A function defined by an equation not solved for the y=  or y = x (rejected)
1 x
dependent variable is called an Implicit Function. For eg. the
2) y2 = x represents two separate branches.
equation x3 + y3 = 1 defines y as an implicit function. If
y has been expressed in terms of x alone then it is called an
Explicit Function for e.g the equation y = x2

Examples on Implicit and Explicit Function

f (x , y) = 0

Solved Examples
101. Find the domain of the explicit form of the function is
represented implicitly by the equation (1 + x) cos y=x2 x2 1  5 1  5 
1  1 x , 
x 1  2 2 
x2 1  x
2

Sol. cos y  x  1  y  cos  x  1 
  1  5 1  5 
it is defined when domain of f =  2 , 
2 


1.13 Inverse of a Function G = {(0, 1), (1, 2), (2, 1), ... }
The inverses of these functions are
If f is a function, then the set of ordered pairs obtained by
f–1 = { (0, 0), (1, 1), (4, 2), (9, 3), ... }
interchanging the first and second coordinates of each ordered
pair in f is called the inverse of f and is denoted by f–1 and g–1 = { (1, 0), (2, 1), (4, 2), ... }
read as “f - inverse”.
F–1 = { (0, 0), (1, 1), (2, 2), ... }
f–1 = { (y, x)/(x, y)  f}
G–1 = { (1, 0), (2, 1), (1, 2),.... }
Let us consider the following functions.
The first three of these inverses are functions but the inverse
f = { (0, 0), (1, 1), (2, 4), (3, 9), ... } of G is not a function, therefore if f is a function from A to B,
it is not necessary that f–1 is a function from B to A.
g = { (0, 1), (1, 2), (2, 4), ... }
We are therefore interested to find those functions whose
F = { (0, 0), (1, 1), (2, 2), ... }
inverses are also functions.

Solved Examples
102. Let the function f : A  B defined by the adjacent Show that f–1 is an empty function.
diagram. Sol. We have f–1(x) = {2, 3} since 2, 3 have x as their
image. Also f–1 (y) = {1} as only 1 is mapped into y.
1 X
The inverse of z i.e., f–1(z) =  . Since no element of A
2 Y
3 Z
is mapped onto z.
Hence f–1 : B  A is an empty function.

Let f : A  B be a one-one & onto function, then there

exists a unique function g : B  A such that f(x) = y  f g
g(y) = x, x A & y  B. Then g is said to be inverse of
f. Thus g = f-1 : B  A A B C
g = {(f(x), x)  (x, f(x))  f}.

gof

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 Differential Calculus 52

Differential Calculus

 For each b  B , there exists exactly one a  A such that A similar notation is used for iterated functions. For
f(a) = b. example, ƒ2 denotes two iterations of the function ƒ; if
 We get a function from B to A, denoted by f–1, and ƒ(x) = x2 – 1, then ƒ2(x) = ƒ(ƒ(x)) = ƒ(x 2 – 1)
defined as f–1(b) = a  f(a) = b. = (x2 - 1)2 – 1, which simplifies to x4 – 2x2.
The function f–1 is called the inverse function of f.
Some important points regarding inverse of
Procedure to find the Inverse of Function a function
Step-1:Write y = f (x) also this implies x = f–1(y) iThe condition for existence of inverse of a function is that
Step-2: Solve this equation for x in terms of y (if possible) the function must be one – one and onto.
–1 iiThe inverse of bijective function is unique and bijective.
Step-3: To express f as a function of x, interchange
iiiWhenever an inverse function is defined, the range of the
x and y.
original function becomes the domain of the inverse function
Note and domain of the original function becomes the range of
the inverse function.
It is important to realize that ƒ-1(x) is not the same as
iv) To find pre-image of b  B, we find values of x such that
ƒ(x)-1. In ƒ-1(x), the superscript "–1" is not an exponent.
f (x) = b.

Solved Examples
103. Let A = {2, 3, 4, 5}, B = {1, 7, 8, 11} and f : A  B x5
be the function defined as f(2) = 7, f(3)=1, f(4) = 8, B) is given by
3
f(5) = 11. Find inverse of f.
Sol. The function f : A  B is 1-1 and onto.. C) does not exist because f is not 1–1
D) does not exist because f is not odd
 f–1 : A  B exists and f–1(1) = 3, because
Sol. (B) Clearly f is 1–1 and onto y = 3x – 5
f(3) = 1, f–1(7) = 2, because f(2) = 7,
f–1(8) = 4, because f(4) = 8 and f–1(11) = 5, because y5
x 
f(5) = 11. 3
104. Let A = {1, 2, 3} and B = {4, 5, 6}. f : A  B is a
function defined as f(1) = 4, f(2) = 5, f(3) = 6. Write x5
 f 1 (x) 
down f–1 as a set of ordered pairs. 3
Sol. Clearly f is one one and onto. 107. If f : A  B be such that f(x) = ax2 + bx + c, a  R+
 f is invertible i.e., f–1 exists. find A and B such that f is invertible and hence find
 f–1 : B  A is defined as : f–1(4) = 1, because f–1 for each case.
f(1) = 4, f-1(5) = 2, because f(2) = 5 and f-1(6) = 3,
b
because f(3) = 6. Sol. f(x) = ax2 + bx + c attains its minimum at x  
2a
 f–1 = { (4, 1), (5, 2), (6, 3)}.
105. i) Show that the linear function f : R  R, defined by  b  4ac  b2
f(x) = ax + y ; a  0, inversible and find its inverse. and f    
 2a  4a
ii) Find the inverse of the function f(x) = 4x – 7, x  R .
Sol. i) Since f is linear,  it is one one. Every line parallel to
x – axis cuts the line ,  f is onto  f is bijective
 f–1 exist.
yb
y = ax + b  x  From the graph, we observed that f is monotonic in
a
 b  b 
 f 1(x) 
xb  ,   or   ,  
 2a   2a 
a

x 7  b  4ac  b 2 
1
ii) f  x   .  If A     ,   and B   ,   or
4  2a   4a 
106. If f(x) = 3x – 5, then f –1(x) .
 b   4ac  b 2 
1 A   ,   and B   , 
A) is given by  2a   4a 
3x  5
then f is bijective function
let y = ax2 + bx + c  ax2 + bx + c – y = 0

1.42
 Differential Calculus 53

Functions

Note
b  b2  4a (c  y)
x
2a ax  b
If f(x) = then f 1(x)  f(x)
cx  a
 b b  b2  4ac  4ay
If A    ,   then f 1 (x)  109. Let f : X  [1, 27] be a function defined by
 2a  2a
f(x) = 5 sin x + 12 cos x + 14. Find the set X so that
 b  f is both one and onto.
If A    ,   , then
 2a  Sol. f : X  1, 27

 b  b2  4ac  4ay f  x   5 sin x  12cos x  14

f 1 (x) 
2a Let 5  r cos , 12  r sin 
Note
f  x   r  sin  x      14
4ac  b2
  2
The function f(x) to be invertible
If f : A   K 4a
,   and f(x) = K ax  bx  c then
   
  x
2 2
b  b 2  4ac  4a log K y  b 
f 1 (x )  if A    ,  12 
2a  2a    x  tan 1 
2 5 2
b  b 2  4ac  4a log K y  b  12  12 
and f 1(x)  if A    , 0   / 2  tan 1  x  cot 1  
2a  2a  5  5 
110. Find the inverse of the function
ax  b d
108. If f(x) f(x)  ,x   is invertible then 2
f(x) = ln(x  3x  1); x  [1, 3] assuming it to be an
cx  d c
onto function.
f(x)  f 1(x) iff a+d=0.
Sol. Given f(x) = ln(x 2  3x  1)
ax  b
Sol. Let y   cyx  dy  ax  b 2x  3
cx  d  f(x)  (x 2  3x  1)  0  x  [1, 3]
 x(cy  a)  b  dy Which is a strictly increasing function. Thus f(x) is
injective, given that f(x) is onto. Hence the given function
dy  b f(x) is invertible.
x  f 1(y)
cy  a Now y  ln(x 2  3x  1)

 x 2  3x  1  e y  0
dx  b
 f 1(x) 
cx  a 3  5  4e y
x
2
ax  b dx  b
f(x)  f 1(x)  
3  (5  4e x )
cx  d cx  a
f–1(x)  (as f 1 (x)  [1, 3] )
2
d
holds true x  R  { } if a= – d i.e. a+d = 0
c

Graph of the Inverse of an Invertible Function (2,4) ,(4,2) is (3,3):and of (3,9) ,(9,3) is (6,6).Clearly these
midpoints lie on the line y = x ,i.e each point of f –1 is image
Let f : 1, 2, 3  1, 4, 9 defined by f  1,1 ,  2,4  ,  3,9  of f in mirror line y = x

then f 1  1,1 ,  4, 2 ,  9,3  Let (h, k) be a point on the graph of the function f. Then
(k, h) is the corresponding point on the graph of inverse of
1 1
‘f’ i.e., g.
Now mid point of joining (1,1) and (1,1)is ( , ) ,and of
2 2 The line segment joining the point (h, k) and (k, h) is bisected

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 Differential Calculus 54

Differential Calculus

at right angle by the line y = x. The graphs of y = f(x) and y = f–1(x). The dotted line is
y = x.
Y (k, h) (object) If f –1 is inverse of f , then the graph of the function y=f(x) is
A the same as the graph of the equation x = f(y)
This is identical to the equation y = f(x) that defines the
(h,k) (image) graph of f, except that the roles of x and y have been reversed.
B
Thus, the graph of f –1 can be obtained from the graph of f
(0, 0) X by switching the positions of the x and y axes. This is
equivalent to reflecting the graph across the line y = x.
So that the two points play object-image role in the line
Hence, the solution of f(x) = f –1(x) is also the solution of
y = x as plane mirror.
f(x) = x.
It follows that the graph of y = f(x) and its inverse written in
form y = g(x) are symmetric about the line y = x. f and f–1 are symmetric about the line y = x.

The graph y = f(x) and y = f –1(x), if intersect they meet on If f(x) is piecewise discontinous bijective function then the
the line y = x only. graphs of f and f–1 may not intersect on the line y = x.

Solved Examples

1
Note
 3
 x for  1  x  
2
111. Let f  x    then find solution 1
1 If f (x) has its own inverse as in f (x) = then
 x 2  1 for   x  0 x
 2
f (x) = f –1 (x) will have infinite solutions but
of f = f –1. f (x) = f–1(x) = x will have only one solution.

 3 1 113. Draw the inverse graph of f(x) = x3 and hence find the
 x for  1  x   number of solutions of f(x) = f–1(x)
1  2
Sol. f  x    Sol.
1
 x  1 for   x  0
 2
y
1
for  1  x   y =x
3

2
1
3 3
Now f = f-1  x  x  x  0 or x  1 ,these are not y =x3
in given domain,therefore these curves do not intersect x1 O x
on the line y = x.
1 2
Again for  x  0 , f = f –1  x  1  x
2 y1
2
 x  x  1  0 it has no real roots. The number of solutions of f = f–1 is 3
Thus solutions of f = f–1 do not lie on y = x. Note
Note
The function f : R  R , defined by f(x) = ax3 + b is
Inverse of an even function is not defined and an even invertible and the number of solutions of f(x) = f–1(x) is
function can not be strictly monotonic. 3. if a > 0 and 1 if a < 0.
112. Draw the graph of inverse of the function y = x2(x>0) 1  3 
114. Show that the functions f :  ,     ,   and
Sol. We have f 1
x   x  2   4 

3  1 
g :  ,     ,   defined as f(x) = x2 – x + 1 and
4  2 

1 3
g(x) =  x are inverse of each other and hence
2 4

1.44
 Differential Calculus 55

Functions

2
2 1 3 Now f = f-1  f  x   x  x  x  1  x  x = 1
solve the equation x  x  1   x  .
2 4
 x, x 1
1   2
115. Find the inverse of f(x)   x , 1  x  4
Sol. f is strictly increasing in  ,  
 2  
 f is one one  8 x, x  4
Sol. for n<1, y = x, for 1 < x < 4
4.1.1  12 3 1
fmin =  (at x = )
4 4 2 y2
y  x 2  x  y, for x > 4, y  8 x  x 
Also, f() =  64
3
Therefore range of f = [ , ) 
4
x x 1
1 3 1

Thus f : [ , )  [ , ) is bijective by solving f  x    x 1  x  16
2 4
 2
x x  16
1 3  64
y = x2 – x + 1, we get x   y   g(y)
2 4

Some Properties of Inverse Functions 5. The inverse of a bijection is also a bijection.

1 If f : A  B is an injection, then the inverse relation 6. If f : A  B is a bijection then f –1of = IA
f–1 is a bijection from f(A) to A. and fof –1 = I B.
2. If f : A  B is bijection then the inverse relation 7. If f : A  B is a function. Then f is a bijection if and
f–1 : B  A is also a bijection. only if there exists a function g : B  A such that
1 gof = IA and
3. If f : A  B is a bijection then  f 1  = f.
fog = IB and in this case, g = f-1.
4. The inverse of a bijective function is unique. 8. If f : A  B and g : B  C are bijective functions then
(gof)–1 = f –1og–1 .
Make Concepts Clear 1.13

1. Let f : [1, 1]  [1, 1] defined by f(x) = x | x |, find x x

A) f(x) = B) f(x) = sin
f –1(x) if exists. 2 2
C) f(x) = |x| D) f(x) = x2
ex  ex
2. Find the inverse of f(x)  2x  2 x
2 7. If f(x)  then f-1 (x) =
2x  2 x
3. The value of the parameter  , for which the function
1  x 1 1  x  1
f(x) = 1 + x,   0 is the inverse of itself, is A) log 2   B) log 2  
A) – 2 B) – 1 C) 1 D) 2 2  x  1 2  x 1
4. If the function f : [2, )  [1, ) is defined by 1  x 1 1  x  2
C) log 2   D) log 2  
2  x  2 2  x 1 
f(x) = x 2  4x  3 then f–1(x) is 1/ 3
If f(x)  sin 3  (x  6) 
1 4 1
8. then f (x) 
A) 2  x  1 B) 2  x  1
4 3 4 3
A) 6  3  sin x B) 6  3  sin x
2 x 1
C) D) not defined
2 B) 6  4 3  sin x D) 6  4 3  sin x
5. If the function f:      is defined by
x 
f (x) = 3x(x –2), then f–1 (x) is 9. If f : (3, 4)  (2, 3) and f(x) = x    where []
 2
A) 1 + 1  log 3 x B) 1– 1  log 3 x
denote step function then the f–1(x) is
A) x –1 B) x + 1 C) 1 – x D) x + 2
C) 1 + 1  log 3 x D) does not exist
10. Let f : N  Y be a function defined as f(x) = 4x + 3
6. Which of the following function (s) from f : A  A are where Y = {yN : y = 4x + 3 for some x  N}. its
invertible, where A  [ –1, 1] inverse is

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 Differential Calculus 56

Differential Calculus

y3 y3  3  i 3 3  i 3 
A) g(y) = B) g(y) =
4 4 A) 0,  1, 2
,
2
 B) {0, 1, –1}
 
3y  4 1 C) {0, –1} D) empty
C) g(y) = D) g(y) =
4 4y  3 12. If f: R  R where f(x) = ax + cos x is an invertible
2 function then
11. Let f(x) =  x  1  1,  x  1 . Then the set A) a  (– 2, 1][1, 2) B) a  [– 2, 2]
S = {x : f(x) = f-1(x)} is, if f is onto C) a  [– , – 1][1, ) D) a [– 1, 1]

Answers

 2
2. log x  x  1  3. B 4. B 5. A 6. B 7. B
8. B 9.B 10.B 11.C 12.C
Solutions Are On Page No. 1.74

i) f(xy) = f(x) + f(y)  f(x) = k ln x or f(x) = 0.

1.14 Functional Equations
ii) f(xy) = f(x) · f(y)  f(x) = xn , n  R
A functional equation is an equation that specifies a function
iii) f(x + y) = f(x) · f(y)  f(x) = akx.
in implicit form often the equation relates the value of a
function (or) functions at some point with its values at other iv) f(x + y) = f(x) + f(y)  f(x) = kx, where k is a constant.
points. The term functional equation usually refers to 1 1
equations that can't be simply reduced to algebraic equations. v) If f is polynomial such that f(x)  f    f(x)f   then
x x
If x, y are independent variables, then : f(x)  1  x n .

Solved Examples
multiply (1) by (2)
1 1
116. If f(x).f   = f(x) + f    x  R – {0}, where f(x) 4 f (x) + 2 f (1 – x) = 2x2 ....(3)
x x
(3) – (2)
be a polynomial function of degree n N, then find 3 f (x) = 2x2 – (1 – x)2
f(x). Hence find f (3) if f(2) = 9 3 f (4) = 32 – 9 = 23
118. Let f be a real valued function of real and positive
1 1
Sol. f(x).f   = f(x) + f   argument such that
x x
1
 1  f (x) + 3x f   = 2(x + 1) for all real x > 0. The
  f    1   f(x)  1 = 1 . . . . . (i) x
 x 
value of f (10099) is
1
f   – 1 and f(x) – 1 are reciprocal to each other,, A) 550 B) 505 C) 5050 D) 10010
x
1 x 1
1 Sol. replace x  and solve to get f (x) =
also xn and are reciprocal to each other.. x 2
xn
Thus, (i) holds only when 10099  1 10100
f (10099) = = = 5050
f(x) – 1 =  xn, nR  f(x) = 1  xn 2 2
n n  1 
f (2) = 9  1  2  9  2  8  n  3 119. Given a function f (x) satisfying f(x) + 2 f   = x.
1  x 
 f(3)  1  3 3  28 Find 3f (2).
117. For x  R, the function f (x) satisfies 2 f (x) + f (1 – x)
 1 
= x2 then the value of f (4) is equal to Sol. Given f (x) + 2 f   =x ...(1)
1  x 
13 43 23
A) B) C) D) none 1
3 3 3 replace x by
2 1 x
Sol. 2 f (x) + f (1 – x) = x ....(1)
x1–x  1   x 1 1
f (x) + 2 f (1 – x) = (1 – x)2 ....(2) f  + 2f   = ...(2)
1  x   x  1 x

1.46
 Differential Calculus 57

Functions

1  1  1
again replace x by
1 x
 f   f(x)  1  ... (iv)
 x  1  x 1
Adding (iii) and (iv), we get
 1  x 1
f  + 2f  x  = ...(3)
1  x  x x 1 1
2f(x) = x - 1
from (1) and (2) x x 1

x 1 2 x(x 2  x)  (x  1)2  x(x  1)  x x 3  x 2  1

f (x) – 4f   = x – 1 x ...(4) = 
 x  x(x  1) x(x  1)
multiplying (3) by 4
121. Let f (x) and g (x) be functions which take integers as
 x 1 4(x  1) arguments. Let f (x + y) = f (x) + g (y) + 8 for all
8 f (x) + 4f   = ...(5)
 x  x integers x and y. Let f (x) = x for all negative integers
x, and let g (8) = 17. The value of f (0) is
add (4) and (5)
A) 17 B) 9 C) 25 D) – 17
2 4(x  1) Sol. put x = – 8 and y = 8 in
9 f (x) = x – 
1 x x f (x + y) = f (x) + g (y) + 8
f (0) = f (– 8) + g (8) + 8 = – 8 + 17 + 8 = 17 (using
4(1) 2 f (x) = x)
9 f (2) = 2 + 2 + = 6  f (2) =
2 3 n
120. Find all functions f satisfying the identity, 122. Find the natural number ‘a’ for which  f(a  k)
k 1

 x 1 =16(2 n - 1) where the function f satisfies the

f(x) + f   = 1 + x,  x R-{0, 1}.
 x  relation f(x + y) = f(x).f(y) for all natural numbers x, y
& further f(1) = 2.
 x  1
Sol. Given f(x) + f   = 1 + x   R - {0, 1} ... (i) Sol. Given that f(x + y) = f(x) f(y)  x, y  N and f(1)=2
 x 
To find ‘a’ such that,
x 1
Replace x by n
x
 f  a  k   16  2
k 1
n
 1 ...(1)
 x 1 
 1 For this we start with f(1) = 2 ...(2)
 x 1  x x 1
f 1
f  x   x  1  x then f(2) = f(1 + 1) = f(1) f(1)  f(2) = 2 2
 
 x 
Using (2)
 x  1   1  x 1 Similarly we get, f(3) = 23, f(4) = 24, . . . , f(n) = 2n
 f f  1  ... (ii)
 x   x  1  x Now equation (1) can be written as
Subtracting (ii) from (i), we get f(a + 1) + f(a + 2) + f(a + 3) + . . . + f(a + n)
 1  x 1 = 16(2n –1)
f(x) - f  x ... (iii)
 f(a) [f(1) + f(2) + f(3) + ...+ f(n)] = 16[2n – 1]
 x 1 x
1  f(a) [2 + 22 + 23 + . . . + 2n] = 16[2n – 1]
Replace x by in (i)
x 1
 2  2n  1 
 1 
 1   x  1
 1
1  f(a)  2  1  = 16[2n –1]
f f 1   
  x  1   1  x 1
 x 1   f(a) = 8 = 23 = f(3)  a = 3.

Make Concepts Clear 1.14

2
1. The function f (x) defined on the real numbers has the [ f (xy)]2 = x  f(y) for all positive numbers x and y and
property that f  f (x) · 1  f (x) = – f (x) for all x in the f (2) = 6, find the value of f (50).
domain of f. If the number 3 is in the domain and 4. Let f (x) be a function with two properties
range of f, compute the value of f (3). (i) for any two real number x and y,
2. Suppose f is a real function satisfying f (x+f (x)) = 4 f f (x + y) = x + f (y) and
(x) and f (1) = 4. Find the value of f (21). (ii) f (0) = 2. Find the value of f (100).
3. Let 'f' be a function defined from R +  R + . If 5. Let f be a function such that f (3) = 1 and

1.47
 Differential Calculus 58

Differential Calculus

f (3x) = x + f (3x – 3) for all x. Then find the value of

f (300). 1
8. Let f be a function satisfying 2f(x) – 3f   = x2 for
6. A function f is defined for all positive integers and satisfies x
f(1) = 2005 and f(1)+ f(2)+ ... + f(n) = n2f(n) for all any x  0, then the value of f(2) is
n > 1. Find the value of f(2004).
7. If f(x) + 2f(1 – x) = x2 + 1  x  R then f(x) is 7 7
A) –2 B)  C)  D) 4
4 8
1 2 2 2
A)
3
 x  4x  3 B)
3
(x + 4x – 3) 9. If f(x) + f(x + a) + f(x + 2a) + … + f(x + na) =
constant;  xR and a > 0 and f(x) is periodic, then
1 2 2 2 period of f(x), is
C) (x – 4x + 3) D) (x – 4x + 3) A) (n + 1)a B) e(n+1)a C) na D) ena
3 3

Answers
1
1. – 3/4 2. 64 3. 30 4. 102 5. 5050 6. 7. C
1002
8. B 9. A
Solutions Are On Page No. 1.75

1.48
 Differential Calculus 59

Functions

Practice Session-1
for
Single Choice
JEE MAIN
1. Let n be a positive integer. If the number of integers in
x 2  y2 x 2  y2
the domain of the function f (x) = ln (1  x)(x  n) is C) D)
4 2
2n – 11, then the value of n is
A) 8 B) 9 C) 10 D) 11 1 1
9. If f(x) f   = f(x) + f   x  R – {0}, where f(x) be
2. The function f : R  R satisfies the condition x x
m f (x – 1) + n f (– x) = 2 | x | + 1. a polynomial function and f(5) = 126 then f(3) =
If f (–2) = 5 and f (1) = 1, then (m + n) equals A) 28 B) 26 C) 27 D) 25
4 10. If x satisfies | x – 1 | + | x – 2 | + | x – 3 |  6 , then
A) B) 3 C) 4 D) 6
3 A) 0  x  4 B) x  2 or x  4
3. The number of integers in the domain of the function C) x  0 or x  4 D) x  R
 x 3 1  x  1   1 
f(x)  sin 1    cos   is
5  4  11. Range of the function ‘f ’ defined by f  x    cos x  ,
     
A) 6 B) 5 C) 7 D) 8 where [.] and {.} denotes the greatest integer and frac-
4. The domain of definition of the function tional part function respectively is
A) Z B) N
 x 1  1
f(x) = log 0.4   2 is C) N – {1} D) {1}
 x  5  x  36
A) (–  , 0) {– 6} B) (0,  ) 1, 6 12. Let f  x   x  x (where {.} denotes the fractional
C1  ) 6 D1  ) {6}
part of x) and X,Y be its domain and range respectively.
2 1 Then
5. If f(x) = 4  x  , then the
sin x  sin x
 1 1 
domain of f(x) is A) X   ,   and Y   ,  
 2  2 
A) [-2, 0] B) (0, 2] C) [-2, 2} D) [-2, 0)
6. Among the following which is odd function 1

x x B) X   ,    0,   and Y  0,  
a a x x  2
A) B) x 
2 e 1 2
 1
C) 1  x  x 2  1  x  x 2 D) x 3  sin x C)  ,   and 0,  
 2
7. If ‘f’ is a real valued function not identically zero, D) None of these
satisfying f(x + y) + f(x – y) = 2f(x). f(y) x, y R , 13. Let f :  0,5  R is defined as f  x    x    2x    3x 
then f(x) is
then the number of integral values in the range of
A) odd B) even
f(x) are
C) neither even nor odd D) can’t say A) 2 B) 5 C) 10 D) 14
8. If f(x + 2y, x – 2y) = xy, then f(x, y) equals 14. The range of the function y = [x2]-[x]2, x  [0,2]
x 2  y2 x 2  y2 where [.] denotes the integral part, is
A) B) A) {0} B) {0,1} C) {1,2} D) {0,1,2}
8 4

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 Differential Calculus 60

Differential Calculus

C) f(x) f 1 (x)  x 2  1 D) none of these

  
15. Let f  x    x  cos  x  2  where, [ ] denotes the 23. Given that f  x   a sin x  b 3 x  6 where a and b are
 
greatest integer function. Then, the domain of f is
A) x  R –Z
 
real numbers. If f log 30  log 15 30   7 , then the value

B)  ,  2   1,    
of f log 30  log 30 15  is.
C) x  R, x  2 A) 5 B) 7 C) –5 D) –7

D)  ,  1  y y
24. If f  2x  , 2x    xy then f  m, n   f  n, m   0
16. The domain of the function  8 8
2 1/ 4 A) only when m = n
 (x  2)  B) only when m  n
f(x)  9 x  27 3  219  3 2(x 1) 
  C) for all values of m and n
D) only when m = – n
5  25. If F(n) = (1)n 1 (n  1),G(n)  n  F(n) then (GoG)(n)
A)  3, 3 B)  3,   C)  ,   D)  0,1
2  A) 1 B) n C) 2 D) n - 1
1 sin1(x  3)
26. The domain of the function f(x)  is
17. Domain of the function f(x) = ln cot 1 x is 9  x2
A) (cot 1 ,  ) B) R – {cot 1} A) [2,3] B) [1,2) C) [1,2] D) [2,3)
C) (– ,0)  (0,cot 1) D) (– , cot 1) 3
27. The domain of f(x)   log 10 (x 3  x) is
2 4  x2
18. Range of f(x) = 3 tan  x 2 is
9 A) (1, 2) B) (1, 0)  (1, 2)
C) (1, 2)  (2, ) D) (1, 0)  (1, 2)  (2, )
A)   3 3.3 3  B)  0, 3 
28. If f : R  S, defined by f(x)  sin x  3 cos x  1, is
C)  0, 3 3  D) none of these onto, then the interval of ‘S’ is

19. If f  x   cos x  2px is an invertible function then A) [0,3] B) [–1,3] C) [0,1] D) [–1,1]

1 1  x 
a) p  1 b) p  c) p  1 d) p  29. The domain of f(x)  cot 1  2 2 
 is
2 2  x  [x ] 
2
20. If f : R  R, f  f  x     f  x   then f(f(f(f(x)))) is equal A) R B) R  {0}
to C) R  { n : n  0, n  Z} D) R  { n : n  0, n  Z}
2

A) f  x 4   B)  f  x  
4

1  x2 
30. Domain of f(x)  sin  log 2 2 
2  

C) f  x 
2
 D) f  x 
4

A) R B) [1, 2)
21. If f(x) is a polynomial satisfying f(x) . C) [–2, –1]  [1, 2] D) [–1, 1]
f(1/x) = f(x) + f(1/x), and f(3)=28, then f(4) is given by
A) 63 B) 65 C) 67
22. A function f : R  R satisfies the equation
D) 68 31.  2
Range of f(x)  sin log(x  1  x ) 
f(x) f(y) – f(xy) = x + y , x, y  R and f(1) > 0, then A) R B) [1, 2)
1 2 1 2 C) [–2, –1]  [1, 2] D) [–1, 1]
A) f(x) f (x)  x  4 B) f(x) f (x)  x  6

1.50
 Differential Calculus 61

Functions

Practice Session-2
for
JEE ADVANCED Single Choice
6. Let l1 be 4x + 3y = 3 and l2 be 8x = y. l1' is the line
1.  2
The range of the function f (x) = log2 4 x  4 (x 1)
2

 formed by reflecting l1 across the line y = x. l2' is the

is line formed by reflecting l2 across the x-axis. Find the
measure of the acute angle between l1' and l2'.
 32  3 
A)  2 ,   B)  ,   1 29 1 29
  2  A) sin B) cos
5 65 5 65
1  29 29
C)  ,   D) None of these C) tan
1
D) sin
 2  5 65 3 65
2. Suppose the domain of the function y = f (x) is 7. The range of the function
– 1  x  4 and the range is 1  y  10.
y= 2 cos 2 x  3 cos x  1 is
Let g (x) = 4 – 3 f (x – 2). If the domain of g (x) is a
 x  b and the range of g (x) is c  y  d then which  1 
of the following relations hold good? A) (0, 2) B)  , 1
A) 2a + 4b + c + d = 0 2 2 
B) a + b + d = 8
 1 
C) 5b + c + d = 4 C)  0, D) [0, 2]
D) a + b + c + d + 18 = 0  2 2 
3. The domain of the function 8. If {x} and [x] represent fractional and integral part of
f (x) = max. {sin x, cos x} is (– , ). The range of f 2000
{x  r}
(x) is x, then the value of [x] +  is
r 1 2000
 1   1 1  A) x B) {x} C) [x] D) None
A)   , 1 B)   , 
 2   2 2 9. Let f(x) = |x – 1|, then
C) [0, 1] D) (–1, 1] A) f(x2) = (f(x))2 B) f(x + y) = f(x) + f(y)
4. f : R  R is defined as C) f( |x| ) = | f(x) | D) f(x2) = f(x) f(x+2)
10. If f(x) + f(x + 4) = f(x + 2) + f(x + 6) x  R , and
2
x  2mx  1 for x0
f (x) =  . 100
mx  1 for x 0 f(5) = 10, then  f(5  8r)
r 1
equal to
If f (x) is one-one then m must lies in the interval
A) 1000 B) 100 C) 10000 D) 10
A) (– , 0) B) (– , 0]
11. If f(x) = (ax2 + b)3, then the function g such that f(g(x))
C) (0, ) D) [0, )
= g (f(x)) is
x
5. Let f : R  R be a function such that  f(x 3  1) 5, 1
 b  x1 / 3  2 1
A) g(x) =   B) g(x) = 3

  27  y 3  
27
y
 a   ax 2
 b
 x  (0, ) then the value of  f  3   for
  y
1

 13 2
y  (0, ) is equal to x b
C) g(x) = (ax2 + b)1/3 D) g(x) =  
A) 5 B) 52 C) 53 D) 56  a 
 

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 Differential Calculus 62

Differential Calculus

12. Complete solution set of the inequality 21. The function f : R  B defined by f(x) = [x] + [–x]
x(ex – 1)(x + 2)(x – 3)2  0 is (where [.] is G.I.F) is surjective then B =
A) [–2, 3] B) (– 2, 0] A) R B) [0, 1] C) [–1, 0] D) {–1, 0}
C) (– , – 2]{0, 3} D) ( – , – 2)[0, 3] 22. The domain of the function
13. Domain of cos–1[2x2 – 3], where [] denotes greatest f  x   cos  sin x   log x x where {.} indicates
integer function, is
fractional part function
 5  5 
A) 1,  B)   2 ,  1 A) 1,  B)  0, 2  1,  
 2   
 
 5   C)  0,   1 D) (0, 1)
5  2
C)   2 ,  1  1, 
2  D) None
   23. Let A be a non-empty set of real numbers and
14. Let f : [– 10, 10]  R, where f(x) = sin x + [x2/a] and f :    be such that
[.] denotes the greatest integer function be an odd f  f  x    x for all x in  .Then f is
function. Then set of values of parameter ‘a’ is / are
A) a bijection B) one- one but not onto
A) (–10, 10) – {0} B) (0, 10)
C) onto but not one-one
C) [100, ) D) (100, )
D) neither one-one nor onto
15. If f(x) = x3 + 3x2 + 12x – 2 sin x, where f : R R, then
24. The range of the function
A) f(x) is many-one and onto
B) f(x) is one-one and onto f  x   tan 1 x 2  1  sec 1 x is
C) f(x) is one-one and into
D) f(x) is many-one and into A)  0,   B) {0}
16. If f is a function such that f(0) = 2, f(1) = 3 and
f(x + 2) = 2f(x) – f(x + 1) for every real x then f(5) is    
A) 7 B) 13 C) 1 D) 5 C)  0, 2  D)  0, 4 
   
  2  25. The domain of definition of the function
17. Let f:   ,   [0, 4] be a function defined as f(x)
 3 3 
f  x   ln x 1  x 2  4x  4 
–1
= 3 sin x – cos x + 2. Then f (x) is given by
A)  3,  1  [1, 2] B)  2,  1  [2, )
x  2  x  2 
A) sin –1
  B) sin –1
  C) (,  3]   2,  1   2,  
 2  6  2  6
D) None of these
2  x  2 26. The domain of the function
C)  cos 1   D) None of these
3  2 
18. Among the following which is / are true

log e sgn  9  x 2   x  3
 4  x  (where sgn is signum

A) If f, g are any two functions then fog = gof always function and [.] is greatest integer function)
B) f(f(x)) is always defined, where ‘f’ is any function A)  2,1   2, 3 B)  2,1  [2,3)
C) f(g(x)) = x  g = f–1 (x)
C) (2,1]  [2, 3) D) [2,1)  [2, 3)
D) none
27. If [x] denotes the integral part of x, then the domain of
19. If 1 + (x2 – 1) + (x2 – 1)2 + (x2 – 1)3 + .... up to 
f  x   cos 1  x   x  is
1
terms = then x belongs to A) (0, 1) B) [0, 1)
2  x2
C) [0, 1] D) [– 1, 1]

A) 0, 2  
B)  2, 2  28. The domain of f  x   1  1  1  x 2 is


C)  2, 2 – {0}  D) none of these A) [0, 1] B) [– 1, 1]
C)   ,   D) none of these
 2 |x| 29. The domain of the function
20. If f(x) = cos–1 
–1
 + [log (3 – x)] , then its
 4 
f  x   x 12  x 9  x 4  x  1 is
domain is
A) [– 2, 6] B) [– 6, 2)  (2, 3) A) (– 1, 1) B)   ,  1
C) [– 6, 2] D) [– 2, 2) (2, 3]
C)  1,   D)   ,  

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 Differential Calculus 63

Functions

30. The domain of definition of the function (A) R (B) R – {0}

 x  2 / 3 (C) R   0 (D) R –

f  x   22x   64   21  72  22x  is
38. If [2 sin x] + [cos x] = – 3, then the range of the
A)   ,   B)   ,  3  function f(x) = sin x + 3 cos x in  0, 2 is (where [.]
1  denotes the greatest integer function)
C)  3,  D)  ,1 A)  2, 1 B) ( – 2, – 1)
9 
n
 1
31. If f :  0,    R , defined by f  x    1  sin kx  , C)  1,   D) [–2,–1]
k 1  2
where [x] denotes the integral part of x, then range of
f(x) is 39. If f  x   cos  sin x   sin  cos x  , then the range of
A) {n – 1, n + 1} B) {n – 1, n, n + 1} f(x) is
C) {n, n + 1} D) none of these
A)  cos1, sin1  B)  cos1, 1  sin1 
x x x
32. I f f  x   lim    ... 
n  x  1  x  1 2x  1  2x  1 3x  1
C) 1  cos1, sin1  D)  cos1, 1
to n terms], then range of f(x) is
A) {0, 1} B) {– 1, 0} 40. If a 2  b 2  c 2  1 , then ab  bc  ca lies in the inter-
C) { – 1, 1} D) none of these val
33. The domain of the function
 1  1 
2x  1 A) 0,  B)   ,1 C)  0,1 D) 1, 2
y  sin1  log 2 x  is  2   2 
2x  3x 2  x
3
41. The domain of definition of function
1  1   
A)  ,   B)  , 2 1
f  x   ln  log 2 x  1  log 1 x 3  2  is
2  2   
 2 2 
C) [1, 2] D)  1,  
34. The domain of the function A)  2,4  B)  0, 4  C) 1, 4  D)  4,  
42. If f(x) = 2 sin x + bx be a non-monotonic function
y  sin x  cos x  7x  x 2  6 is
 x  R then domain of
 3    7 
A) [1, 6] B) 1,    ,6  g  x   2x 4  bx 3  6x 2  4bx  8 is
 4  4 
A)  , 2   2,   B) R  2, 2, 0
 7 
C) 1,    , 6  D) none of these C) R   2, 2 D) R    1,1 
4 
35. The range of the function 43. If F  x  and G  x  are even and odd extensions of the
2
e x ln x 5(x  2)(x 2  7x  10) functions f  x   x x  sin x  xex , where x   0,1 ,
f(x) = is
2x 2  11x  12
g  x   cos x  x 2  x, where x   0,1 respectively to
A) ( , ) B) [0, )
the interval (–1, 0) then F  x   G  x  in  1, 0  is
3  3 
C)  ,   D)  , 4  A) sin x  cos x  xe
x
2  2 
B)   sin x  cos x  xe 
–1
36. If f(x) = sin x and g(x) = [sin x (cos x)] + [cos (sin x)], x

then range of f(g(x)) is (where [.] denotes G.I.F)

C)   sin x  cos x  x  xe 
x
     
A)  ,  B)   , 0
 2 2  2  D)   sin x  cos x  x 2  xe  x 
     44. Consider the function f(x) = sgn (x) and g(x)=x (1 – x2)
C) 0,  D)   , 0, 
 2  2 2 then which of the following does not hold good?
A) (gof) (x) is even as well as odd
37. The domain of the function 1  f  x  where B) (fog)(x) is neither continuous nor differentiable for
f 3  x   1  x 3  3x f  x  . x  R is (f(1)  – 1) some x on  ,  

1.53
 Differential Calculus 64

Differential Calculus
C) (fog)(x) is neither odd nor even
(x  a)(x  b)
D) (gof)(x) is continuous and differentiable for every ‘x’ 53. If f(x)  and
x
on  ,  
f(x) f(y) f(z) k
45. The period of the function   
f(x) = cosec2 3x + cot 4x is (x  y)(x  z) (y  z)(y  x) (z  x)(z  y) xyz
A)  / 3 B)  / 4 C)  / 6 D)  then k =
46. For real valued functions A) a B) b C) ab D) 3ab
54. If y = 3 [x] + 1 = 4 [x - 1] - 10 then the value of
fi  x   sin 2p i x, i  1, 2, 3; p i  N such that period of
[x + 2y] is ( [.] denotes greatest integer function)
f1  x   f2  x   3f3  x  is  , period of A) 76 B) 61 C) 107 D) 67

  1 x 
f1  x   2f2  x  is
and period of f1  x   10f3  x  is 55. Let f(x)  ln   . The set of all values of ‘  ’ for
2 3 1  x 
then min  1
p  p 2  p 3  is
  
which f     f     f  2
2
A) 5 B) 10 C) 11 D) 8  is satisfied is
     1 
47. If f  x  k   1  2f  x   f 2  x  , x  D f , then f is a
A)   ,  1  1,   B) ( – 1, 1)
periodic function with period C) (0, 1) D) (–1,0)
A) k B) 2k C) 3k D) 4k 56. Number of positive integral solution (x, y) of the
ax  a x equation 2xy  4x 2  12x  5y  11 is
48. Let f  x   ,  a  0  be such that A) 0 B) 1
2
C) 2 D) infinite many
f  x  y   f  x  y   k f  x  f  y  . The value of K is 57. Let f be a linear function with properties
1 f(1)  f  2  ; f  3   f  4  and f  5   5 which of the fol-
A) 1 B) 2 C) D) 4
2 lowing is true
f(x) A) f(0) < 0 B) f(0) = 0
49. Let f be a function satisfying of x then f(x y)  y for C) f 1  f  0   f  1 D) f(0) = 5
all positive real numbers x and y if f(30) = 20, then 58. X and Y are two sets and f:X  Y . If
the value of f(40) is
A) 15 B) 20 C) 40 D) 60 f  c   y ;c  X, y  Y and f  d   x ;d  Y, x  X ,
1

50. A real-valued function f(x) satisfies the function then the true statement is
f(x  y)  f(x)f(y)  f(a  x)f(a  y) where a is a given A) f  f 1  b    b B) f 1  f  a    a
constant and f(0) = 1, then
A) f(x)  f(2a  x) B) f(2a  x)  f(x)  0 C) f  f 1  b    b, b  Y D) f 1  f  a    a, a  X
C) f(x  a)  f(a  x)  0 D) f(x)  f( x)  0 2
59. The total number of solutions of  x   x  2 x ,
51. Which of the following sets of ordered pairs define a
where [.] and {.} denote greatest integer function and
one to one function ?
fractional part, respectively is equal to
A) R   x, y  ;x 2  y 2  2 on R A) 2 B) 4 C) 6 D) 8
60. The ‘x’ for which s in x(sin x  cos x)  [x] where [.]
B) A  1, 2, 3 , B  1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and
denotes G.I.F is
R   x,y  : 5x  2y is a prime number on A A) [0,1)  [1, 3) B) [0,1)  [2, 3)
C) A = {1, 2, 3, 4}, B = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7} and C) [1,1)  [2, 3) D) [0,1)  [1, 2)
R = {(x, y) : y = x2 – 3x + 3} on A
1
D) None of these 61. If fractional part of
x
and x 2 for some x  2, 3  
52. Suppose f is a function defined on the set N of natural
numbers as follows: 4 3
are equal then the value of x  is
2010 x
log n, log 8 n is rational A) 3 B) 5 C) 7 D) 0
f  n   8 then  f n  62. The range of the function
 0, otherwise n 1

 1  1
55 f  x   sin 1  x 2    cos 1  x 2   , when . is the
A) log 2 2010 B) 6 C) 10 D)  2  2
3
greatest integer function, is

1.54
 Differential Calculus 65

Functions


      A)  B) 2n  C) 2n1  D)
A)  B)  ,  C) 0,  D) 0,  2n
2   2  4 64. The period of the following function :
63. The period of the function x [x]|cos x||cos 2 x|..... |cos nx|,
[.] is greatest integer
f(x)  e
x x x x x function is
cos x  cot  cos 2  cot 3  ....  cos n 1  cot n
2 2 2 2 2 1
A) B) n C) 1 D) 2
n
Multiple Choice

 2   2 
65. If f(x) = cos   x  sin    x, [x] denoting the
2  2
 2
A) f 2x 1  x  2f(x) 
greatest integer function then B) f  3x  4x 3   3f(x)

 1
A) f(0) = 1 B) f   
3 3 1  2 2
C) f x 1  y  y 1  x  f(x)  f(y) 
 e f(x)  e  f(x)
D) x
C) f    0 D) f() = 0 2
 2
71. Let f(x) = tan (loge x), then
66. If f(x) = 1  x 2 , then f  cos x  =
x f(x)  f(y)
A) sin x B) sin x A) f  y   1  f(x) f(y)
 
C) max sin x,  sin x D)  sin x f(x)  f(y)
67. If the domain of f(x) be (–1, 2), then B) f  xy  
1  f(x) f(y)
A) domain of f(sin x) will be (–,  )
f(x)  f(y)  f(z)  f(x) f(y) f(z)
1 2 C) f  xyz  
B) domain of f(log x) will be  ,e  1  f(x) f(y)  f(y)f(z)  f(z)f(x)
e 
C) domain of f([x]) will be (0, 2) D) f  e  / 4   1
D) domain of f([|x|]) is 72. Among the following which is / are periodic functions
68. Among the following which is / are true
|x |
A) Range of x 2  2x  1 + x 2  4x  4 is [3, ) A)
x
B) Range of  sin 2 x    sin 2 x  (where  is G.I.F is) B) sin x  x where 
 to decimal part of x
is {0, –1} C) cos x + tan  x
C)The period of
 1
sin2 x  cos 2 x    
sin2 x  cos 2 x  D) max  sin x, 
 2

(where 
 denotes decimal part) is 73. Let f :[0, 2]  [0, ) defined as f(x) =  x 2  4 , then
2
  the values of ‘x’ for which f(x) = f 1  x  is
    
D) If f(x) = sin x sin   x  sin   x  then f   =
3  3   18  A)  2 B) 2
1 C)  0, 2 D) – 2
8
74. Let f(x) = tan x, g(x) = cot x, then
69. Which of the following is/are not an odd function(s) on
A) f(x) + 2f(2x) + 4f(4x) + 8f(8x) + 16 f (16x) = g(x)
R?
B) f(x) – g(x)= – 2g(2x)
A) g(x) – g( – x) B) (g(x) – g(–x))3
1  f2 x
 x4  x2 1  C) f(x) + g(x) =  f(x)  0 
C) log  2  D) xg(x).g(–x)+tan (sin x) f(x)
 x  x 1 
D) The least value of 4f(x)  9g(x) is 12
 2
70. Let f(x) = loge x  x  1 then 
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 Differential Calculus 66

Differential Calculus

75. Let g(x) be a function on [–1, 1]. If the area of the

B) f2(x)  sin x  cos x, x  0 is a periodic function
equilateral triangle with two of its vertices at (0, 0) and

3 1  sin x  1  sec x 
[x, g(x)] is , then the function g(x) is C) The period of f3 (x)  is  .
4 1  cos x  1  cos ec x 
D) If derivative of a function is periodic, then the function
may be periodic.
A) g(x) =  1  x 
2
B) g(x)  1  x 
2
83. A function f : R  R, is defined by :
x 2  6x  8
f(x)  , R
C) g(x) =  1  x 
2
D) g(x)  1  x 
2
  6x  8x 2
A) for   [2,14] , f is onto
   
76. If f(x)  cos 2 x  cos 2   x   cos x.cos   x  then B) for   3 , f is not one one
3  3 
C) for   3 , f is one one
A) f(x) is an even function
D) f is onto for all   R
  
B) f    f   84. Which of the following functions is / are periodic?
8 4
C) f(x) is a constant function 1, x is rational
D) f(x) is not a periodic function A) f  x   0, x is irrational

77. Let f(x) = sec–1[1 + cos2 x] where [.] denotes the greatest
integer function. Then B) f : R  R is defined by
A) the domain of f is R f  x   x  2n for x   2n  1, 2n  1 , where n  Z
B) the domain of f is [1, 2]
 2x 
C) the range of f is [1, 2] C) f  x    1   , where [.] denotes the greatest integer
D) the range of f is {sec–1 1, sec–1 2}
function.
78. Let f(x) = 9  x 2  x 2  9 , then
 x 
D) f  x   ax   ax  a   tan   ,where [.] denotes
A) domain of f(x) is 3  2 
B) f(x) is many one function the greatest integer function and a is a rational number.
C) Range of f(x) is {0} 85. The function ‘g’ defined by g(x) = sin  + cos  + 1
D) ‘f’ is an even function
where   sin 1 x , x  R where { } denotes func-
2 2
79. f(x)  sgn x, g(x)  x(x  1), h(x)  (x  1) sin x then tional part function is
which of the following is/are periodic functions A) an even function B) periodic function
A) g (f(x)) B) f (g(x)) C) h(f(x)) D) g (h(x)) C) odd function D) Neither even nor odd
2 86. The graph of f : R  R defined by y  f(x) is symmet-
80. Let f(x)   x    x  1  3 where [x] is the greatest
ric with respect to the straight lines x  a and x  b
integer < x ,and f : R  R ,Then
where a  b . Then which of the following statements is
A) f(x) is a many-one and into function true?
B) f(x) = 0 for infinite number of values of x A) f(2a  x)  f(x) B) f(2a  x)  f( x)
C) f(x) = 0 for only two real values
D) none of these C) f(2b  x)  f(x)
81. Which of the following statements is/are true for the D) f is periodic with the period 2|a–b|
function
1   1 
 x2  e   x2  e  87. If 2f  x   xf    2f  2 sin   x   
f(x)  sin log  2   cos log  2  x   4 
 x 1   x 1   x  
1  4 cos 2    x cos , x  R  {0}
A) range of the function is (1, 64 8 ]  2  x

B) domain of the function  R then which of the following statement(s) is/are true?
C) function is even 1
D) function is invertible A) f  2  f    1 B) f  2   f 1  0
 2
82. Which of the following statements is/are correct
 1 1
A) f1 (x)  |sin x |  |cos x | has a period of if C) f  2  f 1  f   D) f 1 f   f  2  1
2  2  2
 4  x  4 

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Functions

88. Which of the following functions are periodic?

 
A) f(x)  sin x  |sin x|  2  sin x  cos x  
1
91. The function f  x   cos   is
B) g(x)  e{x}  sin{x}  sin2 x  2 sin x  11 
 4 
C) h(x)  max(sin x, cos x)
defined if x belongs to (where [.] represents greatest
 1  2 integer function)
D) p(x)  [x]   x     x    3x  10,       11 
 3  3
A)  0,  B) 0,  C)  , 2 D)  , 2
where [.] denotes the greatest integer function  6  6  6 
89. e x  ef  x   e, then for f(x) 92. For the function f(x) = log x 1 sgn x where sgn x is
A) domain   ,1 B) range   ,1 the signum function and [.] is GIF
C) domain   ,0  D) range   ,0  A) domain is [3,  ) B) Range is [0,  )
C) range is a singleton set D) domain is [0,  )
90. f : R  [1, ) and f(x)  ln  sin 2x  cos 2x  (where 93. Let f : R  R and g : R  R be two one - one and
[.] is the greatest integer function). onto function such that they are mirror images of each
A) range of f is Z other about the line y = a. If h(x) = f(x) + g(x) then
B) f(x) is periodic with no fundamental period h(x), h : R  R is
A) one – one B) many – one
  C) onto D) into
C) f(x) is not invertible in 0, 
 4 94. If f(sin 2x) = cos2 x (sec2 x + 2 tan x) then
D) f(x) is into function A) Domain of f = [–1, 1] B) Range of f = [0, 2]
C) Domain of f = R D) Range of f = R

Comprehension Linked Passages

Passage 1 B) many to one and onto function
The accompanying figure shows the graph of a function C) many to one and into but not constant function
f(x) with domain [0, 2] and range [0, 1]. D) many to one, into and constant function
Passage 3
For x, y  R the functions are defined here under
1– y = f(x) 1– y = f(x)
f1  x, y   x  y , f2  x, y   min  x  y, x  y 

f3  x, y    x    y  (where [.] denotes the greatest

0 2 –1 0 1
integer function)
100. Which of the following is/are always true
(i) (ii)
A) f1  x, y   f2  x, y  x, y  R
95. Figure (ii) represents the graph of the function B) f1  x, y   f2  x, y  x,y  Z 
A) –f(x) B) –f(x – 1) + 1
C) – f(x + 1) – 1 D) – f(x + 1) +1 C) f1  x,y   f3  x, y  x, y  Z 
96. [1, 3] and [0, 1] are the domain and range (respectively) D) f1 (x, y)  (x, y)  x  R
of the function
A) –f(x) B) f(x – 1) 101. If h1  x   f1  sin x ,sin x  x  R (where {.}
C) – f(x + 1) + 1 D) – f(x + 1) represents fractional part function).
Passage 2 h 2  x   f2  x, sin x  0  x  1
2x
Let f(x) = sin1 [x]  sec 1 where [.] is Greatest h 3  x   f3  x,  x  x  R , then
1  x2
integer function. A) h1  x  is non-periodic function
97. Domain of f(x) is
B) h 2 :  0,1   0,1 , then h 2 is bijective
A) [ –1, 1 ] B) [–1, 2)
98. Range of f(x) is C) h 3  x  is periodic function
         D) h1 is periodic function
A)   ,  B) 0,  C)   , 0  D)   102. Which of the following can never be true
 2 2   2  2   2
A) f1  x, y   f3  x, y  x, y  R
99. If f : A  A where A is Domain of f(x) then f(x) is
A) one one and onto function B) f2  x, y   x  y x, y  0

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 Differential Calculus 68

Differential Calculus

C) f3  x, y   f3   x,  y   x, y  R Answer the following

D) f1  x, y   f3  x, y  x, y  R  Z 103. If domain of g  f  x   is [-1,2], then
Passage 4 A) a = 1 , b > 6 B) a = 2, b > 7
 2x  a , x  1 C) a = 2 , b > 10 D) a  0 , b  R
Let f  x    bx 2  3 , x  1 and
 104. If a = 2 and b = 3 then range of g  f  x   is
A) [4,8] B) (0,8] C) [–1,8] D) (–2,8]
x  4 , 0  x  4
g x   
 3x  2, 2  x  0

Subjective
Single& Choice
Integer Type
105. Find the domain of following functions: 115. An odd function is symmetric about the vertical line

1 r
f(x)  2sin
1
x
 x2 x = a (a > 0) and if  [f(1  4r)] = 8, then the value
log10  x  1 r 0
of 8f(1).
106. Find the Domain and Range of the following functions: 116. Let f : R  R such that f(x – f(y)) = f(f(y)) + x f(y) +
i) f(x) = sin ln (5x2 – 8x + 4) f(x) – 1  x, yR. Then find the value of
 sin x  cos x  3 2  |(f(16))| - 125.
ii) f(x) = log2   117. Let f be a function from the set of positive integers to
 2  the set of real number such that
107. Find the domain of the function n

 
(i) f(1) = 1 (ii)  r f(r) = n (n + 1) f(n),  n 2 then
3 r 1
f(x)  log log|sin x|  x 2  8x  23   .
 log 2 | sin x | find the value of 2126 f(1063).
108. Find the range of the following functions 118. Let f(x) be a function such that f(x–1)+f(x+1)= 2 f(x)

 2x 2  1   R. If f(2) = 7 then find the value of

i) y = cos -1  2  17
 x 1 
    f(2  8r)  7 .
r0

ii) y = log2 (2 – log 2 (16 sin x + 1)) 2 119. If f(x), g(x) are any two real valued functions such that
109. ABCD is a square of side a. A line parallel to the |f(x) + g(x)|  |f(x)| + |g(x)| and g(x)  0, f(x) g(x)
diagonal BD at a distance x from the vertex A cuts two 100

adjacent sides. Express the area of the segment of the  0 then the value of  f(r)
r 1
is
square, with A at a vertex, as a function of x.
1  1  3 
110. If f(x) = x2 +1, g(x) = , then find (fog) (x) and 120. Let f :  ,100    ,   , defined by
x 1  2  4 
(gof) (x).
x4  x2  1
f(x) = , then the number of possible values
 2  x, if x  0 x2  x  1
111. If f(x) =  , then find (fof) (x).
 2  x, if x  0 1  4x  3
of x satisfying f(x)  is
2
x 3  1, x  0 (x  1)1 / 3 , x  1
112. Let f(x)   2 , g(x)   1/ 2 1 x 
x  1, x  0 (x  1) , x  1 121. If f 2 (x) . f   = x3 [x   1,1 & f(x)  0] then
1  x 
Compute gof(x).
|[f(–2)]| (where [.] is the G.I.F).
113. If f(x)  (1005  x10 )1/ 10 , then find the value of
122. If ‘f’ is polynomial such that
1 1 x  1 x  1 x  1 x 
f(f(1024)) is f
210 . f  f f  where f(1)  0,
1 x  1 x  1 x  1 x 
114. If f(x + f(y)) = f(x) + y  x, yR and f(0) = 0, then and x   1 and f(3) = 28, then find the value of
f(10)
the value of , where f(x) is not a constant function, 1  10 
5   (f(n)  1)  .
is 605  n 1 

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 Differential Calculus 69

Functions

123. Let A and B be finite sets containing respectively 3 and 131. Let a and b be constants f(x)=a sin x+bx cos x+2x2.
2 elements. Find the number of functions that can be If f(2) = 15 then f(–2) =
defined from A to B 132. If the range of the function f  x   24 x  5  16 x2 ,
2
3x  9x  17 ({.} denotes fractional part of x) is [a, b] then the
124. The maximum value of f(x) = is
3x 2  9x  7 value of b2 – a is equal to ___________
5k + 1 then the value of k is 133. If (a, b] is the domain of the function

10 x  10  x  2x  8 
125. The inverse of the function y = is f  x   log 0.5   then value of b–a is
10x  10 x  x2 

1
134. Let E(N) denotes the sum of the even digits of n. For
1 x 
log10   , m  0, then the value of m is example E(5681) = 6 + 8 = 14. Find
m 1 x 
E 1  E  2   E  3   ......  E 100 
x x .
126. If the period of the function f(x) = 3sin  4 cos is 100
3 4 135. Let f : [–1, 1]  R be a function defined as y = f(x)
3k then k, is and g (x) = log2e [x]; ([.] denotes greatest integer
127. Let f : (–  ,  )  [2,  ) be a function defined function) then number of integers in the domain of
f(g(x)) is
by f(x) = x 2  2a  a 2 , a  R. The number of
136. If f(x) is a function that is odd and even simultaneously,
values of a for which f is onto is
then f(3) – f(2) is equal to
1 137. The number of elements in the range of the function
128. Let f1(x) = x, f2(x) = 1 – x; f3(x) = ,
x
x
1 x x 1 f  x   cos 1 log  x  is where [.] denotes is G.I.F
f4(x) = ; f5(x) = ; f6(x) = x
1 x x 1 x
138. If f(x) is an even function and satisfies the relation
Suppose that f6  fm (x) = f4(x) and fn  f4 (x) = f3(x) 1
x 2f  x   2f    g  x  , where g(x) is an odd functions,
then find the value of m – n. x
129. Sum of all possible values of range of  sin x   is, then f(10) equals
where [.] denotes G.I.F. 139. Total number of solutions of the equation
2x|2 – |x|| = 1 is
2010x  163 2010
130. If f  x   , x  0 and x  then the 140. Let f(x) = x 3  1, g  x   f 1  x  has solution , ,  ,
165x  2010 165
  4  then          is equal to
least value of f  f  x    f  f  x   is
  
Single Choice
Matching Type

141. Column-I Column-II

 2x 
A) Domain of the function f(x) = sin-1   is P) [-1, 1]
  

2
B) Range of the function g(x) = (sin1 x) is Q)(-1, 1)


   
C) Domain of the function h(x) = tan-1 x + 1  x 2 is R)  , 
 2 2

2    
D) Range of the function p(x) = tan-1 x is S)  , 
  2 2
142. Column-I Column-II
A) f  x   sin x if f : R  R , then f is P) one-one into

B) f  x   x 3  x  1 if f : R  R , then f is Q) many-one into

C) f  x   x 3  x  1 if f : R  R , then f is R) many-one onto

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 Differential Calculus 70

Differential Calculus

2x  1  4
D) f  x   if f : R      R , then f is S) one-one onto
3x  4  3
143. Match the following;
Here  x  ,x denotes G.I.F and fractional part of x
Column – I Column – II
A) Number of solutions of 2{x}-1 = nx n   2,   P) 0

B) Number of solutions of f  x   x if Q) 3

f  x   cos x.cos  x  2  cos2  x  1

 
C) Total number of solutions 2x  3x  4 x  5 x R) 1

D) Number of solutions of 13  x   25{x}  271 S) 2

144. Column – I Column – II

1 x
A) f(x)  l n P)is not periodic
1 x

B) f(x)  l n x 2  1 Q)is one - one

C) f(x)  4 x  2x  1 R)has domain R

3 
D) f(x)  sin{x}  {sin x} where {.} S)has range  ,  
4 
denotes fractional part T) is odd

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 Differential Calculus 71

Functions

Practice Session-3
Challengers
Single Choice
x x 5. Consider the function g(x) defined as .
1. If f  x   then inverse of the function is
1  x2 
g x. x
22011 1 
  2010
 1   x  1   x 2  1  x 4  1  ..... x 2 
1 1

x x The value of g(2) equals

A) sgn  x  B) sgn  x  1 |x | A) 2 B) 3 C) 34 D) 41
1 |x |
6. Let f  x   max.1  sin x,1  cos x , x   0, 2 and
x x
C)  D)   g  x   max .1, x  1   x  R , then which of the fol-
1 |x | 1 |x |
lowing is false.
A) g(f(0)) = 1 B) g(f(1)) = 1
2. Let f : R  0,   defined by f  x   tan 1  x 2  x  a  , C) f(g(1)) = 1 + sin 1 D) f(g(0)) = sin 1
 2
then the set of values of ‘a’ for which f is onto is 3  3 
7. If is x f  x   1  cos 2x  |f  x  |, x and
4 2
A)  0,  B) [2, 1]
 cos x
f x   , then 
1  1  1  x3
C)  ,   D)  
 4  4  A) 2 B) C) – 2 D) 1
2
3. Let f : R  R defined by
8. If b 2  4ac  0, a  0, then the domain of the function
3 2
f  x   x  x  100x  5 sin x , then f is
y  log [ax 3  (a  b)x 2  (b  c)x  c] is
A) many–one onto B) many–one into
C) one–one onto D) one–one into b
A) R   
4. A function f from the set of integers  to is defined  2a 
as follows:
 b 
B) R      x : x  1 
 n  3 if n is odd  2a  

f n   n
 2 if n is even  b  
C) R      (, 1]
 2a  
 
Suppose k is odd and f f  f  k    27 . Then the sum
b
of the digits of k is D) R   
A) 3 B) 6 C) 9 D) 12  2a 

Multiple Choice
9. Which of the following statements are true for D) None
|x  1|  |x  2|  | x  3|  ...... |x  100| 10. f(x)  x 2  2ax  a(a  1), f : [a, )  [a, ) . If one of the

A) Range of the function is [2500, ) solutions of the equation f(x)  f 1(x) is 5049, then the
B) The function is symmetrical about x = 50.5 other may be
A) 5051 B) 5048
C) The number of solution of max |x|, |y|  2500 C) 5052 D) 5050
with the curve is infinite

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 Differential Calculus 72

Differential Calculus

f(x)  5 D) Range g = R–{0}

11. Let f : R  R be a function defined by f(x  1)  13. If f(x) is a polynomial of degree n such that
f(x)  3
1 n
x  R . Then which of the following statement(s) is/ f(0)  0, f(1)  ,.... f(n)  , then the value of
are true 2 n 1
A) f(2008)  f(2004) B) f(2006)  f(2010) f(n  1) is
C) f(2006)  f(2002) D) f(2006)  f(2018) n
A) 1 when n is odd B) when n is even
n2
x e x
12. f(x)  2
and g(x)  , where [] is the
1x 1  [x] n
C) – when n is odd D) –1 when n is even
greatest integer less than or equal to x then n 1
A) Domain (f + g) = R– [–2, 0) 14. Let f be a real valued function such that for any real x,
B) Domain (f–g) = R –[–1, 0) f(15 + x) = f(15 – x) and f(30 + x) = –f(30 – x). Then
which of the following statement is true?
 1
C) Range f  Range g   2,  A) f is odd B) f is even
 2 C) f is periodic D) f is not periodic

Comprehension Linked Passages

Passage 1 16. The number of non negative integers n, such that
Let f be a function defined on the set of whole numbers f  f  n    f  n  , is
and takes non negative integer values such that,
A) 3 B) 4 C) 5 D) 6
f  0   0, f 1  1, f  n   f  n  1  f  n  2  , for n  2 .
17. f  n  2  is equal to
15. We must have
A) f  n  1  f  n  for all n  2 A) f 1  f  2   ........  f  n 

B) f  n  1  f  n  for all n  2 B) f 1  f  2   .....  f  n   f  n  1

C) f  n  1  f  n  for all n  2 C) f 1  f  2   .....  f  n  1

D) none of these
D) f  n  1  f  n  for all n  2

Single
IntegerChoice
Type
18. Let f: R  R is a function satisfying f(10 – x) = f(x) ax  b  d 
19. f(x)   xR    and if f(5) = 5,
and f(2 – x) = f(2 + x) x  R . If f(0) = 101. Then cx  d  c 
the minimum possible number of values of x f(13) = 13 and f[f(x)] = x for all x. Then range of
satisfying f(x) = 101 x   0, 25 is equal to f(x) = R – {k}, then k =

1.62
 Differential Calculus 73

Functions

Flashback Previous Year Questions

Single Choice
2
x  4x  30
1. The function f : R  R defined by f(x) = 1
x 2  8x  18 9. If f : 1,     2,   is given by, f(x) = x  , then
is [IIT-1983]
x
A) one-one B) onto f -1(x) equals [IIT-2001]
C) both one one and onto D) many one.
x  x2  4 x
2. If f(x) = (a – xn)1/n where a > 0 and n is a positive A) B)
2 1  x2
integer, then f (f(x)) = [IIT-1983]
A) x B) –x C) f(x) D) –f(x)
x  x2  4
3. The domain of definition of the function C) D) 1  x 2  4
2
1
y  x  2 is [IIT-1983] log 2  x  3 
log 10 (1  x)
10. The domain of definition of f(x) = is
x 2  3x  2
A) (–3, –2) excluding –2.5 B) [0, 1] excluding 0.5
C) [–2, 1) excluding 0 D) R [IIT-2001]
4. There are exactly two distinct linear functions,which map A) R–{–1, –2} B)  2,  
[-1, 1] onto [0, 2], they are [IIT-1989]
A) x + 1, x – 1 B) – 1 + x, –1 – x C) R–{–1, –2, –3} D)  3,    1,  2
C) x + 1, 1 – x D) x + 1, – x – 1 11. Suppose f(x) = (x + 1)2 for x  1 . If g(x) is the
5. If fog = |sin x| and gof = sin 2
x then f(x) and g(x) function whose graph is the reflection of the graph of
are: [IIT-1998] f(x) with respect to the line y = x, then g(x) equals
[IIT-2002]
A) f(x) = sin x , g(x) = x2
B) f(x) = |x|, g(x) = sin x 1
A)  x  1, x  0 B) , x  1
(x  1)2
C) f(x) = x , g(x) = sin2 x
C) x  1, x  1 D) x  1, x  0
D) f(x) = sin x , g(x) = x2
6. The domain of definition of the function, f(x) given by x
the equation, 2x + 2y = 2 is [IIT - 2000] 12. If f : [0, )  [0, ) and f(x) = then f is
1 x
A) 0  x  1 B) 0  x  1
A) one - one and into [IIT-2003]
C)    x  0 D)    x  1 B) onto but not one - one
x C) one - one and onto
7. Let f(x) = , x  1 . Then for what value of  is D) neither one - one nor onto
x 1
13. Domain of definition of the function
f( f(x)) = x [IIT-2001]
A) 2 B) – 2 C) 1 D) –1  1 
f(x) =  sin  2x    , is [IIT-2003]
 6
 1, x  0
  1 1  1 1
8. Let g(x) = 1 + x - [x] and f(x) = 0, x  0 . Then A)   ,  B)   , 
1, x 0  4 2  2 2

for all x, f(g(x)) is equal to [IIT-2001]
A) x B) 1 C) f(x) D) g(x)  1 1  1 1
C)   ,  D)   , 
 2 9  4 4
1.63
 Differential Calculus 74

Differential Calculus

x2  x  2 A) (, 1)  (1, ) B) (,0)  (0, )

14. Range of the function f(x) = ; x  R is
x2  x  1 C) [2, ) D) (,0]  [2, )
 11   7  7 2
A) (1, ) B)  1,  C)  1,  D) 1,  18. Let f(x)  x and g(x) = sin x for all x  R . Then, the
 7  3  5
set of all values of x satisfying (fogogof)(x)=(gogof)(x),
[IIT-2003] where (fog)(x)=f(g(x)), is [IIT-2011]
15. Let f(x) = sin x + cos x and g(x) = x2 – 1, then domain
A)  n,n  {0,1, 2,.....}
for which gof is invertible, is [IIT-2004]

     B)  n,n  {1,2,.....}
A)  0,  B)   , 
 2  4 4 
C)  2n, n  {..., 2, 1,0,1,2,....}
2
  
C)   ,  D)  0,   D) 2n, n  {....., 2, 1,0,1, 2,.....}
 2 3
16. If X and Y are two non-empty sets where bx
19. Let f : (0,1)  R be defined by f(x)  , where b
f : X  Y is function is defined such that 1  bx
f  c   f  x  : x  C for C  X is a constant such that 0 < b < 1. Then, [IIT-2011]
A) f is not invertible on (0, 1)
and f 1  D   x : f(x)  D for D  Y, 1
B) f  f 1 on (0,1) and f '(b) 
for any A  Y and B  Y then [IIT-2005] f '(0)

A) f 1 (f(A))  A 1
C) f  f 1 on (0,1) and f '(b) 
f '(0)
B) f 1(f(A))  A only if f  X   Y
D) f 1 is differentiable on (0,1)
1
C) f(f (B))  B only if B  f(x) 20. The function f : [0,3]  [1,29], defined by
f(x) = 2x3–15x2+36x+1, is [IIT-2012]
D) f(f 1(B))  B A) one-one and onto
x2 B) onto but not one-one
1  8.3 
17. The domain of sin  2(x 1)  is [IIT-2011] C) one-one but not onto
13  D) neither one-one nor onto

Multiple Choice
   A) f(x) is an odd function
21. Let f :   ,   R be given by B) f(x) is a one-one function
 2 2 C) f(x) is an onto function
f(x)  [log(sec x  tan x)]3 . Then, [IIT-2013] D) f(x) is an even function

Single
IntegerChoice
Type
 x 1 
  4  x2  the equation f(x) = f  . [IIT-1996]
22. Find the domain of f  x   sin  log   x2
  1 x 
   2 2   
24. If f(x) = sin x  sin  x    cos x cos  x   and
[IIT-1985]  3  3
23. If f is an even function defined in the interval 5
(– 5, 5), find the number of real values of x satisfying g    1 , then gof (x) = [IIT 1996]
4

Single Choice
Matching Type
x 2  6x  5
25. Let f(x) = , Match the expression/statements in Column I with expression/statements in Column II
x 2  5x  6
Column – I Column – II [IIT-2007]
A) If –1 < x < 1, then f(x) satisfies P) 0 < f(x) < 1
B) If 1 < x < 2, then f(x) satisfies Q) f(x) < 0
C) If 3 < x < 5, then f(x) satisfies R) f(x) > 0
D) If x > 5, then f(x) satisfies S) f(x) < 1

1.64
 Differential Calculus 75

ANSWER KEY TO PS - 1
1. B 2. A 3. C 4. C 5. D 6. D 7. B 8. A 9. A 10. C 11. D
12. B 13. A 14. D 15. B 16. C 17. D 18. C 19. D 20. A 21. B 22. C
23. A 24. C 25. A 26. D 27. D 28.B 29. C 30. C 31. D

ANSWER KEY TO PS - 2
1. B 2. D 3. A 4. C 5. C 6. B 7.C 8.A
9.D 10.A 11. D 12.C 13.C 14.D 15.B 16.B
17.B 18.C 19.C 20.B 21.D 22.D 23. A 24. B
25. C 26. D 27. B 28. B 29. D 30. C 31.C 32. A
33. C 34. B 35. A 36. D 37. C 38. B 39.B 40.B
41.A 42.A 43. C 44. C 45. D 46. C 47. B 48. B
49. A 50. B 51. D 52. D 53. C 54. C 55. B 56. C
57. D 58. D 59. B 60. D 61. B 62. A 63. B 64. C
65.A, B, C 66.B, C 67.A, B, C 68.A,B,C,D 69.A, B, D 70. A, D 71.A,B,C,D 72.B, D
73.B, C 74.A,B,C,D 75.B, C 76.A,B,C,D 77.A, D 78.A,B,C,D 79.A,C 80.A, B
81.B, C 82.D 83.A, B 84.A,B,C,D 85. A,B 86. A,B,C,D 87. A,B,C 88. A,B,C,D
89. A,B 90. B,C,D 91. A,B,C 92. A,C 93. B,D 94. A, B 95.D 96.D
97.C 98.D 99.D 100. C 101. C 102. D 103. D 104. A
105. (1, 2) 106. i)domain = R,Range = [–1,1] ii)domain = R, Range = [1,2]

 2 a
 3   3   x , 0 x
2
107.  3,      ,    , 5 108. i)[0, /2) ii)(-  , 1] 109. f(x)  
 2  2 
 2 2ax  x 2  a2 , a  x  2a
 2

1 1
110.  1, 2 111. 4+|x| 112. x 113.1 114.2 115.7 116.2
(x  1)2
x

117.2 118.0 119.0 120.0 121.2 122.5 123.8 124.8

125.2 126.8 127.2 128. 1 129. 7 130. 4 131. 1 132. 3
133. 4 134. 4 135. 5 136. 0 137. 1 138. 0 139. 3 140. 1
141. A-S; B-P; C-P; D-Q 142. A–S; B–P; C– R; D –Q
143. A–P; B–R; C–Q; D–S–P 144. A–P,Q,R; B–P; C–P,Q,R; D–P,R

ANSWER KEY TO PS - 3
1. A 2. D 3. C 4. B 5. A 6. D 7. C 8. C
9.A, B, C 10. B,D 11. A,B,C,D 12. B,D 13. A,B 14. A,C 15.C 16.C
17.D 18.9 19. 9
 Differential Calculus 76

ANSWER KEY TO FLASH BACK

1.D 2. A 3. C 4. C 5. C 6.D 7.D 8.B
9. A 10. D 11. D 12. C 13. A 14. C 15. B 16. C
17. D 18.B 19. A 20.B 21.A,B,C 22. (–2, 1) 23. 4 24. 1
25. A–P,S; B–Q; C–Q; D
 Differential Calculus 77

Functions

Explanations
to
Make Concepts Clear 1.3
1. Given f(x) = sin (log x)  997   999 
f f  1
 1996   1996 
x
 f(xy)  f    2f(x)cos(log y)
y  998   998   998  1
f  f  1  f 
 1996   1996   1996  2
 x
= sin  log xy   sin  log   2 sin  log x  cos  log y  Adding all, we get
 y
= sin (log x + log y) + sin (log x – log y)  1   2   1995 
f f   ....  f  
–2sin (log x)cos(log y)  1996   1996   1996 
= 2 sin (logx) cos (logy) – 2 sin (logx).cos (logy)
1
=0 = (1 + 1 + . . . . . + 997 times) + = 997.5
2
2 2
1 x 1 x
2. f(x2) = 1  x 2  1  x 1  x  1 1  2 1

4. If f  x   = x3 + 3 - 4  x  2  + 13
 x x  x 
1 x  1  x2 2
  3  
f(x).f(x ) 2
 1  x  1  x 1  x   1  1 1
  =  x    3  x  
 –4  x    2  13
1  [f(x)]2 1  x 
2
 x  x  x 
1 2
1  x  3 2
 1  1  1
=  x    4  x   – 3  x    21
 x  x  x
1  x2
3 2
1  x 
2
1  x2 1 Therefore f( x ) = x – 4x – 3x + 21
 2 2
 
1  x   1  x  2  2x 2 2 Then f(2 + 3 2
3 ) = 4 – 4 × 4 – 3 (4) + 21
2
1  x  = –12 + 21 = 9
5. If f 3(x) – 3f 2(x) + 3f(x) – 1 = x6
9x  (f(x) – 1)3 = x6
3. Given f(x) = x .......(i) f(x) –1 = x2
9 3
f(x) = x2 + 1  f(0)  1
91 x 3
now f( 1– x) = 1 x  .......(ii)
9  3 9x  3  3x  x 3   2x 
6. f 2 
f 2 
Adding (i) and (ii) f(x) + f(1 – x) = 1 .......(iii)  1  3x   1  x 
1 2 998
Putting x = , ,...., in (iii)  3x  x 3   2x 
1996 1996 1996  1  
2  1  1  x 2 
log  1  3x  log 
3  
 1   1995  =  1  3x  x   1  2x 2 
We get f  f  1  2
1  3x   1 x 
 1996   1996 

 2   1994  1  x  1 x 
f f  1 = 3 log 
 1996   1996    2log   = f(x)
1 x  1 x 
......................................... M=1
.........................................

1.67
 Differential Calculus 78

Differential Calculus

2
 x 1 x 1 x 2  5x  24  x  2 .... (1)
7. f  2 ...(1)
 x  2 x  2 If x  – 2 (1) is true
x 1 If x > – 2 then x2 – 5x – 54 > x2 + 4x + 4
1  2y
Put y  x
x2 y 1 28
 x   3.1
9
Put these values in equation (1)
 x  (,  3]
2
 1  2y 
 y 1  1 iii) function is defined when (1  5 x  0 and 7  x  7  0)
 
So f(y) = 2 or ( 1 – 5x < 0 and 7–x – 7 < 0 )
 1  2y 
 y 1   2  (5x < 1 and 7–x > 7 ) or (5x > 1 and 7–x < 7)
 
 (x  0 and  x  1) or (x  0 and x   1)
2  x  ( ,  1)  [ 0, )
1  2y   (y  1)2
f(y) = 2 iv) 0 < sin (x – 3) < 1 and – 4 < x < 4
1  2y   2(y  1)2
 3 + 2n < x < 2n +  + 3
For n = – 1, 0 ,we get
(1  4)2  (2  1)2 8
So value of f(2) =  3 – 2 < x < 3 –  or 3 < x < 4
(1  4)2  2(2  1)2 11
5. For f(x) to be defined | tan x | – tan x > 0
Make Concepts Clear 1.4  | tan x | > tan x  tan x < 0

1. i) f(x)=sin–1 4  x 2 for f(x) to be defined 

 n   x  n  
2
0  4 – x2  1  x2 – 4  0 and x2 – 3  0
 x  [– 2, 2] and [since period of tan x is  ]
6. For f(x) to be defined
x  (,  3)   3,   log 2 log 2 log 2 ...log 2 x (n times) > 0
 x   2,  3    3, 2  log 2 log 2 log 2 ....log 2 x(n  1times)  1

so domain (f) =  2,  3    3, 2  log 2 log 2 log 2 ....log 2 x(n  2times)  2
2( n 1) times
2...
ii) log e  2  3x  x 2  is defined when  x  22
– 2 + 3x – x2 > 0  2...
2(n 1) tmes

 Domain   2 2 ,
i.e., (x – 1) (x – 2) < 0  x  (1, 2)  
2. f(x) is defined when x>0, x  1 7. For f(x) to be defined,
and x 2 – 3x + 2 > 0  (x – 1) (x – 2) > 0,  
x  (–  1)  (2, ) (i) 2x   2n  1  x   2n  1 , n  I
2 4
So common value of x is (0, 1)  (2, ).
(ii) 6 cos x + 2 sin 2x  0  6 cos x  4 sin x cos x  0
 Domain of f(x)  (0, 1)  (2, )
3. Domain [x]2 – 7 [x] + 10 > 0  2 cos x  3  2 sin x   0  cos x  0
([x] – 5) ([x] – 2) > 0  [x] < 2 and [x] > 5
[x] < 2  x < 2 and [x] > 5  x  6 
 x   2n  1 ,n  I
 x  (– , 2)  [6, ) 2
4. i) cos 2x  0  16 - x2  0  Domain of f
       
 2n   x  2 n    4  x  4  R    2n  1 , n  I    2n  1 , n  I  
2 2   4   2 
  5
 n   x  n    4  x  4 x2
4 4 8. Given, f(x) is defined when 
2
Common interval is for n = –1, 0, 1,we get
 f [ |x| ] is defined when
 5  3    3  5  5
  4 , 4     4 , 4    4 , 4    x 2
      2  
ii) x2 – 5x – 24  0  x  – 3 or x  8 or [|x|] = 0, 1, 2

1.68
 Differential Calculus 79

Functions

domain of g(x) is the set of all real numbers other than

 x  0 zero i.e. R -{0}
 0 x 3 Therefore domain of f(x) is R  {0}  [1,1]  [2, )  
 |x|<3  3<x<3
17. f(x) = x2 & g(x) = x  f 1  x 
9. x > 0 and x  1
11. f(x) is defined if
A) f  g(x)  f  f 1  x    x
x x
1   1  0   2  0  x  4  (1),
2 2 B) g  f(x)  f 1  f(x)  x

  1 1
cos x  0    x    2 C) f  g(x)  x 2
2 2 g  f(x) x
 
From (1) and (2) : 0  x  (here  1.85) 1
x 2
2 2 D)
x
12. f(x) is defined on [0, 1]  0  x  1. Now f(2 sin x) shall
be defined, if 0  2 sin x 1 Make Concepts Clear 1.5

1 e x
 0  sin x  1. We have f(x) 
2 1  [x]
Clearly, f(x) is defined when 1 + [x]  0
   5 
 x   2n, 2n  6    2n  6
,  2n  1   

i.e [x]  – 1 i.e., x  [1, 0)
nI 
e x
2   let f(x) = y then, y
13. – x2  0  – x 1  [x]
16 4 4
 1  [x] y  e x  1  [x] y  0
  
 Df =   , 
 4 4  e x
 0  x  R

 y  0 if 1  [x]  0 or y  0 if 1  [x]  0
   2  
Now for x   ,  , 2  
0,  and since
 4 4 16  x  4  y  0 and if x  0 or if x   1  y  R  0
Thus, Range of f = R – { 0 }
 
function increases on  0,  2. i)  2  sin x  cos x  2
 4

2  1  1 2 (sin x  cos x)  3  5
sin 0  sin  x 2  sin 
16 4 2 Therefore y is defined x  R
 Dom  R
2 3
 0  3 sin  x2  on applying log
16 2 5

We get
 3  Range = [0, 2]
 f(x)  0,
 2 
 x  1  x  2 x  1
14. [cos-1 x]  ii) y  x  3 x  2  x  3 , x  2
  
 f(x) is defined if [cos-1 x] = 2 or 3
 2  cos 1 x   1
as x  2, y  and x  – 3 and
5
 cos 2  x  1  x  [–1, cos2]
4
x 1 y 1  1for any x  R  3
15. f x   x  2  f  x  can not take the value 1 x3
x3 Dom = R – { 2, – 3 }

and f(2).
16. Let f(x)  g(x)  h(x)  u(x), where 1 
Range = R   , 1
5 
1 1
g(x)  ,h(x)  2sin1 x and (x) 
x x2

1.69
 Differential Calculus 80

Differential Calculus

x 1 since for real x, x 2  0

iii) When x > 0 , y  1
1x 1 x 2y  3
we have 0
1 y
1 x  1  0  1
1 x 3
 y or y  0
1 2
01 1
1 x 3 
Hence the range of the function is (, 0)   ,  
x 1  2 
When x  0, y   1
1 x 1 x 5. i) x  [x]  {x} [0, 1)
 x  0  1 x  1  0   {x}  
1 1  0  sin  {x}  1  1  esin  {x}  e
 0  1  1  1  0
1x 1x  Range = [1, e]
When x = 0, y = 0
ii) sin x  cos x    2, 2  but sin–1 x is defined when
 y   1, 1 , Dom  R
–1<x<1
iv) Dom    4,    5  – 1 < sin x + cos x < 1

1  
  sin1  sin x  cos x  
x4  3 1 2 2
lim  lim 2 x  4 
x 5 x5 x5 1 6
   
let t = sin–1 (sin x + cos x) then t    , 
as x   , f(x)  0  2 2 

1 1
When x = – 4, f(x)  now f(x) = cos t = sec t  (–  , –1]  [1,  )
3

 1 1  
Range =  0,     iii) When x  0,  , f(x)  xx  0
 3 6  2
1
3. i) f(x) = 8  3 sin x . We know that –1  sin x  1  
When x   ,  , f(x)     x   cos 1 ( cos x)
2 
 – 3  3 sin x  3  5  8 – 3 sin x  11
   x   x  0

 1 1  
 Range (f) =  11 , 5  When n   ,  ,
 2
2
 7  29 f(x)   sin 1 sin x     cos 1 cos x 
ii) f(x) = x2 – 7x + 5  f(x) =  x   
 2 4
     x       2  x   = 0
 29 
 Range (f) =   , 
 4 
 3 
iii) f(x) = log2 (log1/2 (x2 + 4x + 4)) x   , 2 , f(x)  0
 2 
since 0 < log1/2 (x2 + 4x + 4) <   x  Domain (f)
 sin x , cos x are periodic,  f(x) = 0 x  R
 –  < log2 (log1/2 (x2 + 4x + 4)) < 
iv) Function is defined when cos (sin x)  1
Range (f) = (– ,  )
but cos (sin x)  1
  cos (sin x ) = 1  sin x = 0  x = n
4. y  f(x)
2  x2 f(x)  ln1  0
The function y is not defined for x   2 sin x cos x
v) f(x)  |sec x|  |cos ec x|
2 2y  3
From (i) x 
y

1.70
 Differential Calculus 81

Functions

= sin x | cos x | – cos x | sin x |

Also x2  x  1  1
When x  Q1 , (first quadrant)
f(x) = sin x cos x – cos x sin x = 0 3
Thus  x2  x  1  1
When x  Q 2 , f(x) = – sin x cos x – sin x cos x 2

   3
  sin 2x [0, 1]  x   ,  sin–1  2   sin–1 x 2  x  1  sin–1(1)
2   
When x  Q 3 , f(x) = 0  
  sin–1 x2  x  1  2
3
3
When x  Q 4 , f(x) = sin 2x [0, 1]  x   , 2
 2 
   
Range of f =  , 
 Range of f = [0, 1) 3 2

1   
6. f(x) = x2 + 1 + 1 12.   sin x 
x2  1 2 2 2

1  
x2 + 1 +  2 [ AM  GM]   1  sin  sin x   1
x2  1 2 
1     
x2 + 21   sin  sin x  
x 1 6 6  2  6
 f(x)  [1, )
 3 
7. Let 2x = t  f(x)  , 1
 2 
[4  1] 3
f(t) = t2 – t + 1  t  
4 4 13. x  3, 2    3  x  2,  2  x  1,  1  x  0,

3  0  x  1, 1  x  2
Range of f(t)   ,  
4   2  x  3 & x    3
2
tan([x  x])   1  x   x   0. Similarly 0  x  1, 2  x  3
8. f(x) = = {0} because of [x2 - x] is
1  sin x (cos x)
integer.  f  x   1, 1   2, 3 
2x 14.  x 2  1 is an integer
9. y  2y  yx  2  x  x(y  1)  2y  2
2x
 sin n  0x  R  f(x)  0x  R
2y  2 2x  2
x  f 1(x)  Make Concepts Clear 1.8
x 1 x 1
 Range f = domain f 1  R  {1} 10. f(x) = log (x 3  1  x 6 )

x2  e
f(–x) = log (x)  1  (x) 
3 6
10.  (1, e]
x2  1
= log [–x3 + 1  x6 ]
 x2  e 
l n 2   (0,1] After rationalising, we get
 x  1
1
f(–x) = log   log  x 3  1  x 6  a
  x  1  x6
3  
   0, 
 2 so f(–x) = –f(x) so f(x) is odd function.
3 1
11. Least value of x2 + x + 1 = (at x = ) 2  ex  e  x   sin x  tan x 
4 2 11. f(x) 
 x  2 
2 3
3   
 least value of x2  x  1 
2

1.71
 Differential Calculus 82

Differential Calculus

2(ex  e x ) (sin x  tan x) |cos x |

x  similarly, is periodic with period 2
= 2  1 sin x
 so, period of f(x) is L.C.M. of {2, 2} = 2
5. f(x) = e{x}  {x} is periodic with the period 1
2(ex  e  x ) (sin x  tan x)
Now f(– x) = e{x} is a periodic function.
 x 
2 1
  2
6. =  [a]  2  [a]  4
a
 x  x 
Case – I Let x = n, n I       and the
    a  [4, 5).
numerator of f (– x) is zero
 f(– x) = 0  
7. f  x    f(x)  k  1
Case – II x  n , n  I  2
8. Any real number is period this function f(x),no
 x  x 
      – 1 fundamental period exists.
   9. Let d be the common difference of A.P
f(x + a) + f(x + b) = f(x + c)
2  e x  e  x   sin x  tan x  f(x) + f(x + b – a) = f(x + c – a) [By replacing x by
 f( – x) =   f(x)
x  x – a]
2  1
 f(x) + f(x + 2d) = f(x + d) ....(1)
f(x + d) + f(x + 3d) = f(x + 2d) ....(2)
Hence f(x) is an odd function. (1) + (2) gives f(x) + f(x + 3d) = 0
12. Let h (x) = f(x) + f(–x) and k(x) = g(x) – g(–x).  f(x + 3d) = – f(x)
Then h(–x) = f(–x) + f(x) = h(x)  f(x + 6d) = – f(x + 3d) = f(x)
and k(–x) = g(–x) –g(x) = –k(x)
Thus required period = 6d = 3  2d = 3(b – a)
 h(x) is even while k (x) is odd.
x
n
10. sin
 h(x) 
Thus F(x) =   and  n  1 ! is a periodic function with period
 k(x) 
2
n n  2  n  1 !
 h( x)  n  h(x)  n   
F(x)     (1)    (1) F(x)  
k ( x) k(x)
      n  1 ! 
Hence f(x) is an even function when n is even, and odd
function, when n is odd. x 2
Period of cos   2n!
n!   
Make Concepts Clear 1.9  
 n! 
1. f (x) = mx + c is periodic only if m = 0
Therefore, a = – 3 L. C. M. of 2(n – 1)! and 2 (n !)
 Period of f(x) is 2 (n !)
2 x
2. The period sin nx is n and the period of sin is 11. Given, f(g(x)) = | cos x |  cos 2 x ...(1)
n
g  f  x    cos 2 x ...(2)
 2 
2 n . LCM  , 2 n    2 n  = 4
 n  From (1) and (2), f  x   x
 
|n| = 2  n  2 . and g  x   cos 2 x
Clearly f(x) is a non-periodic function and g(x) is a
9  1 1 periodic function
3. f   = 2  f  2   = 2  f   = 2 again
4  4 4 12. g(f(x)) = sin (ax + sin x)
f (–3) = f (4 – 3) = f (1) = f (2) = 5  a must be integer and a > 1.
4. Since |sin x| and cos x are periodic function with period Make Concepts Clear 1.10
 and 2 respectively
1. i) f '(x)  2  cos x  0  x  R
|sin x |
Therefore, is periodic with period 2  f is strictly increasing
cos x
 f is 1 – 1

1.72
 Differential Calculus 83

Functions

now f()   , f()    5. f is not one-one as f(0) = 0 and f(–1) = 0. f is also not
onto for y = 1 there is no x  R such that f(x)=1. If
and f is strictly increasing,
 f is onto, hence f is bijective there is such an x  R, then e|x|  e  x  e x  e  x . Clearly
x  0. For x > 0, this equation gives e–x = 0 which is
ii) f '(x)  1  e x  0  x  z
e 2x  1
 f is strictly increasing not possible and for x < 0,  0 , which is also
ex
 f is 1  1 not possible.
now f(1) = 1 + e  z 6. f(3)=f(1) = 3
 f is not onto  f : R  R is not one one
hence f is not bijective Range of f is R  f : R  R is onto
iii) f(x) = { sin x } f(0)  0, f(1)  0, f(2)  1,
 { x }  [ 0, 1), 7. f(3)  0, f(4)  2,...
hence f is onto
Range = Z and f(1)  0  f is onto but not one one
   3  1
f   f  
4  4  2 1  cos 2x
8. f(x) = = |cos x|
 f is not 1 – 1 2
hence f is not bijective
  
iv) f(x)  eln |x|  |x| which will be injective in   , 0 
 2 
f(–1) = f(1) = 1  f is not 1 – 1
now | x | > 0 x  R  {0},  f is onto 9. f  x   4 x 4 = |x|
Hence f is not bijective
B = [ 0, )
1 e
2. We have f(–1) = = f (0)  f is not one one 10. Since f '  x   2  cos x  0 for all x  R , so f is one –
2
to – one. Moreover, f  x    as x   and
x2  e x2 1 e  1 e1
f(x)  2  1 2
x 1 x2 1 x 1 f  x    as x   , hence the range of f is R.
Therefore, f is onto as well
1
x2  1  1  x  R  1
f  x   sin  sin 1 x   x, x   1,1 ,which is one – one
x2 1 11.
and onto
e1 e 1
  e 1  1  2 e
x2 1 x 1 2 1 2
f x   sin  sin x   x
 
e 1
and 1  1
x2  1 The range of the function for x   1,1 is
Range = (1, e]  codomain.
 2 2
   ,   which is a subset of  1,1 .
2
1 3 
 
3. f(x)  2  2 cos x  2 sin x 
 
Hence the function is one-one but not onto, hence
 not bijective

f(x) = 2cos  x  
 3
 x, x  0
Since f(x) is a bijective function 
f  x    s gn  x   log  e x    sgn  x   x   x, x  0
  2  0, x  0
0x+     x  
3 3 3

x2 1 This function has the range  0,1

4. f(x) = 2 =1– <1
x 1 1  x2
Which is a subset of  1,1 . Hence the function is
x2
and 2  0  A  [0, 1) into also the function is many to one.
x 1

1.73
 Differential Calculus 84

Differential Calculus

x 3, x  0 1  x 
 = 3 log   = 3 f(x).
f  x   x 3 sgn  x     x 3 , x  0 1 x 
which is many to one
 0, x  0
 6. f  g(x)  cos 1 x 2
and into
It is defined for 0  x 2  1
sin([x])
12. f(x)  2  0, x  R   
x x 1  0  cos 1 x 2  .  f  g(x)  0,  .
2  2
 f is constant function;  f is many one and into
functions 1  x, 0  x  1
7. f(x) |x  1|  , g(x)  ex , x  1
Make Concepts Clear 1.11  x  1, x 1
1. f (x) = xx ; g (x) = x2x
2x 1  g(x), 0  g(x)  1 is 1  x  0
2x x fog(x)  
f [ g (x) ]=  g(x)
g(x)
= x   g(x)  1, g(x)  1 is 0x
2x ·x2x
2x 2 x 1 1  e x , 1  x  0
= x = x  x
e  1, x0
1  f(x) , 0  f(x)  2
2. (fof)(x)  f(f(x))  
 3  f(x), 2  f(x)  3  Domain  [1, )
fog is decreasing in [–1, 0] and increasing in (0, )
 1  1  x, 0  1  x  2  0  x  2 x   fog(x)   fog(0)  0 . Range = [0, )
 3  (1  x), 2  1  x  3  0  x  2

 
 1  3  x, 0  3  x  2  2  x  3 8. f(x) =
x
 3  (3  x), 2  3  x  3  2  x  3
 
f  f(x)    x  x  x  R  0 .
f(x) 
x  2 0  x 1

2x 1 x  2 9. (f  g)(3.5)  f(3.5)  g(3.5)  (0.5)  0.5  0
(fof)(x) = 
4  x 2x3
 f(g(3))  f(0)  3
(fg)(2)  f(2)g(2)  (1)  (1)  1
 2x   3x  x 3 
3. f 2 
 2f  x  and f  2 
 3f  x  (f  g)(4)  f(4)  g(4)  0  26  26
1 x   1  3x 
4. f(x) = 3x Make Concepts Clear 1.13

x  x 2 , 1  x  0
g(x) = 1. Given f(x) =  2
3 x , 0 x  1
h(x) = f(g(x))
 2x, 1  x  0
x x f '(x)  
h(x) = f(g(x)) = f( )=3× =x  2x, 0  x  1
3 3
h(x) = x f '(x)  0  f is strictly increasing
h(h(h .... n times)) = x
(f '(x)  0 at x  0)
 f is one one
1  x  3x  x 3
and range of f = [–1, 1] = co–domain of f
5. f(x) = log   and g(x) =  f is bijective
 1  x  1  3x 2
 f–1 (x) exists.
 3x  x 3  for – 1 < x < 0 , y = – x2
 3x  x 3  1 
fog(x) = f(g(x)) = f   log  1  3x 2   x = –  y , –1  y  0
2  3
 1  3x   1  3x  x 
 2  For 0 < x < 1, y = x2
 1  3x 
x y
 1  3x 2  3x  x 3   (1  x)3 
= log  2 3   log  3    x, 1  x  0
 1  3x  3x  x   (1  x) 
Hence f–1(x) = 
 x, 0x  1

1.74
 Differential Calculus 85

Functions

ex  e x e 2x  1
2. We write y   2y  x 
2 ex this domain   = 1
 2
2y  4y 2  4 So function is f(x) = x – 1
 e 2x  2ye x  1  0  e x 
2 or y = x – 1  x = y + 1
On interchanging x and y we get
 ex = y  y 2  1 since ex  0 y = x + 1  f–1(x) = x + 1.
y3
so e x  y  y 2  1 10. y = f(x) = 4x + 3  x 
4
 x  log y  y2  1 .  x3
 f -1(x) =  g(y) =
y3
4 4
Thus f–1(x) = log x  x2  1  –1
11. f and f may meet on y = x.
 f(x)  x
y 1
3. y=1+x x=  (x  1)2  1  x  x 2  x  0

 x  0 or  1
–1
x 1 x 1
f (x) = = f(x) = 1 +  x  = 1 + x 12. Let f(x) = ax + cos x
 
 x – 1 =  + 2x f   x   a  sin x
Equating the coefficient of x  f '(x)  0 or f '(x)  0
2 = 1 &  = –1  = –1.
 a  sin x  0 or a  sin x  0
4. f(x) = y  x 2  4x  3  y  0 a > 1 or a < –1
1
 x = 2  y  1  f x  2  x  1 . f is also invertible for a =  1

5. Let g (x) be the inverse of f, then f (g (x)) = x  a   ,  1  1,  

 3g (x) (g (x) –2) = x (g (x))2 –2 g (x) –log3 x = 0
Make Concepts Clear 1.14
2  4  4 log 3 x
 g (x) =  1  1  log 3 x 1. f(f(x)) (1 + f(x)) = – f(x)
2 Let y = f(x),then
Since g : 
y
So g (x) = 1  1  log 3 x f(y) (1 + y) = – y  f(y) 
1 y
6. Clearly ‘C’ and ‘D’ are ruled out as these are many–
x 3
x  f(x)  , f(3)  
one. Also f(x) = is one–one but not onto.. 1x 4
2
2. f(x + f(x)) = 4 f(x), f(1) = 4
x Put x = 1, then
g(x)= sin is both one–one and onto..
f(5) = 16 now put x = 5
2
f(21) = 64
1 2 y  2 y 3. [f(xy)]2 = x f2(y), put y = 2
7. Let f  x   y  x  f  y  
2y  2 y f2(2x) = x  36  f2(x) = 18x
f2(50) = 18  50 = 900  f(50) = 30
x  1 2y  1
  4. Put y = 0 in f(x + y) = x + f(y)
x  1 2 y  1
 f(x) = x + 2
1  x 1 f(100) = 102
 y log 2   5. f(3) = 1, f(3x) = x + f(3x – 3)
2  x 1
Apply componendo and dividendo x
f(x) =  f(x  3)
4 1/ 3
3
8. 
f 1  x   y  x  f  y   sin1 3   y  6   x
1 4 3
f(x) – f(x – 3) =
f x   6  3  sin x 3
Put x = 3, 6, 9, 12, ....., 300 and on adding, we get
x 
9. f(x) = x    Domain of this function is (3, 4) in 1
 2 f(300) – f(0) =  3  6  9  ......  300 
3

1.75
 Differential Calculus 86

Differential Calculus

100  101
f(300)   5050 1
2 8. 2f(x) – 3f   = x2 ... (i)
x
6. f(1) + f(2) + f(3) + ..... + f(n) = n2f(n)
f(1) + f(2) + ..... + f(n + 1) = (n + 1)2 f(n + 1) 1
on subtraction ,we get replacing x by  
x
f( n + 1) = (n + 1)2 f(n + 1) – n2f(n)
f(n  1) n 1 1
  2f   – 3 f(x) = 2 ... (ii)
f(n) n2 x x
Put n = 1, 2, 3, ....., m and multiplying. we get solving (i) & (ii) we get
–5 f(x) = 2x2 + 3/x2
2 f(1)
f(n) 
n (n  1) 1 3
f(x) =   2x 2  2 
5 x 
2. 2005 1
f(2004)  
2004. 2005 1002 1 3 7
 f(2) =   8    
7. f(x) + 2f(1 – x) = x + 1 2
... (i) 5 4 4
Replacing x by 1 – x 9. f(x) + f(x + a) + f(x + 2a) + .... +f(x + na) = k
f(1 – x) + 2f(x) = (1 – x)2 + 1 ... (ii) replacing x = x + a
Multiplying (ii) by 2 and subtracting it from (1), we get f(x + a) + f(x + 2a) +..... +f(x + (n + 1)a) = k
–3 f(x) = x2 – 2(1 – x)2 – 1 Substracting we get,
3f(x) = 2(1 – x)2 + 1 – x2 = (1 – x) (2 – 2x + 1 + x) f(x) – f(x + (n + 1)a) = 0
= (1 – x) (3 – x) = x2 – 4x + 3 f(x) = f(x + (n + 1)a
1 2  T = (n + 1) a
f(x) = (x – 4x + 3)
3

1.76
 Differential Calculus 87

Functions

Explanations
to
Single Choice
1. (1 – x)(x – n) > 0 or (x – 1)(x – n) < 0
0, if x  [2n,(2n  1) ]

  2 sin x, if x  [(n  1) , (2n  2) ]

hence number of integers =(n – 2) [from 2 to (n – 1)]   2, 0   , 0 \ Domain is [-2, 0).
 n – 2 = 2n – 11  n = 9
2. Put x = 2 and x = – 1 and make two simultaneous a x  a x
equations . 6. A) f(x) = and f( x)  f(x)
2
 x 3  x 1 x x
3. sin–1  5  and cos–1  4  are respectively.. B) f(x) =  and f(x) – f(–x) = 0
    ex  1 2

x 3 x 1 C) f(x)  1  x  x 2 + 1  x  x2
defined when  1   and – 1  
5 4  f( x)  f(x)  ‘f’ is even
 –5  |x|– 3  5 and – 4  | x | + 1  4
D) f(x)  x 3  sin x
 –2  |x|  8 – 5  |x|  3
|x| – 2 and |x|  8 and |x|  – 5, and |x| 3 f   x   f(x)  ‘f’ is odd.
 so x  [–8, 8] and x  [–3, 3]
7. f(x + y) + f(x – y) = 2f(x) f(y)
so Domain of f(x) is [–8, 8]  [–3, 3] = [–3, 3].
2f(0) = 2f2 (0)
 x 1 f(0)  0, f(0) = 1
log 0.4  x 1
4.  is defined when 0  1 f(y) + f(–y) = 2f(0) f(y)
x 5 x5 f(y) + f(–y) = 2f(y)
 log a x  0 when 0  a  1, 0  x  1 or a  1, x  1 f(-y) = f(y)
f(-x) = f(x), even.
x1 x 1 8. Let x + 2y = p and x - 2y = q
  0 and 1  0
x5 x 5 pq pq
Solving we get x = , y
2 4
6
 x  ( ,  5)  (1, ) and 0
x5 p2  q2 x 2  y2
 f(p, q) =  f(x, y) =
 x ( ,  5)  ) (1, ) and x > – 5 8 8
9. f(x) = 1  xn or, f(5) = 1  5n
 x  1,    6 or, 126 = 1  5n
or,  5n = 125   5n = 53
1
5. f(x) = 4  x2 + n=3
sin x  sin x f(3) = 1 + 33 = 28
i) 4 –x20 x2  4  –2  x  2 10. |x – 1| + |x – 2| + |x – 3|  6
ii) | sin x | – sin x Consider f(x) = |x – 1| + |x – 2| + |x – 3|

 0 if sin x  0 6  3x, x 1

  2 sin x if sin x  0  4  x, 1  x  2

= 
 x, 2x3
 3x  6 x3

1.77
 Differential Calculus 88

Differential Calculus
cot–1 x > 1
Graph of f(x) shows f(x)  6 for x  0 or x  4 x < cot 1
 domain (– , cot1)

6     
5
18. Domain of f    , 
 3 3
4
3  
 2  
2   x 2  0, 
1 9  3
1 2 3 4
 f(x)  0, 3 3 
19. For f(x) to be invertible , either it is monotonically
11. 0  x  1  cos 1  cos x  cos 0 increasing or monotonically decreasing
1 1 Now f '  x    sin x  2p  0 x  R
1  2
cos x cos1  2p  sin x  0 x  R
 2p  1  0
 1 
   1  range of the function is {1} 1
 cos x  p
2
12. x  0  x  x  x  x  0
1
Similarly f '  x   o x  R  p 
x  0  x  x    x  x    x   2x  0 only if 2
1
1 Hence p 
2x   x   1 or if x   2
2
13. Possible integers are 0, –1 20. Replacing f(x) by x, we f(x) = x2
2

0 ,0  x  1

 ffff  x   x 16 also f  x 4    x 16 .
 22. Taking x = y = 1, we get
0 ,1  x  2
2  f 1 f 1  f 1  2
14.  x 2    x   1 , 2  x  3

2 , 3  x  2  f 2 1  f 1  2  0   f 1  2  f 1  1  0
0 ,x  2
  f 1  2 (as f(1) > 0)
Hence, the range is { 0,1,2 } Taking y = 1, we get
f(x). f(1) – f(x) = x + 1
15.  x  2 0  [x] + 2  0  [x]  –2
 f(x) = x + 1  f 1 (x)  x  1
x should not belong to [–2, –1)
1 2
 f(x). f (x)  x  1
Domain of f is  ,  2   1,   .
16. We must have 23. Let log 30  log 15 30   t  log 30 (log 30 15)
2
 x  2 1
9 x  27 3
 219  3
2 x 1
0  log 30  log15 30   t

 f  t   f   t   12
2
2 x  2
 3   3
x
 219  3 2x  2  0
 f  t   5
32x 32x
 3  
2x
 219  0
81 9 y y
24. Let 2x   a, 2x   b
8 8
 1 1  2x 73
 1    3  219   32x  219
 81 9  81 ab
  x, 4  a  b   y
4
5
 3 2x  3  81  35  2x  5  x  Given equation  f  a, b  a 2  b2
2

5   f  m, n   f  n, m   0 for all m and n.

 Domain is  ,   . 25. Put n = 4, G(4) = 4 -F(4) = 4- (-3) = 7
2 
–1
17. ln (cot x) > 0 GOG(4)  G(G(4))  G(7)  7  F(7)  7  6  1

1.78
 Differential Calculus 89

Functions

26. f(x) is defined  1  x  3  1 and 9  x 2  0 an integer  x 2  non nagative integer..

 2  x  4 and 3  x  3.
 domain =[2,3)  Domain  R   
x : x  0, x  Z

3
27.  log10 (x 3  x) is defined x2 1 x2
4  x2 30. –1  log2 1    2  1 x 2  4
2 2 2
 4  x 2  0, x 3  x  0  x  2, (x  1)x(x  1)  0  Df = [–2, –1]  [1, 2]
 domain = (1,0)  (1, 2)  (2, )
28. f : R  S is onto  S  Range
31. 
f(x)  sin log(x  1  x 2 )
f  [1  1  3,1  1  3]  [1, 3] 
f(t) = sint, where log x  x 2  1  t
2 2 2 2
29. Since x  [x ], f(x) is defined if x  [x ]  x is not  Rf = [–1, 1].

1.79
 Differential Calculus 90

Differential Calculus

Explanations
to
Single Choice
x (x 1) 2 2 clearly f is continuous at x = 0 and f (0) = – 1
1. Consider 4  4 AM  GM for two positive possible cases can be as shown
2 2
numbers 4 x and 4(x 1)
2 2 1
4 x  4 (x 1) 2 2
  4 x · 4 (x 1)  2

2  
2 2 2
 (x 1)2
= 2x · 2(x 1) = 2x ;
2
2 2 x  (x 1)2 1
4 x  4(x 1)  2
Note that for m < 0 the vertex of f (x) = x2 + 2mx – 1
now z = x2 + (x – 1)2 2
+ 1= 2x  2x  2 its minimum lie on + sides of x-axis
2
4 22  2 3 27
3 3
value is  .    3 3  y
42 2   27  y
5.  f  3  1  =  f     1  
y  y 
2 2
 4 x  4(x 1) has the minimum value = 23/2      

3 3  3 
3
hence f (x)  log 2 (2)2 = 3
2   3   y
 3 3
f     1  f x3  1 x 

=  y    ; let = x, then    
    y  
3 3   
y   range is  ,  
2 2 
= 53
2. For domain of g (x) is the set of x for which 6. l1 : 4x + 3y = 3
–1x–24 1x6
hence a = 1 and b = 6 3  4x
f (x) = y = ...(1)
for range, 1  y  10 3
 1  f (x)  10  1  f (x – 2)  10 since f (x) and f–1(x) are the mirror images of each other
 3  3 f (x – 2)  30 in the line y = x. Hence we find f–1(x).
hence – 30  – 3 f (x – 2)  – 3 now y = f (x)  f–1(y) = x
 – 26  4 – 3 f (x – 2)  1
3(1  y) 3(1  y)
hence c = – 26 and d = 1 from (1)we have x=  f–1(y)= ;
3. Plot the graph of y = sin x and y = cos x in [0, 2] and 4 4
find the points of intersection of these two curve. In the 3(1  x)
interval at which they meet, consider upper curve.  f–1(x) =
4
4y = 3 – 3x
1
l1' = 3x + 4y – 3 = 0
3
slope of l1' = m1 = –
4
1
-
2 x 1
similarly l2' = y = with m2 =
8 8
4. For f to be one-one f ' (x) > 0 or f ' (x) < 0 for all x
if  is the acute angle between the lines

1.80
 Differential Calculus 91

Functions

|f(–5)| = |–5 – 1| = 6
1 3 10. f(x) + f(x + 4) = f(x + 2) + f(x + 6) ... (i)
m 2  m1 
28 Replace x with x + 2 in (i)
tan  = = 8 4 =
1  m1m 2 4 29 f(x + 2) + f(x + 6) = f(x + 4) + f(x + 8) ... (ii)
1
32 (ii) and (iii)  f(x) + f(x + 4) = f(x + 4) + f(x + 8)
 f(x) = f(x + 8)
29  f(x) is denote with a period 8.
 cos  =
5 65  f(5 + 8r) = f(5) x  N
11. y = (ax2 + b)3
ax2 + b = y1/3
1
 13 2
y b
x=  a 
 
 
7. y 2 cos 2 x  3 cos x  1
1
 13 2
 3
2
1 x b
 2  cos x     g(x) =  a 
4 16   
  
2
1  3
2 12. x  e x  1  x  2  x  3   0
  2  cos x  
8  4
 x  e x  1  x  2   0 (or) x = 3
3 Let  x(x + 2)  0
y is maximum when cos x  ex  1  0
4
e x  1  x   2, 0
1
y min  x  0 so x = 0
2 2
y is minimum when cos x = + 1 Let e x  1  0  x  x  2   0

 1  e x  1  x   2(a) x  0
 y   0,
 2 2  x  0 So 2  (a  2]  {0 }
8. We know that {x + r} = {x} as r  Integer  x  (,  2]  {0, 3}
2000
{x  r} 2000
{x} 13. We have – 1  [2x2 – 3]  1
[x]   = [x] +  2000
r 1 2000 r 1
 – 1  2x2 – 3 < 2

5  5   5
 {x} {x}   1  x2 <  x    ,  1  1, 
 [x] +   ...upto 2000 times  2 2 
 2000 2000   2  

2000{x}  x2 
 [x]   [x] + {x} = x 14. Since f(x) is an odd function,    0 for all
2000 a
2000
{x  r}
Thus, [x] +  =x x2
r 1 2000 x  [– 10, 10]  0  < 1 for all x[–10, 10]
a
 x  1, x  1  x 2  a  a > 100
9. f(x) = |x – 1| =  x  1, x  1
 15. f (x) = x3 +3x2 +12x – 2 sin x
2 2
Consider f(x ) = (f(x)) f
If it is true it should be true  x = 3x2 +6x +12 – 2 cos x
x
 put x = 2
LHS = f(2)2 = |4 – 1| = 3 f
RHS = (f(2))2 = 1  (A) is not correct > 0 for all values of x
x
Consider f(x + y) = f(x) + f(y)  f(x) is an increasing function, so f(x) is one – one
Put x = 2, y = 5 we get and onto
f(7) = 6; f(2) + f(5) = 1 + 4 = 5

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 Differential Calculus 92

Differential Calculus

16. x = 0  f(2) = 2f(0) – f(1) = 2 × 2 – 3 = 1 Let x = sec  then

x = 1  f(3) = 6–1=5 tan 1 x 2  1  tan 1 tan     sec 1 x
x = 2  f(4) = 2f(2) – f(3) = 2 × 1 – 5 = – 3 so range of f (x) is {0}.
x = 3  f(5) = 2f(3) – f(4) = 2(5) – (– 3) = 13 .
25. log g  x  f  x  is defined when both f(x) and g (x) are lie
 
17. f(x) = 3 sin x – cos x + 2 = 2 sin  x  6  + 2 . between 0 and 1 or greater than 1.
Case I :
Since f(x) is one–one and onto, f is invertible.
0  x  1  1 i.e. 1  x  2,
–1  1 
Now fof (x) = x  2 sin  f (x)   + x  x   2, 1  1, 2  then
 6
x 2  4x  4  1  x 2  4x  3  0
  x
 sin  f 1(x)     1  3  x  1
 6 2
So x   2,  1 ...(1)
x   Case II :
 f–1 (x) = sin–1   1 
2  6 x  1  1 i.e. x  2 , then

x x 2  4x  4  1
Because  2   1  1 for all x  [0, 4].
   x 2  4x  3  0
x  1 or x  3
1 1
19. 1   x 2  1  2  x 2 So, x  (,  3]  (2, )

  1  x2  1  1 26. sgn  9  x 2   0  9  x 2  0  x   3, 3  ....(i)

 0 < x2 < 2
 x 3  4  x   0   x    x   2    x   2   0

x   2, 
2  0 .
By wavy curve,  x   2 (or)  x    2,0
2 |x|
20. S  1   1 and 3 – x > 0 and 3 – x  1.
4
 x  2 (or)  x   2, 1,0
By solving the above inequality we get
x   6, 2    2, 3 .  x  2 (or) x  [2,1)
 x  [2,1)  [2, ) ....(ii)
 1 when x  R  I
21. [x] + [-x] = 
0 when x  I for (i) and (ii), x  [2,1)  [2, 3)
 B = {–1, 0} 27. For –1  x < 0, [x] = –1
22. cos (sin x) is defined for all real x  –2  x + [x]< –1
logx {x}  0 not possible
Case I - 0 < x < 1 For 0  x  1 , [x] = 0

 {x}  x  log x {x}  1 0  x  [x]  1

For other values of x cos–1 x is not defined
log x {x} is defined for 0 < x < 1 28. For f(x) to be defined
Case II -If x > 1, then 0 < {x} < 1 1  1  1  x2  0
 log x {x} < 0  log x {x} is not defined
 1  1  1  x2
 domain of f(x) =(0, 1)
 1  1  1  x2
23. x, y  A & f  x   f  y   f  f  x    f  f  y    x  y so
f is one – one  1  x2  0  1  x2  0
 1  x  1
Also a  A  f  f  a    a  f  b  a where
for these values of x, inner most roots also defined.
b  f  a   A. so f is onto  Domain = [– 1, 1]
29. Let g  x   x12  x 9  x 4  x  1
24. tan1 x 2  1  sec 1 x and x2 > 1  x > 1
 x 12  x 4  x 9  x  1

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 Differential Calculus 93

Functions

 x 4  x 8  1  x  x 8  1  1 , x  0

But lim nx   , x  0
  x 8  1 x 4  x   1 n 
0, x  0

  x 8  1 x  x 3  1  1 ...(1)
 f  x   lim t Sn  1 , when x  0
n 
For x  1 or – 1 < x  0 or x  1, x  x  1  0 3
Hence range f = {0, 1}
 g(x) >0 33. For y to be defined
For 0 < x < 1, we write (i) x > 0 ...(A)
1
g  x   x12   x 9  x 4    x  1  0 (ii) sin  log 2 x   0
 log 2 x  sin 0  log 2 x  0
 0  x  1x 9  x 4  x 9  x 4  0 and x  1  0 
 x  2o  x  1 ...(B)
Thus for all real x, g(x) > 0 and hence f(x) is defined
1
 Domain    ,   1  log 2 x  1  x2 ...(C)
30. For f(x) to be defined, 2
 x  2 / 3 2x  1
22x   64   21 72  22x   0 (iv)  0     x  1
2x 3  3x 2  x
4x 1 1
 4 x  4 x  2  36  0  x  0 or x
2 or  ...(D)
2 2
y y From (A), (B), (C) and (D), common values of x are
y  36   0 , where y  4 x
16 2 given by 1  x  2

 y  64  4 x  4 3  x  3 34. y  sin x  cos x  7x  x 2  6

 Domain of f =  3,   
 2 sin   x   7x  x 2  6
n 4 
31. f  x    1  sin kx 
k 1 For the function to be defined
= n + [sin x] + [sin 2x] + ... + [sin nx] ...(1)
 
 (i) sin   x   0
Case I: When kx  for k = 1, 2, 3, ... , n 4 
2
 3
  2n   x  2n  ,
Since 0 < k x <  and kx  4 4
2
where n = 0, ± 1, ± 2 ...(1)
 0 < sin kx < 1, for k = 1, 2, ... , n
(ii) 7x  x 2  6  0  1  x  6 ...(2)
 [sin kx] = 0, for k = 1, 2, 3, ... , n
 From (1), f(x) = n From (1) and (2),
  3   7 
When exactly one of x, 2x, 3x, ..., nx is . x  1,    , 6 
2  4  4 
 2
e x ln x 5(x  2) .(x  2)(x  5)
Here not more than one of x, 2x, 3x, ... , nx can be . 35. f (x) =
2 (2x  3) (x  4)
In this case one of sin x, sin 2x, ..., sin nx is 1 and
Note that at x = 3/2 & x = 4 function is not defined
others lie between 0 and 1.
and in open interval (3/2,4) function is continuous.
 From (1), f(x) = n + 1
Hence range of f = {n, n + 1} ( ve)(ve)( ve)
lim f   
1   1 1  x
3 ( ve)( ve)
 2
32. Sn   1    
 1  x   1  x 1  2x 
( ve)( ve)( ve)
lim f   
 1 1   1 1  x 4 ( ve)( ve)
    ...    
In the open interval (3/2,4) the function is continuous
 1  2x 1  3x   1   n  1 x 1  nx 
& takes up all real values from (– , )
1 Hence range of the function is (– , ) or R
1
1  nx

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 Differential Calculus 94

Differential Calculus

36. 1  cos x  1 1
ab  bc  ca  
 sin1  sin  cos x   sin1 2
2 2 2
Also  a  b    b  c    c  a   0
  sin  cos x    0,  1
1  sin x  1  cos 1  cos  sin x   1  1    ab   0

 cos x  sin x    0, 1
(i.e.)  ab  1
  sin  cos x    cos  sin x    1, 0, 1 .  1 
Hence  ab lies in   ,1
3 3 3
 2 
37.  f  x     x    1  3  1 x   f  x    0
41. Let t 2  log 2 x  1  0  x  2

  f  x   x   1   f 2
x  x 2 2

  1  xf  x   x  f  x   0
 3 
Using f  x   ln  t   t 2  1  2 
 2 
a 3  b3  c 3  3abc   a  b  c   a 2  b 2  c 2  ab  bc  ca 
 3 1
2 f  x   ln   t 2  t  
f 2  x   x 2   a   xf  x   x  f  x   2 2

1 3 2 1

2

2 2 2
f  x   x    x  1   f  x   1  0  it is defined when 
2
t  t > 0
2
Equality occurs at f(x) = x = – 1  f(1) = – 1 i.e  t  1 3t  1  0  t  1  t  0 
But it is given that f(1)  – 1
Only solution is f(x) = 1 – x  t 2  1  log 2 x  2  x  4
domain of 1  f  x   x is x  R   0 Therefore range =  2, 4 
38. [2 sin x] + [cos x] = – 3 only if f '  x   2cos x  b
42.
[2 sin x] = – 2 and [cos x] = – 1
  2  2 sin x < – 1 and – 1  cos x < 0 b
for non monotonic , f '  x   0  cos x 
2
1
 1  sin x   and – 1  cos x < 0 b
2 it will have a solution if 1   1  2  b  2
2
7 11  3 g(x) is defined when
 x and  x 
6 6 2 2
2x 4  bx 3  6x 2  4bx  8  0
Common values of x are given by
7 3
 x 2
 4  2x 2  bx  2   0
x . discriminant of 2x 2  bx  2  b 2  16  0
6 2
For these values of x,  x 2  4  0  x  R   2,2 
  43. f  x   f   x  where f  x   x 2  sin x  xe x
sin x  3 cos x  2 sin   x 
3 
F(x)  x 2  sin x  xe x ......(1)
lies between – 2 and – 1
 Range of f (x) is (– 2, – 1). g  x   g   x  , where g  x   cos x  x 2  x
39. Period of f(x) is 2, but f(x) is not defined for x  (/2,
3/2). Hence it suffices to consider x  [–/2, /2]. Fur- G(x)    cos x  x 2  x    cos x  x 2  x
ther since f(x) is even, we consider x  [0, /2].
 F  x   G  x    sin x  xe x  cos x  x
Now cos  sin x  and sin(cos x) are decreasing
functions for x  [, /2].    sin x  cos x  x  xe x 

 Rf =  f   / 2 ,f  0  44. f(x) = sgn (x), g(x) = x(1 – x2)

 (gof)(x) = 0 and (fog)(x)
=  cos1, 1  sin1   1, if x   ,  1   0,1

0, if x  1  or   1  or  0
= 
2
40. Now  a  b  c   0  1, if x   1, 0   1,  


1.84
 Differential Calculus 95

Functions

2 1 
45. f(x)   . So the period of  
(1  cos 6x) (tan 4x)    1  2    1 
f 2   ln  
f = L.C.M (period of cos 6x, period of tan 4x) = L.C.M      1 1   
  / 3,  / 4    .   2    1 
46. p, must be divisible by both 2 and 3
 1    2 
Hence p1  6, p2  2, p3  3 .  ln  2

2 2
 1   
47.  f  x  k   1
 1   f  x   1
Replace x by x + k   
 f     f 2   f  2  for all values of  for
 f  x  2k   1
2 2
 1   f  x  k   1   f  x   1
2      1
which the functions are defined, therefore
 f  x  2k   f  x 
1 
48. f(0) = 1, put x = y = 0 (i)  0  1    1 ...(A)
1 
 2f(0) = kf2(0)  k = 2
f(x) 1  2
f(xy)  (ii)  0  1   2  0  1    1 ...(B)
49. y 1  2
From (A) and (B), we have – 1 <  < 1
f(1)  The set of values of  = (– 1, 1)
 f(y)  (putting x  1)
y 6
56. y  2x  1 
f(1) 2x  5
 f(30)  or f(1)  30  f(30)  30  20  600
30 6
for y to be integer, must be an integer
f(1) 600 2x  5
Now, f(40)    15
 2x  5  1, 3, 6, but 3, 6 are not possible
40 40
50. x  a and y  x  a  solutions are (3, 11), (4, 9)
57. Let f(x) = mx + b
 f(a  (x  a))  f(a)f(x  a)  f(0)f(x) ...........(1)
 f 1  f  2   m  0 similarly
Put x = 0, y = 0, f(0)  f 2 (0)  f 2 (a)  f(a)  0
from (1) f(2a – x) = –f(x). f 3  f 4   m  0  m  0
51. Since (1, –1) and (1, 1)  R in (a), so R cannot define  f 0  f 5  5 .
a function. Also (1, 1) and (1, 3)  R in (b). So R
doesn't define a function in this case also. Moreover, (1, 58. Given that X and Y are two sets and f : X  Y
1), (2, 1)  R in (c). So R in (c) also cannot define a
one–to–one function.
f  c   y;c  X, y  Y & f  d   x ;d  Y, x  X
1

The potential representation of given information is as

52. log 8 n is rational  log 2 n is rational
shown.
 n is a positive integral power of 2
 f x   d
 n  {2r : r is a positive int eger  10} for
1  n  2010
2010 10
  f  n     r / 3   55 / 3
n 1 r 1

53. Put y  a, z  b then f(y)  0, f(z)  0

f(x) k 1 k
    k  ab
(x  a)(x  b) x ab x xab
54. y = 3 [x] + 1 = 4 [x] - 14  [x] = 15  y = 46 Now if, a  x  f  a   f  x   d
 [x + 2y] = 107.
 f 1  f  a   a
2
 1     1    
55. f     f   2   ln   . 2   f 1  f  a    a,a  x is the correct option.
 1     1    
 1    2 
 ln  2

 1   

1.85
 Differential Calculus 96

Differential Calculus

59. [x]2  x  2{x} , 1


sin1  x 2   is defined only for these values.
2 2
[x]  [x] [x]  [x] 2
 2
x    x   3 x  {x}  0 1
 2 1
3 3
x  2   0  f  x   0    
2  
But 0  x  1  0   x    x   3
 2 1  
x  2   1  f  x   2  2  
1  3   1  3   
0  x  1   x    ,0   1, 
 2
   2  , 2
63. Since the period of cos ax(a > 0) is and the
a
2 2 
  x   1,0,1, 2 , x  0, 0,
period of cot ax (a > 0) is , the periods of cos x,
3 3 a
1 8 cos x cos x
 x   ,0,1, , ...., n 1 are 2, 22(2) ......., 2n–1(2) and
3 3 22 2
60. sin2 x  sin x cos x  [x]  sin 2x  cos 2x  2[x]  1 x x
the period of cot ,.....,cot n are 2, ...., 2n. Hence
2 2
1 2 1 2
  2  2[x]  1  2   [x]  the period of the given function is L.C.M of (2, 23,
2 2
..., 2n) = 2n.
 [x]  0,1  x  [0,1)  [1, 2)
64. f(x)  ex [x]|cos x||cos 2 x|.....|cos nx|,
1 
   x  Period of x – [x] = 1
2
61.
x 
Period of |cos x | 1
1 1
  x 2   x 2  1
x  x  Period of |cos 2x |
2
1 ----------------------------
 x2  2
x
----------------------------
x 3  2x  1
1
 1  1  Period of |cos nx |
62. f  x   sin1  x 2   cos 1   x 2    1  n
 2   2  
so period of f(x) will be L.C.M. of all periods which
1 1  1 is 1.
Since x 2     x 2    0 or 1 as
2 2  2

Multiple Choice

 2   2  1 
B)  1  log e x  2  x   , e 2  .
65. f(x)  cos  2  x  sin   2  x  e 
   
68. A) f(x) = 1  x  x  2  3
 2   2 
   4 &     5
2  2 B)  f(x)   f(x)  0 if f(x)  Z   1 if f(x)  Z
f(x) = cos 4x – sin 5x

f(0) = 1 similarly others. C) f(x) =  sin x    cos x  f  x    f(x)
 2
66. f(x)  1  x 2
1 1
f  cos x   1  cos 2 x = sin 2 x  sin x D) f(x) 
sin 3x  .
4 8
= max.  sin x, sin x 69. A) Let h(x) = g(x) – g(–x)
h(–x) = g(–x) – g(x) = –h(x)
67. A) f(sin x) is defined if –1 < sinx < 2 C) f(x) = log (x2 – x + 1)
sin x  1
f( x)  log  x 2  x  1

 x  R  (4n  1) D) Let f(x) = x g(x) g(  x)  tan(sin x)
2

1.86
 Differential Calculus 97

Functions

 f(x)  f(x) D) 4f(x)  9g(x)  2 36  12 .


2
70. f(x) = loge x  x  1  75.
3 2
 x  g 2  x    43
4

(A) f 2x 1  x
2


 
2
 log e  2x 1  x 2  1  2x 1  x 2


(0, 0) 2 2
x +g (x) (X,g(x))

= log e  2x 1  x  1  4x  4x 
2 2 4
g2 (x) = 1 – x2
2
 g(x) = 1  x 2 or g(x)   1  x .
= log e  2x 1  x  2x  1
2 2

Taking g(x)   1  x 2 is wrong, because

2
 

2
= log e  2x 1  x   x2  1   x2
 1
g  
3 1
 has two images.
 2 2 2
2
= log e x  x  1  = 2f(x).
2
  2 2   
76. f(x) = cos x  1  sin   x   cos x cos  x  
 3   3
(D) e f(x)  x  x 2  1

e  f(x)  x  x 2  1      
= cos  x  x  cos   x  x  – cos x cos  x    1
 3   3   3
e f(x)  e  f(x)
x
2 1     
= 2 cos  2x  3   2 cos x cos  x  3   2
     
x f(x)  f(y)
71. A) f    tan  log x  log y  =
y 1  f(x) f(y)
1       
= 2 cos  2x  3   cos  2x  3   cos 3   2 
similarly (B), (C)        
D) f  e   tan log e
/4
e /4

 = 1. 1 1  3
  2  .
= 
2 2  4
|x |  1 x  0
72. A) f(x) = x   1 x  0 ; non periodic. A) f   x   f(x)


B) f(x) = sin x  x  3  

B) f     f  
Period of sin x is 2 8 4 4

period of sin  x is 1 3

C) f(x)  a constant function.
hence ‘f’ is periodic. 4
C) f(x) = cos x + tan  x
77. 1  1  cos 2 x  2  1  cos 2 x   1 or 2
Period of cos x is 2 & Period of tan  x is 1
 f is non periodic. hence domain is R and

 1 Range = s ec 11, sec 1 2

D) Similarly f(x) = max.  sin x, 
 2
78. f(x) = 9  x2  x2  9
2 sin x  1 2 sin x  1 Domain x 2  9 and x 2  9  x =  3
=  is periodic.
4 4 f  3   f(3)  0  f is even  f is many one.
1
73. f(x) = f  x   x   0, 2 . 79. g(f(x)) = 0 for all real x and h(f(x)) = 0 for all real x.
74. B) f(x) – g(x) = tan x - cot x = – 2cot 2x = – 2g(2x) 80. f(x)   x   1  x   2 
2
1  f (x) [x] is many-one = f(x) is many one
C) f(x) + g(x) = tan x + cot x = – 2cos 2x =
f(x) f(x)  I  f(x) is into..

1.87
 Differential Calculus 98

Differential Calculus

81. Domain  R  ' g ' is periodic function

is periodic function
x2  e
Range of (1, e] 86. Given f(a  x)  f(a  x) and
x2 1
f(2a  x)  f(a  (a  x))  f(a  (a  x))  f(x)
 x2  e 
 range of log  2   (0, 1] B) f(2a  x)  f(a  (a  x))  f(a  (a  x))  f( x)
 x 1 
C) f(2b  x)  f(x)
f(x)  sin t  cos t, t  (0,1],fmin  f(0)  1 D) We have f(2a  x)  f(2b  x)

3
4
 2b  2a is a period of f
fmax  f    2 87. Replace x by 2,
4
Many one function hence not invertible 1 1
2f  2  2f    2f 1  4  f  2   f    2  f 1
  2  2
82. f3(x) = tan x for x   2n  1 and x  n .
2 ...(1)
83. Suppose for x  R  m  R then, Replace x by 1, f 1  1 ...(2)

x 2  6x  8 1 1 1 1 5
m Replace x by , 2f    f    2  ...(3)
  6x  8x 2 2  2 2  2 2

 (  8m)x 2  6(1  m)x  (8  m)  0 1

Solve (1) & (3)  f    0; f(2)  1
Since x is real,  2
36 (1 – m)2 + 4( + 8m)(8 +m)  0
88. Option (a):  Periods of sin x and |sin x| are 2 and 
 (9 + 8) m2 + (46 + 2) m + (9 + 8)  0
respectively.
f is onto if and only if the above relation hold for all
mR. This will happen if  period of f(x) = LCM of {2, }  2
9 + 8 > 0 and (46 + 2)2 –4 (9 + 8)2  0 Option (b): Periods of sin x, cos x, cosec x are 2
 9 + 8 > 0 and hence, period of g(x) = 2
(2 + 16 + 64) (2 – 16 +28)  0 Option (c): Period of h(x) = LCM {2, 2}  2
 9 + 8>0 and ( + 8)2 ( – 2) ( –14)  0
Option (d):
9
 >  and 2    14. Thus 2    14  1   2   1   2  
8 p(x)  [x]  x    x     x   x     x     11
 3   3   3  3
2
3x  6x  8
when  = 3, m
3  6x  8x
2
 1  2
2
 11  {x}   x     x  
For m = 0, we get 3x + 6x – 8 = 0  3   3 
6  36  96 1  p(x) is periodic function with the period 1 (period of
 x
6

3

3  33  x+k is k  (0, 1)

Hence f is not one–one when  = 3 89. ef  x   e  ex

e  ex  0
85. g(x) = sin(sin–1 x ) + cos  sin 1
x   1
e  ex
= x  cos  cos 1 
1  x  1 x 1
90. Range of sin 2x  cos 2x is 1, 2 
 x  1  x   1
If x  I then {x} = 0  g(x) = 0  sin 2x  cos 2x   1
 g(–x) = g(x)  g is even  f  x   0  f  x  is a constant function
If x  I then {–x} = 1 – {x}
 f  x  is periodic with no fundamental period,
 g(–x) = 1  x  x  1 = g(x)
clearly f(x) is into function and f is not invertible
 ’g’ is even function
91. 1  sin x  cos x  2
 0 xI
g(x)  
 g   x  if xI  sin x  cos x   1

1.88
 Differential Calculus 99

Functions

f(x) is defined if
11 t
sin 2 x  2sin x  2
4 gx f x
2 1 t
 sin x  1 
4 ya

t
 x, a 
1 1
sin x  1  or sin x  1  
2 2 f x gx
92. sgn x > 0  sgn a = 1  x > 0
[x – 1] > 1  [x – 1]  2 x – 1  2 x  3
 Dom.[3, )
range = log 1 = 0
94. f(sin 2x) = 1 + 2sin x cosx = 1 + sin2x
93. f(x) and g(x) are mirror images about y = a
Let u = sin 2x so f (u) = 1 + u
f(x) = a + t ; g(x) = a – t
 g(x) = 2a – f(x) since – 1  sin 2x  1 so dom f = [–1, 1]
 h(x) = 2a is a constant function.
Now – 1  u  1
 0  1 + u  2. Thus the range f = [0, 2]

Comprehension Linked Passages

95-96
But, 2  g  x   4  2  a  2 and
To shift the graph of a function y = f(x) straight up, we
add a positive constant. To shift the graph of a function 4a4a0
and b can take any real value,
y = f(x) straight down, we add a negative constant to
the right hand side of y = f(x). To shift the graph of  2x  2, x  1
104. if a  2, b  3  f  x    3x 2  3, x  1
y = f(x) to the left, we add a positive constant to x and 
to shift to the right, we add a negative constant to x.
Since the figure (ii) is inversion then shifting down and  Range of f(x) is  0, 
then shifting to the left so it is –f(x + 1) + 1.  Range of g  f  x   is  4,8
103. x   1, 2  2  2x  4  2  a  2x  a  4  a

Single
Subjective
Choice
105. f(x) = ln (–2 + 3x – x 2) for f(x) to be defined sin x  cos x 

– 2 + 3x – x2 > 0  x2 – 3x + 2 < 0 ii) Let u   3  sin  x    3
2 
 4
 (x – 1) (x – 2) < 0  x  (1, 2) 1  .....  1
so domain (f) = (1, 2)
2
 2u4:
 4 4 log2 u is defined for x  (- , ) = Df
106. i) D f :  x     0 : always true.
 5 5 Rf : y = log2 u, 2  u  4: log2 2  y  log2 4
 ln (5x2 – 8x + 4) defined for x  (–, ) = Df  1  y  2 : y  [1, 2] = Rf
Rf : y = f(x) = sin u, where 3
107. f(x) is defined if log|sin x|  x 2  8x  23   0
2
log 2 | sin x |
  4 4
ln  5  x    
  5 5  4  x 2  8x  23 
u =    has umin = ln  log|sin x|  0
min. for x =
4 5  8 
5

 3 log 2 8 
4 as   log|sin x| 8 
ie., ln u< ...(i)  log |sin x | log | sin x | 
5 2 2

4 x 2  8x  23
For u  [ln , ), sin u assumes all values between  sin x  0,1 and 1
5 8
– 1 and 1.
 –1  y  1, y  [- 1, 1] = Rf
as |sin x| < 1  log|sin x| a  0  a  1

1.89
 Differential Calculus 100

Differential Calculus

Now,
x 2  8x  23
 1  x 2  8x  15  0  2 2
= a2– 2a  x  2 2ax 
8
= 2 2ax  x 2  a 2
 3   the required function f(x) is as follows :
 x  3, 5    , 
 2
Hence domain of a function  2 a
 x , 0 x
2
 3   3  f(x)  
=  3,     ,    , 5 .  2 2ax  x 2  a 2 , a
 x  2a
 2   2   2

  110. Given, f(x) = x2 + 1 .....(1)

 2x 2  1  2
 2   1  2x  1 
108. i) y=cos–1  x  1  =sin
-1
 2  1
    x 2  1  g(x) =
x 1
.....(2)

1 

x4
 2 Now (fog) (x) = f(g(x)) = f   = f(z),
 sin 1   sin1  x   x 1
 2   2 
x 2
 1  1 x 
 
1
where z =
x 2 x 1
we know that 0  2
1
x 1 = z2 + 1 [ f(x)  x 2  1]
2
 x2      1  1
 0  sin -1  2    y  0,  , =   1 1
 x  1  2  2  x  1  (x  1)2
Here, Domain of fog(x) is x  R  {1} . Now,,
 
 The range of y is  0,  (gof) (x) = g(f(x)) = g(x2 + 1) = g(u),
 2
1 1 1
ii) y = log2 (2 – log 2 (16 sin2 x + 1)) where u = x2 + 1 =  
u  1 x2  1  1 x2
Now for y to be well defined Here, Domain of gof(x) is x  R  {0}
2 – log 2 (16 sin2 x +1) > 0 and 16 sin2 x + 1> 0 111. Given f(x) can be written as,
which is true for all x  R f(x) = 2 + |x|
 y is well defined for 16 sin2 x + 1 < 2 i.e. for  f (f(x)) = 2 + |f(x)| = 2 + 2 + |x| = 4 + |x|
0  16 sin2 x < 1
g(x 3  1), x  0
i.e. 1  16 sin2 x + 1 < 2 112. We have gof(x)  g(f(x))   2
g(x  1), x  0
 0  log 2 (16 sin2 x + 1) < 2
3 1/ 3
 0 < 2 – log 2 (16 sin2 x + 1)  2 (x  1  1) , x  0
 2
 –<y1 1/ 2
(x  1  1) , x  0
 Range of y is (- , 1]
109. There are two different situations  x, x  0

a  x, x  0
i) when x = AP  OA, i.e., x 
2 = x for all x
Hence gof(x) = x for all x.
a
ii) When x = AP >OA, i.e., x > but x  2a 1
2 113. Let y = (100 5  x 10 )10

1  y10  1005  x 10
Case (i) : ar(AEF) = x. 2x = x2
2
1
(PE = PF = AP = x)  x10  1005  y10  x  (100 5  y 10 )10
Case (ii):ar (ABEFDA) = ar (ABCD) – ar (CFE) f(x) = f -1(x)
1 therefore f(f(x)) = x
= a2 –
2
.   
2a  x . 2 2a  x  Hence f(f(1024)) = 1024

[ CP = 2 a – x]

1.90
 Differential Calculus 101

Functions
114. Put y = x in the given functional equation,we get but given |f(x) + g(x)|  |f(x) + |g(x)| ... (ii)
f( x + f(x) ) = f(x) + x from (i) & (ii)  |f(x) + g(x)| = |f(x)| + |g(x)|
i.e f(x) = x for all x Is possible only when f(x) g(x)  0 but given that f(x)
115. If f is symmetric about x = a then
g(x)  0 f(x)g(x)  0
f(a – x) = f ( a + x )
now replace x by x-a we get f(2a – x) = f(x) 100

again replacing x by –x we have f(2a + x) = f(– x)  f(x) = 0 ( g(x)  0)   f(r) = 0.

r 1
 f(2a + x) = –f(x) ( f is odd )
 f(x + 4a) = f(x) x4  x2  1
 f is periodic with period 4a  f(1 + 4r) = f(1) 120. Now f(x) =  f(x) = x2 + x + 1
x2  x  1

r
Now  [f(1)]  8
r 0  f 1 
1  4x  3
2
1 2
  8  f(1) = 7/8  f  f 1  f(x)  x  x  x  1  x
1  f(1)
8f(1) = 7 1 x 
121. f2(x) . f   =x
3 ... (i)
116. Putting x = f(y) = 0 then f(0) = f(0) + 0 + f(0) – 1 1 x 
 f(0) = 1
Putting x = f(y) 1 x
replace x by
We get f(0) = f(x) + x2 + f(x) – 1 1 x
x2 1 x  1 x 
3
 f(x) = 1  f2   f(x)    ... (ii)
2  1  x  1 x 
256 by using (i) and (ii)
f(16) = 1 – = 1 – 128 = –127
2 3
1 x 
 |f(16)| = 127. f3 (x) = x6  
1 x 
117. f(1) + 2f(2) + 3 f(3) + ….. + n(f(n) = n(n + 1) f(n)
f(1) + 2f(2) + 3f(3) + …..+(n + 1) f(n + 1) 1  x 
= (n + 1) (n + 2) f(n + 1)  f(x) = x3  
1 x 
 n f(n) = ( n + 1) f(n + 1)
8
1 f(-2) =  [f(-2)] = 2  |[f(-2)]| = 2.
i.e., 2f(2) = 3f(3) = ….. = n(f(n) i.e., f(n) = 3
2n
2126 f (1063) = 2. 1 x
122. Replacing ‘x’ by we have
118. f(x – 1) + f(x + 1) = 2 f (x) ... (i) 1 x

f(x – 2) + f(x) = 2 f(x  1) 1 1

f(x). f   = f(x) + f  
(i)(replace x by x – 1) x x
f(x) + f(x + 2) = 2f(x  1) ... (ii)  f(x) =  xn + 1
(replace x by x +1)  f(x) = x3 + 1  f(3) = 28
(i) + (ii)  f(x – 2) + f(x + 2) + 2f(x) 10 10
3

=
Now  (f(n)  1) = n = 552 = 3025
2 (f(x – 1) + f(x + 1)) n 1 n 1

 f(x – 2) + f(x + 2) + 2f(x) = 2f(x)

 f(x – 2) + f(x + 2) = 0 1  10 
   f(n)  1  5 .
now replacing x by x+2 we get f (x ) + f (x +4) = 0 605  n1 
........(iii) 123. Since each of 3 elements of A can associated to an
again replacing x by x + 4 we get element of B in 2 ways.
f ( x + 4) + f ( x + 8 )= 0 .........(iv) Therefore all the 3 elements can be associated with
(iii) – (iv) yields f(x) = f(x + 8) hence f(x) is periodic elements of B in 23 ways.
function with the period 8
17
3x 2  9x  17 10
124. Let y = 2 =1+ 2
 f(2  8r)
r0
= 7 × 18 = 126. 3x  9x  7 3x  9x  7
Now, 3x2 + 9x + 7 = 3(x2 + 3x) + 7
119.  |f(x) + g(x)|  |f(x)| + |g(x)| ... (i)

1.91
 Differential Calculus 102

Differential Calculus

2
 3 1 1 t 1
= 3  x     for all x R. x=
 2 4 4 t

10 t x
Maximum value of is 40  fn(t) =  fn(x) = = f5(x)
3x  9x  7 2 t 1 x 1
Maximum value of y is 1 + 40 = 41 hence n = 5
 5k + 1 = 41  k = 8
129. Range of  sin x   is 3, 4
10 x  10  x 10 2x  1
125. y =  ... (i) ax  b a
10 x  10  x 10 2x  1 130. If f  x   , x  , then f(f(x)) = x
cx  a c
The function is one-one for if y(x1) = y(x2)
  4  4
10 2x1  1 10 2x 2  1  f  f  x    x and f  f    
then   x 1 = x2   x  x
10 2x1  1 10 2x 2  1
  4  4
 f  f  x   f  f     x   4
  x  x
2x
1 10  1
We have 
y 102x  1
131. f(2)  a sin 2  2b cos 2  8
2x
1  y 10  1  10  1 2x f(2)  a sin 2  2b cos 2  8
 = 102x
1  y 10 2x  1  10 2x  1 
f(2)  f(2)  16
1  y 
 2x  log    f(2)  16  15  1
1 y 
132. Let f (t) = 24t  5  16t 2
1 1 y 
f -1
(y) = log 10   24 t – 5 – 16 t2 > 0  {x} = t ; 0 < t < 1
2 1 y 
1 5
m=2  t & 0<t< 1
4 4
127. For f to be onto range of the function should be
1
[2,  ). So, x 2  0  x2  4  4  x 2  4  2  4  t 1
 a 2  4a  4  a = 1  5 Moreover 24 t –5 – 16 t2 is an increasing function
x 1 1 
128. Given f6(x) = ...(1) t   ,1 
x 4 
2
fm (x)  1 1 1 1
 f6  fm (x) = f (x) ...(2) Now f    24   5  6    0
m 4 4 4
1
but f6  fm (x) = f4(x) = (given) f 1  24  1  5  16  3
1 x
fm (x)  1  a = 0, b  3  b2 – a = 3
1
 f6  fm (x) = =
fm (x) 1 x  2x  8  2x  8
133. log 0.5  0  1
1  x2  x2
put fm(x) = k, k  1 =
k 1  x  x  (2, 6]  b  a  4

x 1 E 1  E  2   E  3   .....  E 100 

k – kx – 1 + x = k k = 134.
x 100.

x 1 E  010203....99100 

 fm(x) = = f6(x)  m = 6 100
x
20  2  4  6  8 
1  4.
again fn  f4 (x) = f3(x) = 100
x 135. –1 < log2 e [x] < 1

 1  1 1 1
fn   < [x] < 2e
 = ; let = t t – tx = 1 2e
 1  x  x 1 x
 1< [x] < 5
 1< x < 6

1.92
 Differential Calculus 103

Functions

136. f(x) = 0  x  R  f(3) – f(2) = 0. 1

137. The function is defined if  x 2 f  x   2f    g  x 
x
(i) [x]  2
x 1
(ii) 0  x 2 f  x   2f    0
x x

x x 1 1 1
(iii) log  x  0 (iv) 0  log  x  1. replace x with , we get 2 f    2f  x   0
x x x x x
Now (i) for x  2  3x 2f  x   0  f  x   0  x  0 
(ii) and (iii)are true x  2 and
 f 10   0
x
log  x   log x  1  0 .
x 139. 2 |x|  2 x

 Solutions are 3.
1
Hence f  x   cos  0   .
2
(0, 2)

Hence the range of the function is   .
 2 y=2
–x

138. f(-x) = f(x), g(-x) = -g(x) (2, 0) (2, 0)

1
 x 2f  x   2f    g  x  &
x 140. Roots are 1, 0
third root lie in (0, 1)
 1 
x 2f  x   2f    g  x           1
 x 
Single Choice
Matching Type
2x    (x1  x 2 )  0  x1  x 2
141. A) for Df , – 1  1– x
 2 2  x12  x1x 2  x 22  1  0
  143. A) Graph of y  nx  1 and y  2 x do not intersect.
B) –  sin–1 x   x [–1, 1]
2 2
B) f  x  is the constant function having range as –1
 2
 –1    sin–1 x  1 only So, x  1 is solution.
  C) Let [x] = n, then {– x} = {x}
C) let p(x) = tan–1 x, q(x) = 1  x 2  – x + (n + 1) = x – n
then, Dh = Dp  Dq 2n  1 2n  1
x  1  x  2  1  2
= R  [–1, 1] = [–1, 1] 2 2
3 3
   2  n
D) – < tan–1 x <  –1 <   tan–1 x < 1. 2 2
2 2   Hence n = –1, 0, 1
2x  1 2 D) Let x  I  f hence
142. A) Since will not attain the value but is
3x  4 3 271  13I
f  0  f 1
one-one. 25
B) Since sin x is neither one-one nor does it take all  I  19, 20 and corresponding f
real values. 144. A) Domain f = (–1, 1);
C) x 3  x  1 is not one-one 1x
 , ln x are one-one
 f(0) = f(1) = 1 1 x
D) x 3  x  1 is certainly onto and is one-one Since 1  x 
 ln   is also one-one.
3
f(x1) = f(x2)  x  x 1  1  x  x 2  1
1
3
2 1 x 
As f(–x) = – f(x) so f is odd
 (x 13  x 23 )  (x 1  x 2 )  0 Hence, f is not periodic.

1.93
 Differential Calculus 104

Differential Calculus

f(x) has range R and f is odd. f(x)  0 x;  f is not odd

B) f has domain  {x : x 2  1  0}  R ~ [1,1]
D) f has domain R. |f(x)| 2 x
f is even, hence, f is not 1 – 1 and f is not odd.
f(x)  0  x; (0,1); f is not one-one
f(x) has range R.
C) t  2x ; f(x)  t 2  t  1 : t  0 f(1)  0  { sin1c }  (1  sin1c )  sin1c  1
Domain of f is R. f(1)  0  sin1c ; f is not odd.
2
 1 3 sin{x} has period 1
t 2  t  1   t    has range (1, )
 2  4 {sin x} has period 2
x
f is one-one as t  2 and t  t 2  t  1 : t  0 are one- f is not periodic.
one

1.94
 Differential Calculus 105

Functions

Explanations
to
Single Choice

 x2  f '  x   3x 2  2x  100  5 cos x

 x0
2
= 3x2 + 2x + 94 + (6 + 5 cos x) > 0
1. f  x    1  x2
 x  f is an increasing function and consequently a one-
x0 one function.
 1  x 2
Clearly f       ,f      and f(x) is
if x  0
continuous, therefore
x 2 y range f = R = codomain f. Hence f is onto.
y x , y   0,1
1  x2 1y k3  k  3
4. f  f  k    f  k  3  and so, f    27 . If
if x  0 2  2 
k3 k3
x 2  x    y , y  1, 0 is odd, then  3  27 gives k = 45
y   2 2
1  x2 1 y
k3 k3
Clearly k  45   24 is even. So is even
 x 2 2
 x   1, 0 
 1 x
 f 1  x    k 3 k 3
 x and f    27 gives k = 105
  1  x x   0,1  2  4

x
5. After simplification g  x  
x x 1
 f 1  x   sgn  x 
1 | x |  g  2  2

  6. f  0   1, f 1  1  sin1 ,g(0)  1, g(1)  1

2. For f to be onto ,range  0, 
 2
7. x 3 f  x   1  cos 2x  |f  x  | 2
This is possible only when x 2  x  a  0 |cos x| + |f(x)|
2 1 since R.H.S is positive, so L.H.S must be positive so
 1  4a  0  a  , x3f(x) > 0  f(x) < 0
4
1  3  
 x  0 when
3
x 
but when a  we have  4 2 
4

1  1
2  x 3 f  x    2 cos x  f  x 
x2  x  a  x2  x   x    0
4  2
 2 cos x
 f x 
 x  x  a  0 ,then range is subset of codomain.
2
1  x3

1 8. y  log[ax 3  (a  b)x 2  (b  c)x  c] =

 The set of values of a for which f is onto is  4 
log [(ax 2  bx  c)(x  1)]
3. f  x   x 3  x 2  100x  5 sin x

1.95
 Differential Calculus 106

Differential Calculus

  b  b2    b2  4ac  0 
 log  a  x    c    x  1  b
  2a  4a   since a > 0  y is defined if x   and
2a
2
  b    b  
= log  a  x   (x  1) x  1  x  R       , 1
  2a     2a  

Multiple Choice

9. If f  a  x   f  a  x  or f  2a  x   f  x  ,then f is 2f(x)  5
 Using (3) and (4) we have f(x  2)  f(x  2)
symmetric about the line x = a.Clearly f(x)  2
f 101  x   f  x   2a = 101  x = 50.5,i.e f is  f(x  4)  f(x)  f(x) is periodic with period 4
symmetric about the line x = 50.5,and f has minimum 8 to 10 : Here, n=2

at x = 50.5,  f  50.5   1  3  5  ...  99 =2500 1

f(1)  2f(2)  2  3f(2) f(2) 
4
Also max {|x|,|y|}=2500 is square whose one vertex
is (2500,2500).y = 2500 will meet the graph in infinite 1 1
n = 3 f(3)   f(n) 
points because f(x) = 2500 for 50 < x < 51. 6 2n
1 1
10. f(x)  (x  a)2  a, x  [a, ) f(1003)  
2  1003 2006
Let y  (x  a)2  a clearly y  a
1 1
1
f(999)  
 f (x)  a  x  a 2  999 1998
12. Domain of f = R, Domain g = R – [–1, 0);
Now f(x)  f 1(x)  (x  a)2  a  a  x  a
because if 1  x  0 thus 1  [x]  0
(x  a)2  x  a  Domain of f – g = R– [–1, 0); since
3
 (x  a)4  (x  a)  x  a or (x  a)  1 e  x  0  (1  [x])y  0

 x  a or a  1  y  0 is 1  [x]  0 ,  y  0 is 1  [x]  0
If a = 5049, then a + 1 = 5050  y  R  {0} .
If a + 1 = 5049, then a = 5048
13.  x  1 f  x   x  0 is a polynomial of degree n+1.
f(x)  5
11. f(x  1)  ...(1)   x  1 f  x   x   x  0  x  1 x  2  .....  x  n  K
f(x)  3
(Identity)
 f(x)f(x  1)  3f(x  1)  f(x)  5 put
3f(x  1)  5 x  n  1   n  2  f  n  1   n  1   n  1 !K ... 1
 f(x)  ...(2)
f(x  1)  1 n 1
put x  1  1   1  n  1 ! ...  2
Replacing x by (x  1) , we get From (1) and (2)
3f(x)  5  1, n odd
f(x  1)   n  1   1
n1
f(x)  1 
 f  n  1    n
n2 , n even
f(x)  5  n  2
5
f(x  1)  5 f(x)  3 14. f(15 + x) = f(15 – x), replace x with 15 + x, we have
Using, (1), f(x  2)   f(30 + x) = f(x)
f(x  1)  3 f(x)  5  3
f(x)  3 But, f(30 + x) = –f(30–x)  f  30  x   f  x 
replace x with 30 + x
2f(x)  5
 Using (2),  f  60  x    f  30  x   f  x 
f(x)  2
 f  x  is a periodic and
 3f(x)  5 
3 5 f  30  x   f  x   f  30  x   f   x    f  x 
3f(x  1)  5 f(x)  1 
f(x  2)   
f(x  1)  1 3f(x)  5  f  x  is an odd function
1
f(x)  1

1.96
 Differential Calculus 107

Functions

Comprehension Linked Passages

15. f  2   f  1  f  0   1 Thus, f  n  1  f  n  holds for all n  2.
f  3   f  2   f 1  2  f  2  16. By last assertion f  n  is strictly increasing.
f  4   f  3  f  2  3 This if f (f(n)) = f(n) then f(n) = n.
For n > 2, f(n) = n is satisfied by 5 only.
If we assume f  n   f  n  1 f and  f(5) = 5
f  n  1  f  n  For n  2, f  n   n is satisfied by 0,1.
In all there are three values.
Then on adding f  n  2   f  n  1
17. By induction we can prove it.

Single
IntegerChoice
Type
18. Since f(10 – x) = f(x) = f(4 – x) 19. f[f(x)]  x  d  a
 f 10  x   f  4  x  ax  b
f(x) 
say 4 – x = t cx  a
 f(6 + t) = f(t)  f(x) is periodic function with
f(5)  5  5a  b  (5c  a)5  25c  5a
period 6
so for x  0, 25 f(13)  13  13a  b  (13c  a)13
 169c  13a
f(x) = 101 at x = 0, 6,12, 18, 24 Total numbers=5
since f(2 – x) = f(2 + x)  f(x) is symmetric about x 8a  144c  8a
= 2 line  a  9c
Due to symmetry in one period length.
f(x) = 101 one solution at x = 4 other than 0 and 6. 9cx  b
 f(x) 
Now f(x) = 101 at x = 4, 10, 16, 22 cx  a
Total numbers = 4
a
Hence atleast minimum possible number of values of Range f(x) does not contain 9k 9
x=9. c

1.97
 Differential Calculus 108

Differential Calculus

Explanations
to Flashback
Single Choice
x 2  4x  30 (x  2)2  26  x 
1. f(x) =  =y  
x 2  8x  10 (x  4)2  2  x  1 = x
f  f  x   x 
Clearly y > 0,  f is not onto x
1
and f is many -one function. x 1
2. f(x) = (a - xn)1/n, a > 0, n in +ve integer
f(f(x)) = f [(a - xn)1/n]  2x
 x
= [a - {(a - xn)1/n}n]1/n = (a - a + xn)1/n = x    1 x  1
1
3. f(x) =
log 10 (1  x)
is defined only when 1 – x > 0 and
2
 2

    1 x  1   x  0 ...(1)
2
1– x  1.    1  0 and 1    0
 x < 1 and x  0  Df = (-, 1) - {0}
 As true  x  -1 
For domain of g(x) = x  2 , x + 2  0  x  -2  
 Equation  
1 is an identity 
 Common domain is [-2, 1) - {0}
4. Every linear function is either strictly increasing or strictly    1
decreasing. If let f(x) = ax + b be the linear function
which maps [–1, 1] on to [0, 2] 1, x  0
 f(–1) = 0 and f(1) = 2 
8. g(x) = 1 + x – [x]; f(x) = 0, x  0
or f(–1) =2 and f(1) = 0 1, x  0
Depending on f(x) is increasing or decreasing. 
g (x) = 1 + {x}> 0
 –a + b = 0 and a + b = 2 ... (i)
f (g (x)) = 1
or –a + b = 2 and a + b = 0 ... (ii)
9. f : [1, )  [2, )
Solving (i) we get a = 1, b = 1, solving (ii) we get
a = –1, b = 1. 1
f(x) = x + = y  x2 - yx + 1 = 0
Thus there are only two functions either x + 1 or x
–x + 1.
y  y2  4
5. fog = f(g(x)) = |sin x| = sin 2 x x=
2
Also gof = g(f(x)) = sin2 x x 1 y  y2  4
But  y  2  x =
Obviously, sin 2 x = g(x) and sin2 x = sin2(f(x))  2
i.e. g(x) = sin2 x and f(x) = x . x  x2  4
 f-1 (x) =
6. It is given that 2x  2y  2  x, y  R 2
log 2  x  3
Therefore, 2x  2  2 y  2  0  2x  2 10. For domain of f(x) =
x 2  3x  2
 x 1
2 2 2
x 2  3x  2  0 and x  3  0
Hence domain is    x  1 .
 x  1,  2 and x  3
x
7. f(x) = , x  1  Df =  3,    1,  2
x 1

1.98
 Differential Calculus 109

Functions

11. Given that f(x) = (x + 1)2 , x  – 1  

Now if g(x) is the reflection of f(x) in the line y = x then  x
4 4
it can be obtained by interchanging x and y in f(x) i.e.,
y = (x + 1)2 changes to x = (y + 1)2   
 y + 1=  sin  is invertible when - 2    2 
.
x 
y= x – 1 defined  x  0 16. Since only (c) satisfy given definition
i.e., f(f 1(B))  B
 g(x) = x – 1,  x  0
12. Given that f : [0, )  [0, ) Only If B  f(X) .
x 17. Let t  3x  0 , then Given function
such that f(x) =
x 1
Now f(x1) = f(x2)  8t 
   8t 
x1 x2 = sin  9 2
1
  sin1  2 
   x1  x 2  1 t  9t 
x1  1 x 2  1  
 9 
f is one-one. Also Df = [0, )
x y 8t
And for range let =yx= It is defined when 1  1
1 x 1 y 9  t2
 x  0  0  y < 1  Rf = [0, 1)  codomain 8t 8t
 f is not onto.   1  0 and 10
Hence Df  Rf  f is not onto. 9  t2 9  t2

  t 2  8t  9 t 2  8t  9
13. f(x) is real if sin-1 2x+  0  sin-1 2x  – ... (i)   0 and 0
6 6 t2  9 t2  9

   t  9  0  t  1
But we know that –  sin-1 2x  ... (ii)  and t  3  0  t  0 
2 2 (t  3)  
 
Combining (i) and (ii), –  sin-1 2x 
6 2

  1 1 3 9
 sin (– )  2x  sin ( )  –  2x  1
6 2 2

1 1  1 1  t  1 or t  9
– x  Df =   , 
4 2  4 2
 3 x  1 or 3 x  9
2 2
x  x  2 (x  x  1)  1
14. We have f(x) =   x  0 or x  2
x2  x  1 x2  x  1
 3x  1 or 3x  9
1  x  0 or x  2
 1
x2  x  1
 Domain    , 0   2,  
4.1.1  1
Here x2 + x + 1 > 18. f(x)  x 2 , g(x)  sin x
4
(gof)(x)  sin x 2
1 4
 0 
x2  x  1 3 go(gof)(x)  sin (sin x 2 )

7 (fogogof)(x)  (sin (sin x 2 ))2

 f(x)(1, ]
3
Again, (gof)(x)  sin x 2
15. f(x) = sin x + cos x, g(x) = x2 – 1
2 (gogof)(x)  sin(sin x 2 )
 g  f(x) =  sin x  cos x   1  sin 2x
Given, (fogogof) (x) = (gogof)(x)
   (sin(sin x 2 ))2  sin(sin x 2 )
Clearly g(f(x)) is invertible in   2x 
2 2
 sin(sin x 2 ){sin(sin x 2 )  1}  0

1.99
 Differential Calculus 110

Differential Calculus

 sin(sin x 2 )  0 or sin(sin x 2 )  1  1
From Eqns. (i) and (ii), we get y   1,   codomain
  b
 sin x 2  0 or sin x 2  (rejected)
2 Thus, f(x) is not invertible.
20. f :[0, 3]  [1, 29]
 x 2  n
bx f(x)  2x 3  15x 2  36x  1
19. Here, f(x) 
1  bx  f '(x)  6x 2  30x  36  6(x 2  5x  6)
 y  bxy  b  x  x(1  by)  b  y  6(x  2)(x  3)
by by + +
x  , where 0  x  1 0  1
1  by 1  by 2 3
For given domain [0, 3], f(x) is increasing as well as
by by
 0 and 1 decreasing  many-one
1  by 1  by
Now, put f '(x)  0
1
 y  b or y  ....(i)  x  2,3
b
Thus, for Range f(0) = 1, f(2) = 29, f(3) = 28
(b  1)(y  1) 1  Range  [1, 29]
 0 1 y  ....(ii)
1  by b
 f is onto..
Multiple Choice
21. f(–x) = [ log (sec x – tan x)]3 = – f(x)  f is odd f(x) is an increasing function.
2 2
3[ln(sec x  tan x)] (sec x tan x  sec x)  f(x) is an one-one function.
f '(x) 
(sec x  tanx)  x
(sec x  tan x)  tan      .
   
f '(x)  3 sec x[ln(sec x  tan x)]2  0, x   ,   4 2
 2 2
Single
IntegerChoice
Type
22. f(x) exists if 4 – x2 > 0 and 1 – x > 0    
24. f(x) = sin2 x + sin2  x   + cos x cos  x  
 x  4  0 and x – 1 < 0
2
 3  3

 x   2, 2  and x < 1  x   2,1 2

     
 Domain of f is (–2, 1) or f(x) = sin x +  sin  x     cos x cos  x  
2
  3   3
23. Since f is an even function, f(- x) = f(x).
1 2
 x 1   x 1 
 Now f  x  2   f(x)  f  x  2   f( x)
f(x) = sin2 x +
4
sin x  3 cos x  +
   
1
x 1
 x or
x 1
x 2

cos x cos x  3 sin x 

x2 x2
5
 x2 + x – 1 = 0 or x2 + 3x + 1 = 0 =
4
 sin 2 x  cos2 x   45
1  5 3  5
 x= or x = . 5
2 2 (gof)x = g  f(x)  g    1
4

Single Choice
Matching Type
(x  1)(x  5) f(x) < 0  x  1, 2    3, 5 
25. f(x) = (x  2)(x  3)
x 2  6x  5
+ – + – + f(x)  1  1
x 2  5x  6
–1 2 3 5  x  1  0
  x   1, 2    3,   .
f(x)  0  x   , 1   2, 3    5,    x  2 x  3

1.100