CAMARINES SUR NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL

ACCOUNTANCY, BUSINESS AND MANAGEMENT

GRADE 11

SAMPLES OF ACADEMIC TEXTS

COMPILED BY:

ANDAL, RDLYN

ATOS, JOHN RONDEL

BANDOJO, ALILIE

CORTEZANO, DANIEL

DELA CRUZ, ANGEL

DELOS SANTOS, KRIS LEA

MENDOZA, IVAN JAMES

FRANCISCO, KEVIN

SICAM, PATIRCIA ROSE

 TABLE ON CONTENTS

INTRODUCTION

1.1 ACADEMIC TEXT ………………………………………………. 1

1.2 NON- ACADEMIC TEXT………………………………………… 1-2

1.3 ESSAY…………………………………………………………….. 3 - 4

1.4 TEXTBOOK………………………………………………………... 5

1.5 THESES……………………………………………………………. 6 - 7

1.6 CASE STUDIES…………………………………………………... 8

1.7 REPORTS………………………………………………………….. 9 - 10

1.8 RESEARCH ARTICLES…………………………………………... 11

1.9 EXAMPLES……………………………………………………...…. 12-18

 INTRODUCTION
1.1 ACADEMIC TEXT
An important feature of academic texts is that they are organized in a specific way; they
have a clear structure. This structure makes it easier for your reader to navigate your text and
understand the material better. It also makes it easier for you to organize your material. The
structure of an academic text should be clear throughout the text and within each section,
paragraph and even sentence.

Academic Text is one known thing for collecting ideas about a particular topic. It's written
on a given subject in each field, where authors do not just deal with the concepts and theories
about the subject only. They are edited by the author's peers and often take years to publish.
Their language is formal and will contain words and terms typical to the field. The author's name
will be present, as will their credentials. There will be a list of references that indicate where the
author obtained the information s/he is using in the article.

The primary goal of academic writing is to inform the audience while providing non-
biased information and providing solid evidence to back up the writer's claims. Furthermore,
academic writing heavily incorporates vocabulary/ies that are intended for a specific field to
avoid plagiarism sources of evidence and research must be cited both in-text and in the
reference list when writing academic text.

1.2 NON – ACADEMIC TEXT

Non-Academic Text: Something which is not related to a school or formal education is

called nonacademic. Nonacademic books, including magazine articles, personal or business
letters, novels, websites, text messages, etc., are some examples of nonacademic writing.
Some other examples are reading fantasy, thriller, crime, science-fiction, etc., which exposes
students to a broader range of words that they can utilize to express themselves, essays, and
respond to questions throughout their personal life. Nonacademic texts include writings that are
informal and dedicated to a lay audience. Articles, e-mail messages, text messages, journal
writing, and letters are some examples of nonacademic text.

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 Nonacademic articles are written for the widespread public. They are published rapidly
and can be written by anyone. Nonacademic articles can be found in periodicals like Time,
Newsweek, or Rolling Stone. Some non-academic achievements are internships, traveling,
volunteer work, extra-curricular activities, hobbies, and interests. The major purpose of a
nonacademic text is to inform or persuade readers. They do not contain any citations. Some
examples of nonacademic texts are personal journal entries, memoirs, autobiographical writing,
letters, E-mails, text messages, newspaper articles, journal writing, etc. Nonacademic Subjects
are- physical education, music, art, and livelihood education. Academic writing is a formal and
impersonal writing style for a scholarly student or an academic audience. But nonacademic
writing is an information and often subjective style of writing that aims at the mass public.

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1.3 ESSAY
 Though the word essay has come to be understood as a type of writing in Modern
English, its origins provide us with some useful insights. The word comes into the English
language through the French influence on Middle English; tracing it back further, we find that the
French form of the word comes from the Latin verb exigere, which means "to examine, test, or
(literally) to drive out." Through the excavation of this ancient word, we are able to unearth the
essence of the academic essay: to encourage students to test or examine their ideas
concerning a particular topic.

Essays are shorter pieces of writing that often require the student to hone a number of
skills such as close reading, analysis, comparison and contrast, persuasion, conciseness,
clarity, and exposition. As is evidenced by this list of attributes, there is much to be gained by
the student who strives to succeed at essay writing. Not all essays are academic, only those
that are written for professional audience and exhibit formal tone in subject matter, sentence
structure, and language can be considered academic.

THE FIVE MAIN ESSAY TYPES ARE:

Expository- An expository essay is an essay that communicates factual information.

Broadly, this type of writing is known as expository writing. Expository essays rely on different
structures to communicate their positions, like compare and contrast, process essays, and
analyzing cause and effect.

Argumentative- An Argumentative Essay is a piece of writing in which the author takes a

position topic. A writer strives to persuade readers to understand and support their point of view
on topic in a good argumentative essay by presenting their reasoning and offering evidence to
back up.

Persuasive- A persuasive essay is one in which you use logic and arguments to
convince readers of your point of view. For that, you need to provide solid evidence for
arguments, such as research, stating facts, examples, quotes from experts, and logical reasons.

Persuasive essays are also known as argumentative. However, there’s a difference

between these two essay types:

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 In argumentative essays, you show both sides of the coin to readers. You describe all
arguments and counterarguments, even if you don’t agree with some of them, and it’s up to
readers to decide which works best.

In persuasive essays, you choose a side and represent arguments only about this
aspect to convince readers of the truth of your words.

Descriptive- The descriptive essay is a genre of essay that asks the student to describe
something—object, person, place, experience, emotion, situation, etc. This genre encourages
the student's ability to create a written account of a particular experience.

Narrative- A narrative essay tells a story. In most cases, this is a story about a personal
experience you had. This type of essay, along with the descriptive essay, allows you to get
personal and creative, unlike most academic writing

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1.4 TEXTBOOK

a book used as a standard work for the study of a particular subject. It is a book
containing a comprehensive compilation of content in a branch of study with the intention of
explaining it. Textbooks are produced to meet the needs of educators, usually at educational
institutions. Schoolbooks are textbooks and other books used in schools. A written source of
information, designed specifically for the use of students, on a particular subject or field of study
that is usually developed based on a syllabus and geared towards meeting specific quality and
learning requirements.

A textbook is any book or a book substitute, including hard-covered or paperback books,

workbooks designed to be written in and used up, certain newspapers and news magazines and
manuals which a pupil is required to use as a text or a text-substitute in a particular class or
program as a primary source of study material intended to implement a major part of a State or
local curriculum. Books used in support of a Whole Language program are eligible under this
program. Sheet music is eligible provided it is used to implement part of a state or local
curriculum in music. Pursuant to Sections 207 and 701(2) of the Education Law as amended by
Chapter 405 of the Laws of 1999, textbooks include courseware or other content-based
instructional materials in electronic format, which means any instructional medium that provides
specific nonsectarian educational content to students via a computer or other electronic system
and is required as a primary source of study material intended to implement a major part of a
state or local curriculum

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1.5 THESES

The thesis is one of the most important concepts in college expository writing. A thesis sentence
focuses your ideas for the paper; it's your argument or insight or viewpoint crystallized into a
single sentence that gives the reader your main idea. It's not only useful for the reading
audience to understand the purpose of the essay; this purpose is also useful for you as a writer,
as it indicates the type of support that will follow in the paper and may indicate a logical
structure or order for that support. Thus, you need to have a good grasp of the concept of thesis
in order to proceed.

The thesis identifies two basics:

 what your ideas are about, and

 what your ideas are (i.e. what you will be trying to prove).


There are two parts to a thesis sentence that reflect these basics.

 The topic in the thesis tells what you are writing about.
 The angle in the thesis tells what your ideas are about the topic (again, what you are
trying to prove).

8 TYPES OF THESES:

Descriptive research - is a type of analysis that outlines the features of the population or issues
under study. It provides additional information about the observed object and its interactions
with the environment.

Content analysis - here it's important to be specific about your analysis methods and/or
techniques – don't leave any room for interpretation.

Exploratory research - is usually qualitative, but a large-sample exploratory study can also be
quantitative. And is used for the preliminary investigation of a subject that is not yet well
understood or sufficiently researched. Exploratory research does not aim to provide final and
conclusive answers to research questions.

Grounded theory - researchers collect rich data on a topic of interest and develop theories
inductively. Although individual approaches may vary, qualitative dissertations usually include
certain foundational characteristics.

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Ethnography- participating in a community or organization for an extended period of time to
closely observe culture and behavior. Grounded theory involves collecting data in order to
develop new theories.

Analytical research - is a unique type of research for which you use critical thinking to evaluate
facts that relate to your research.

Narrative research - involves interpreting stories to understand how people make sense of their
experiences and perceptions. They present (and discuss) their findings through personal
accounts, case studies, narratives, and other means that identify themes or abstracts,
processes.

Case study research; Autoethnographies; Narrative research; Grounded theory - although

individual approaches may vary, qualitative dissertations. Overall, qualitative dissertations will
be very different in approach, depending on the route that you adopt.

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1.6 CASE STUDIES

A case study research design usually involves qualitative methods, but quantitative
methods are sometimes also used. Case studies are good for describing, comparing,
evaluating, and understanding different aspects of a research problem. an intensive study about
a person, a group of People or a unit, which is aimed to generalize over several units

Case studies are often a good choice in a thesis or dissertation. They keep your project
focused and manageable when you don’t have the time or resources to do large-scale research.
is a detailed study of a specific subject, such as a person, group, place, event, organization, or
phenomenon. Commonly used in social, educational, clinical, and business research.

A case study is an appropriate research design when you want to gain concrete,
contextual, in-depth knowledge about a specific real-world subject. It allows you to explore the
key characteristics, meanings, and implications of the case. You might use just one complex
case study where you explore a single subject in depth or conduct multiple case studies to
compare and illuminate different aspects of your research problem.

TYPES OF CASE STUDY

Illustrative Case Studies- are descriptive studies that depict one or more circumstances
of an event to explain the situation. According to Hayes, Kyer, and Weber (2015), this type of
case study is used to “describe a situation or a phenomenon, what is happening with it, and why
it is happening”

Exploratory (or pilot) Case studies- The explanatory case study focuses on an
explanation for a question or a phenomenon. It is a study that involve researching a specific
topic to the point where thorough, detailed, and complete understanding occurs.

Cumulative Case Studies- Cumulative case studies aggregate data from several sites
collected at different times. Evaluators considering the case study as an evaluation design must
decide what type of question they have and examine the ability of each type of case study to
answer the specific question.

Critical instance Case Studies- A study that typically involves investigating one or more
phenomena to decipher and focus on a single occurrence instead of making a generalization
about the situation

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1.7 REPORTS

A report is a specific form of writing that is organized around concisely identifying and
examining issues, events, or findings that have happened in a physical sense, such as events
that have occurred within an organization, or findings from a research investigation. It can be
written to present and discuss research findings as they provide the reader with the rationale for
the research, a description of the method used to conduct the research, the findings, results, a
logical discussion, and conclusions/recommendations.

Academic reports are used to present and discuss the results of an experiment, survey,
or other research method. These reports often require a specific layout and the inclusion of a
certain set of sections. Below, we describe the most often-used sections in an academic report
in the order in which they generally appear. Before we begin, note that when writing an
academic report, you must always follow the guidelines for formal academic writing, including
citing trustworthy sources and using correct grammar, spelling, and punctuation.

The sections that are usually included in an academic report are as follows:

1. Introduction
2. Literature Review/Background
3. Methods
4. Results
5. Discussion
6. Conclusion

TYPES OF REPORT

Progress Report - A progress report shows how a specific project or plan is progressing. It
shows and visualizes any variety of the following things:

 If goals are being met or not

 When a specific task needs to be either repeated or discarded
 A timeframe of task completed and results
 New or adjusted goals created with data from the ongoing process

Sales Report - A sales report showcases the results of a sales campaign. These are presented
by the sales team to the stakeholders of a company or the other teams like marketing and
content marketing. It’s usually presented at the end of a campaign, otherwise it would be a sales
progress report.

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Market Research Report- A market research report is all about showing the results of a market
research audit. The main idea is to describe the competitors, the ideal client, the current
atmosphere in the market and ideas on how to implement a successful marketing strategy.

“The State of “Report - Similar to market research reports, this type of report can be about any
topic whatsoever. The research will go in-depth, with surveys and studies that show trends and
statistics that are then visualized and presented.

Weekly/ Monthly/ Quarterly Report - Like progress reports, weekly, monthly, and quarterly
reports are constants in a business setting. They’re usually more generalized than a progress
report, which is about a specific project.

Annual Report- An annual report is the cumulative data about a company for an entire year.
These reports are much larger than others because they have a lot more information. Many
companies create beautifully designed annual reports to show off their data.

Forecast Report- Another business-minded report is the forecast report. This type of report is
similar to the “state of the” report but instead of being about the present, it’s about the future.

Book Report- In the educational aspect, reports are a little different. A book report, for example,
is meant to show that a student has read a book and can give a summary of it to the class and
the teacher.

Scientific Finding Report- Scientific finding reports can be used in the classroom to teach
students about the scientific method and how to present the findings.

Analysis Report- An analysis report in school is mostly used in Literature classes. The main idea
is to analyze a book or a group of books and analyze them. This can be done with one analysis
terms or in a more general sense.

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1.8 RESEARCH ARTICLES

A research paper is a piece of academic writing that provides analysis, interpretation,

and argument based on in-depth independent research. Research papers are an excellent
platform to disseminate a novel finding to a general or focused audience, which may be
interested in replicating the experiments; identifying novel applications for the finding, etc., as
well as to popularize your research to the world and prevent duplication of the study.

Research papers are like academic essays, but they are usually longer and more
detailed assignments, designed to assess not only your writing skills but also your skills in
scholarly research. Writing a research paper requires you to demonstrate a strong knowledge of
your topic, engage with a variety of sources, and make an original contribution to the debate.

A good research paper should be rigorous, controlled, Accurate, replicable, Clear,

Concise, Valid, Verifiable, Sequential, etc. The data the researcher adds in the research paper
should have to be verifiable and provable.

There are eight main parts in a research paper:

1. Title (cover page)

2. Introduction.
3. Literature review.
4. Research methodology.
5. Data analysis.
6. Results.
7. Conclusion.
8. Reference page.

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1.9 EXAMPLES

A. ESSAY

This is a college essay that worked for Harvard University.

(Suggested reading: How to Get Into Harvard Undergrad)

This past summer, I had the privilege of participating in the University of Notre Dame’s
Research Experience for Undergraduates (REU) program . Under the mentorship of Professor
Wendy Bozeman and Professor Georgia Lebedev from the department of Biological Sciences,
my goal this summer was to research the effects of cobalt iron oxide cored (CoFe2O3) titanium
dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticles as a scaffold for drug delivery, specifically in the delivery of a
compound known as curcumin, a flavonoid known for its anti-inflammatory effects. As a high
school student trying to find a research opportunity, it was very difficult to find a place that was
willing to take me in, but after many months of trying, I sought the help of my high school biology
teacher, who used his resources to help me obtain a position in the program.

Using equipment that a high school student could only dream of using, I was able to map
apoptosis (programmed cell death) versus necrosis (cell death due to damage) in HeLa cells, a
cervical cancer line, after treating them with curcumin-bound nanoparticles. Using flow
cytometry to excite each individually suspended cell with a laser, the scattered light from the
cells helped to determine which cells were living, had died from apoptosis or had died from
necrosis. Using this collected data, it was possible to determine if the curcumin and/or the
nanoparticles had played any significant role on the cervical cancer cells. Later, I was able to
image cells in 4D through con-focal microscopy. From growing HeLa cells to trying to kill them
with different compounds, I was able to gain the hands-on experience necessary for me to
realize once again why I love science.

Living on the Notre Dame campus with other REU students, UND athletes, and other summer
school students was a whole other experience that prepared me for the world beyond high
school. For 9 weeks, I worked, played and bonded with the other students, and had the
opportunity to live the life of an independent college student.

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Along with the individually tailored research projects and the housing opportunity, there were
seminars on public speaking, trips to the Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, and one-on-
one writing seminars for the end of the summer research papers we were each required to
write. By the end of the summer, I wasn’t ready to leave the research that I was doing. While my
research didn’t yield definitive results for the effects of curcumin on cervical cancer cells, my
research on curcumin-functionalized CoFe2O4/TiO2 core-shell nanoconjugates indicated that
there were many unknown factors affecting the HeLa cells, and spurred the lab to expand their
research into determining whether or not the timing of the drug delivery mattered and whether or
not the position of the binding site of the drugs would alter the results. Through this summer
experience, I realized my ambition to pursue a career in research. I always knew that I would
want to pursue a future in science, but the exciting world of research where the discoveries are
limitless has captured my heart. This school year, the REU program has offered me a year-long
job, and despite my obligations as a high school senior preparing for college, I couldn’t give up
this offer, and so during this school year, I will be able to further both my research and interest
in nanotechnology.

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B. TEXTBOOK

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 C. THESES

Examples of thesis statements related to Covid-19

Thesis Statement: The rise of online shopping in the wake of COVID-19 might lead to the
permanent closure of millions of brick-and-mortar outlets.

The above statement can be deemed analytical, with a need for evidence to support the
statement. There have been several research reports, statistics and forecasts on the rise of
online shopping retailers like Amazon amidst the crisis. Similarly, many outlets including
Microsoft’s retail outlets have closed permanently during the pandemic. There has also been
closure of virtually every type of business from across a wide array of industries due to COVID-
19, especially the ones that have failed to digitize. You can also make your statement more
specific by focusing on closure of retail outlets, eateries, etc.

Note that the above statement does not discuss the closure of businesses but the
physical outlets. For example, Microsoft closed its retail outlets but the products can still be
bought online or through various other vendors/stores.

Thesis Statement: Because many people might be unwilling to vaccinate in country x due to
their reluctance towards a COVID-19 vaccine, the government must ensure that mass
awareness campaigns regarding the need to vaccinate starts prior to the launch of the vaccine.

This statement makes a case for the use of vaccination by convincing people to
vaccinate as soon as a new vaccine becomes available. This is a persuasive statement, which
can be backed by evidence regarding how anti-vaccination drives and misconceptions have in
the past led to the spread of disease. For example, misconceptions and resistance towards the
polio vaccine has resulted in cases still being reported in countries like Afghanistan and
Pakistan.

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D. CASE STUDIES
E. REPORTS

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F. RESEARCH ARTICLES

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