C H A P T E R

1
Electric Charge
and Fields
A Quick Recapitulation of the Chapter
1. Electric charge is quantised. SI unit of charge is i.e., the ratio of permittivity of the medium to the
coulomb (C). The minimum unit of charge, which permittivity of free space is called relative permittivity.
may reside independently is the electronic charge e 4. Superposition principle Resultant force on a point
having a value 1.60 × 10–19 C. Charge on any other charge due to a number of point charges
body is given by q = ± ne, where n is any integer. It F0 = F01 + F02 + F03 + K + F0n
is additive in nature. Charge is conserved, invariant
5. Electric field is the region surrounding an electric
and radiates energy.
charge or a group of charges, in which another charge
2. Coulomb’s law states that if q1 and q 2 are two experiences a force. Its unit isN/C . It is a vector quantity.
stationary point charges in free space separated by
6. Electric field vector E (also known as electric field
a distance r, then force of attraction/repulsion
intensity) at any point is given by
between them is given by
F
qq 1 qq E = lim
F = k 12 2 = ⋅ 12 2 q0 → 0 q
r 4 πε 0 r 0

1 q1q 2 where, q 0 is a small positive test charge which

In vector form, F = ⋅ r experiences a force, F at given point. Electric field at a
4 πε 0 r 3
distance r from a point charge q is given by
where, r = r r$ (vector form) 1 q
E = ⋅
ε 0 = Permittivity of free space and k =
1
= 9 × 109 4 πε 0 r 2
4 πε 0 7. Electric field lines are a way of pictrorially mapping
The value of ε 0 in SI units is 8.854 × 10−12 C 2 N–1m –2 . the electric field around a configuration of charge(s).
These lines start on positive charge and end on
3. The force between two charges q1 and q 2 located at negative charge. The tangent on these lines at any
a distance (r) in a medium is expressed as point gives direction of field at that point.
1 q1q 2
Fmedium = ⋅ 8. Electric flux is a measure of flow of electric field
4 πε r 2
through a surface. Mathematically, electric flux is the
(where, ε = absolute permittivity of the medium) product of an area element d S and normal component
Fvacuum 1 q1q 2 1 q1q 2 ε of E integrated over a surface,
= ⋅ = = εr = K
Fmedium 4 πε 0 r 2 4 πε r 2 ε0 i.e., φE = ∫ E dS cos θ = ∫ E ⋅ d S = ∫ E ⋅ n$ dS
(where, εr = relative permittivity of the medium)
where n$ is the unit vector normal to area element dS.
 Electric flux is a scalar having SI unit Nm 2C –1 or Vm. 14. Gauss’ law states that the surface integral of the
Its dimensional formula is [ML3 T –3 A –1 ]. electric field intensity over any closed surface (called
1
9. The arrangement of two equal and opposite point Gaussian surface) in free space is equal to times
charges at a fixed distance is called an electric ε0
dipole. the net charge enclosed within the surface.
1 n q
10. The product of the magnitude of either charge (q) and φE = ∫ E ⋅ d S = Σ qi =
the distance between the charges (2a) is called ε0 i = 1 ε0
electric dipole moment. i =n
where, q = Σ qi is the algebraic sum of all the
p =q ×2a i =1

It is a vector quantity and its SI unit is C-m. charges inside the closed surface.
11. Electric field at a point distant r from centre of dipole 15. Electric field due to an infinitely long straight
along its axial line is given by uniformly charged wire,
E=
1
⋅ 2
2pr λ
E =
4 πε 0 (r − a 2 ) 2 2 πε 0r
(direction of E is same as of p) 16. Electric field due to a thin infinite plane sheet of
12. Electric field at a point distant r from centre of dipole charge,
along its equatorial line is given by σ
E =
E=
1
⋅
p 2 ε0
4 πε 0 (r 2 + a 2 ) 3 / 2 17. Electric field due to a uniformly charged thin
(direction of E is opposite to that of p) spherical shell
13. When a dipole is placed at an angle θ from the (i) Outside the shell,
direction of a uniform electric field E, it experiences a 1 q
E = ⋅
torque given by 4 πε 0 r 2
τ = pE sin θ or τ=p×E (ii) Inside the shell, E = 0

Objective Questions Based on NCERT Text

Topic 1
Electric Charge
1. While taking off synthetic clothes, seeing a spark or 3. In general, metallic ropes are suspended from the
hearing a crackle, are due to carriers to the ground which take inflammable material.
(a) motion of ions through air The reason is
(b) production of shock waves due to motion of electrons (a) their speed is controlled
(c) electric discharge (b) to keep the gravity of the carrier nearer to the earth
(d) cannot be explained (c) to keep the body of the carrier in contact with the earth
(d) nothing should be placed under the carrier
2. Out of gravitational, electromagnetic, van der Waals’,
electrostatic and nuclear forces, which two are able to 4. If a plastic rod rubbed with fur is made to touch two
provide an attractive force between two neutrons? small pith balls suspended nearby, then which figure
(a) Electrostatic and gravitational shows their final configuration?
(b) Electrostatic and nuclear
(c) Gravitational and nuclear (a) (b) (c) (d)
(d) Some other forces like van der Waals’
 5. For the figure shown, the instrument 12. Two bodies are rubbed and one of them is negatively
Ball (metal knob) charged. For this body, if mi = initial mass, m f =
Rubber mass after charging, then
Metal rod (a) mi = m f (b) mi < m f
Glass bottle (c) mi > m f (d) mi + m f = 2m f
Gold leaves
13. When we touch a pith ball with an electrified plastic
rod, some of the negative charges on the rod are
transferred to the pith ball and it also gets charged.
(a) is used to measure quantity of a fluid Thus, pith ball is charged by
(b) is used to measure wind velocity is called windmeter (a) induction (b) contact
(c) is used to measure viscosity of a fluid (c) repulsion (d) None of these
(d) is used to detect presence of charge on a body, is called
electroscope 14. In charging by induction,
(a) body to be charged must be an insulator
6. When a body is connected to earth, electrons from the (b) body to be charged must be a semiconductor
earth flow into the body. This means the body is …… . (c) body to be charged must be a conductor
(a) unchanged (b) charged positively (d) any type of body can be charged by induction
(c) charged negatively (d) as insulator
15. Charge on a body is q1 and it is used to charge another
7. One metallic sphere A is given positive charge
body by induction. Charge on second body is found to
whereas another identical metallic sphere B of exactly
be q 2 after charging. Then,
same mass as of A is given equal amount of negative
q1 q1 q1 q1
charge. Then, (a) =1 (b) <1 (c) ≤1 (d) ≥1
q2 q2 q2 q2
(a) mass of A and mass of B still remain equal
(b) mass of A increases 16. A body A is being charged by another charged body B
(c) mass of B decreases by induction process. Then, charge acquired by A
(d) mass of B increases depends on
8. A glass rod rubbed with silk is used to charge a gold (a) nature of material of A
leaf electroscope and the leaves are observed to (b) distance between A and B
diverge. The electroscope thus charged is exposed to (c) nature of medium separating A and B
X-rays for a short period. Then, (d) All of the above
(a) the divergence of leaves will not be affected 17. Additive nature of charge means
(b) the leaves will diverge further (a) total charge on a system remains constant
(c) the leaves will collapse (b) total charge on an isolated system is always zero
(d) the leaves will melt (c) charges are of two types positive and negative
9. Electric wiring in our houses has (d) it tells about the scalar nature of charge
(a) only one wire : live 18. Conservation of charge follows from law of
(b) two wires : neutral, earth conservation of mass. Above statement is
(c) three wires, live, neutral, earth (a) correct
(d) no wire (b) incorrect
(c) nothing can be said
10. A soap bubble is given a negative charge, then its
(d) mass and charge are two different physical quantities
radius following conservation law
(a) decreases
(b) increases 19. Charge of a body is always an integral multiple of
(c) remains unchanged (a) charge present in its one atom
(d) nothing can be predicted as information is insufficient (b) charge present in one mole of material of body
(c) charge present on an electron
11. If two bodies are rubbed and one of them acquires (d) charge of its one nucleus
q1 charge and another acquires q 2 charge, then ratio
q1 : q 2 is 20. The minimum charge on an object is
(a) 1 : 2 (b) 2 : 1 (a) 1 C (b) 1 stat C
(c) − 1 : 1 (d) 1 : 4 (c) 1.6 × 10−19 C (d) 3.2 × 10−19 C
21. When a glass rod is rubbed with a silk cloth, charge 23. The number of electrons that must be removed from
appears on both. This observation is consistent with an electrically neutral silver dollar to give it a charge
law of conservation of charge as of + 2.4 C is
(a) charge on both causes attraction (a) 2.5 × 1019 (b) 1.5 × 1019
(b) charge on both causes repulsion (c) 1.5 × 10−19 (d) 2.5 × 10−19
(c) charges appearing on both bodies are equal and opposite
(d) charge on first body is more than that of second body 24. An object of mass 1 kg contains 4 × 10 20 atoms. If
22. If a body gives out 10 9 electrons per second, how one electron is removed from every atom of the solid,
much time is required to get a total charge of 1 C the charge gained by the solid of 1 g is
from it? (a) 2.8 C (b) 6.4 × 10−2 C
(a) Around 198 min (b) Around 198 h (c) 3.6 × 10−3 C (d) 9.2 × 10−4 C
(c) Around 198 days (d) Around 198 yr

Topic 2
Force between Two Charges : Coulomb’s Law
25. Magnitude of force between two point charges q1 and 29. Fg and Fe represents gravitational and electrostatic
q 2 which are separated by a distance r is given by force respectively between electron and proton at a
k |q1 q2 | k |q1 q2 | r distance of 10 cm. The ratio of Fg / Fe is of the order
(a) F = (b) F = of
r r2
2 (a) 1042 (b) 10−39 (c) 1 (d) 10−43
 |q q  k |q1 ⋅ q2 |
(c) F = k  1 2  (d) F = 30. For charges q1 and q 2 , if force between them for
 r  r2
some separation in air is F , then force between them
26. Suppose charge on a metallic sphere is q. If the sphere in a medium of permittivity ε will be
is put in contact with an identical uncharged sphere, ε0 ε
(a) F (b) F
the charge will spread over the two spheres. By ε ε0
symmetry charge on each sphere will be …… F
(c) εε 0 F (d)
When distance between two charged spheres is varied ε0 ε
so that it becomes half the initial distance, force
between them will become …… 31. Two identical charged spheres suspended from a
q q common point by two massless strings of lengths l,
(a) , half (b) , four times are initially at a distance d (d < < 1) apart because of
2 2
(c) 2q, half (d) 2q, double
their mutual repulsion. The charges begin to leak
from both the spheres at a constant rate. As a result,
27. Force between two charges q1 and q 2 separated by a the spheres approach each other with a velocity v.
distance r is proportional to q1 q 2 / r 2 . Proportionality Then, v varies as a function of the distance x between
constant is the sphere, as [NEET 2016]
ε0 1 (a) v ∝ x (b) v ∝ x−1 / 2 (c) v ∝ x−1 (d) v ∝ x2
(a) (b) 4 π ε 0 (c) (d) 1
4π 4 π ε0 32. Suppose the spheres A and B with charge 6.5 × 10 −7 C
and distance between centres is 50 cm have identical
28. In the following configuration of charges,
sizes. A third sphere of the same size but uncharged is
force on charge q 2 by q1 is given by brought in contact with the first, then brought in
1 q1 q2 1 q1 q2 contact with the second and finally removed from
(a) F21 = ⋅ r$21 (b) F21 = ( − r$21 )
4 πε 0 r2 4 πε 0 r2 both. What is the new force of repulsion between A
1 q1 q2 1 q1 q2 and B?
(c) F21 = ⋅ r$21 (d) F21 = ⋅ ( − r$21 )
4 πε 0 r3 4 πε 0 r3 (a) 5.7 × 10−3 N (b) 1.5 × 10−2 N
(here, r = r21 = | r2 − r1 ) (c) 0.24 N (d) 0.24 × 10−2 N
33. The ratio of the forces between two small spheres 38. Two electrically charged particles, having
with constant charge (a) in air (b) in a medium of charges of different magnitudes, when placed at a
dielectric constant K is distance d from each other, experience a force of
(a) 1: K (b) K : 1 (c) 1 : K 2 (d) K 2 : 1 attraction F .
These two particles are put in contact and again
34. Two point charges placed at a certain distance r in air
placed at the same distance from each other.
exert a force F on each other. Then, the distance r ′ at
which these charges will exert the same force in a What is the nature of new force between them?
medium of dielectric constant K is given by (a) Attractive
(a) r (b) r / K (c) r / K (d) r K (b) Repulsive
(c) Attractive or repulsive depending upon magnitude of
35. Two charges, each equal to q,are kept at charges present on them
x = −a and x = a on the X-axis.A particle of mass m (d) Cannot predicted
q
and charge q 0 = − is placed at the origin. If charge 39. Three charges q1 , q 2 and q 3 each of 1 C are at the
2 vertices of an equilateral triangle of side l. Force on a
q 0 is given a ,small displacement ( y << a ) along the charge q = 2µC placed at the centroid of the triangle is
Y -axis, the net force acting on the particle is (a) 3 N (b) 3 µN
proportional to [JEE Main 2013]
(c) zero (d) 3 × 10−2 N
(a) y (b) − y
1 1 40. If charges q, q and −q are placed at vertices of an
(c) (d) −
y y
equilateral triangle of side l. If F1 , F2 and F3 are the
36. Two small spheres each having the charge +Q are forces on the charges respectively, then
suspended by insulating threads of length L from a kq 2
(a) | F1 + F2 + F3 | = 3
hook. This arrangement is taken in space where there l2
is no gravitational effect, then the angle between the (b) | F1 + F2 + F3| = 0
two suspensions and the tension in each will be kq 2
(c) | F1 + F2 + F3 | = 3 2
1 Q2 1 Q2 l2
(a) 180° , (b) 90° ,
4 πε 0 ( 2L )2 4 πε 0 L2 kq 2
(d) | F1 + F2 + F3 | = 2
1 Q2 1 Q2 l2
(c) 180° , (d) 180° ,
4 πε 0 2L2 4 πε 0 L2 41. Four charges q A = 2µC, q B = − 5µC, qC = 2µC and
q D = − 5µC are placed at corners of a square ABCD
37. Force between two charges varies with distance of side 10 cm. What is the force on a charge of 1µC
between them as placed at centre of the square?
F F (a) 10 × 10−7 N (b) 10 × 10−5 N
(c) 10 × 10−3 N (d) Zero
(a) (b)
42. Four charges equal to − Q are placed at the four
r r corners of a square and a charge q is at its centre. If
F F the system is in equilibrium, the value of q is
Q Q
(c) (d) (a) − (1 + 2 2 ) (b) (1 + 2 2 )
4 4
Q Q
r r (c) − (1 + 2 2 ) (d) (1 + 2 2 )
2 2
Topic 3
Electric Field
43. A force of 2.25 N acts on a chrage of 15 × 10 −4 C. The 48. Three identical point positive charges, as shown are
intensity of electric field at that point is placed at the vertices of an isosceles right angled
(a) 150 NC −1 (b) 15 NC −1 triangle. Which of the numbered vectors coincides in
(c) 1500 NC −1 (d) 1.5 NC −1 direction with the electric field at the mid-point M of
the hypotenuse?
44. Two point charges q1 and q 2 of + 10 −8 C and −10 −8
C, 3
respectively are placed 0.1 m apart. 2
C
4
M
1
0.1 m 0.1 m

(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) 4

A
49. Charges q, 2q, 3q and 4q are placed 4q 3q
q1 0.05 m 0.05 m q
2
D C
at the corners A, B , C and D of a
Then, ratio of magnitudes of electric fields at A and C is square as shown in the alongside
(a) 4 : 1 (b) 1 : 4 (c) 8 : 1 (d) 1 : 8 figure. The direction of electric O
field at the centre of the square is A B
45. In a uniformly charged sphere of total charge Q and q
along 2q
radius R, the electric field E is plotted as function of (a) AB (b) CB
distance from the centre. The graph which would (c) BD (d) AC
correspond to the above will be [AIEEE 2012]
E E 50. Electric field of a system of charges does not depend on
(a) position of charges forming the system
(a) (b) (b) distance of point (at which field is being observed)
from the charges forming system
(c) value of test charge used to find out the field
R r R r (d) separation of charges forming the system
E E
51. A field line is a space curve, means
(a) field lines are hypothetical curves
(c) (d) (b) field lines are two-dimensional curves
(c) field lines are three-dimensional curves
R r R r (d) field lines are straight lines

46. An electron of mass me initially at rest moves through 52. Two field lines can never cross each other because
a certain distance in a uniform electric field in time t1 . (a) field lines are closed curves
A proton of mass m p also initially at rest takes time t 2 (b) field lines repels each other
to move through an equal distance in this uniform (c) field lines crowded only near the charge
electric field. Neglecting the effect of gravity, the (d) field has a unique direction at each point
ratio of t 2 / t1 is nearly equal to 53. In the diagram shown below,
(a) 1836 (b) ( me / mp ) 1 / 2
P
(c) ( mp / me )1 / 2 (d) 1

47. The electric field in a certain region is acting radially Q

outward and is given by E = Ar. A charge contained
in a sphere of radius a centred at the origin of the field (a) field strength at P is less than field strength at Q
will be given by [CBSE AIPMT 2015] (b) field strength at P and Q are equal
(a) 4 πε 0 Aa 2 (b) Aε 0 a 2 (c) field is more strong at P and less strong at Q
(c) 4 πε0 Aa3 (d) ε0 Aa3 (d) cannot be tell from the figure
54. A charged particle is free to move in an electric field. At all points in the overlapping region
It will travel [JEE Advanced 2013]
(a) always along a line of force
(b) along a line of force, if its initial velocity is zero ρ −ρ
(c) along a line of force, if it has some initial velocity in
the direction of an acute angle with the line of force R2
R1
(d) None of the above
55. Two non-conducting solid spheres of radii R1 and R 2 (a) the electrostatic field is zero
and carrying uniform volume charge densities (b) the electrostatic potential is constant
+ρ and − ρ respectively, are placed such that they (c) the electrostatic field is constant in magnitude
partially overlap, as shown in the figure. (d) the electrostatic field has same direction

Topic 4
Electric Flux and Electric Dipole
56. If an area is tilted to direction of field such that normal to 62.
plane of area makes θ angle with the direction of field, Q
then number of field lines passing through the area is
(a) equal to E∆S (b) proportional to E∆S cosθ A O B
(c) equal to E∆S cosθ (d) proportional to E∆S cos θ / r2 –10 µC +10 µC P
57. An area vector is a vector of magnitude equal to the
area and it is directed – +
(a) parallel to area A O B
(b) at an angle of 45° with the plane of area –10 µC +10 µC
(c) at an angle of 90° with the area
In given figures, OP = OQ =15 cm,OA = OB = 2.5 mm
(d) at an angle of 45° with the normal to the area
58. Electric flux φ through an element area ∆S when area Magnitudes of electric field at P and Q are respectively
is placed in region of uniform field E is (a) 2. 6 × 105 NC −1 , 2. 6 × 105 NC −1
(a) E × ∆S (b) E ⋅ ∆S (c) ∆ S × E (d) E ( ∆S ) ⋅ sin θ (b) 1. 3 × 105 NC −1 , 1. 3 × 105 NC −1
59. For the dipole shown, (c) 2 . 6 × 105 NC −1 , 1. 3 × 105 NC −1

q
←^p→ (d) 1. 3 × 105 NC −1 , 2.6 NC −1
q

2a
63. What is the angle between the electric dipole moment
and the electric field strength due to it on the
Dipole moment is given by equatorial line?
1
(a) p = q × 2a$p (b) p = q × 2a$p (a) 0° (b) 90° (c) 180° (d) None of these
2
64. The ratio of electric fields on the axis and at equator
(c) p = − q × 2a$p (d) p = 4 q × 2a$p
of an electric dipole will be
60. Electric field of a dipole at a distance r is proportional to (a) 1 : 1 (b) 2 : 1 (c) 4 : 1 (d) None of these
1 1 1 1
(a) (b) (c) (d) 65. Two electric dipoles of moment p and 64 p are placed
r r2 r3 r4
in opposite direction on a line at a distance of 25 cm.
61. If the centre of mass of positive charge does not The electric field will be zero at point between the
coincide with that of the molecule, then
dipoles whose distance from the dipole of moment p is
(a) molecule is called polar and it have an intrinsic dipole
25 4
moment (a) 5 cm (b) cm (c) 10 cm (d) cm
(b) molecule is called polar but it does not have any dipole 9 13
moment 66. Electric charges q, q,−2q are placed at the corners of
(c) molecule is called non-polar and it has a dipole moment an equilateral ∆ ABC of side l. The magnitude of
of its own
electric dipole moment of the system is
(d) molecule is called non-polar and it has a zero dipole
moment (a) ql (b) 2ql (c) 3 ql (d) 4ql
67. An electric dipole of moment p is placed in an electric 71. Two small identical electrical Y
A +q
field of intensity E. The dipole acquires a position such dipoles AB and CD, each of D
that the axis of the dipole makes an angle θ with the dipole moment p are kept at an –q 120°
angle of 120° as shown in the X′ X
direction of the field. Assuming that the potential energy
of the dipole to be zero when θ = 90° , the torque and the figure. If this system is +q C
potential energy of the dipole will respectively be subjected to electric field ( E) –q B
directed along direction which Y′
[CBSE AIPMT 2012]
(a) pE sin θ , − pE cosθ (b) pE sin θ , − 2 pE cosθ makes θ° with XY plane. Then, the magnitude and
(c) pE sin θ , 2 pE cosθ (d) pE cos θ , − pE sin θ direction of the torque acting on this is
(a) pEsin θ, along Z-axis
68. When a dipole is placed in an uniform external field, (b) 2 pEsin θ, along Z-axis
then
3
(a) net force on dipole is zero but torque is non-zero (c) pEsin θ, along Z-axis
(b) torque is zero but net force is non-zero 2
1
(c) torque and net force both are non-zero (d) pEsin θ, along Z-axis
(d) both torque and net force are zero 2

69. If field is non-uniform and a dipole is placed in it. Then, 72. An electric dipole is situated in an electric field of
(a) dipole keeps on rotating uniform intensity E whose dipole moment is p and
(b) dipole shows rotation and translation both as there is moment of inertia is I. If the dipole is displaced
net force on dipole slightly from the equilibrium position, then the
(c) dipole shows only translation angular frequency of its oscillations is
1/ 2 3/ 2
(d) dipole does not show any rotation or translation  pE   pE 
(a)   (b)  
70. When an electric dipole p is placed in a uniform  I   I 
1/ 2 1/ 2
electric field E, then at what angle between p and E  I   p
(c)   (d)  
the value of torque will be maximum?  pE   IE 
(a) 90° (b) 0° (c) 180° (d) 45°

Topic 5
Gauss’ Law
73. Gauss’ law is true only if force due to charges varies as (a) 9.27 × 10−12 C (b) 9.27 × 1012 C
(a) r −1 (b) r − 2 (c) 6.97 × 10−12 C (d) 6.97 × 1012 C
(c) r − 3 (d) r −4
76. It is not convenient to use a spherical Gaussian
74. Consider the charge configuration q2 surface to find the electric field due to an electric
and spherical Gaussian surface as dipole using Gauss’ theorem because
shown in the figure. When +q1
(a) Gauss’ law fails in this case
calculating the flux of the electric – q1 (b) this problem does not have spherical symmetry
field over the spherical surface, the (c) Coulomb’s law is more fundamental than Gauss’ law
electric field will be due to (d) spherical Gaussian surface will after the dipole moment
(a) q2 (b) only the positive charges
(c) all the charges (d) + q1 and − q1 77. Total electric flux coming out of a unit positive
charge put in air is
75. The electric field y
(a) ε 0 (b) ε −0 1 (c) ( 4 pε 0 )−1 (d) 4 πε 0
components in the given
figure are E x = αx 1/ 2 , ^nL
a
^
nR 78. An electric charge + q is placed at the centre of a cube
E y = E z = 0 in which a x of side a. The electric flux on one of its faces will be
α = 800 NC −1 m −1/ 2 . The a
a
(a)
q
(b)
q
z 6ε 0
charge within the cube is ε0 q 2
if net flux through the cube is 1.05 Nm 2C –1 q q
(c) (d)
(assume a = 0.1 m) 4 πε 0 a 2 ε0
 79. For a given surface, the ∫ E ⋅ dS = 0. From this, we can (a) 2π
l
(b) 2π
l
g qE
conclude that g+
(a) E is necessarily zero on the surface m
(b) E is perpendicular to the surface at every point l l
(c) 2π (d) 2π
(c) the total flux through the surface is zero qE 2
g−  qE 
(d) the flux is only going out of the surface g2 +  
m  m
80. A charge q is placed at the centre of the open end of
the cylindrical vessel. The flux of the electric field 85. Charge q 2 of mass m revolves around a stationary
through the surface of the vessel is charge q1 in a circular orbit of radius r. The orbital
q q 2q periodic time of q 2 would be
(a) zero (b) (c) (d)
ε0 2ε 0 ε0  4 π 3 mr2 
1/ 2
 kq q 
1/ 2
(a)   (b)  21 2 2 
81. A cube of side l is placed in a uniform field E, where  kq1 q2   4π mr 
E = E $i . The net electric flux through the cube is  4 π 2 mr4 
1/ 2
 4 π 2 mr3 
1/ 2

(c)   (d)  
(a) zero (b) l 2 E (c) 4 l 2 E (d) 6l 2 E  kq1 q2   kq1 q2 
82. Eight dipoles of charges of magnitude e each are
86. A cubical region of side a has its centre at the origin.
placed inside a cube. The total electric flux coming
It encloses three fixed point charges, −q at (0, −a /4,
out of the cube will be
8e 16e e
0), + 3q at (0, 0, 0) and −q at (0, + a /4, 0). Choose
(a) (b) (c) (d) zero the correct option(s). [IIT JEE 2012]
ε0 ε0 ε0 Z
83. Two infinite plane parallel sheets separated by a a
distance d have equal and opposite uniform charge −q
densities σ. Electric field at a point between the sheets −q Y
is 3q
(a) zero
σ X
(b)
ε0 (a) The net electric flux crossing the plane x = + a / 2 is
σ equal to the net electric flux crossing the plane
(c) x = −a / 2
2ε 0
(b) The net electric flux crossing the plane y = + a / 2 is
(d) depends upon the location of the point more than the net electric flux crossing the plane
84. A simple pendulum has a length l and the mass of the y = −a / 2
q
bob is m. The bob is given a charge q coulomb. The (c) The net electric flux crossing the entire region is
pendulum is suspended between the vertical plates of ε0
a charged parallel plate capacitor. If E is the electric (d) The net electric flux crossing the plane z = + a / 2 is
field strength between the plates, the time period of equal to the net electric flux crossing the plane
the pendulum is given by x = +a / 2

Special Format Questions

I. Assertion and Reason 87. Assertion If a point charge be revolved in a circle
■ Directions (Q. Nos. 87-92) In the following around another charge as the centre of circle, then
questions, a statement of assertion is followed by a work done by electric field will be zero.
corresponding statement of reason. Of the following Reason Work done is equal to dot product of force
statements, choose the correct one. and displacement.
(a) Both Assertion and Reason are correct and Reason is 88. Assertion A positive point charge initially at rest in a
the correct explanation of Assertion.
(b) Both Assertion and Reason are correct but Reason is
uniform electric field starts moving along electric lines
not the correct explanation of Assertion. of force. (Neglect all other forces except electric forces).
(c) Assertion is correct but Reason is incorrect. Reason A point charge released from rest in an
(d) Assertion is incorrect but Reason is correct. electric field always moves along the line of force.
 89. Assertion When a neutral body acquires positive 96. Statement I A piece of matter having polar
charge, its mass decreases. molecules does not have any net dipole moment in
Reason A body acquires positive charge when it loses ordinary condition.
electrons. Statement II When there is no external field, the
90. Assertion E outside vicinity of a conductor depends polar molecules are randomly oriented due to their
only on the local charge density σ and it is independent thermal energies.
of the other charges present anywhere on the 97. Statement I Polarisation is not possible under action
conductor. of an external field if molecules of matter are
Reason E in outside vicinity of a conductor is given by non-polar.
σ Statement II In presence of an external field , the
.
ε0 polar molecules tend to align with the field and a net
dipole moment results.
91. Assertion Upon displacement of charges within a
closed surface, E at any point on the surface does not
change. Statement Based Questions Type II
Reason The flux crossing through a closed surface is 98. I. When we rub a glass rod with silk, some of electrons
independent of the location of charge within the surface. from the rod are transferred to the silk cloth.
II. Rod gets positively charged and silk gets negatively
92. Assertion If Gaussian surface does not enclose any charged.
charge, then E at any point on the Gaussian surface
III. Only less tightly bound electrons in rod are
must be zero.
transferred to silk by rubbing.
Reason No net charge is enclosed by Gaussian surface,
so net flux passing through the surface is zero. Correct statements are
(a) I and II (b) II and III
(c) I and III (d) I, II and III
II. Statement Based Questions Type I
■ Directions (Q. Nos. 93-97)
99. I. If a system contains two point charges q1 and q 2 , the
In the following
total charge of the system is obtained simply by
questions, statement I is followed by a corresponding
adding algebraically q1 and q 2 , e.g., (− 2units
statement II. Of the following statements, choose the
charge) + (6 units charge) = 4 units charge.
correct one.
(a) Both Statement I and Statement II are correct and
II. (− 2units charge) + (6 units charge) = 8 units charge.
Statement II is the correct explanation of Statement I. III. Charge has magnitude but no direction, similar to
(b) Both Statement I and Statement II are correct but mass.
Statement II is not the correct explanation of IV. Mass of a body is always positive whereas a charge
Statement I. can be either positive or negative.
(c) Statement I is correct but Statement II is incorrect.
(d) Statement I is incorrect but Statement II is correct. Incorrect statement is
(a) only I (b) only III (c) only IV (d) only II
93. Statement I When we produce charge q1 on a body by
100. I. Charge is conserved.
rubbing it against another body which gets a charge q 2
in the process, then q1 + q 2 = 0. II. When bodies are charged by rubbing, there is a
transfer of electrons from one body to other, no new
Statement II Charge on an isolated system remains
charges are created nor destroyed.
constant.
III. Within an isolated system consisting of many charged
94. Statement I SI unit of charge is coulomb, denoted by bodies, due to interaction among the bodies charges
C. One coulomb is the charge flowing through a wire in may get redistributed but it is found that the total
1s, if the current is 1 A. charge of the isolated system is always conserved.
Statement II −1 C has 6 × 1010 electrons. IV. When a neutron turns into a proton and an electron.
The proton and electron thus created have equal and
95. Statement I At macroscopic level, quantisation of opposite charges and the total charge is zero before
charge has no practical consequence and can be and after the creation.
ignored.
Correct statements are
Statement II −1µC charge contains 1013 times (a) I and IV (b) I and II
electronic charge e approximately. (c) I, II and IV (d) I, II, III and IV
101. I. The charge q on a body is always given by q = ne, 105. Match the field lines given in Column I with the
where n is any integer, positive or negative. charge configuration due to which field lines exist in
II. By convention, the charge on an electron is taken to be Column II.
negative.
Column I Column II
III. The fact that electric charge is always an integral
multiple of eis termed as quantisation of charge.
IV. The quantisation of charge was experimentally A. O 1.
A pair of equal and
demonstrated by Newton in 1912. opposite charges
Which of the statements is incorrect?
(a) Only I (b) Only II
(c) Only IV (d) Only III
A pair of positive
102. I. Magnitude of electric field at a point decreases B. O 2.
charges
inversely as square of distance of that point from the
charge.
II. E is strong near the charge.
III. Away from the charge field gets weaker and density of
field lines is less, resulting in well separated lines. C. OO 3. A single positive charge

IV. Only a finite number of lines can be drawn from charge.

Which of the following statements is incorrect?
(a) Only I (b) Only III (c) Only IV (d) Only II
D. O O 4. A single negative charge
III. Matching Type
103. Match the first part of a sentence given in Column I A B C D A B C D
with its second part in Column II, so that sentence is (a) 1 2 3 4 (b) 3 2 1 4
complete meaningful and electrostatically true. (c) 3 4 1 2 (d) 3 4 2 1

Column I Column II
IV. Passage Based Questions
A. Like charges 1. Of two types
■ Directions (Q. Nos. 106-108) These questions are
B. Unlike charges 2. Repel each other
based on the following situation. Choose the correct
C. Charge can be 3. Attract each other
options from those given below.
D. Charges are 4. Neutralised, if they are equal and opposite The nuclear charge (Ze) is ρ(r)
A B C D non-uniformly distributed
within a nucleus of radius R. d
(a) 1 2 3 4
(b) 2 1 3 4 The charge density ρ(r )
(c) 4 1 3 2 [charge per unit volume is
(d) 2 3 4 1 dependent only on the radial
distance r from the centre of r
a R
104. Electric field due to
the nucleus as shown in
Column I Column II figure. The electric field is only along the radial
A. Infinite plane sheet of charge 1. 0 direction.
B. Infinite plane sheet of 2. σ 106. The electric field at r = R is
uniform thickness 2 ε0 (a) independent of a
C. Non-conducting charged 3. Rρ (b) directly proportional to a
solid sphere at its surface 3 ε0 (c) directly proportional to a 2
(d) inversely proportional to a
D. Conducting charged solid 4. σ
sphere at its centre ε0 107. For a = 0, the value d (maximum value of ρ as shown
in the figure) is
A B C D A B C D
3Ze2 3Ze 4 Ze Ze
(a) 2 4 3 1 (b) 3 2 1 4 (a) (b) (c) (d)
(c) 1 4 2 3 (d) 2 1 4 3 4 πR 3
πR 3
3πR 3
3πR 3
108. The electric field within the nucleus is generally V. More than One Option Correct
observed to be linearly dependent on r. This implies
R
114. Which of these are properties of charge?
(a) a = 0 (b) a = (a) Charges are additive in nature
2
2R (b) Charges are conservative in nature
(c) a = R (d) a = (c) Charges are quantised in nature
3
(d) Charges can be transformed from one type to another
■ Directions (Q. Nos. 109-110) These questions are
115. Dipoles are
based on the following situation. Choose the correct
(a) natural
options from those given below.
(b) induced
A uniformly charged conducting sphere of 2 . 4 m (c) hypothetical
diameter has a surface charge density of 80.0 µCm −2 . (d) exist only in presence of a strong field.
109. What is the charge on the sphere?
(a) 0.7 × 10−1 C (b) 1.4 × 10−2 C 116. 10 C of charge is given to a conducting spherical shell
−3
(c) 1.4 × 10 C (d) 1.7 × 10 C
4 and a − 3 C point charge is placed inside the shell. For
this arrangement, mark out the correct statement(s).
110. What is the total electric flux leaving the surface of (a) The charge on the inner surface of the shell will be + 3C
the sphere? and it can be distributed uniformly or non-uniformly
(a) 0.8 × 104 Nm2 / C (b) The charge on the inner surface of the shell will be + 3C
(b) 1.6 × 10 Nm / C
4 2 and its distribution would be uniform
(c) The net charge on outer surface of the shell will be + 7C
(c) 0.8 × 108 Nm2 / C and its distribution can be uniform or non-uniform
(d) 1.6 × 108 Nm2 / C (d) The net charge on outer surface of the shell will be + 7C
and its distribution would be uniform
■ Directions (Q. Nos. 111-113) These questions are
117. Consider Gauss’s law,
based on the following situation. Choose the correct q2
q
options from those given below. ∫ E ⋅ dS = ε 0
Two large, thin metal plates are parallel and close to
Then for the situation shown above q1
each other. On their inner faces, the plates have
surface charge densities of opposite signs and of at the Gaussian surface,
magnitude 17.0 × 10 −22 Cm −2. (a) E due to q2 would be zero.
(b) E due to both q1 and q2 would be non-zero.
111. What is E in the outer region of the first plate? (c) φ due to both q1 and q2 would be non-zero.
(a) 17 × 10−22 N/ C (d) φ due to q2 would be zero.
(b) 1. 5 × 10−15 N/ C
118. For a thin spherical shell of radius R having a surface
(c) 1. 9 × 10−10 N/ C charge density σ, which of these are true?
(d) Zero (a) Field at a distance r from the centre r > R is given by
σ
112. What is E in the outer region of the second plate? E=
ε0
(a) 17 × 10−22 N / C (b) 1. 5 × 10−15 N / C
(b) Field at a distance r from the centre r < R given by
(c) 1. 9 × 10−10 N / C (d) Zero kq
E = 2 , where q = σ ( 4 πR 2 )
113. What is E between the plates? r
(c) Field at a distance r from the centre r > R is given by
(a) 17 × 10−22 N/ C 1 q
E= ⋅ , where q = σ ⋅ 4 πR 2
. × 10−15 N/ C
(b) 15 4 πε 0 r2
. × 10−10 N/ C
(c) 19 σ
(d) Field at surface of shell is given by E =
(d) Zero ε0
 NCERT & NCERT Exemplar Questions
NCERT 125. A polythene piece rubbed with wool is found to have
119. What is the force between two small charged spheres a negative charge of 3 × 10 − 7 C. The number of
−7 −7
having charges of 2 × 10 C and 3 × 10 C placed electrons transferred is
30 cm apart in air? (a) 1. 6 × 109 (b) 1. 8 × 1010
(a) 5 × 10−2 N (b) 6 × 10−3 N (c) 1. 6 × 1011 (d) 1. 8 × 1012
(c) 7 × 10−4 N (d) 8 × 10−4 N
■ Directions (Q. Nos.126-127) These questions are
120. The electrostatic force on a small sphere of charge based on the following situation. Choose the correct
0.4 µC due to another small sphere of charge −0 . 8 µC options from those given below.
in air is 0.2 N.What is the distance between the two Two insulated charged copper spheres A and B have
spheres? their centres separated by a distance of 50 cm.
(a) 5 cm (b) 10 cm
(c) 12 cm (d) 15 cm 126. What is the mutual force of electrostatic repulsion if
. × 10 − 7 C?
the charge on each is 65
■ Directions (Q. Nos.121-122) These questions are
based on the following situation. Choose the correct (a) 1. 5 × 10−2 N (b) 3 × 10−3 N
options from those given below. (c) 1. 5 × 10−4 N (d) 3 × 10−5 N
Two point charges q A = 3µC and q B = − 3µC are 127. What is the force of repulsion if each sphere is
located 20 cm apart in vacuum. charged double the above amount and the distance
121. What is the electric field at the mid-point O of the between them is halved?
line AB joining the two charges? (a) 0 (b) 0.12 N (c) 0.24 N (d) 0.48 N
(a) 0 (b) 2. 7 × 10 N/ C
6
128. The given figure shows tracks of three charged
(c) 5. 4 × 106 N/ C (d) 10. 2 × 106 N/ C particles in a uniform electrostatic field. Give the
−9 signs of the three charges. Which particle has the
122. If a negative test charge of magnitude 1.5 × 10 C is highest charge to mass ratio?
placed at this point, what is the force experienced by Y
the test charge? + + + + + + + + 1
(a) 8 × 10−3 N (b) 4 × 10−2 N 2
X
(c) 2 × 10−1 N (d) 0
123. A system has two charges q A = 2.5 × 10 −7 C and – – – – – – – – 3

q B = −2.5 × 10 −7 C located at points A : (0, 0, −15 cm) (a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) All are equal
and B (0, 0, +15 cm), respectively. ■ Directions (Q. Nos.129-130) These questions are
The total charge and electric dipole moment of the based on the following situation. Choose the correct
system are options from those given below.
(a) 5.0 × 10−7 C, 7.5 ×10-8 C-m Consider a uniform electric field E = 3 × 103 $i N/C.
(b) 2.5 × 10−7 C, 7.5 × 10−8 C-m
129. What is the flux of this field through a square of
(c) 0,0 10 cm on a side whose plane is parallel to the
(d) 0, 7.5 × 10−8 C - m YZ- plane?
124. An electric dipole with dipole moment 4 × 10 − 9 C-m is (a) 0 (b) 10 Nm2 / C
aligned at 30° with the direction of a uniform electric (c) 20 Nm2 / C (d) 30 Nm2 / C
field of magnitude 5 × 10 4 N/C. What is the
130. What is the flux through the same square if the
magnitude of the torque acting on the dipole? normal to its plane makes a 60° angle with the
(a) 10−2 Nm (b) 10−3 Nm X-axis?
(c) 10−4 Nm (d) 10−5 Nm (a) 0 (b) 5 Nm2 / C
(c) 10 Nm2 / C (d) 15 Nm2 / C
131. A point charge +10µC is at a distance 5 cm directly 136. A point positive charge is brought near an isolated
above the centre of a square of side 10 cm, as shown in conducting sphere (figure). The electric field is best3
figure. What is the magnitude of the electric flux given by
through the square?
+q +q
5 cm +q +q

10 cm

10 cm
(a) 0 . × 102 Nm2 / C
(b) 18
. × 104 Nm2 / C
(c) 18 . × 105 Nm2 / C
(d) 18 (a) (b) (c) (d)

. µ C is at the centre of a cubic

132. A point charge of 20 137. The electric flux through the surface
S
Gaussian surface 9.0 cm on edge. What is the net S
electric flux through the surface? S S
(a) 0 (b) 2 × 102 Nm2 / C +q +q
+q
+q
(c) 2 × 10 Nm / C
4 2
(d) 2 × 10 Nm / C
5 2

133. A conducting sphere of radius 10 cm has an unknown (i) (ii) (iii) (iv)
charge. If the electric field 20 cm from the centre of (a) in Fig. (iv) is the largest
. × 10 3 N/C and points radially inwards,
the sphere is 15 (b) in Fig. (iii) is the least
what is the net charge on the sphere? (c) in Fig. (ii) is same as Fig. (iii) but is smaller than Fig. (iv)
(a) 0 (b) 5 × 10−5 C (d) is the same for all the figures
(c) 6 × 10−9 C (d) 8 × 10−10 C 138. Figure shows electric field lines in which an electric
dipole P is placed as shown. Which of the following
134. An infinite line charge produces a field of9 × 10 4 N/C at statements is correct?
a distance of 2 cm. Calculate the linear charge density.
(a) 10−5 C/ m (b) 10−6 C/ m
(c) 10−7 C/ m (d) 10−8 C/ m –q P +q

NCERT Exemplar (a) The dipole will not experience any force
(b) The dipole will experience a force towards right
135. In figure two positive charges q 2 and q 3 fixed along
(c) The dipole will experience a force towards left
the Y -axis, exert a net electric force in the positive (d) The dipole will experience a force upwards
X -direction on a charge q1 fixed along the X -axis. If
139. If ∫ E ⋅ d S = 0 over a surface, then
a positive charge Q is added at ( x, 0), the force on q1 s

Y
(a) the electric field inside the surface and on it is zero.
Y
(b) the electric field inside the surface is necessarily
q2 q2 uniform.
Q (c) the number of flux lines entering the surface must be
(i) X (ii) q1 O (x, 0)
X equal to the number of flux lines leaving it.
q1
(d) all charges must necessarily be outside the surface.
q3 q3
140. The electric field at a point is
(a) shall increase along the positive X-axis (a) always continuous
(b) shall decrease along the positive X-axis (b) continuous if there is no charge at that point
(c) shall point along the negative X-axis (c) discontinuous only if there is a negative charge at that
(d) shall increase but the direction changes because of the point
intersection of Q with q2 and q3 (d) discontinuous if there is a charge at that point
141. Consider a region inside in which there are various 144. A metallic spherical shell has an inner radius R1
types of charges but the total charge is zero. At points and outer radius R 2 . A charge Q is placed at the
outside the region, centre of the spherical cavity. What will be surface
(a) the electric field is necessarily zero charge density on the outer surface?
(b) the electric field is due to the dipole moment of the charge −Q Q Q −Q
distribution only (a) (b) (c) (d)
4 πR12 4 πR12 4 πR22 4 πR22
1
(c) the dominant electric field is ∝ , for large r, where r is
r3 145. What will be the total flux through the faces of the
the distance from a origin in this region cube as given in the figure with side of length a if
(d) the work done to move a charged particle along a closed a charge q is placed at B, mid-point of an edge of
path, away from the region will be zero the cube?
142. Refer to the arrangement of charges in figure and a
Gaussian surface of radius R with Q at the centre. Then, C

Gaussian surface D
B
A

R Q R q q
(a) (b)
5Q R/2 8ε 0 3ε 0
–2Q q q
(c) (d) '
4 ε0 2ε 0
−Q 146. Two charges q and − 3q are placed fixed on X -axis
(a) total flux through the surface of the sphere is
ε0 separated by distance d. Where should a third charge
−Q 2q be placed such that it will not experience any
(b) field on the surface of the sphere is
4 πε 0 R 2 force?
d
(c) flux through the surface of sphere due to 5Q is zero (a) (1 + 3 ) to the right of q
(d) field on the surface of sphere due to − 2Q is same 3
everywhere d
(b) (1 + 3 ) to the left of q
3
143. An arbitrary surface encloses a dipole. What is the d
electric flux through this surface? (c) (1 + 3 ) to the left of q
2
(a) q / 10 (b) 2q / 10 d
(c) zero (d) − q / ε 0 (d) (1 + 3 ) to the right of q
2

Answers
1. (c) 2. (c) 3. (c) 4. (b) 5. (d) 6. (b) 7. (d) 8. (c) 9. (c) 10. (b) 11. (c) 12. (b) 13. (b) 14. (c) 15. (d)
16. (d) 17. (d) 18. (d) 19. (c) 20. (c) 21. (c) 22. (d) 23. (b) 24 (b) 25. (d) 26. (b) 27. (c) 28. (a) 29. (b) 30. (a)
31. (b) 32. (a) 33. (b) 34. (c) 35. (a) 36. (a) 37. (c) 38. (b) 39. (c) 40. (b) 41. (d) 42. (b) 43. (c) 44. (c) 45. (c)
46. (c) 47. (c) 48. (b) 49. (b) 50. (c) 51. (c) 52. (d) 53. (c) 54. (b) 55. (c,d 56. (b) 57. (c) 58. (b) 59. (a) 60. (c)
)
61. (a) 62. (c) 63. (c) 64. (b) 65. (a) 66. (c) 67. (a) 68. (a)
71. (a) 69. (b) 70. (a) 72. (a) 73. (b) 74. (c) 75. (a)
76. (b) 77. (b) 78. (a) 79. (c) 80. (c) 81. (a) 82. (d) 83. (b)
86. (a,c 84. (d) 85. (d) 87. (a) 88. (c) 89. (a) 90. (d)
)
91. (d) 92. (d) 93. (a) 94. (c) 95. (a) 96. (a) 97. (d) 98. (d) 99. (d) 100. (d) 101. (c) 102. (c) 103. (d) 104. (a) 105. (d)
106. (a) 107. (b) 108. (c) 109. (c) 110. (d) 111. (d) 112. (d) 113. (c) 114. (a,b, 115. (a, 116. (b, 117. (b, 118. (c,d 119. (b) 120. (c)
c) b) d) d) )
 Hints and Explanations
q 1C
1. (c) The reason for these experiences is a discharge of 22 (d) 1 coulomb of charge is made of n = =
electric charges which were accumulated due to rubbing of e 1.6 × 10−19 C
insulating surfaces. = 6.25 × 1018 electrons
3. (c) During its motion, body of carrier is charged due to
6.25 × 1018
rubbing with dry air and dust. If spark occurs near ∴ Time required = s
container, then inflammable material may catch fire. So, 109
metallic ropes are suspended so that excess charge flows = 6.25 × 109 s ≈ 198 yr (Q1yr = 317
. × 107 s)
away from carrier, to ground (for earthing).
23. (b) Charge on single electron is e = 1.6 × 10−19 C
4. (b) Each pith ball acquires same charge due to the
conduction (transfer) from plastic rod. So, they repel each Total charge, q = + 2.4 C
other. Then, by quantisation of charge, q = ne
q 2.4 C
7. (d) When a body is negatively charged, more electrons are ∴ Number of electrons, n = = = 1.5 × 1019
given to it, so its mass increases. e 1.6 × 10−19 C
8. (c) X-ray has high ionising power. It will ionise the gas 24. (d) Here, number of electrons removed = number of atoms in 1 g
inside so the gas becomes partially conducting. The charge 4 × 1020
on the leaves will start leaking out to atmosphere and they or n= = 4 × 1017
will collapse gradually. 103
∴Charge, q = ne = 4 × 1017 × 1.6 × 10−19 C = 6.4 × 10−2 C
10. (b) Due to mutual repulsion, surface of a soap
bubble shows expansion. 26. (b) Charges on both spheres will be equal, each q/ 2. When
Negative charges at diametrically opposite ends distance is made half of original, force becomes four times
repel. of original because force varies inversely with square of
11. (c) Due to friction, if one body loses few electrons, other distance.
gains them and so charges appearing on both are equal and 29. (b) The electric force between an electron and proton at a
opposite. distance r apart is
12. (b) A negatively charged body acquires some electrons, so − ke2
Fe = …(i)
its mass is more than its neutral mass. r2
13. (b) When bodies are physically touched to transfer charge where, the negative sign indicates that the force is attractive.
from one body to other body, then this is process of charging The corresponding gravitational force (always attractive) is
by contact or conduction. mp me
FG = − G 2 …(ii)
14. (c) Induction requires shifting of free charge carrier which r
are present only in conductors. where, mp and me are the masses of the proton and electron.
15. (d) – q2 q2 On comparing Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
q2 ⇒ Fe k e2
+ + = = 2.4 × 1039
++ ++
q1 Second q1 FG Gmp me
body
First
⇒ FG / Fe ≈ 10−39
⇒

body
+
++ 30. (a) Force in air,
q1 1 q1 q2
q2 i.e., F=
4 πε 0 r2
q1
Numerically, q1 ≥ q2 ⇒ ≥1
q2 1 q1 q2  ε 
and force in medium, i.e., Fm = Q = εr 
4 πε 0 ε r r2  ε0 
17. (d) If a system contains two point charges q1 and q2 and total
1 q1 q2
charge of the system is obtained simply by adding =
algebraically, i.e., charge add up like real numbers or they are 4 πε r2
scalars like mass of the body. ε 1 q1 q2
= 0⋅
21. (c) Initially, both the glass rod and silk cloth are ε 4 πε 0 r2
electrically neutral. Net charge is zero. Finally, the positive ε
charge on glass rod is exactly equal to the negative charge ⇒ Fm = 0 F
ε
on the silk cloth. So, net charge is again zero.
31. (b) According to question, two identical charged spheres 33. (b) Relative permittivity ε r is also called dielectric constant.
suspended from a common point by two massless strings of
1 q1 q2 1 q1 q2
length L. Fair = , Fm =
4 πε 0 r 2
4 πε 0 K r2
θ 1 q1 q2
l2
Fair 4 πε 0 r2 K
= =
A q Fm 1 q1 q2 1
q
F B 4 πε 0 K r2
x/2 34. (c) Force exerted between two point charges
θ
X q1 q2
i.e., F =
C mg 4πε 0 r2
F F
Q In ∆ABC, tan θ = or = tan θ …(i) So, force exerted between two point charges in a dielectric
mg mg medium is K i.e., F ′ = q1 q2 / 4 πε 0 K ( r′ )2
Since, the charge begins to leak from both the spheres at a Given, i.e., F = F′
constant rate. As a result, the spheres approach each other q1 q2 q1 q2
with velocity v. or =
4 πε 0 r 2
4 πε 0 K ( r′ )2
Therefore, Eq. (i) can be rewritten as
1 1
kq 2 x/ 2 ⇒ =
2
= r 2
K ( r′ )2
x mg x2
l2 − ⇒ r2 = K ( r′ )2
4
kq 2 x ⇒ r = K r′
⇒ = or q 2 ∝ x3
x2 mg 2l r
∴ r′ =
K
dq d ( x3 / 2 ) dx
⇒ ∝ ⋅ 35. (a) The situation is shown below.
dt dx dt
dq 1 Y
⇒ ∝ x1 / 2 v ⇒ v ∝ 1 / 2 or v ∝ x−1 / 2
dt x −q/2
F θ θ F
32. (a) When A and C are touched, charge is distributed equally
on them, X
q a a q
q
∴ q A = qC = , q = 6.5 × 10−7 C
2 F sin θ F sin θ
When C is touched with B, total charge of B and C
2F cos θ
3q
= q + q/ 2 =
2 Net force in negative Y -direction,
When B and C are separated, then charge is equally shared Fnet = 2Fcosθ
3q
between them, qB = qC =  q
4 2kq  
 2 y
So, finally we have following situation Fnet = ⋅
( y +a )
2 2 2
y + a2
2
r
 q
A B 2kq   y
q/2 3q/4  2 2kq 2 y
Fnet = ⇒ Fnet =
(y +a ) 2 2 3/ 2
a3
−7 −2
q = 6.5 × 10 C and r = 50 × 10 m
⇒ Fnet ∝ y
∴ Net force of attraction between A and B, i.e.,
36. (a) In space, there is no gravitational force, so
9 × 109 × q A qB
F =
r2 Q
θ = 180° Q
1 3
9 × 109 × × × (6.5 × 10−7 )2
= 2 4 kQQ kQ 2
Tension in each thread, i.e., F = =
(0.5)2 ( 2L ) 2
4L2
−3
= 5.7 × 10 N
37. (c) According to Coulomb’s law, force between two point 44. (c) The electric field vector E1 at A due to the positive
1
charges, i.e., F ∝ . Therefore, the graph between F and r charge q1 points towards the right and has a magnitude
r2 (9 × 109 Nm2 C−2 ) × (10−8 C)
will be as shown in Fig.(c). E1 = = 3.6 × 104 NC− 1
(0.05 m)2
38. (b) Force of attraction is caused by dissimilar charges. So
initially, The electric field vector E2 at A due to the negative charge
r q2 points towards the right and has a magnitude
+q1 – q2 (9 × 109 Nm−2 C−2 ) × (10−8 C)
E2 = = 3.6 × 104 NC− 1
(0.05 m)2
They are then touched +q1 – q2
Net value of charge q net = | q1 − q2 | The magnitude of the total electric field at A is
When separated, they share same type of charge. E A = E1 + E2 = 7.2 × 104 NC− 1
39. (c) A E A is directed towards the right.
q1
C

q 0.1 m 0.1 m
l l
O
q1 q2
B A
B C
q2 l q3 0.05 m 0.05 m 0.05 m

1 qq1 ^ The magnitude of each electric field vector at point C, due to

Force on q due to q1 = AO charge q1 and q2 is
4 πε 0 AO 2
(9 × 109 Nm2 C− 2 ) × (10− 8 C)
1 qq2 ^ E1 ′ = E2 ′ = = 9 × 103 NC−1
Force on q due to q2 = BO (0.10 m)2
4 πε 0 BO 2
The resultant of these two vectors is
1 qq3 ^
Force q due to q3 = CO π π
4 πε 0 CO 2 EC = E1′ cos + E2′ cos = 9 × 103 NC−1
3 3
qq ^ ^ ^
Total force on q = ( AO + BO + CO ) = 0 EC points towards right
4 πε 0 AO 2
EA 8
∴ =
It is clear by symmetry that the three forces will sum to zero. EC 1
41. (d) While forces acting on OD D (–5 µC) A (2 µC)
45. (c) Electric field inside the uniformly charged sphere varies
and OB are equal and opposite in kQ
nature. Similarly, forces acting linearly, E = ⋅ r,( r ≤ R ), while outside the sphere, it
on OC and OA are equal and
O R3
+q kQ
opposite forces. So, they cancel varies as inverse square of distance, E = ; ( r ≥ R ) which
out each other. r2
C (2 µC) B (–5 µC)
is correctly represented in option (c).
∴ F net = 0
eE
42. (b) At point A, net resultant F 46. (c) For electron acceleration =
F/2
me
force is –Q
F  1 –Q F 1 eEt12
F ′ = 2F + =F  2+  A s = 0( t1 ) +
2  2 F′ 2 me
a
qQ Q2  1 Similarly for proton,
⇒ =  2+  q
 2a 
2
a2  2
–Q s = 0( t 2 ) +
1 eEt 22
  –Q
2 mp
 2 
eE
Q  2 2 + 1 Q For electron, s = × t12
⇒ q=   ⇒ q = ( 2 2 + 1) me
2  2  4
eE
F 2.25 N For proton, s = × t 22
43. (c) Electric field, E = = = 1500 NC−1 mp
q 15 × 10−4 C
 t 22 mp 53. (c) Areas of P-Q are equal but more lines pass through area
∴ =
t12 me at P. So, field is stronger at P as compared to Q.
1/ 2 55. (c,d) According to the question,
t2 mp  mp 
⇒ = = 
t1 me  me  P
ρ −ρ
47. (c) Given, C1 C2
E = Ar …(i) R2
R1

For electrostatic field, EP = E1 + E2

ρ ( −ρ )
= C1 P + C1 P
3ε 0 3ε 0
q a
ρ
= (C1 P + C2 P )
3ε 0
ρ
EP = C1C2
1 q 3ε 0
Here, r= a ⇒ E = ⋅ 2
4 πε 0 a For electrostatic potential. Since, electric field is non-zero so
From Eq. (i), we get it is not equipotential.
1 q 61. (a) If the centre of mass of the positive charge does not
⋅ 2 = Aa ⇒ q = 4 πε 0 Aa 3
4 πε 0 a coincide with that of the negative charge, the molecule has
intrinsic (or permanent) dipole moment. Such molecules are
48. (b) E A = Electric field at M due to charge placed at A. called polar molecules.
EB = Electric field at M due to charge placed at B.
62. (c) Here, a = 2. 5 mm, r = 15 cm = 150 mm
EC = Electric field at M due to charge placed at C.
As, r >> a
A
EC 2p 2 ( 5 × 10−3 × 10 × 10−6 ) × ( 9 × 109 )
EB C Eaxis = =
4 πε 0 r3 (15 × 10−2 )3
M
EA = 2.6 × 105 NC−1
p 1
Eequatorial plane = = Eaxis
B 4 πε 0 r 3 2
As seen from figure | EB | = | E A |, so net electric field at M, =
1
× 2. 6 × 105
E net = EC , in the direction of vector 2. 2
49. (b) E net along CB . × 105 NC −1
= 13
Charges at A,C produce net electric field along OA. Charges 63. (c)
0°

at B, D produce net electric field along OB.

18

Enet
4q 3q
D C
O
p

A B Observing E net and pare in opposite directions, so angle

q 2q
between them is 180°.
So, total electric field is along bisector of angle AOB which Eaxis 2 p / 4 πε 0 r3 2
parallel to CB. 64. (b) As we know, = =
Eequator p / 4 πε 0 r3 1
51. (c) Field lines exist in 3-D
space, we draw field lines on 65. (a) Suppose neutral point N lies at a distance x from dipole
paper but actual they are in q1 q2 of moment por at a distance x2 from dipole of 64 p.
space. p
N 64 p
Field lines are in space around 1 2
line joining q1 and q2 . x1
25 cm
 At N , | Electric field due to dipole (1) | 75. (a) By Gauss’ law,
= |Electric field due to dipole (2)| q
φ=
⇒
1 2p
⋅ =
1
⋅
2 ( 64 p ) ε0
4 πε 0 x 3 4 πε 0 ( 25 − x )3
or q = φε 0 = 1.05 × 8.854 × 10−12 C
1 64
⇒ = ⇒ x = 5 cm = 9.27 × 10−12 C
x3 ( 25 − x )3
77. (b) By Gauss’ law, φ = Electric flux through closed surface
66. (c) A p
+q area
pnet qenclosed
l l = if qenclosed = 1 unit
ε0
p 60° 1
B C ⇒ φ= = ε −0 1
+q l –2q ε0
Net dipole moment, i.e., 78. (a) As, electric charge q is placed at the centre of a cube of
side.
p net = p + p + 2 pp cos 60° = 3 p
2 2

= 3 ql (Q p = ql )
67. (a) Here, torque τ = pEsin θ q

+q As all six faces are symmetrically located with respect to

charge. So, the total flux will be equally divided among 6
θ→E
1 q 
faces of cube, flux through each face =   .
6  ε0 
–q
80. (c)
Potential energy of the dipole
θ +q
U = ∫ τ dθ = ∫π / 2 pE sin θdθ = − pE [cos θ ] θπ / 2
= − pEcosθ
70. (a) Torque, τ = pE sin θn$
| τ | = pE sin θ Flux through the cylinder will be half of the total flux
∴ Torque is maximum, when θ = 90° 1 q q
= =
71. (a) Net dipole moment, p net =
2 2
p1 + p2 + 2 p1 p2 cosθ 2 ε 0 2ε 0
θ = 120° 82. (d) Net charges of one dipole = − e + e = 0
p1 = p = p2 Net charge of 8 dipoles = 8 × 0 = 0
p net = p ⇒ Net charge inside cube = 0 = q
So, τ = pE sin θ and it is along positive Z-axis. By Gauss’ law,
τ is perpendicular to plane along p and E. q 0
Total flux emerging from surface = = =0
ε0 ε0
72. (a) As, torque i.e., τ = pE sin θ = Iα
+ –
pE α pE 83. (b)
For small θ, α = θ ⇒ = E+
I θ I
θ pE
ω= = E–
α I + –
q
74. (c) As flux = enclosed . So, flux is due to only charges + q1 σ
E+ = E− =
ε0 2ε 0
and − q1 that makes a sum zero. But q2 produces its own  σ  σ
flux and net flux linked with sphere is zero. Electric field ⇒ E net = 2   = 
will be due to all the charges.  2ε 0   ε 0 
84. (d) Time period of simple pendulum in ⇒ I = 1, t = 1 gives q = 1unit
+ –
air. 1
+ – − 1 C has = 6 × 1018 electrons approximately.
When it is suspended between vertical + – . × 10−19
16
plates of a charged parallel plate + –
capacitor, then acceleration due to + – 95. (a) At macroscopic level, we deal with charges of order
+ +q – 10−6
electric field, a =
qE 1µC = 10−6 C, which has = 0.625 × 1013 =1013
m
+ – . × 10−19
16
+ –
This acceleration is acting horizontally E charges. Addition of a few hundred of e charges do not
and acceleration due to gravity is acting vertically. So, make any physically observable effect of attraction
effective acceleration repulsion, so quantisation can be ignored.
2 97. (d) Without an external field, the dipole moment of
 qE 
g ′ = g 2 + a2 = g 2 +   different molecules in a piece of matter are randomly
 m
oriented, so there is no net total dipole moment. In the
l presence of an external field, the polar molecules tend to
Hence, T ′ = 2π
2 align with the field and a net dipole moment results. We say
 qE 
g2 +   that the matter has got polarised. Non-polar molecules
 m develop dipole moment in presence of electric field.
85. (d) Coulomb’s attraction = Centripetal force 104. (a) A→2, B→4, C→3 D→1
4 π 2 mr2 σ
∴
1 q1 q2
= mr ω 2
= A. Infinite plane sheet of charge =
4 πε 0 r2 T2 2ε 0
σ
4 π mr
2 3 B. Infinite plane sheet of uniform thickness =
T2 = ε0
kq1 q2 Rρ
1/ 2 C. Non-conducting charged solid sphere at its surface =
 4 π mr 2 3 3ε 0
⇒ T= 
 kq1 q2  D. Non-conducting charged solid sphere at its centre = 0.
106. (a) Electric field at r = R
86. (a,c) Option (a) is correct due to symmetry,
ρ(r)
Option (b) is wrong again due to symmetry.
Option (c) is correct because as per Gauss’ theorem, net d
q
electric flux passing through any closed surface = in
ε0
Here, qin = 3q − q − q = q r
a R
q
:. Net electric flux = KQ
ε0 E= ; Q = Total charge within the nucleus = Ze
R2
Option (d) is wrong because there is no symmetry in two
KZe
given planes. So, E =
R2
87. (a) Force by electric field will be perpendicular to the
displacement. So, electric field is independent of a..
88. (c) If the field lines are curved, then the charged particle 107. (b) Q = ∫ ρr 4 πr2 dr,
follows the straight line path along the direction of tangent d
d ρ
drawn to electric field lines at its starting point. = r
R R−r ρ(r)
90. (d) E in outside vicinity of conductor’s surface depends on R
σ d
all the charges present in the space, but expression E = . Q = ∫ ( R − r ) 4πr2 dr
ε0 0
R
a R
4 πd  
R R
91. (d) Due to displacement of charge within closed surface E
=  R ∫ r2 dr − ∫ r3 dr
at any point may change. But net flux crossing the surface R  0 
0
will not change.
4 πd  R 4 R 4  πdR 3
92. (d) E at any point on Gaussian surface may be due to =  −  =
outside charges also. R  3 4 3
q
94. (c) Current is the flow of charge per unit time, I = πdR 3
t Q = Ze =
3
⇒ q = It
108. (c) From the formula of uniformly (volume) charged sphere 113. (c) From the ans. 109, in region II, the electric field
ρr σ σ
E= EII = E A + EB = +
3ε 0 2ε 0 2ε 0
E
σ σ A or σ B 17.0 × 10− 22
= = =
ε0 ε0 8.85 × 10− 12
E = 1.92 × 10− 10 NC −1
114. (a,b,c) Charges are additive, conservative and quantised in
nature.
r
a=R 115. (a,b) Natural occurring molecular dipoles have atoms with
For E ∝ r,ρ should be constant throughout that of nucleus. different electronegativity and so electron cloud is tilted to
This will be possible only when a = R. one side.
2.4 e.g., HCl, H2 O etc. Induced dipoles are formed when a
109. (c) Radius of shpere, r = = 1.2 m neutral atom is placed in a region of strong field.
2
Surface charge density, σ = 80 µC/ m2
= 80 × 10−6 Cm−2 External
Charge
Surface charge density =
Surface area
q 116. (b,d) Due to induction, charge
σ= on various faces are as shown +3 C 10 C – 3 C
4 π r2
alongside in figure.
q = σ × 4 πr2 = 80 × 10−6 × 4 × 3.14 × 1.2 × 1.2
Charge on the inner surface of
q = 1.4 × 10−3 C shell = + 3 C
– 3C

Total charge Net charge on outer surface of

110. (d) Total flux leaving the surface, φ =
ε0 shell = − 3 C + 10 C = + 7 C
q . × 10−3
145 Distribution of charge on inner surface would be uniform
φ= =
ε 0 8.854 × 10−12 117. (b,d) In LHS of Gauss’ law, E is due to all point charges
present in space and φ depends only on the enclosed charges.
φ = 16
. × 108 N-m2 / C q σ
118. (c,d) Einside = 0, Eoutside = k 2 , Esurface =
111. (d) There are two plates A and B having surface charge r ε 0
densities σ A = 17.0 × 10− 22 C/m 2 on A and
119. (b) Using Coulomb’s law, the force between two charges is
σ B = − 17.0 × 10− 22 C/m 2 on B, respectively. given by
A B 1 q1 q2
F = .
II III 4 πε 0 d 2
9 × 109 × 2 × 10− 7 × 3 × 10− 7
+ EA – EA
I δA δB F =
EA EB EB 0.3 × 0.3
EB 9 × 2 × 3 × 10− 5
= = 6 × 10− 3 N (Repulsion)
3 × 3 × 10− 2
According to Gauss’ theorem, if the plates have same 120. (c) We have to find the value of r. Using Coulomb’s law,
surface charge density but having opposite signs, then the the force between two charges is
electric field in region I is zero.
1 q1 q2
σ  σ  F = ⋅
EI = E A + EB = + −  =0 4 πε 0 r2
2ε 0  2ε 0 
1
112. (d) From the ans. 109, the electric field in region III is also Putting the values of F, , q1 and q2 , we get
4 πε 0
zero.
EIII = E A + EB 0.4 × 10− 6 × 0.8 × 10− 6
0.2 = 9 × 109 ×
σ  σ  r2
= + −  =0
2ε 0  2ε 0  r2 = 16 × 9 × 10− 4 ⇒ r = 12 cm
121. (c) Given, AB = 20 cm 123. (d) Total charge = 2.5 × 10−7 − 2.5 × 10−7 = 0
A 20 cm B Electric dipole moment,
Z
qA = 3 mC O EA EB qB = –3 mC
qB = –2.5 × 10–7 C B (0, 0, +0.15 m)
AO = OB = 10 cm = 0.1m
q A = 3 µC = 3 × 10− 6 C 0

qB = − 3 µC = − 3 × 10− 6 C
qA = +2.5 × 10–7 C A (0, 0, – 0.15 m)
1 q
The electric field at a point due to a charge q is E = . Z′
4 πε 0 r2
p = Either charge × Separation between charges
where, r is the distance between charge and the point.
= 2.5 × 10−7 (0.15 + 0.15) C-m
Electric field due to q A at O is E A .
1 q = 7.5 × 10−8 C-m
EA = . A
4 πε 0 ( AO )2 The direction of dipole moment is from B to A, i. e., along
−6 negative Z-axis.
9 × 10 × 3 × 10
9
27 × 10 3
EA = = = 2.7 × 10−6 N/C 124. (c) Torque applied on a dipole in the electric field,
(0.1) 2
0.1 × 0.1
τ = p × E = pE sin θ
The direction of E A is A to O, i.e., towards O or towards OB
as the electric field is always directed away from positive or τ = 4 × 10− 9 × 5 × 104 sin 30°
charge. 20 × 10− 5
= = 10− 4 Nm
Electric field due to qB at O is EB . 2
1 q
EB = . B The direction of torque is perpendicular to both electric field
4 πε 0 (OB )2 and dipole moment.
9 × 109 × 3 × 10− 6 125. (d) The charge on an object is given by
EB = 2 q = ± ne
(0.1)
The number of electrons transferred
27 × 103 Total charge ( q )
= = 2.7 × 106 N/C n=
0.1 × 0.1 Charge of electron ( e )
The direction of EB is O to B i.e., towards O or towards OB
−3 × 10− 7
as the electric field is always directed towards the negative n= = 1.875 × 1012
charge. − 1.6 × 10− 19
Now, we see that both E A and EB are in same direction. So, 126. (a) From the Coulomb’s law, the force between the two
the resultant electric field at O is E. Hence, spheres is
E = E A + EB = 2.7 × 106 + 2.7 × 106 1 q A qB 9 × 109 × 6.5 × 10− 7 × 6.5 × 10− 7
F = . =
= 5.4 × 106 N/C 4 πε 0 r2 (50 × 10− 2 )2
The direction of E (resultant electric field) will be from O to 9 × 6.5 × 6.5 × 10− 5
B or towards B. = = 1.521 × 10− 2 N(Repulsion)
50 × 50 × 10− 4
122. (a) Let us consider, the charge q is placed at the mid-point
127. (c) According to the question, if the charge is doubled
O. According to the question,
q ′A = 2q A and qB′ = 2qB
q = − 1.5 × 10− 9 C
r
q Distance between them is halved, i.e., r′ =
2
A O B
Now, the force between the two spheres is
F
By the basic definition of electric field, E = 1 q ′A qB′ 1 ( 2 q A ) ( 2 qB )
q F′ = . =
4 πε 0 r′ 4 πε 0 ( r / 2 )2
or F = qE , where E is the net electric field at pointO.
1 4 q A qB 1 q A qB
F = − 1.5 × 10− 9 × 5.4 × 106 = . = 16
4 πε 0 r2 / 4 4 πε 0 r2
= − 8.1 × 10− 3 N
= 16 F = 16 × 1.521 × 10− 2 = 0.24 N
The direction of force is opposite to the direction of field
because the charge q is negatively charged. Thus, the This force is also repulsive in nature because both the
direction of force is from O to A. charges are similar (positive) in nature.
 1 q
128. (c) As the deflection in the path of a charged particle is 133. (c) Electric field, E = .
directly proportional to the charge/mass ratio. 4 πε 0 r2
q
y∝ 20 cm P
m
q E
Here, the deflection in particle 3 is maximum, so the charge
to mass ratio of particle 3 is maximum. 9 × 109 × q
1.5 × 103 =
129. (d) Electric flux, φ = E⋅ S = ES cos θ ( 20 × 10− 2 )2
= ES (Q angle between E and S is 0°) 1.5 × 103 × 20 × 20 × 10− 4
q= = 6.67 × 10− 9 C
φ = 3 × 103 × 10− 2 = 30 Nm 2 C −1 9 × 109
λ
130. (d) The area vector makes an angle of 60° with X-axis. 134. (c) Electric field due to infinite line charge, E =
E = 3 × 103 i$ NC −1 2πε 0 r
2 λ 2λ
S = 100 cm 2 = 10− 2 m2 , θ = 60° E= × =
2 2π ε 0 r 4 π ε 0 r
Using the formula of electric flux, φ = E ⋅ S
Putting the values, we get
φ = ES cos θ = 3 × 103 × 10− 2 cos 60°
2 × 9 × 109 × λ
1 9 × 104 =
= 3 × 10 × = 15 Nm 2 C −1 2 × 10− 2
2
9 × 104 × 2 × 10− 2
131. (d) The total flux enclosed through the cube is λ= = 10− 7 Cm −1
2 × 9 × 10 9

135. (a) The net force on q1 by q2 and q3 is along the

q + X -direction. Hence, q1 is a negative charge. Thus, nature
of force between q1 and newly introduced charge Q
5 cm (positive) is attractive and net force on q1 by (q2 , q3 and Q)
are along the same direction as given in the diagram below.
Y
+q2
10 cm

According to Gauss’ theorem +Q

– q1 X
(x, 0)
q
φ= …(i)
ε0 +q3
Here, q = 10 µC
The flux enclosed by one face, i.e., square is 1/6 of total flux 136. (a) When a positive point charge is brought near an isolated
(because the cube has six square shaped faces). conducting sphere without touching the sphere, then the free
electrons in the sphere are attracted towards the positive
The flux linked with each square
charge. This leaves an excess of positive charge on the far
φ 1 q
φ′ = = . [From Eq. (i)] (right) surface of sphere.
6 6 ε0 Both kinds of charges are bound in the metal sphere and
1 10 × 10− 6 cannot escape. They, therefore, reside on the surface.
φ′ = ×
6 8.854 × 10− 12 Thus, the left surface of Attracted negative
sphere has an excess of charge
= 1.88 × 105 Nm 2 C −1 negative charge and the – +
– +
Thus, the flux linked with the square is 1.88 × 105 Nm 2 C −1 . right surface of sphere –
–
+
+
has an excess of positive +q – +
132. (d) According to Gauss’ theorem, the net electric flux (φ)
charge as given in the
through the surface is figure below
q 2 × 10− 6 An electric field line starts from positive charge and ends at
φ= =
ε 0 8.854 × 10− 12 negative charge (in this case from point positive charge to
negative charge created inside the sphere).
= 2.26 × 105 Nm 2 C −1 Also, electric field line emerges from a positive charge, in
Thus, the net electric flux through the surface is case of single charge and ends at infinity.
2.26 × 105 Nm 2 /C. Here, all these conditions are fulfilled in Fig. (a).
137. (d) Electric flux through a surface doesn’t depend on the 142. (a,c) Total charge inside the surface is = Q − 2Q = − Q
shape, size or area of a surface but it depends on charges −Q
enclosed by the surface. ∴ Total flux through the surface of the sphere =
ε0
138. (c) The space between the electric field lines is increasing,
Charge 5Q lies outside the surface, thus it makes no
here from left to right and its characteristics states that,
contribution to electric flux through the given surface.
strength of electric field decreases with the increase in the
space between electric field lines. As a result force on 144. (c) +Q
R2
charges also decreases from left to right.
Thus, the force on charge − q is greater than force on charge –Q
+ q in turn dipole will experience a force towards left. R1
+Q
139. (c,d) ∫s E ⋅ dS = 0 represents electric flux over the closed
surface.
In general, ∫ E ⋅ dS means the algebraic sum of number of
s −Q
Now, surface charge density on the inner surface =
flux lines entering the surface and number of flux lines 4 πR12
leaving the surface. +Q
When ∫ E ⋅ dS = 0, it means that the number of flux lines surface charge density on the outer surface =
s 4 πR22
entering the surface must be equal to the number of flux lines
145. (c) When the charge q is placed at B, middle point of an
leaving it.
q edge of the cube, it is being shared equally by 4 cubes.
Now, from Gauss' law, we know that ∫ E ⋅ dS = , where q Therefore, total flux through the faces of the given cube
s ε0
= q / 4 ε0 .
is charge enclosed by the surface. When ∫ E ⋅ dS = 0, q = 0
s 146. (c) Here, let us keep the charge 2q at a distance r from A.
i.e., net charge enclosed by the surface must be zero. p
2q q –3q
Therefore, all other charges must necessarily be outside the
surface. This is because charges outside the surface do not Fby q Fby – 3q
x d
contribute to the electric flux. A B
140. (b,d) The electric field due to a charge Q at a point in space Thus, charge 2q will not experience any force.
may be defined as the force that a unit positive charge would When force of repulsion on it due to q is balanced by force
experience if placed at that point. Thus, electric field due to of attraction on it due to − 3q, at B, where AB = d .
the charge Q will be continuous, if there is no charge at that Thus, force of attraction by − 3q = Force of repulsion by q
point. It will be discontinuous if there is a charge at that 2q × q 2q × 3q
point. ⇒ =
4 πε 0 x 2
4 πε 0 ( x + d )2
141. (c,d) When there are various types of charges in a region,
but the total charge is zero, the region can be supposed to ⇒ ( x + d )2 = 3x2 ⇒ x2 + d 2 + 2xd = 3x2
contain a number of electric dipoles. Therefore, at points ⇒ 2x2 − 2dx − d 2 = 0
outside the region (may be anywhere w.r.t. electric dipoles),
1 d 3d
the dominant electric field ∝ 3 for large r. Further, as x= ±
r 2 2
electric field is conservative, work done to move a charged (Negative sign between q and −3q is unadaptable.)
particle along a closed path, away from the region will be d 3d d
zero. ∴ x=− + = (1 + 3 ) to the left ofq.
2 2 2