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Learning Outcomes

1. Kinematics of uniform circular motion

a. Define the radian and express angular displacement in radians

Radian: 1 Rad is the angle subtended at the center of a circle by an arc of equal length to the radius
of the circle.

Converting degrees to radians;

1o = (pi/180) rad

Angular displacement : Is the change in angle (measured in radians) of a body as it rotates around a
circle.

b. Understand and use the concept of angular speed to solve problems

Angular speed = is the change in angular displacement per limit time.

w = delta theta/ delta t

w = theta/ t2-t1

θ
ω=
t 2−t 1

c. Recall and use v = rw to solve problems

Period and frequency;

w = delta theta/ delta t

when it's a circle

w = 2pi/T

2π
ω=
T
2pi = Full circle

T = Time Period

Frequency, f = 1/T

T=T

2pi/w = 1/f

2π 1
=
ω f
2pi f = 1 w

w = 2pi f

Linking linear velocity (v = s/ t)and angular velocity, (v = wr)

Linear Speed;

speed = distance/ time

In the case of a circle;

v = d/t = (2pi r)/ T

T = (2pi r)/ v
 2 πr
T=
v

2pi r = perimeter of a circle

T = Time period

v = linear speed

Angular speed (ω );

w = delta theta/ delta t

In the case of a circle;

w = delta theta/ delta t = 2pi/T

∆θ
ω=
∆t
2pi = angle in a full circle

T = Time period

T=T

2pi r/v = 2pi/ w

2pi r w = 2pi v

2pi r w/ 2pi = v

v=rw

2. Centripetal acceleration and centripetal force

a. Describe qualitatively motion in a curved path due to a perpendicular force, and understand the
centripetal acceleration (in the case of uniform motion in a circle)
-- An object in uniform circular motion is continuosly changing direction, and therefore is constantly
changing velocity

The object must therefore be accelerating

-- This is called centripetal acceleration and is perpendicular to the direction of the linear speed

Centripetal means it acts towards the center of the circular path

-- The centripetal acceleration is caused by a centripetal force by a centripetal force of constant

-- Therefore, the centripetal acceleration and force are in the same direction

-- Centripetal acceleration

The acceleration of an object towards the center of a circle when an object is in motion (rotating)
around a circle at a constant speed

a = delta v/ delta t

∆v
a=
∆t
Similar triangles;

base 1/ base 2 = side 1/ side 2

delta v/ v = delta r/ r = delta spatium/ r

delta v = (delta r/ r) v

delta v = delta r (v/ r)

delta v = delta r w

∆ v=∆ r ω
delta v/ v = delta s/ r

delta v = (delta s/ r) v

delta v = delta s (v/ r)

a = delta v/ delta t

a = delta s (v/ r) 1/ delta t

a=∆ s ( vr ) ∆1t
a = delta s/ delta t (v/ r)

a=
∆s v
∆t r()
a = v (v/ r)

a = v^2/ r

a=vw

b. Recall and use centripetal acceleration equations a = rw^2 and a = (v^2)/r

We know,

a = v^2/ r ........ (1)

v = r w ........ (2)

Subtituting (2) in (1);

a = v^2/ r

a = (r w)^2/ r

a = r^2 w^2/ r

a = r w^2
2
a=r ω
From (2);
v=rw

v/ w = r ....... (3)

Subtituting (3) in (1)

a = v^2/ r

a = v^2/ (v/w)

(v/ w) a = v^2

a v = v^2 w

a = v^2 w/ v

a=vw

a=vω

c. Recall and use centripetal force equations F = mr(w^2) and F = m(v^2)/r

-- Centripetal Force

An object moving in a circle is not in equilibrium, it has a resultant force acting upon it. This is known
as the centripetal force and is what keep the object moving in a circle.

Centripetal force is defined as;

The resultant perpendicular force towards the center of the circle required to keep a body in a
uniform circular motion

F = m a (Newton seconds law)

Fc = m r w^2

F=ma

F=ma
2
v
a=
r
Fc = m (v^2/r)

Fc = m v^2/ r

Fc = m v (v/r)

Fc = m v w

-- Car moving in a circle

Fc = m v^2/ r or m r w^2

Centripetal Force is nothing by itself, but it due to some othe force.

Ff = Fc

myu w = m v^2/ r

Question: Why is the car turning left? What is causing it to turn left?

=> Frictional force is providing the centripetal force.

Ff = myu N or F = myu W

F f =μ N

F=μ W

Ff = Frictional Force

myu = Coefficiant of friction

N = Normal contact force

W = Weight

Question: What happens if there is no friction?

Ex: Road covered in hail/ black ice/ rain

Question: Why does the car skid?

=> To get more friction

Question: Why does the car need more friction?

=> To get the centripetal force which allows it to keep traveling in a circle/ to make a circle

F = m v^2/ r hence, Fc propotional to m

It would take a greater centripetal force to keep a car of heavier mass traveling in a circle

To take a turn at a greater speed you need greater friction which provides the centripetal force
necessary to take the turn

Question: How to make a high speed turn without the car flipping over?

Ex: F1 races (because we can't always depend on friction)

=>

180 = 90 - theta + 90 + nyu

180 = 180 - theta + nyu

Turning car

N sin theta = Fc

_________________

N cos theta = m g
tan theta = (m (v^2)/ r)/ m g

tan theta = v^2/r 1/ g

tan theta = v^2/ r g

Tan theta = v^2/ r g

-- Verticle Circle

Question: What gives us the centripetal force at B?

Fc = Tb + m g

Tb = m v^2/ r - m g

Centripetal Force = Resultant Force

At point C, if the resultant force is bigger

Tc > m g

Fc = Tc - m g

Tc = M v^2/ r + m g

Tc > Tb

Highest chance of breakage at point C

Question: for the circle to spin, there HAS to be some speed

Highest point;

Tb > 0

Tb = m v^2/ r - m g > 0

m v^2/ r > m g

v^2 > r g

v min > suare root r g

Minimum velocity does not depend on the mass of the object