SS [Faeroe | [pate | “| and information. . | Paneer jarmadion over dong cistancen A computer Ratworle ov Almply @ nefvare £30 Collection. _| computes and other Aardwore inkrclonnecteol | Cremunicadion channels that allow sharing | Computer nekvanks con aloo Ae convict @ means for _ ANET .C Aduaniecl Research. Pagjects Agere. Nedwore ) In 1969, the U-S. Department of _ Defence. dnitiated Tuneanch | | into joing 7 the p Compudes % dxerve ano and sUreanch cankis dirty +he nehuort. This network became ARPANET, 2« aewed. [ae otanding point fan construction. af finwh ancl most | 4nd Known WAN y Blass known on “Intanet. i ‘pe “ARPANET gone compusers of dieunt type running Various openatiy syste. “with cliferent add-on meduler pe tdpnalins cownbeal. Qa onto. ae a, fut a squee f 3 r (tata Kelp mapa wasn) AC pawn of data. Honora si ace ets te pocket Aut “openatora Packer sontRyene| nate || => |e bartcolty a WAN. TD wor developed by ARPA. C Advanced Renearch Buject Ajenuy ) . — [EA doar cerignact Jo sewiee even a nuclear Gta >. | ARPANET Conk of Aubnat and Aosk Compustury. : consist of mnt nicompusers Called IMP, CInteface Meroage Procensars). “Host could send murnayen of upto 8063 bit | 4o its IMP which woul break them into pacets one fariana them indaps Arward drtination . i et ENGin e& RY th a> letral nichsrovic' of Sea ent aeeaeareet om | aaah ounces. Web = _xwortel wide web Catia Ada collection of defernt cacbactey uu ar acces Pinu intent - bin yeu Vikt Q@ avebsite ) your Computer. Aerdy a segues oven thine wir to sewer . A sewer % ahere swebsitn are Aterecl. mer a “rupuuat anriver, |the ewer sutiees the esebpite and aerolo cance Type’ of Internet deuce a type Trtevet pew eu 1 chose UAL Apr lon nt Sew providerc TS) sewe 4y pow oun. oo | Dial-up: slowest Tnkanet Connuction | Tt vse» mio phos je dandline phons at home. Mud DSL: Dsl Aww rw broadband cornuhon, feottn than Dialup, Cont “Intarat We phoneliry sf but doeonot ruguire Landline at home -cu avy) patel > ik Connects fo internat Hhroush dotellltes anbiting | ise) cn | aciiizen Tee/Te protcal and el Atning modem y “Gi Antevet is explore (catlad urfey) anning browser . ov | Fink informacion an Thknret kp arievecl nuy Search opine | »| Coble: Connuds a cable TV, aren broadband Connection faaker than both dial-up and OSL seniee , ayetd dy weather pattern, rower Connuts awirelinaly frrouph ISP nehuank . DSL on Coble | Taternet _bonics STntunet and www wu rot Pare Pury » broadband, 3G, 9G , on network. Corretesk Haron an _ ISP. ——— aA SAA | Tn Shont, Ditvopoce Aa Wore of osha Tntenrat wilt, | aust’o, Video dr text chat in aynamic BD environmen « | SBF RN per ia Site vides mosh advenced fr x __| pacer to Manipulate + ae vk 4 communiccchore available one Tntevet become» Tt in an appticahins eairenmert for Interconne dingtypes aft Suatihiriy Techaipiien ont employ ed dr Dota Tatocduction. Rim of data communication and networking 4a to fecitiote exchorg eof ata Auch A audio, text ar _ | Vicleo - Le Variour points ir sworld Fan olliv data an information. usith Care curacy Varsiow _ Communication _Netwovking « Type> of of Suit chiny Techni. { Grewit C Poker antsy [sushi ? Causitening 9 eS i Sea Greuit pustchi Are an public netuorks. Of Grunt Switthuy co a tehnigue “that clivectuy connects the rercar and rectiver ran unsroker path. /e- daciicattcl communication path . a shen A needy to communicate anth 6, aysion A neds to sugust ¢ connsction 40 Dypken 6 that mut Ac accept dry oll susitchus Or arctan by Gated Trib dn called Actup phare - Once a Connschton 40 ertablishect avdeciicett path exists blw both ends autil the connection Us terminate - | fist eatabushedk but Meu ane no deiion made mu Complate end - +o end ecth must exist Roisin toluotdon ~euant db. racinerkth, chroaait ah after that time. | communication can take place. . advandaye - Communication channel Conte ertabli'shaol) a> dedicated .Page No. Date Disoove: SPR = possibly sory sect to eotablith a Connection > | mane expensive than Bngf tren suntchiy Kebnigue | hcaure Of dadkcattel pat. 2 [inspiciet unt communication. anrsh, 4: decor channel > rot red Ash canned raigasteren BNE: Not uniy t+ “| Mennaye Suite v * [pot nuunrany Fe cotnits hac cedicateot pot. bw rendan and | JUMWUT EO menraye Ay Toute indleperclerdly trrouph | tha netuwerte rk at ee SOE TS + | hen aw atadion Aend> a. Penge. dustination adarun to men fe manage 4 | Each nodes seuew a mensaje, ated iban ids entir on dink, ancl then transmits munraeto next station - fe gel Stone anol forvondl network - |p| Channel efficent an grcotore bez mans ducer ane shasiry barnak 2) Propper coryention._ can te vedurrol ou to Sto in Toute Wy) mange prucorihey ole to Stone anol farworcl nehvere _ Ww | runsae betsadcanhey Carte ached dus to oddrun gpperdad. ah lisa. avorctayen er: nob ot compatiole ath intracive applications | ay stese and forward ane experive becoun ae ae hove dasye oink Fe hold toy marrageDotagnan Ps oe variable Ae - Et combs combined ates %. munsage Packet Dusit o> Virhsol Crowe ie [munsapes one cliv'ctect into kets xed Qe anok erecut Auritching and 4 minimize disadvantage Sige of packer to decided by network and goveorwiy protrcol . - Funowues one allocated on dwnanct. Renowrer Albocachion 49 done on” finst come finnt auwe barin . Eo Susitehiy node har smatk amount %. hufper pper_ to halh poukets Tf outgoing Hine sis bury 5 pocnee Shaye Qe dint Lives become available - 3 Ear packet Far roune and clestinations addr Unnes - | Ta packet suitor analog Ai owe phone | & Seep eeee Suis Since: poucess fave a male packets donot travel fegethan; Seziuntioly , 07 fame a | dovartye: ¢ a Cost eyective. (donot nro mamive , Horage) Ttouse oe it : a _ 4 Cu) amprnoved elo ranacknistin (no tong mansayer) cur) packets con Ae rerouted ( Y busy an olisate banka) civ) many network con Phare donne ot Jarna He. disadwartopen : oO “protocols ara typcaly mone complex cu) add some nition cost in ienplementanon . cur) 4 pocket ab Lost, Senden nraols to refrarsmt cata. GY) Carnet deliven rare quatihy 09 dadicade coruick. ro Page, | | . a | o| Dotas Packet dustcrL ‘GS Revmalty 4 nplementedt an network Lage |G een packet 2 nowteol_indiperdentty Prough network Ly each packet Ado header that contains. cestin addruny |b when Surtch rucieven the packet, duntination adden In heaclen 49 examined, noutiy table 2 comulted to fincl Canurpondiry part hrowh ‘“ustich packet Should be forwarded ce dog rei 3 dantination 2 FIs Bet —+— ask. S pps EE ee Ski - ag cc 1200. baud channel sll horsmut data aka nate of laobit pusumd | Baud indicates Nov Are aignol charyers per second Therefore, if tach transmitted acral es eit a yuo cr one (0/2) y then baud rote = bps. Baud nate io mesnuremact of 2ignal units raguived, to frarwnit data. Boul rate dtteumine amourt __ = x hander suayured inv Cornmmurication Lies, |ae [aca fae | Ll oo ett arent ernie Tro of cata elements (hits) Sent in (rend. The anit Sa Cbuts per second). — ESS TH in auned to compare “Spud ard. transmunrion fs 8 bits per second _ 5 bite per second ae ey : eee - t a a | kbps = J kilohits per second = 1024 bits per Secor. I Mbps = | Myokiss persecond = /0r4 kbps = 2° bps [Gbps =/ Gigastss, per rewnd = 1024 mbps = 23° bps. [Tbps = 1 Teabits per seconl = 1024 Gbps = ie bps. CS TENT AB — £6? stands for Byte pr second > S| Cone oe a eur blow Lowert and Aighet (en Of a transmisaion, cham. (se. allocates band % freguenuer to a channel). TEN erty ag an dunclth ta: chivectiy pmopotinal tomato data tronainitteol an zudeuedt er Unit Hoe » eT aS ann “High banaue chanvals one etka broadband channel and kos bandwidth channels ane Called Nartoodard channel -Page No. Tronprunsion Made Eka: 4 sefew to mehoriam of franspenniny of cata ow tuo cdeiery connectecl over A network * Ceommunteation, thee moles dive 1e direction of few of : 1) | Aemplex mode - 4 data can te set only Jr one oirecton. xe | unidirectional - G We just need to rend a commana /aignol except EE elirde suapenre bak - L | example Joudapeakenrs, Alouion broadcasting Vv sumok, Keyboard and monitan etc. He duplex mode - ¥ | Signal , but ‘not at dane time « [example = walkie - talkie 4A whic manneyes ane Det one ot a time but dn both. directions. _ } directs ee cy | Fu _duphex mode . L data con te Hronsmitteol an both direchons at Aare time Chitdivectional) _ Example > Rlephore Consversationall Date | Une Conpigunacion. La network is nothing but a connection. made Hororugh, | a) | Cemnection Links b/w two a mere clevicen. Point to Point Connection. CRPP) i cl & protocol ustich in cured ar a. Communicodion. Link better. Aum AUN «| _ Simple to extabush . [5 most commen example :(PPP) i» compulen connected soy “Hlaphons Hints . ro [axe | =| | re ap cane Lar ed es a Mutipaint Gnnection . Crettionnep conpigustadi fuse an mann deices Shane a ainyle - dink « & if Hinks ont ured rimubtaneoualy Blur mony cleviced 5 then it in shane Lune omfigascadion. Dif anen takes than while airy Line, then et in time | shaneol Lue configusation «Trangrminsion median 41 Computer > Aignals ae fransmitteol in fore of electromag ntic fromm ona ctuvice to another . Tray care trower Phuph, Youur, aan other tansmussion maotium. a Clechemag ratte energy Connink of power, voce y Viibke Light , nadt’o awower, Aultraverl | gamma says ete: ~ | the first toys Cohyrteal Jays) dadicatal to trarrsmionion. media. ae Coaxial _Fibve phic Teisteck Jo. MicrovoVe fToips Barebarnd | broadband | — SS Onshiehd nok. cp Boundak (Guided) Transmission Melia. ane those That provide a Conduit from one device ao . pu aseatar = = a Y ny = Clie tans CR) © most wet and cheaper yhan OTAUYS Aw Aight weight _ inotalhak Copper) , Cah «sith dts own plootic. Inmulahorey tusk together - oe a eer Puts Heol, Powe Conant of Ad Conducrarrs Carrmalty |Page Ne] Date ame of sive L» snreol cord ence. The receiver |S UTP cobler comint of 2 on Y pains of tuisteol coble — | Unshieldad Tansted Pain Coble . | eee Lconrist of fwd conductors its gure calour pleatic i insulator. (Aue aunt 40 | 40 idantipication) . 4 Coble usth 2 pains Ane RT-N Connectore _ [advantaye: cd Installation in cary — 4 pur Ane Rg 45 emnector . __ tu) Flexitle and feast __ Sn Detheeape iar ae ee ew lad m Lernit | |S cable hana metal feil an bratced— mesh. covering i adwontaye? 0 ne cory to ‘natal | oshch ERLOALA each pate of Wrrutateol Conductosus _ (eben raise penetration —— ral an i) can be wre for analog ant digital harsmissi ye ae WY sraneaney Aignal > mate. > eliminates Masta.disadvartaye: difficult to manfocwne cy Rena ve ; { Seachiordg Gf STP ANB OR: Ba in telephone. Aines — CDSL Lines) Local frrea Network. » such Os 10 Bane TF. 190 Borel, adpo use Fufisted_ pain Coble 3 45 Contains fur conduuctare Hatane parole to enh | Otten, Coopper is aed at Centur) Most commen coaxial standard - 50- ohm RA-F or Ra- 113 thie Ethernet | 60- Ohm RA-SP: Hun Ethernet | F6- ohm RG-59 1 Cable television. | 93- Ohm RA-62 2 ARCNET ______|Plantic a ES Coaxtal Cables ane categorigact ty Thin Raa Government CRA) zeadings BION. DRIED IS anp > RG-54 762 Cable TV RA-SP 0-2 Thin Ethernet RG = 11 So-2 TN Ethernet.[Page ro. [p==_{ Coaxial cable connrectarr . 4 1 sun “act BNE OS Give T connector ee Hrminatot. __ | Bareband @roadkarnd | igttal transmission cn analog transmission Cny| franpmits Aigle aignal ata Ci) Fransmits rewenal Aimaltaneaws tims. usith high Apend. _aignal wavy differed Peequtrd or . cm)| reads “amplification, after. em Covers Lange areas ty Thikknst , Th chase conpsked toaPage No. Date ee Fibve Optic cable. _| 4% made of glars ax plastic and tronsmts Agnal Ax form of ghee: L ix denen seflection do guide Light “Hough a channel. LAglaman piotc Guin purourded by a | 7 addiry of Jerr denne glass or plantic. Me differance yor 4A dennity of fur material mut dt Auch theta bear | ving throw h Gre 23S [of Art” mo care to supleated' off “Hh SX [cladding instiad of Being rupracted into LePage No. ae | Tr mattimede index 9 density rumours constart from _| carte fo_eotpen of cone. Cable - | cable. Candex supers to index of sufraction ). dhinaty v vanier . Density dn ighurt ot Center of cant and deneeren gradually | ae a : = = asith mur AMAL diameter. than, muuttins chia cnithe Aubstarchialy - dower dannity - Fibxe. optic. Connector - ze cs ee x Sc Chubsembe channel) ST C shraignt MT- RJ connedor eo ee a __ Adie on RT-YS dase TV 8 Gable to networking Cpush| pull dodkiy ayrtm) cleince. [adwactayes: co hight bandusicth , dum aignal attenuation — uw Aight weight , imamainty ato electromey nehic, a _ inten fonenee, | cw) renistance to. cavunive material — sees co inostolach'on & “maintenance - uy Unidirectional oo ram DAD yt co Ng aE cation: Local anea Nehwort. Duh as 100 Bare- FX And oso Bake — X. AefwankBape No. cud Unboundect CUngeudect) FPraramirrions [g KHZ i Ge- {Gout espepastion: C Selo Aowent Potion. atmi wre Le asithout suniy physical consuctore - Cuivelirs) KW ot) L1¥e) cs SP. eset AS = cae ogetion. C 2-30 MHz) fonosphore ane ruprctol bowke).- ___eSP = | Line of Light Rnopogation Cabove 3oNHz) Straight Line cbrectiy from andtrna te antinna . 4 Pe art hes hughes fae opus L veny hiph frequency nignals ont transritteok In _ | ve can divicle wirelew franaminalon info freee. . broad groups? coe ue Fey 5 a - - L ane omnidirecnonal. ie. Yeeiving and Aeroury at & J inter todeknten erence another, ize radio 2wwes Gath dew & madi ae ae : oo perstode “was . Lamnadérectinal property “hor diadvanraje to oseee ane | appucection o% radio ww0.VvEr LAN and FM vadio, Hlivision, maritime radio, Corollens (phones, eying are example of muthionting « =. L Prey one Line - of sight « © vey high - frequency 4 muctownve cannot pensar 40 Une of: Contain postions of band meguive pemmissore from dutharitier - _|Ared in elutase phoniry daklite network. & wiveltyr LANs. Theneant 2 typer of Miroweue _Traesrunsion 5 © | Tenrestnal Minowove _ GU) Saselute Minowwane - Cay) fon inutearty distance a, rapeatts plocect In outer spow , positioned | 2 inntalten “ath evry antenna, | above Sgcrokm above epustor that makhen exactly rotation speed. Signal precleved by antenna ons RS (225\. be conuerttd into franmmitiable | By form ond vrolayed fonext " andena, . | Re saePage No | a. GOS | Trfras eo owe” L short sane Commun icodiore E anparned Hays haviry Moh jreyuney const 4 : ee f Be ee | £ ured Aransmit oligital cata onthe very Mok data = Lave Algnals fe Kuypboord, moune ) Pls 5 printers (| L dine of ight commentechore (shart raye) Aike TV stemote . a ‘ ( [Types of Netwank Topology | 45 Scthemedtic clerriphorn of network artaryement, | 7 $ Connectiry Varvous nockes Taro Lures of Connection. | Cm) eoay #0 expandPage a Date Ee Aisadvantye : cn cable fails ushole retort foils cu) Cable Hay mitecl dargth. CM) Mouser than n oe cw) Af codes Ate mane, PYavmane AeuTearn. ee — 2 Pe de 2 Ring topology | | = dada tranamiteol haste pany Hour each node sn nchvork [= 4 no: of mapentina ars neal for Wey logy wath larger nercler — transmission ky unidirectional Sut can re made bidirectional by hawsing 2. connections ( etusl sury _tepolopy ). Data flaws 4h opp clivection im then . Tf or ry falls , Second uy acts ab a bork bone _|_ frac or adclvy mone no: of nocler 2 ar novlen ren Aawing & J ea: wPransmuttin networe. ky aot Me ha Laduontap er ad Dnt apecteol by high eteen cor hoa data _ | diodvantye: C1) Froubleshootiy Jo re cu) cheap to inotoll and “expand. cu) adeuy an detshiy node. dlistunhs nefwore ae a feslorn ¥ one node | clisfunbs whole Hehe |Pe Fy . “eke = breadcost danke | Browwsiy Gorter] — naninsedigent ele ge s “| every nacle han is own ceckicateot Connection to > hind AubS acts a Yepeater Cam be used wnith twisted pain, ophrol fone ou Coaxial cable advondage C0 faa P&Yormane aad Aevo orator raf cn) Aubton be! upgrodiacd ganily cy, eaty 0 froublenhuat » setup ety: civ» one node fail, sunk ayptem ia not chsadvardape + ¢1) cost af installation ia Hugh any _expenrive es __ cur) Tf tusks fail tren ushole natwore foie. Mea tepology ss a = pant to pont connection = omen reels . - alt nodes ane connectect 10 eah other. Ic fall connecttal, Teboat, not flexibe,| Page No. Baie | Thene ane Aun tehruguer in Mesh tupalogy N =| node Rave a Routing tagic to cunect data to meach the “dashnahon. Using shartest dishance « = | Routing dogic: Aa» information. about | broken Links ‘ cn) | Floods ip eee: - |no stoutiry ae ay suppres , aamu data in Franamittect 0 _ au nerd s UYfinstt . disaduanstaye :Oinytalation. & configusation. 4 se ud ets An mane ob ENTE sagsir eck, Ter topology Calro cattest hierarncal tepology) - =| st hon stot Néde ancl alhothen noes ane Conn ctl fo ut = deat 4 Avorkstadion. are Locate in group - -| ted an WAN.Page No. Date oot node , = 3 Ss nome aclvontope : G0 extension of bur ond stax tepoloyy ce cu) expansion of node i» eahy tu) Geran detection os coniliy hone. — — ese 1? Nel abated Seog Sis Gn) Central hub falls ere foils - ut of tum an mane topologies - T inhani advantasen & disadvandayes of topatooien - EE Tedordaye: en even dadecting 4 troubleshoot in tany | Cu) effective , flexible 39 | __|disodvartaye : CD complex in cuadgn =, cosy « _ cn) Scalable ar rize can be /nnean eol eosilyImpontont Pomts Papen, Note: Topokogies > Physical topologies > mish, star, bud ote Aogical typulogies - ZEEE 02-3, TEEE FO2-5 Phapricod topologies deal» rn » high phyeically auypten hn Connectek whenear Aogical topalogien dee unth Ano | data in tramsmitttol m LAN Network. Meh topology cm) Sto topology nN dunes 3 nON-D Line nda > n daopliin + a | backbone coble Sieg) n-4 | ports Che Avo many elugue ona MU can new)” Stose. typology n devin > 1 Les = ene partge Dae a cy pee difference blur civeni Sentenny & packer 2utteing « CS sUlotde 5 PSin uantalte CS ty Aped far ley memayer, PS is fon Srart mandosed C-§ iw dle, PS in fart. Hib in-niot 0. Collision domain nspenatore thot in Caltisim Domain fre iplack aranra when Colusion Ocuwt - | | A Ah pi endl co ander olite » then each pak @roadcant Domain - The plow an anea whore broadlcant hos bean cone. Io base 2 > tench 1» 200m, banduvictth = lombps 10 bose S > length un Soom, bondundth = loMbps. eb ee Broadband Signet Banebank agai. Tf merewme type data | — ifenly one type of “dak cal | ar re 1 audi, Weeo, HXE14 Page Ne Date | Monitor. x2 sunpmaible far proper operation of ring, Tfno | tation 4> owing dota, tofsen Aimply dretate ain Yap - é arty those suill pam hota who will Aave -fokerc [Ring ladenasg 2 tims takente take one notation of wy - E IEGE 802-3 TEE 802-5 oe Cethernet) Crng ) AE 23 0 | Tt is non oeteuministic G> Tt in. ederminishic rannal - i = Aanrak Cn) Theneonn no pubes Cu) There are psuont'es Guy | Connechiors protocal . cin) Connuctionlins protocol - Cy) | Tt nen manchester cw) Tt ures Uffeuntiod manduster neodiry encoding 2 | 3LAN Clocol anca network) ane pruvose nehwore, not aubjest to hayes an ofan controhs . ‘ opanate ot swlative High peak anos token say ete. dk connects computer tn Airy le builoling er Campis » fe thuy work in runiicted geogrephicos asa» LAN: one sidely tun2cl “to Shon yurounees Luce printer Shonak hand-~ duve etc: connect oll workstation an budding te Cornmunicate _ nth each otha — aithout er Fuosunce sharing , Software honing, ear and cheap Communication, | certoliseol data, data seunity, Internet shaning $ disadwantaye : high dehuptost, privacy Violations, dato. seunity neat, LAN maintenance, Couns Umited. ty nes — ante. - MAN ( metropolitan Area Network) generally covers teumand uties (50k). fommnuundeation. made, fou MAW ae isatvontge mene cable raqpived, dypaultt male | Wem sewn from hackers.Page Date | | WAN. Conde awa network) Cone private Or public Learedl nadwork « Communication madium used by WAN ane PST Nor sedeLlite inky | toe Genénaly scouern danger distanen. (states, County, condita) aduontape = everyone On network con une roms dato. , ~Cavens Lore nea, Mmendaye con te rerck vow Opec on nutwork expensive tHurys can Le shared. firewott disadvantage: neadra good firefectt cto sentict oufsiclerd» Aekhry up network can Le experawve, How., Seeeanltey tye: Marre code wor Wreol to smplemanct iiveleng nefworie | | | 4 | | | _ [eavtinis pee i | Rowe AL Dyoten Intenconne —_Wireliny LAN Woirelers WAN . hant varye Communi= ;inntalliry Ethernet | - Radio natwank | cation) shee suming is corsidanach Wouble, | urd fax collulon | Bluetec te connect —_ fherze Standand fan |e us Various components Like | iatvelers LAN cabled monitor, mouse eke IEEE 802.1) Janes mrinattns: shawe - Vyndenpnencby st Concept. Sys unit |= eveuy computer hay Jn marten, Mowde ete [radio medem and | 4 stove .. jandenna to Communicate | Servicer - operations that o: doer con provide fo ayn, above in os/ model. Tt defines operation. ard stotes ina tayin | 2 ready 40 pesform but doen butdoemot Spedty angytruny) Obouwk Implementation. ¥ there operation - Protocols: Phere ans ret of ren that govern rummage om pockets Hat and exchayed “blo aewer ey +. aePage No. Date a uy cud cw> cy Connection oriented & connectionlenn nerwiee « In connection oriented autherhcation: tr reodod 5 vwhlle ‘connectionlens serie cloesnot naad autherhcahi tion oriented checks murnaye in srecteved anaoty irot serds tf again uhenear Conrution renunca, dowrnrot guanantee & Memaye alias Hconnechion. aniented in mare selialle than. connectionkins connection Orienteck Aemite intefore to Stream bared and connectionlary in mersase boned - a Connection. oniented example - TCP CTronsmisuion Control protecal) , connections example ~ UDP C bseu Dotagnom Rrotocal ) - bo 4 Seuie Primitives . | A rewin i formally apuified ly Act of primitives | Copenation») available to nwt puecenn to acuns Ae | Auwice . There primitives: tu the Serica fo payor | Doms action ast report mon actin. takensby pee Copenating aysten) 5 the. primitives one called ayshar \ Oly. Thre Cally Canto trap to Ikevrel mode - Type of seance primitver Listen. ~ block seating frinctming muni “eu)| connec = ertalish connection 7 fa Comection | Reeve ~ blink waiting for incemuy mung Onemteck » z| Civ) | Sed = Aencry a mendaye - 1 | Disconnect - Heaminade . ‘ ese UNIDATA - sendn a pesket of data. 4 FACILITY, — eupiting about perfrmance, ‘7 @nnechintins REPORT _f nature. ‘«| eg | Network devices a e: Ci) |Hab: Least expensure , pAeant Intelligent; Lena comyolicacted Fa _monoye Comen in, th vib rent to all ofher parts _ i Hit 4D muttipant nepeatan . Hub cannot filter dota so | | data packets ane Dent to olk connected claieen « : Typen ef ks Hub. SBR ¢a)| Active Kub> have: than oun. power. supply Crapeasen+ auitny enter), Cb)| Panaive hub : Collect power froma ative hub. (donot ad-as repeater) Sa a aes a nvan earn _| Parrive huss Dumply | fosuvonds data packets yhenrar outive Nuch ( multipart repeater) aptnanotes data bits in orden 49 Iairtain story Aignal. a) Repectere : operates at physical layer . Tis job in to : | ___| Megerenate the aignal over same putwork byane Aegrot | 1 | becornes ureak on YW | Pap ta pity ep Ca a) ~ | tw | @x x : operates ak data Link A buoye ! an a rupeasur, | | ith 948 forall of filleruing content ty eds MAC | asthe and. dentinaction - Lis sen fon connecting ali aserkin on hare aoe — ~ rt a a Types of @rilpe £1 | Fronspanent Bndye : Stechion one completely dnawane of other bmaye - cuy | Source ates rousing operation 4 performed —Fige Ne Dae ctv) Sunitteh » Muthpart budye anith a Tipe datalink Joyer Air. Dusit car perform. eu checking before foruwandiry dato. ie it fosuvands only good pockets’ to ats Pork. “In other wands, Bunter divides cobuiuor domasn of hosts, but broadcast | clomath semaines Pome - Router: A router io a dwie lke a awitch that Fwouter dato. packets bared on thuin IP adorunsen - ch Router vo maddy Network dayur device . Router cnnedts narmally LANs ard WANs. together and howe clynanvically Gpdaching zouting table Router. divide broadcast domains of host connected “through at. Tray MAL protocols - Duck ad -cemP 40 Communicode with each ofhan. festa Da pansaye to connect fund Tetwork. ewe) made. ane abo cotled protocol Consent « , stouter) ara dunce onth combiney fecsune of both briaye ond router - Werks ot ether | data dink dayer an nefwoe Layer .Ize [agen ee 2 | OST model Copen raypter Interconnection) _ TSO _C Inkennotonal angonization of Stardandization) han daucloped a stonclancl to Communicate un each othan ~ : Transport doyen T cP Sepmant | UOP dataynarn. Gateway ) ehguvberi: shih ote. compatible ) OST ae ener. Joyen asuhitecture, s4 Agratirn. Jaigen a hak out aye | Nehuork loys padcets __ thee yn (router) Dotolink layer > frames — tur doyer >» Chridge) | Paysccot sagen > bits one daysno(repeaten | hub ) De by ie anton function o these La ery 4 | ole enpan of these fay a — | adion provide Tt dealy un'th ayntox Caulren) and Semantion Corennicys) of data. | Et holaly marly, ‘opplication. proyiam. . botany | oo ETN, an a ' | Pupertstioa layin. perprrn data camprumion, ewsyption, Convennion et. Tt taleas cons of dlata to te bent in such a say that suctiven ott undulsktncl (tote | | | Fein nes manager and tyntonize raenation Yo {|_| _| fam dliferant application .. Streams of dato ane manked ark _ | Transport Jayer provides fino cobvol, evan control | Aymertation. » Congestion y apliting » Zt breaks munsye 'to Amalun unds 50 Hay can 4e hordled mane nehwork Layer . —Boge No. Date ow) | Network Layer > routing, froymentation, Wappe Shopping » niutwank conbroulen vid Dato Aine aspen 2 flow. Control, evi contnal, accor Control, MAC protocols » acknowlecyemet/ non- cuit) Pryricat layer: orivases, maintain duactvates the icol connection. , Aad, encardingy comwuends eee | digital bis into elemvical ignal on qphcol aignal 5 Seopensibig el lark eastern over network. | [ Nefwonk Jayenr > nekeitor node "deli patina) Meee Frampont Layer > _ Prat eeis pAtay any endo end bid —. X co cud cary Guy Pitetocols con Le chanyed yy news protocals | Supports connection anievedt ar all a0 | “@nanection aw Doce - Demanits of OS) Model. | Model wan oltiith beove invertor ¥ Protocaly . Eutting. of protocal 1 teeioun-tonk. Tt in Guat ward oA supnene model « |Page Ho. ‘i | = 4 a | [deer soyer of Os) model hon bern reduced fo five lays of TOP adsl Ly providing psa > nentation. & renaien layer in applicoction = “{ Ci a sy oo a = ALA a — Rirotocor “describe. move of dada. dota bw Abuake & oeptination. = Crufts fer nang ht ere ache _ | Bnotocols. in TCP/LP | cuy _a| | Netware in »TeP/IP K etion «0 | Phytol + Dosa. Line Jauyn — AREANET, SATET, Pe can. | Feadunen of TeP/-TP a) 2 G)| flexible ancnitecthne se adoly mane machine 45 nahwork wos any | tu) | Nebwarke 4a ». soburst aad Connection - fuente intact until” —a Demenits of Tce/IP doesnot guanarke delivery of Packets cy and model Connot be used in othr appucation suplaciry protocol 4 Not e00Y fs aw) rot dearly Deperadteal Sewiws, tacts aieattals| File Transpo. Protocol - a ETP 4 @ client - puwer protocol that rubies on fu communications chavuk b/w kent and dower, @ suname, Move, Copy fle om Aswer. A Comumancl Channel fou conroluy Cormersations ol a4 dlota channel for froeesmiting “fi file content » Vaing FTP, & client can tuptood, downkoad, alate > a Asner fypically reads 40 Logon to FTP Aewer, akthoush dome sewer malt rome anoll of “their | thout Uogin ) Known ov balmy nour ere. FTP rgnion wor sr parsive amt achive modo - ( Inactive mode open a ¢ tent iniflatty a rerrion Wo a command channel sepurrky Dower initiates a date connection: bak to det anc bepins trampeiy dota. Zn panne mock, Sewer inpHad «ned Commanol Channel + rend client tafermedion ib maachs ho per o dato. chanel - Cent natok (all connechons I+ = eeRage pac | FTP an application doxyer protocol ait moves fier (| blo. docal ant nemote file 2yoten. - Te Rampur a file, 2 TCP connections ont neal by: FTP ir | patel > Or. - eee _@) | Gntral Connection: fan Aerclury control f {ormadtio Ake user | idardification ; panswovel, commana 2 Carano 21) | ew) | am) (File Shractora ~ "xe intewnod Structure ; file desea | Pegptinie of byte » “an omnes uct - file 4 wo made any Pye s Structure - flew mace up C4 paleancane haved | [PPO C Point ty Point protecal) CREC 1661) | | | AD dato. Link sapere Communication protocal -ustol to y | establuth a. duret Connection blur tis nodes - | | | FTP attows tines types of cata Shuctare : i | + Con provide connection authenh cation, Fransminnsion ennyption [ecompransion ayaa ote aah } PPP > tuned over many type « ¢ phyrical network | Seulol cable phone lie trunk Line, “(allan Hapa, | stacio Ls , fibre + fibre ope un Linky puch od SONET. : aD PERE Cover hhané ) SoG Pera Coun AI) | ane was | ane une most + comrroniiy by IsR entablish a “Digital . €DSL) Thiernst sowie connection -| Telnet C.Level- Remote Login) é 1 Da nutworkiry protocol a and softwone progam. wuneol fo ORD smote Computyr utr and twninale over Triunat ata TCP/EP compuie ratwank + Using telnet dent ertablishes a Connection rumote host, your cient betomus a virtual staminal allounnp \ Yoreto communicate with remote hash from youre Wi) short, Through Hlret, an administratore or Qnothen. MAE can o.ccery Someone elye’s Corputnr sumo 4 Tt ix a network protocol aneol m Interet at Lota aren network CLAN) 70 provide provicle o bidirectional interactive Commiunicahon Foitity . pons Port 21 -— File Trarofen Exofocsl Pont 23 — Telnet Dower [Pont 25° SMTP-C aimple mail desnapen pata fant 53 — DIS COoman Narre sewer) eC Oe |[age Ne. Date {GSM C Global aytm An Notile pe. - it wa . collar ferchrotos - | = inteanational a phd 2S KHZ oe ots « = dow cost mobile Aes GSM diviclad santo Mobile Station CMs) | each in its cam timunlat - [= inprovert spectrum, efficierp — Compatible unth Ison Cinteprattol - douse pigtah “thet iviclen | cash 1 200 ke any | Netware suri fom CNSS) aw) ener sabgelen 6088 Dae - IMST © TDrhunational Mobile Dubs cider meet i) Bone station Dubayaten, C059) | SIM C peabsenit aaPage No. CDNA C Cocke divinion Munttiple Aun) _[ = diipitel cettutare technolo __[RcDMA conan ryokres art deemed rupsvorto | FOMA anaTDMA = allows mare subscribes pubsinibens to connect at ony given erctime ee: = provides better opacity for var anc dota communication - | ptr ald telephone ruwicrs CP OTS) ar Drkwreh Aci | | Fe Hletommuntccchon, Custrmend - cient types ¢ WL > Rrwadkand ahreltny ALL 5 ot _Rasio tn Loop, Fixed Racuio Aus, Fine selon Ace RF tssuws and dolution in, wall + But nowodays dome Unticerrect ule cu aloo _ [uned. 50 30 protect sug hts of Licersect fregusrcred, authentication & fon ‘ane Adel? With Some other Aotutions. ang narakos LMDS, MDS, ¢ coh[iene [we ZMDS C Local Murttipoint Dishibution Aewies) xy a Ahersek ruinowewe feequaneny C6 ole — 45GH2 banota) NMOS C Pucttihonnel rmucthpont dlishibuchion. Seuie) tn a | Fem svay Communication rmathod - CYayle 25 milio) Licenned Miowonue o> O parte poink muUnowove tedrology Cripte 6 mily) Celaatane felaphony Fay achaaltiy sghieuek Staten of Le. WLAN, sun in unticerned freg caste bande bands WLAN technology Includes Wi-Fi; Wi-Fi WLL-) & payee thot Conneds wnrelw ‘esrelow aa A PSTN Abang anivelend tetralogy and othe crrouiiny 40 - Complete Lant mile tbl nae waveluy waur ona 2 Coraruinication « ASM = globally acuptead tardand far. cigitel cluon + | | | a lEdae — = CErhenced Data nate for Glebe evoluion) — | [Ba cewolusinany Atp un GSM — clurlepmant parr for | fast delivery of data, delivered at nase | BY kbps « | | ||AAigh yocece banctuvitth : it o> a nehwonk protocal wth chard te graricion. g- merbile phones and telcommunicestion epuyomerds Telrwommunicodion ~ 2000 CIT 2.000) standards { ‘dito calk and enharceol “[Bavatoth, Chagaed fra eae Other. contributors _| Statel try Intewnratioral Telecormmunicesion Onion CETO).) adwared feats dike Video Cnfenencinp ca 15 dow freyurcer = CDNA 2000 ~ Code division, ee jolt ae - TD-SCDMA’ =: Tiena- division Syndnoncun Code ~ division — 3 (on Audttiple Amn. -|w-coMA ComTs) — wsidebare Jivisin, matlple ane . oe laduantages — we 'Pconn necivily, Uti 40 pocket basect. | oe on doloa quality oy Voir & 00 ely _ | da high. i inarenaed. bd rate omer costly 5 high power comunphin. = shan te poy high amour far 34 Aiternirg = babe dation shold st ctoserr to Athan Patt Stergh : |i 22 | Page No.| =] {ae | SMS Chord movsoye’ owin) = = 4o a AUN fan Aerding Phot naan ap RArS 160 | Aauactens ( 224 chanacters eens sms deus ara Websittr thet allan urna to and _| menrayer fo people within cell derweol by thot g (acer —| SMS Senne 4 now available tn all aire nehvone | Durch ay ASM, TOMA, CDMA eh. = | SMS. how afore & farusond feature | el — [Sms ds aendtoione at mae reel Jusnorcead 4 yy | | | Elecherie mail C&-mait) = |Konntat of rasna age | ashich \ one “Aut and rurcived wo titi. = | Mansgyeriane daliversd. 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[erect Feld = 2 e cation. 70 trune packet belorys to tat, 60 pouket smog bie, fips | Atte, sintp ete : ___|baose Sounce nouctiry | te fo along asthe path Speifiel Coir cut dusitchiy ) by Dounce + dome other GRP) S, Rij Ray RG, RE,D_—| Inoden one visteeol . —— aage, Ho. Dee any NOP option + uneol to fill gaps bJuo option. civ> E0D Cend of ophor) + -ured-to seperate. Aeaolen £ ci) |zomP .C a= Lh manapenerce querien )* no: faved: Franprittecl jn =e eh banda Ae 4 +) tins TP han no evran Contral » Tholyperts on cP fo provide evra Control. Cat is ants fx rapartng errer & monsyemunt quis)? \ Aource ths Ur . nace a “rouse, 4D conpusted. then 0 Dome re Of phorry Pockets esill Ae olnoppect - ICMP usd 4 take soune te fen. 3 discarded. por ets\ 249 : [geno [Dew ~ | touree ik redance spend of Hanomunion 50 thet nous | ahh fre Gfemmucaypenhonas = | ashen consented router > fan away from source ICMe wu Dench HOE bap HOP source Giberch_ mannose Sosa | Checksum ) #he 4, pouket wall Le ateepteaol by x outere Ce wilt re cdiscandad. TCMP wilt take pounce addres _ fom dicen ped. nfs ty Sercuig ___2 | Pelametet problem mumae - | Ftawding _ Com adaptive geri) Sanwa gh eee —— 1 ae Elloocling in ued ty find unknevor destination that iy | TP adds go known but physical Location worot known | Drawback - Creasra nedundart pesket ushich may Lead to | | eorgention of nouter nal ||| Transparct ayere p> TeP Caregen) i : Es UDP Coosagnam) cn. |TCP protocol. > works on regmuck - Dourut be _danctinasion. Bate 66 a! oadrane =| ef doy ONS 16 bits eoshe Posk addoun> = 040 2°=i) Max pocket aige = =. 0-40 65535, [0 te 1923 > fixed = [usiverral port application — hltPs the, tmep e 1024 40 49161 => 2 Registeneel Pronk bap epee ports are fhose Lrsol fot tome pradefinool 49151 4o 69535. > feat, iran pa dl ane those pat bshich ane sured to disty He prow. Thue pors‘anr Agzicol pats thet ane “| giver at yun foe by TRP/IP software . Connection entabushmert20 Page No. [Date | ayn Depment coeonot camry any data Sut 44 Corpus ee eal leanne TEP auppart fll duplex mode . oie cs ee eee eS ee i _|asheneven ae meh Contdining window rigt =O re eashen Mert then persistent ime 2 Haste - | este Syrent solute prrble Tag wallet, Cait pwaisiea na) RST 3b 2 tyent data addin tlt de available 4age No. ate GU pOID F coflbay pentagksnatatapatn ys NEE] i - hens tT son Dounce £ destinecion. addurs = 16 bits Kanghoe sieetayion == ; sea Differeres bus TCP and UDP TOR ude a dynamic header static header (fixed) cn) [provides Haw cortnal 60) hor no flaw contrat any | hecesum do man cody tay checksums in optional ‘Ch cotroky "| (ne oman control) ev) TCP si “Ip dy connection. 12) ODP._wsith TP is erplayer paket eontchiny doesnot + depend on. 1ene iwi) _daperds on ICMP doesnot auppasct rutin Cult) Puppords macktitanking ___Honkeiny do aoe & broadcasting a Guiti )} shove an ot Port (ss [Congertion potion of Tee sul trompa scone) | Ruatver’s wind | dato. far every Ack - ow will Le Roun 49 perder cuuriry “Thad porometere wilh change fag keCrivate IP > 10:0-0:0 - 10.285, 255-285 works an CAN Free Link Local ada (27-0:0.0 - 127.0.0-8 > lovp-bork addruvs 0-0-0- © = 0:0-0-2 > Aned to Communicate over ~~ anutent nehuawe 5 : ¢ Sr —