MARKS :

UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA

CAWANGAN PAHANG KAMPUS JENGKA

PHY 150
ELECTRICITY & MAGNETISM
LABORATORY REPORT

TITLE : Magnetism
EXP. NO. :4
GROUP : AS1203D

NO NAME STUDENT ID
1. AININ IZNI BINTI MOHD ZAINI 2021456136
2. NIK NUR INTAN SYAZLEEN BINTI MOHD 2021463082
IDHAM SHAHRING
3. NURUL ADIRA FAZIRA BINTI SALLEH 2021832634

DATE OF SUBMISSION : 29 DECEMBER 2022

LECTURER : MADAM JUNAIDAH BINTI MD SANI
 EXPERIMENT 4 : MAGNETISM

LINK:
https://phet.colorado.edu/sims/cheerpj/faraday/latest/faraday.html?simulation=magnets-
and-electromagnets

THEORY:

Permanent magnets are made from ferromagnetic materials in which the electrons
circulating around the nuclei behave much like current-carrying wire loops. The field
from a single atom is extremely small, but when a large number are put together, the
magnetic field can get quite large. To make a ferromagnetic material into a permanent
magnet, the individual atoms or “current-loops” must be preferentially aligned in one
direction. This magnetizing process is usually done by putting the material in strong
magnetic field.
The field lines continue inside the magnet but appear to emerge from one end and
re-enter at the other end. The end from which they originate is traditionally called the
north end of the magnet and the other is called the south end. For a solenoid or coil, the
end from which the field lines appear to originate is also called the north end and the
end toward which they point is called the south end.
This north-south naming convention arises from the behavior of such magnets in the
earth’s magnetic field. In playing with magnets, you have probably noticed that when
identical magnets are placed near each other they may be attracted or repelled
depending on their relative orientation. The north end of one magnet will attract the
south end of the other. Similarly, two north ends (or south ends) placed close together
will repel each other.
A compass needle is simply a small permanent magnet mounted so that it is free to
turn. When a magnet such as a compass needle is placed in a field of constant
strength, there is no net force; each end experiences an equal but opposite force that
tends to turn the magnet so that the north end points in the direction of the field. In the
earth’s field the north end of the magnet points towards the earth’s north pole.
PROCEDURE:

1. was clicked.
2. The compass was moved around the bar magnet.

Question:
Which pole of the magnet does the red compass needle point towards?

3. “Flip Polarity” was clicked in the right menu.

Question:
Now which pole of the magnet does the red needle point towards? Does it still
point toward the same pole?

This means that the red part of the needle is a _________ pole.

4. was clicked in the right menu.

5. “Show Field Meter” box was checked in the right menu. A blue box should
appear. This measures the Magnetic Field around the magnet (which is known as
‘B’). The Magnetic Field is measured in Gauss (G). The field meter was moved
around the magnet.

Question:
Does the field increase or decrease as you move the meter
closer to the magnet?

6. Meter was moved so that it is about one inch (on the computer screen)
away from the North end of the magnet.
 Question:
What is the magnitude of field strength (B) in Gauss?

7. Now the meter was moved the same distance away from the South end of the
magnet.

Question:
Is the amount of magnetic field the same for both North and South ends of a
magnet?

8. At the top left of the simulation window, the “Electromagnet” tab was clicked. You
should see a battery connected to a wire with loops that has current running
through it. The compass was moved around the electromagnet.

Question:
Is the left side of the electromagnet the North end or the South end? How do you
know?

9. “Show Field Meter” in the right menu was clicked.

10. The meter was moved around the electromagnet.

Question:
Does the field strength increase or decrease as you move the meter closer to the
electromagnet?

11. The meter was placed about one inch (on the screen) from the left side of the
electromagnet.
12. In the right menu, the number of loops in the electromagnet can be adjusted. For
each number of loops (1-4), the field strength was written down in the table.

Loops Field Strength (in G)

1 1.33

2 2.66

3 3.99

4 5.33

Question:
Based on your data above, does the amount of field strength increase or
decrease as you increase the number of loops in an electromagnet?

13. The number of loops was set for the electromagnet back to 4 and the field meter
was made sure it is still one inch from the left side of the coils. Your battery has a
sliding bar on it that lets you adjust the voltage in your electromagnet. The table
below was completed by adjusting the voltage on the battery and writing down
the field strength at each voltage.
 Voltage (in V) Field Strength (in G)

0 0.00

2 1.07

4 2.13

6 3.20

8 4.26

10 5.33

Question:
Based on your data above, what is the relationship between voltage and field
strength in an electromagnet?

14. All the questions were answered in the discussion part.

RESULTS:

Loops Field Strength (in G)

1 1.33

2 2.66

3 3.99

4 5.33
Voltage (in V) Field Strength (in G)

0 0.00

2 1.07

4 2.13

6 3.20

8 4.26

10 5.33
DISCUSSION :

1. Which pole of the magnet does the red compass needle point towards?
The red compass needle points towards the South pole of the magnet.

2. Now which pole of the magnet does the red needle point towards? Does it still
point toward the same pole?
The red needle points towards the South pole and yes, it still points
towards the same pole.
This means that the red part of the needle is a South pole.

3. Does the field increase or decrease as you move the meter

closer to the magnet?
When the meter is moved closer to the magnet, the field will increase.

4. What is the magnitude of field strength (B) in Gauss?

The magnitude of field strength (B) obtained is 0.75 G.

5. Is the amount of magnetic field the same for both North and South ends of a
magnet?
Yes, both North and South ends of a magnet have the same amount of
magnetic field.

6. Is the left side of the electromagnet the North end or the South end? How do you
know?
South end is the left side of the electromagnet as the red needle of the
compass is pointing towards the left side of the electromagnet.
7. Does the field strength increase or decrease as you move the meter closer to the
electromagnet?
As the meter is being moved closer to the electromagnet, the field strength
increases.

8. Based on your data above, does the amount of field strength increase or
decrease as you increase the number of loops in an electromagnet?
As the number of loops in an electromagnet increases, the amount of field
strength will also increase.

9. Based on your data above, what is the relationship between voltage and field
strength in an electromagnet?
Based on the data obtained, when voltage increases, the field strength in
the electromagnet will also increase.
CONCLUSION :

In the nutshell, we can conclude that the fundamental law of magnetism dictates
that alike poles repel one another and opposite poles attract one another. In the first
step, the compass was rotated around the bar magnet and the magnetic field showed
that the needle was pointing in a single direction, then the red arrow was pointing in the
direction of the south pole of the bar magnet. The magnetic field became more intense
as it got closer to the magnet when the meter was quite close to its poles. Hence, while
a magnet's North and South ends have the same magnetic field strength (0.75 G), they
are not identical. In addition, the field strength of the electromagnet increases with both
the voltage and the number of loops.
REFERENCES :
1. Electricity and Magnetism - Definitions, Properties, Difference, Video, and FAQs.

(n.d.). Byju's. Retrieved December 25, 2022, from

https://byjus.com/physics/electricity-and-magnetism/

2. Electromagnetism - Definition, Examples | Electromagnetic Force. (n.d.). Byju's.

Retrieved December 26, 2022, from https://byjus.com/physics/electromagnetism/

3. Magnetic Field - Definition, History, Illustration, Intensity, Origin, Video, and

FAQs. (n.d.). Byju's. Retrieved December 26, 2022, from

https://byjus.com/physics/magnetic-field/

4. Poles Of Magnets And Properties Of Magnetic Field - BYJU'S. (n.d.). Byju's.

Retrieved December 27, 2022, from https://byjus.com/physics/poles-of-magnets/

5. Kashy, E. (2022, December 16). Magnetism | Definition, Examples, Physics, &

Facts. Britannica. Retrieved December 27, 2022, from

https://www.britannica.com/science/magnetism