Final Term

Stoichiometry
Pharmaceutical Inorganic Chemistry with Qualitative Analysis
Prepared by | JGBadilla | 2022

1
 Overview
Introduction
Balancing Equations
Mole Concept
Introduction to
Stoichiometry Activity 8 | Alum
Pre-Lab Discussion
Activity Essentials

Schedule
Final term Activities
2
 Present chemical reactions between
reactants and predict the products

Unit Present the empirical and molecular

Objectives formula of a compound

Calculate the percentage yield of a

prepared product
3
 Introduction

STOICHIOMETRY

4
 Introduction

STOICHIOMETRY

CO2 + H2O → C6H12O6 + O2

5
 Balancing Chemical Equation

Law of Matter is neither

Conservation created nor destroyed
of Mass

6
 Balancing Chemical Equation

Coefficient number of moles of a

Balanced substance required
Chemical
Reaction Subscript number of atoms of
each element in a
molecule

7
 Balancing Chemical Equation

Balanced
Chemical CO2 + H2O → C6H12O6 + O2
Reaction

8
 Balancing Chemical Equation

Balanced
Chemical CH4 + O2 → CO2 + H2O
Reaction

9
 Mole Concept

the amount of matter that contains

Mole as many objects as the number of
atoms in exactly 12 grams of C 12

which is equal to 6.0221367 x 10 23

(Avogadro’s number).
10
 Mole Concept

1 mol H = 6.0221367 x 23
10 atoms
Mole 1 mol H2O = 6.0221367 x 23
10 molecules

1 mol H +1 = 6.0221367 x 23
10 ions

11
 Mole Concept

Mole

12
 Mole

13
 According to nutritional guidelines,
Sample the estimated average requirement
Problem for dietary potassium is 4.7 g. What is
the estimated average requirement
of potassium in moles?
(K=39.0983 g/mol)

14
 A liter of air contains
9.2×10-4 mol
Sample
Problem Argon. What is the mass of Ar in a
liter of air? (Ar = 39.948 g/mol)

15
 Mole Concept

Molecular Gives the actual number of

Molecular Formula each kind of atom in one
molecule of a compound
and
Empirical Empirical gives the simplest possible
Formula Formula whole number ratio of each
kind of atom in one
molecule of the compound.
16
Molecular NAME MF EF
Ethane
and
Benzene
Empirical Aqua oxigenada
Formula

17
 Sample An unknown solution composed of
Problem 23.96 g of carbon, 5.37 g of hydrogen
and 14.08 g of oxygen has a
molecular weight of 138.21 g/mol.
Solve for its empirical and molecular
formula.

18
 Sample Step 1: Calculate the number of
Problem moles (n) of each element

19
 Sample Step 2: Determine the atomic ratio
Problem

20
 Sample Step 4: Calculate the mass of the
Problem compound using the EF

21
 Sample Step 4: Calculate the mass of the
Problem compound using the EF

22
 Sample Step 5: Determine the multiplier
Problem coefficient

23
 Sample Step 6: Multiply the coefficient with
Problem the subscripts

24
 Mole Concept

way of expressing the

Percentage composition of a compound in
Composition terms of percentage by mass
of each constituent element

25
 Mole Concept

Percentage Weight of element

Composition %Element = X 100
Molecular weight of the
compound

26
 Sample Solve for the weight and %
Problem composition of each element in 3
molecules of dimethylglyoxime
(C4H8N2O2)

27
 Sample Step 1: Solve for the weight of each
Problem element and compound.

28
 Sample Step 2: Solve for the % composition
Problem of each element.

29
 Overview

The law of conservation of mass is the

basis of a balanced chemical reaction

Key Points Molar mass, mass, and number of moles

are interrelated

Molecular formula is different from

empirical formula
30
 Overview
Introduction
Balancing Equations
Mole Concept
Introduction to
Stoichiometry Activity 8 | Alum
Pre-Lab Discussion
Activity Essentials

Schedule
Final term Activities
31
 Overview
Introduction
Balancing Equations
Mole Concept
Introduction to
Stoichiometry Activity 8 | Alum
Pre-Lab Discussion
Activity Essentials

Schedule
Final term Activities
32
 Schedule

Schedule of
Activities

33
 Schedule

Schedule of
Activities

34
Final Term
Stoichiometry
Pharmaceutical Inorganic Chemistry with Qualitative Analysis
Prepared by | JGBadilla | 2022

35
Stoichiometry
Practice
Problems
Pharmaceutical Inorganic Chemistry with Qualitative Analysis
Prepared by | JGBadilla | 2022

36
 Sample Balance the chemical
Problem equation

C5H10 + O2 → CO2 + H2O

37
 Sample Compute for the mass of
Problem the reactants and products

2 C5H10 + 15 O2 →10 CO2 + 10 H2O

38
 2 C5H10 + 15 O2 →10 CO2 + 10 H2O
Reactants:
2 C5H10 15 O2
C | (10 mol) (12.011 g/mol) = 120.11 g O | (30 mol) (15.999 g/mol) = 479.97 g
H | (20 mol) (1.00784 g/mol) = 20.1568 g
Total Weight of 2 C5H10 = 140.2668 g Total Weight of 15 O2 = 479.97 g

Products:
10 CO2 10 H2O
C | (10 mol) (12.011 g/mol) = 120.11 g H | (20 mol) (1.00784 g/mol) = 20.1568 g
O | (20 mol) (15.999 g/mol) = 319.98 g O | (10 mol) (15.999 g/mol) = 159.99 g
39 Total Weight of 2 CO2 = 440.09 g Total Weight of 10 H2O = 180.1468 g
 Sample Balance the chemical
Problem equation

AgNO3 + PbCl2 → AgCl + Pb(NO3)2

40
 Sample Balance the chemical
Problem equation

2 AgNO3 + PbCl2 → 2 AgCl + Pb(NO3)2

41
 2 AgNO3 + PbCl2 → 2 AgCl + Pb(NO3)2
Reactants:
2 AgNO3 PbCl2
Ag | (2 mol) (107.868 g/mol) = 215.736 g Pb | (1 mol) (207.2 g/mol) = 207.2 g
N | (2 mol) (14.007 g/mol) = 28.014 g Cl | (2 mol) (35.453 g/mol) = 70.906 g
O | (6 mol) (15.999 g/mol) = 95.994 g Total Weight of PbCl2 = 278.106 g
Total Weight of 2 AgNO3 = 339.744 g
Products:
2 AgCl Pb(NO3)2
Ag | (2 mol) (107.868 g/mol) = 215.736 g Pb | (1 mol) (207.2 g/mol) = 207.2 g
Cl | (2 mol) (35.453 g/mol) = 70.906 g N | (2 mol) (14.007 g/mol) = 28.014 g
42 O | (6 mol) (15.999 g/mol) = 95.994 g
Total Weight of 2 AgCl = 286.642 g
Total Weight of Pb(NO3)2 = 331.208 g
 Sample Balance the chemical
Problem equation

N2 + O2 → N2O5

43
 Sample Balance the chemical
Problem equation

2 N2 + 5 O2 → 2 N2O5

44
 2 N2 + 5 O2 → 2 N2O5
Reactants:
2 N2 5 O2
N | (4 mol) (14.007 g/mol) = 56.028 g O | (10 mol) (15.999 g/mol) = 159.99 g

Products:
2 N2O5
N | (4 mol) (14.007 g/mol) = 56.028 g
O | (10 mol) (15.999 g/mol) = 159.99 g

Total Weight of 2 AgNO3 = 216.018 g

45
 Sample Compute for the mass of
Problem the reactants and products
*Unrecorded
Assignment

N2 + H2 → NH3

46
 Sample Compute for the mass of
Problem the reactants and products
*Unrecorded
Assignment

KCl + O2 → KClO3

47
 Sample A solution of chlorine and carbon
Problem was analyzed and found to
contain 0.5678 g of carbon and
0.7886 g of chlorine(l). Calculate
the empirical formula

48
 Given: Mr:
Sample C | 0.5678 g C | 12.011 g/mol
Problem Cl | 0.7886 g Cl | 35.453 g/mol

STEP 1:
C | (0.5678 g) / (12.011 g/mol) = 0.04727333278 mol
Cl | (0.7886 g) / (35.453 g/mol) = 0.02224353369 mol (Lower value)

STEP 2:
C | 0.04727333278 mol / 0.02224353369 mol = 2.125261815 = 2
49 Cl | 0.02224353369 mol / 0.02224353369 mol = 1
 Given: MW:
Sample C | 0.5678 g C | 12.011 g/mol
Problem Cl | 0.7886 g Cl | 35.453 g/mol

STEP 3: EF:
C |2
Cl | 1 C2Cl

50
 Sample An unknown compound with a
Problem molecular weight of 62.35 g/mol
was determined to contain 56.75
g of carbon and 43.25 g of
hydrogen. Calculate the molecular
formula.

51
 Given: Mr:
Sample C | 56.78 g C | 12.011 g/mol
Problem H | 43.25 g H | 1.00784 g/mol
MW| 62.35 g/mol

STEP 1:
C | (56.78 g) / (12.011 g/mol) = 4.727333278 mol (Lower value)
H | (43.25 g) / (1.00784 g/mol) = 42.91355771 mol

STEP 2:
C | 4.727333278 mol / 4.727333278 mol = 1
52 H | 42.91355771 mol / 4.727333278 mol = 9.077751702 = 9
 Given: Mr:
Sample C | 56.78 g C | 12.011 g/mol
Problem H | 43.25 g H | 1.00784 g/mol
MW| 62.35 g/mol

STEP 3: EF:
C |1
H |9 CH9

STEP 4:
C | (1 mol) (12.011 g/mol) = 12.011 g
53 H | (9 mol) (1.00784 g/mol) = 9.07056 g
Weight of the Compound = 21.08156 g per 1 mol of the compound
 Given: Mr:
Sample C | 56.78 g C | 12.011 g/mol
Problem H | 43.25 g H | 1.00784 g/mol
MW| 62.35 g/mol

STEP 5:
MC | MW / Weightcmpd = (62.35 g/mol) / 21.08156 g/mol
= 2.957561015
= 3
STEP 6:
(# of moles in EF) (MC) = CH9 = C(1X3)H(9X3) = C3H27 (MF)
54
 Sample Determine the weight of the
Problem elements in sodium bicarbonate
and present their percentage
distribution in terms of the
composition of the compound.

55
 Given: Mr:
Sample MF| NaHCO3 Na | 22.99 g/mol
Problem H | 1.00784 g/mol
C | 12.011 g/mol
O | 15.999 g/mol
STEP 1:
Na | (1 mol) (22.99 g/mol) = 22.99 g
H | (1 mol) (1.00784 g/mol) = 1.00784 g
C | (1 mol) (12.011 g/mol) = 12.011 g
O | (3 mol) (15.999 g/mol) = 47.997 g

56
Weight of the compound = 84.00584 g per 1 mol of NaHCO3
 Given: MW:
Sample MF| NaHCO3 Na | 22.99 g/mol
Problem H | 1.00784 g/mol
C | 12.011 g/mol
O | 15.999 g/mol
STEP 2:
Na | [(22.99 g) / (84.00584 g)] (100) = 27.367%
H | [(1.00784 g) / (84.00584 g)] (100) = 1.200%
C | [(12.011 g) / (84.00584 g)] (100) = 14.298%
O | [(47.997 g) / (84.00584 g)] (100) = 57.135%

57
Total Percentage = 100%
Final Term
Stoichiometry
Pharmaceutical Inorganic Chemistry with Qualitative Analysis
Prepared by | JGBadilla | 2022

58
 Mole to Mole Conversion

Sample Determine the number of moles

Problem of H2 required to react with 1 mol
of Nitrogen to produce 5.23 mole
of Ammonia

59
 Given: Mr:
Sample N2 + H2 → NH3 N | 14.007 g/mol
Problem H | 1.00784 g/mol

STEP 1:
N2 + 3 H2 → 2 NH3

STEP 2:
5.23 mol NH3 X (3 mol H2) / (2 mol NH3) = 7.845 mol H2

60
 Mole to Mole Conversion

Sample Determine the mass of NaCl

Problem produced when 3.86 moles of
Chlorine gas reacts vigorously
with Sodium

61
 Given: Mr:
Sample Na + Cl2 → NaCl Na| 22.990 g/mol
Problem Cl | 35.453 g/mol

STEP 1:
2 Na + Cl2 → 2 NaCl

STEP 2:
3.86 mol Cl2 X (2 mol NaCl) / (1 mol Cl2) X (58.443 g NaCl) / (1 mol NaCl)
= 451.180 g NaCl
62
 Mole to Mass Conversion

Sample How much Oxygen is consumed

Problem upon reaction with 2.34 moles of
methane to produce carbon
dioxide and water?

63
 Given: Mr:
Sample CH4 + O2 → CO2 + H2O C | 12.011 g/mol
Problem H | 1.00784 g/mol
O | 15.999 g/mol

STEP 1:
CH4 + 2 O2 → CO2 + 2 H2O

STEP 2:
2.34 mol CH4 X (2 mol O2) / (1 mol CH4) X (31.998 g O2) / (1 mol O2)
= 149.751 g O2
64
 Mass to Mass Conversion

Sample Using the weight of the Oxygen

Problem from the previous problem,
determine the mass of water
produced from the reaction.
STEP 1:
CH4 + 2 O2 → CO2 + 2 H2O

STEP 2:
149.751 g O2 X (1 mol O2) / (31.998 g O2) X (2 mol H2O) / (2 mol O2) X
65

(18.01468 g O2) / (1 mol H2O) = 84.309 g H2O

 Balancing Chemical Equation

Limiting Limits the extent of the

Reactant reaction; thus, determined
the amount of product
formed

66
 Limiting Reactant

Sample Disulfur chloride is used to vulcanize

Problem rubber, a process that makes rubber
harder, stronger, and less likely to
become soft when hot or brittle
when cold. If 200.0 g of sulfur reacts
with 100.0 g of chlorine. What is the
weight of disulfur dichloride
produced?
67
 Sample Step 1: Determine the limiting reactant
Problem | Find the # of moles of each reactant
Given: Mr:
S8 | 200 g S | 32.066 g/mol
1: Cl2 | 100 g Cl | 35.453 g/mol
S8 + 4 Cl2 → 4S2Cl2

2:
S8 | 200 g S8 X (1 mol S8) / (256.528 g S8) = 0.7796419884 mol S8
Cl2 | 100 g Cl2 X (1 mol Cl2) / (70.906 g Cl2) = 1.410317886 mol Cl2
68
 Sample Step 2: Determine whether the two
Problem reactants are in the correct mole ratio

(Higher Value) / (Lower Value) = 1.410317886 mol / 0.7796419884 mol

= 1.808930133

69
 Sample Step 3: Calculate the amount of
Problem product in grams

S8 + 4 Cl2 → 4S2Cl2

1.410317886 mol of Cl2 X (4 mol S2Cl2) / (4 mol Cl2) X (135.038 g S2Cl2) / (1 mol S2Cl2)
= 190.447 g S2Cl2

70
 Limiting Reactant

Sample How much sulfur reacted with

Problem chlorine? How much Sulfur is left?

S8 + 4 Cl2 → 4S2Cl2

1.410317886 mol of Cl2 X (1 mol S8) / (4 mol Cl2) X (256.528 g S8) / (1 mol S8)
= 90.44650666 g of S8

200 g S8 available - 90.44650666 g of S8 needed = 109.553 g of S8 is in excess

71
 Balancing Chemical Equation

Actual Amount of product

Percentage Yield ACTUALLY produced
Yield
Theoretical Maximum amount
Yield of product THAT
CAN BE produced

72
 Balancing Chemical Equation

Percentage Ratio of the actual yield to

Yield the theoretical yield
expressed as a percent

73
 Limiting Reactant

Sample Determine the theoretical yield of

Problem silver chromate from reacting
potassium chromate with 0.654 g of
silver nitrate.

If 0.123 g of silver chromate is

obtained, what is the % yield?
74
 Percentage Yield

Sample STEP 1: Write the balanced chemical

Problem equation
Given: Mr:
0.654 g AgNO3 Ag | 107.868 g/mol
0.123 g Ag2CrO4 N | 14.007 g/mol
O | 15.999 g/mol
1: Cr | 51.996 g/mol
2 AgNO3 + K2CrO4 → Ag2CrO4 + 2 KNO3
75
 Percentage Yield

Sample STEP 2: Determine the number of

Problem moles of silver nitrate used

1:
2 AgNO3 + K2CrO4 → Ag2CrO4 + 2 KNO3

2:
0.654 g AgNO3 X (1 mol AgNO3) / (169.872 g AgNO3)
= 0.003849957615 mol AgNO3
76
 Percentage Yield

Sample STEP 3: Determine the number of

Problem moles of silver chromate produced

1:
2 AgNO3 + K2CrO4 → Ag2CrO4 + 2 KNO3

3:
0.003849957615 mol AgNO3 X (1 mol Ag2CrO4) / (2 mol AgNO3)
= 0.001924978808 mol Ag2CrO4
77
 Percentage Yield

Sample STEP 4: Determine the mass of silver

Problem chromate produced

3:
0.003849957615 mol AgNO3 X (1 mol Ag2CrO4) / (2 mol AgNO3)
= 0.001924978808 mol Ag2CrO4
4:
0.001924978808 mol Ag2CrO4 X (331.728 g Ag2CrO4) / (1 mol Ag2CrO4)
= 0.63856937 g Ag2CrO4
78
 Percentage Yield

Sample STEP 5: Compute for the percentage

Problem yield

5:
(0.123 g Ag2CrO4 / 0.63856937 g Ag2CrO4) (100)
= 19.262 % Ag2CrO4

79