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53.2 510-522(2003)Printedin GreatBritain

510

THE ETHNIC ORIGINS OF THE FRIENDS OF THE

ANTIGONID
KINGS OF MACEDON
Polybius (8.9.6-10.11) reports that Theopompus said that Philip of Macedon
encouraged men of dubious character from all over Greece and the barbarian world
to come to Macedon and become his hetairoi.1 As part of his refutation of Theopompus' claims, Polybius says that after the death of Alexander these men showed
their worth by dividing up most of the known world among themselves. However,
Alexander's hetairoi and successors were not drawn from most of the world, but were
largely Macedonian in origin.
Berve lists a possible thirteen out of sixty-one hetairoi of Alexander as being of
Greek origin.2 Only one of the remainder was a Persian, so there are forty-seven
Macedonians; in other words, 77 per cent were Macedonians and 21 per cent Greek.
However, Greeks were prominent in peripheral roles, such as the chancellery and as
engineers,3but had limited command roles. The limitation on the careers of Nearchus
the Cretan and Eumenes of Cardia are signs of the predominance of Macedonians at
Alexander's court.4 Lysimachus has been seen as an example of a Greek succeeding in
Macedonian service, as his father Agathocles is said to have been a Thessalian
penestes,5 but it seems unlikely that the man who drove Pyrrhus of Epirus out of
Macedon by a whispering campaign on his non-Macedonian origin (Plut. Pyrrh.
12.10), was not Macedonian himself.
In fact, we find Macedonians commanding Greek troops, Thracians, and even the
navy, which would have been largely manned by Greeks.6Within Macedon itself, the
contingents from Upper Macedon seem to have been commanded largely by Upper
Macedonians.7In the time of Alexander, the Macedonian origin of their commanders
was important for Macedonian troops, and Macedonians were jealous of other groups
winning command positions of any sort.
Theopompus may not have been describing those companions who held command
positions, as Polybius thought, though we should note Theopompus' hostility towards
Philip here.8Polybius' error can be explained as a result of anachronism. In his own
' The
Polybiuspassage,FGrH115F 225a,overlapswith F 225b(= Ath. 6.260dff.).Cf. F 224
= Ath. 4.166fff., for similarsentiments.
2

H. Berve, Das Alexanderreichaufprosopographischer Grundlage(Munich, 1926), 31. On the

natureof royalfriends,see G. Herman,'The"friends"of the earlyHellenisticrulers:servantsor

officials?',Talanta12/13(1980/81),103ff.,112.
3 Berve(n. 2), 43, 157.
4 W Heckel, The Marshals of Alexander'sEmpire(London and New York, 1992), 206, 28; P. A.
Brunt, Arrian II: The Anabasis of Alexander (Cambridge, MA, 1983), 444; Berve (n. 2), 43. On

Macedonianhostilityto Eumenesof Cardia:Plut.Eumenes3, 18,20; Diod. 19.60.3.

father.
5 TheopompusFGrH 115 F 81 saysthis of an Agathocles,the name of Lysimachus'
H. S. Lund,Lysimachus
(London,1992),2 acceptsthat Lysimachus'fatherhad beenThessalian
in origin,but not a penestes.IrwinL. Merker,'Lysimachus,
Thessalianor Macedonian?',
Chiron
9 (1979), 31-36 rejectsthe view that Lysimachuswas Thessalian.A. B. Tataki,Macedonians
Abroad(Athens,1998),156describeshimas a MacedonianfromPellaand makesno mentionof
a Thessalianorigin.
6 Berve(n. 2), 141,139, 159.
7 Berve (n. 2), 114ff.; Heckel (n. 4), 58; Brunt (n. 4), vol. 1, xliii. M. B. Hatzopoulos,
Macedonian Institutions under the Kings 1 (Athens, 1996), 481-2.
8 W. R. Connor, Theopompus and Fifth Century Athens (Cambridge, MA, 1968), 15.

ETHNIC ORIGINS

511

time, foreigners were employed in high-ranking positions in Macedonian service more

often than in Alexander's time. This was true, not only in the eastern kingdoms, where
the royal friends were predominantly Greeks or Macedonians,9 but also in Macedon
itself. The title philos replaces the older hetairos in Hellenistic times, but the two groups
have similar roles.'0
Down to the battle of Ipsus in 301 B.C.Macedonians were the most prominent
group of royal servants in the kingdom of Antigonus Monopthalmus, which did not
include Macedon itself. Billows lists 128 probable royal friends in his Appendix Three,
of whom thirty-one are Macedonians, making 24 per cent of the total. Overall, there
are forty-three Greeks, making 34 per cent, but these are drawn from a wide area.
Twelve come from the Greek mainland, and the same number from Asia Minor
(amounting to 9 per cent each), ten from the islands, six from the Greek cities in
Thrace, two from Cyrene, and there is one Cypriot. The governing class in Antigonus'
kingdom were thus largely foreigners in the lands he ruled (compared with seven
identifiable orientals-only 5.5 per cent of the total), with a large number of Greeks
supplementing the Macedonian el1ite."I
In order to examine the ethnic origins of the friends of the Antigonid kings of
Macedon, to show that the role played by Greeks was closer to that found in the
kingdom of Antigonus I and other Hellenistic monarchies than the one under
Alexander the Great, I will look at all those who are identified in the sources as friends
or advisers of the kings, those who held military commands or governed provinces or
cities or served as royal ambassadors. I will not look at intellectuals, unless, like
Hieronymus of Cardia or the Stoic philosopher Persaeus, they also served in one of the
capacities listed above. Ordinary soldiers, such as the Illyrian Zopyrus, who cut off the
head of Pyrrhus of Epirus (Plut. Pyrrh. 34.5), will also be excluded.
Demetrius I's rule after the battle of Ipsus included Macedon rather briefly (from
294 to 288) and was not directed towards the interests of Macedon
Neveritself.12
theless, the ethnic origins of Demetrius' friends should be considered in this context, to
see how the question of origin relates to later Antigonid practice. Some of his most
important assistants were his own relatives. Pyrrhus of Epirus, his brother-in-lawand
an exile at the time of Ipsus, falls into this category. He served briefly as Demetrius'
governor of the cities of the Peloponnese (Plut. Pyrrh. 4, cf. Demetr 31.2), before being
sent as a hostage to Ptolemy and passing out of Demetrius' orbit.
Phila, daughter of Antipater and Demetrius' first wife, acted as his ambassador
to explain to her brother Cassander Demetrius' expulsion of another brother,
Pleistarchus, from Cilicia (Plut. Demetr. 32.4) His eldest son, Antigonus Gonatas,
defeated the Boeotians in 292, although the capture of Thebes was left to Demetrius
himself (Plut. Demetr. 32.4)."13Antigonus was also left in charge of Greece when
G. Herman, Ritualised Friendship in the Greek City (Cambridge, 1987), 154 describes the
comment as 'venomous', but cites contemporary parallels in n. 101. On the different viewpoints
of Theopompus and Polybius, see Herman (n. 2), 125.
'Die herrschende Gesellschaft in den hellenistischen Monarchien', Vierteil9 C. Habicht,
jahrschrift fiir Sozial und Wirschaft Geschichte 45 (1958), 5; Herman (n. 2), 113. In Egypt,
locals were under-representedin honorific positions at court: L. Mooren, La hidrarchiedu cour
ptolemaique (Louvain, 1977), 207. E. Bikerman, Institutions des Sileucides (Paris, 1938), 48 says
the kings appointed whoever they wished as friends, but does not discuss their ethnic origin.
10 Herman (n. 8), 13, cf 8 and 106.
" R. A. Billows, Antigonus the One-eyed(Berkeley, 1990), 265 and Appendix Three.
12
C. Wehrli, Antigone et Demetrios (Geneva, 1968), 221.
13
See Wehrli (n. 12), 175. P. Perdrizet, 'Inscriptions d'Acraephiae', BCH 25 (1900), 70 has the
funeral epitaph of a Boeotian leader killed in this battle.

J. L. O'NEIL

512

Demetrius became king of Macedon in 294 (Plut. Demetr 44.4) and was in control
of Demetrius' Greek possessions when his father had been captured by Seleucus (Plut.
Demetr. 51.1-2).
Demetrius left a certain Diodorus in charge of Ephesus after Ipsus. This Diodorus
had been in Demetrius' service during the Greek campaign of 304-301.14 However,
Diodorus decided to betray Demetrius, but the king learnt of this, and disguising
himself on the ship of one Nicanor, returned to Ephesus and prevented its betrayal
(Polyaenus 4.7.4). Neither man is ascribed to an ethnic origin, but Tataki concludes
that Diodorus was a Macedonian,15 as she does for Nicanor, which is a common
Macedonian name, though not exclusively so.16 Therefore Nicanor should also be
identified as a Macedonian.
Philocles of Sidon probably continued as Demetrius' admiral in the years after
Ipsus, although he is not directly attested in this period.17 Hieronymus of Cardia,
better known as a historian, was appointed governor of Boeotia in the 290s.'8 The best
of Demetrius' generals, Pantauchus, was given an independent command in Aetolia
during the war against Pyrrhus, but was defeated and killed in single combat by him
(Plut. Pyrrh. 7.4-9, cf. Demetr.41). His service for a king of Macedon and the fact that
his name is a common Macedonian one and that later members of his family seem to
be known, make a strong case for Pantauchus being a Macedonian.19
Oxythemis was sent as ambassador to Agathocles in Syracuse (Diod. 21.15 and 16).
He is twice mentioned as an important friend of Demetrius by Athenaeus (6.253A and
14.614F), both times with two other, otherwise unknown friends.20Oxythemis himself
is shown by inscriptional evidence to have been a Thessalian from Larissa (Syll.3
343).21

Andragathus betrayed Amphipolis to Lysimachus, but himself fell victim to

Lysimachus' treachery (Polyaenus 4.12.2). Andragathus must have been Demetrius'
governor or general at Amphipolis before the betrayal, which probably came after
Demetrius' cause was lost.22When Demetrius was trapped by Seleucus' army, a certain
hetairos of his, Sosigenes by name, tried to organize the king's escape, but was
unsuccessful (Plut. Demetr. 49.7). We have no indication of his nationality23and the
use of the term hetairos, normal for Alexander, rather than philos, normally used in
the case of the successors24(and used by Plutarch in this passage for other, unnamed
friends), is unexplained.
14

Billows (n. 11), 380, no. 30.

15 Tataki (n. 5), 299. Tataki argues (25, 354, 362, 439) that men in Macedonian service, whose

ethnic identity is unknown, are to be identified as Macedonians.

16 Tataki (n. 5), 380-4 lists twenty-eight Nicanors, in contrast with fifteen in J. Kirchner,
ProsopographicaAttica. On the name Nicanor, see also A. B. Bosworth 'A new Macedonian
prince', CQ 44 (1994), 59. This Nicanor is Tataki no. 3, on p. 380. Cf. P. Schoch, 'Nikanor (14)',
RE 18 (1936), 270.
"7J Seibert 'Philokles, Sohn des Apollodorus, Konig der Sidonier', Historia 19 (1970), 337-51.
For the use of a Greek name by a non-Greek, see Billows (n. 11), 306, n. 32.
18

Plut.Demetr.39.4;cf. Paus.1.9.8;W W.TarnAntigonusGonatas(Oxford,1913),245.

19

Tataki (n. 5), 398. Cf. Tarn (n. 18), 50.

Bourichosand Ademanusat 253a;Peucestasand Menalausat 614f.Tataki(n. 5) does not

list the firstpair,but callsthe secondpairMacedoniansat 406 and 368respectively.
21 See Billows(n. 11), 414. Oxythemiswas killed by AntigonusGonatasafter insultingthe
20

mother of his son Halcyoneus: Ath. 13.578a.

22 Lund (n. 5), 100. Andragathus is not listed by Tataki (n. 5).
23 Sosigenes is not listed in Tataki (n. 5).
24

Seen. 10above.

ETHNIC

ORIGINS

513

Demetrius I had left a certain Heracleides in command of the Peiraeus when he

went to Lydia (Polyaenus 5.7[1]), but we do not know what his origins were.25If he is
the same man as the Heracleides honoured by the Athenians before Ipsus in IG II2
1492, 106 and 116, who was a friend of Demetrius, he was an Erythraean. One of his
subordinates, a Carian named Hierocles, who helped him entrap the Athenians
(Polyaenus, loc. cit.), seems to be the same man as the later governor of the Peiraeus
under Antigonus Gonatas. The Antigonids may have continued to use the same men as
representativesat Athens over long periods.
Of the twelve friends of Demetrius I known from his reign after the battle of Ipsus,
seven were Macedonians, making 58 per cent of the total and four (33 per cent) were
Greeks. The percentage of Macedonians is markedly lower than that found for
Alexander, but higher than for Antigonus. Since the bases for these lists were not
precisely comparable, we should not put too much weight on these figures, but there is
a clear difference to be seen.
Antigonus Gonatas also used his kinsmen as officers. His governor of the Peloponnese had been his elder half-brother Craterus (Trog. Prol. 26; Plut. Defrat. amor.
15.486A)26 and after him, Craterus' son Alexander held a similar position.27
Antigonus' son Halcyoneus was serving as an officer in the campaign against Pyrrhus
at Argos (Plut. Pyrrh. 34.7-10) and his death in battle is also recorded (Plut. Mor
119C-D; Ael. VH 3.5). Halcyoneus probably had an important career under
Antigonus, but the details are lost.28 Antigonus' son and successor, Demetrius, won a
battle in Boeotia (Justin 26.11.11), but as Demetrius was twelve or thirteen at the
time,29 he was probably only nominally in command. These kinsmen were the most
important Macedonians employed by Antigonus in high command.
When Antigonus recoveredCorinth, he placed Persaeus the philosopher in charge.30
Persaeus was a native of Citium, who had been recommended to Antigonus by his
fellow Stoic and Citian, Zeno (Diog. Laert. 8.36, cf. 8.9). Two other officers are
mentioned at Corinth: Archelaus the general and Theophrastus. We are not told
whether these men were Macedonians, Greeks, or something else, but they seem to
have been subordinate to Persaeus,31 even though he was a Hellenized Phoenician.
Tataki lists both of them as Macedonians32-this seems probable for Archelaus, bearing the name of an earlier Macedonian king, but doubtful for Theophrastus.
Antigonos Gonatas' governor of the Peiraeus, Hierocles, attested by Diogenes
Laertius (2.127 and 4.39), seems to be the same man as the Carian who helped his
father's commander Heracleides entrap the Athenians who tried to capture
25

C. Habicht, Athensfrom Alexander to Antony (Cambridge, MA and London, 1997), 124-5.

Tataki(n. 5), 231 identifieshimas a Macedonian.

26 ForCraterus'
sphereof operation,cf. Plut.De mul.virt.15,253a,cf. 250f;Frontin.Str.3.6.7;
Tarn(n. 18), 195.Tataki(n. 5), does not list Craterus,but listshis father,also calledCraterus,at
205.
revoltedandtook Corinthout of Antigonidcontrol.Trog.Prol.26;IG I12
27 Whosubsequently
calls him 'king of Euboea';cf. Habicht(n. 25), 162.
774;Plut. Arat. 17.2;Suda s.v.EV30optwv
Alexanderson of Craterusis not listedin Tataki(n. 5).
28 Antigonusgavemoneyto celebrate
Halcyoneus'birthday,Diog. Laert.4.4, cf. 5.65.Cf.Tarn
(n. 18),395;Kroll,'Halkyoneus(1)', RE7 (1910),2273;Tataki(n. 5), 233.
29
Tarn(n. 18),304.
30 Paus. 2.8.4, 7.8.3; Polyaenus 6.4.5; Plut. Arat. 23.5.

31 J. J.Gabbert,
II Gonatas(London,1997),36. Tataki(n. 5), 269 and 327 lists them
Antigonus
as Macedonians.
32 Tataki(n. 5) 289 and327.Shearguesthatmenin Macedonian
servicewithoutethnicsshould
be takenas Macedonians-seen. 10above.

514

J. L. O'NEIL

Munychia.33He was followed by an Athenian citizen, Heraclitus son of Asclepiades of

Athmonon (Syll.3 454, cf. 401).34
Another general of Antigonus was Ameinias, described as 'the arch-pirate'35when
he helped Antigonus capture Cassandreia (Polyaenus 4.6.18). Plutarch Pyrrhus 29.11
calls him Ameinias the Phocian, when Antigonus sent him to help Sparta against
Pyrrhus in 272.36 Antigonus Gonatas seems to have used non-Macedonians as his
officers on an even greater scale than his grandson Philip V, perhaps because he was
uncertain of the Macedonian army's loyalty.37Of the ten known royal servants of
Antigonus Gonatas, five (50 per cent) were Macedonian (mostly royal relatives), while
there were two each (20 per cent) for Greeks and for those of eastern origin.
Very little is known of Demetrius II's friends. His governor of the Peiraeus was
Diogenes, whose origin is uncertain. He demanded the surrender of Corinth after the
battle of Phylace (Plut. Arat. 54.2), and agreed to hand over the Peiraeus in 229,
provided his troops received their back-pay (Paus. 2.8.6; Plut. Arat. 34.6). IG II2 3474
shows us that Diogenes was an Athenian citizen after the liberation of Athens in 229,
and was married to a Boutiad, but this could have happened after he abandoned
the Antigonids.38If he was an Athenian by origin, like his predecessor Heraclitus, the
Antigonids would have made a policy of appointing Athenian citizens to control
Athens in the later stages of their occupation.
Plutarch Aratus 34.2 tells us about Demetrius' general Bithys, but gives no clue
about his nationality.39 Polybius (20.5.12) tells us that Antigonus Doson had appointed Brachylles son of Neon, the Theban, as his governor of Sparta. Demetrius of
Pharos is listed as a commander among the allied troops at Sellasia, and one of the two
officers placed by the king in charge of attacking Euia in that battle (Polyb. 2.65.4 and
66.5, cf. 3.16.3). However, he seems to have been a personal ally of Antigonus rather
than a Macedonian officer or a member of the Hellenic Symmachy.40
Polybius 4.87.6ff. also gives us a list of the officers Antigonus left as guardians for
his stepson and heir, Philip V. These were Apelles in the administration, Leontius in
command of the peltasts, Megaleas in the chancery, Taurion in charge of the
Peloponnese, and Alexander of the bodyguard.41 This Alexander is almost certainly
Habicht(n. 25), 162.Tarn(n. 18),205.
34Habicht(n. 25), 162.Tarn(n. 18),307.
35 Whichmayhavebeenan honorable
title,Tam (n. 18),88.
36 Gabbert(n. 31), 36 suggestshe had held some significantposition at Corinthbetween
Craterusandhis son Alexander,but he couldequallyhaveaccompaniedAntigonussouthto deal
with Pyrrhus.Tarn(n. 18), 272, n. 38 arguesthat Antigonuswouldnot havewithdrawntroops
fromCorinthin the face of Pyrrhus'invasionof the Peloponnese.
37 Gabbert(n. 31), 89. For Antigonus'problemsin makinghimself rulerof Macedon,see
J.L. O'Neil,'Thecreationof newdynastiesafterthe deathof Alexanderthe Great',Prudentia32
33

(2000), 134.
38

Habicht(n. 25), 173 describeshim as probablyan Atheniancitizenfromthe outset,S. Le

Bohec Antigone D6s6n: roi de Macidoine (Nancy, 1993), 265 thinks he was probably an Athenian

in origin.However,Gabbert,(n. 31), 38;W S. Ferguson,HellenisticAthens(London,1911),201;

and Tataki(n. 5), 298 think he was givencitizenshipafterthe liberation.Tatakilists him as a
Macedonian.
39

Tataki (n. 5), 281 lists him as Macedonian, on the principle that those without ethnika are

Macedonian(cf. n. 15 above).The nameBithysis knownin Macedonia,and a soldierwhose

nameis lost but was the son of Bithys,and fromThessalonice,was a mercenaryof AttalusI at
Lilaeain Phocis(Tataki[n. 5], 189).He maybe the son-or otherkin-of DemetriusII'sgeneral,
butthiscannotbe certain.
40

41

E W. Walbank, A Historical Commentaryon Polybios 1 (Oxford, 1957), 275.

Forthemeaningof therapeia,seeS. Le Bohec'L'entourage

royala la courdesAntigonids'in

Le systeme palatiale en orient, en grece et a Rome (Strassbourg, 1987), 319.

ETHNIC

ORIGINS

515

the Alexander son of Acmetus who fought under Antigonus Doson at Sellasia (Polyb.
2.66.5).42
Polybius does not tell us the origins of these men, but since the first three opposed
Philip's pro-Achaean policies in the interests of the Macedonian landowners,43they
were clearly Macedonians. Taurion was not linked to Apelles in this 'conspiracy', but
his quarrel with Apelles was over influence,44 and he also pursued a policy of
Macedonian imperialism, as can be seen from the allegations in Polybius (8.12.2) that
he poisoned the elder Aratus.45Taurion can be seen to have come from the same
background. Antigonus Doson seems to have relied on Greeks in Greece itself, but to
have kept key positions for Macedonians.
The friends of Demetrius II and Antigonus Doson are the least well-documented
group. Of the eight names surviving, five (that is, 62 per cent) were definitely
Macedonian.
For the reign of Philip V, Polybius (5.12.5) reports that his two most influential
advisers were Aratus of Sicyon and Demetrius of Pharos.46Both of these men were
Greeks, not Macedonians. At 9.23.9 Polybius adds two Macedonians to this pair.
Taurion the commander of the Peloponnese, was, like Demetrius, a bad influence
on Philip, while Chrysogonus, like Aratus, was an influence for good. Taurion is
mentioned commanding troops in the Peloponnese (Polyb. 5.27.4 and 92.7) and
Chrysogonus did the same in Thessaly and Macedon (Polyb. 5.17.5 and 97.4). As
Chrysogonus' son Samus was Philip's syntrophos, and later apparently an influential
adviser himself,47and Chrysogonus is recorded as coming from Edessa,48he can be
seen to have come from a Macedonian noble family.
Our Achaean-based sources seem to have exaggerated the influence of Aratus, and
may have done the same for Demetrius of Pharos.49Moreover Aratus and Demetrius
might be thought to have acted as advisers to Philip, rather than as his commanders.
Aratus acted as the prosecutor in the trial of Megaleas (Polyb. 5.16.6), while
Demetrius was the only person to whom Philip showed the news of the Roman defeat
at Trasimene (Polyb 5.101.7). Both advised Philip when he was considering occupying
Messene in 214 (Polyb. 7.11.6; Plut. Arat. 50, 5; Strabo 8.4.8).50In fact, both men are
42 Alexander
was son of AdmetosfromArkynia,Tataki(n. 5), 71;S. Le Bohec,'Lesphiloides
Rois Antigonids',REG94 (1985),103,no. 2; Le Bohec(n. 38), 291. Tataki(n. 5), 25, 354, 362,
439, identifiesthe otherson the principlethatthose withoutethnikaare Macedonians,see n. 15
above. C. Erhardt,'Macedonianbenefactorsat Larissa',ZPE 31 (1978), 223 identifiesthis
Alexanderon the list of Larisaeanbenefactors,but C. Habicht,'Makedonenin Larisa?',Chiron
13(1983),83-4 believesthe manwasa Larisaeanwiththe samename.
1940),44. R. M. Errington'PhilipV,
43 E W. Walbank,Philip V of Macedon (Cambridge,
Aratusandthe"conspiracyof Apelles"',Historia15(1967),22.
4 Cf. Polyb.4.87.1;Errington(n. 43), 22.
45 As Walbank(n. 43), 79 says,this is dubious,but Taurionmusthavebeen seen as hostileto
Achaeaforsucha storyto gaincredence.
46 Le Bohec (n. 42), 96 arguesthat Aratuswas not a philos of Philip V, since he was not
regularlyat court.Butwhenhe waswithPhilipV,Aratusfulfilledthe functionsof a philos,as we
shallsee below.
47 Chrysogonus'
goodwillto Philip:Polyb.7.11.6;Samusat Thermum:Polyb5.9.4;Samusone
of the advisorsexecutedby Philip:Polyb.23.10.9.Cf. Geffcken,'Samos (2)', RE IA (1920),
2161-2;Tataki(n. 5), 105.
48

See K. I. Galles 'XpvaodyovosE' 'E8E'aaql',Archaia Makedonia II (Thessalonike, 1977), 34

andTataki(n. 5), 105.

49 Errington(n. 43), 21, 27;cf. Walbank(n. 43), 79.
5o Aratus'influencedeclinedfromthis time: E W. Walbank,Aratosof Sicyon(Cambridge,
1933), 154-5.

516

J. L. O'NEIL

also found commanding troops for Philip: Aratus commanded the phalanx when
Lycurgus tried to block Philip's return through Laconia in 218 (Polyb. 5.23.7), while
Demetrius was leading Macedonian troops in a sneak attack on Messene when he died
(Paus. 4.29.251).They may not have been Philip'sregular army commanders, but he did
use both men in that capacity.52
After the deaths of these two men, Polybius tells us at 13.4 that Heracleides of
Tarentum was a major influence on Philip, again for the bad.53Heracleides had been
exiled from his home city, after betraying both Tarentum to the Romans and the
Romans to Hannibal. Heracleides played an active role in Philip's service, for example
in the partially successful attempt to burn the Rhodian shipyards (Polyb. 13.5.4-5;
Polyaenus 5.7[2]). We may note Philip's use of exiles as his advisers. Such men did not
have an independent powerbase and were reliant on royal favour for their influence.54
Dicaearchus the Aetolian, whom Philip placed in charge of a pirate fleet to ravage
the Aegean and the Propontus, is another Greek in a prominent position in Philip's
affairs, but he did not stay in Philip's service and died in Egypt with Scopas in 197
(Polyb. 18.54.8-11).
Philocles and Apelles were prominent at Philip's court towards the end of the reign.
The two men were sent as ambassadors to Rome on the mission which doomed prince
Demetrius (Livy 40.20.3, 54.9). Philocles may be the same man who had been Philip's
general,55with him in Caria (Polyb. 16.24.7) and, as his prefect of Chalcis, attacking
Athens before the outbreak of the Second Macedonian War (Livy 31.16.2, 26.6) and
surrenderingArgos to Nabis in 197 (Livy 32.38.1-9). No indication of Philocles' and
Apelles' nationality is given in the sources, so it seems likely,but cannot be certain, that
they were Macedonians.56
Another prominent figure in Philip's regime, late in his reign, was Didas, the
governor of Paeonia. The prince Demetrius tried to enlist his support for an escape to
Rome, but Didas betrayed him to his father and assassinated him in 180 on Philip's
orders (Livy 40.21-4). We learn from Livy (42.51.6) that Didas was himself a
Paeonian. Just as Alexander (and no doubt Philip II) found it desirable to use Upper
Macedonians to govern their compatriots, Philip V used a Paeonian to govern his
Paeonian subjects.57
The man who ousted Philocles and Apelles from Philip's favour, Antigonus son of
Echecrates, was certainly a Macedonian, since his father was Antigonus Doson's
brother (Livy 40.54.4-9). He was absent from the court at the time of Philip's death on
an embassy to the Bastarnae (Livy 40.57.3) and was executed by Perseus as a potential
rival for the throne (Livy 40.58.9).58
hasDemetriusconfusedwithPhilip'sson of thesamename,thisepisodeis
51 WhilePausanias
clearlythe attackon Messenein Polyb.3.19.11--Walbank(n. 40), 331.
52 On Demetrius'careeras a royalfriend,see Le Bohec(n. 42), 107,no. 7.
53 Polybius'account of Heracleidesis clearly prejudicedagainst him: EW. Walbank,A
HistoricalCommentary
onPolybius2 (Oxford,1967),418. On his careerwithPhilip,seeLe Bohec
(n. 42), 108,no. 8.
54Le Bohec(n. 44), 323.Cf.Habicht(n. 9), 9, Teles,OnExile23h.
5 But we cannotbe certainof this:Walbank(n. 43), 236, n. 1. Tataki(n. 5), 452 acceptsthe
identification.
56 See Tataki(n. 5), 254, 452; Le Bohec (n. 42), 106, no. 5 and 111, no. 13; E. Olshausen,
Prosopographieder hellenistischenKdnigsgesandten(Louvain, 1974), 87, no. 87 and 135, no. 101.
57

Tataki (n. 5), 208; Le Bohec (n. 42), 108, no. 8. The name has parallelsin Thracian:

R. Katicic, Ancient Languages of the Balkans (The Hague, 1976), 152. Paeonia was a recent
acquisiton of the Antigonids: Le Bohec (n. 38), 183-4.
58 See Le Bohec (n. 42), 105, no. 4 and Olshausen (n. 56), 118, no. 86 on the identities of the

ETHNIC ORIGINS

517

The most influential friends at Philip V's court were thus a mixture of Macedonians
and Greeks, with some individuals whose origin is not stated, but who were probably
Macedonians. Philip's reliance on foreign favourites, who did not have a Macedonian
power-base, may be a sign of weakness on his part.59A similar pattern is found in the
origins of Philip's lesser-ranking officers. We do not have the wealth of detail for the
reign of Philip V that we have for Alexander the Great, but a few names have survived.
In 219, during the Social War, Philip appointed as his epimeletes of Triphylia,
Ladicus the Acarnanian (Polyb. 4.80.15). Philip left a general named Perseus in
command of Tempe in 209. In spite of his name he is not necessarily a connection of
Philip's or even a Macedonian.60 The general who captured Thasos for Philip in 202
was Metrodorus61(Polyb. 15.24.2), while at the battle of Chios in 201 Philip's nauarch
Democrates, son of Philip, was killed (Polyb. 16.3.6). Polybius gives the origins of
neither man; they were probably, but not certainly, Macedonians.62 In 200, Philip's
prefect at Chalcis was another Acarnanian, Sopater (Livy 31.23.1) and in 197 his
prefect in Caria, Dinocrates, is found commanding Macedonian troops (Livy 33.18.6
and 9).
In 200, Philip V's general Nicanor was ravaging Attica as far as the Academy, when
the Romans delivered an ultimatum to him for Philip to leave Athens alone (Polyb.
26.27.1).63He is probably the same man as Philip's general Nicanor at Cynoscephalae,
who was nicknamed 'the elephant'.64The name is a common one in Macedon, but not
exclusively Macedonian. Nicanor should be considered to have been a Macedonian.
After Cynoscephalae, Philip despatched three ambassadors-Demosthenes, Cycliadas, and Limnaeus-to Flamininus (Polyb. 18.34.4). Polybius gives no indication of
their nationality, but we can show that one of them is a Greek. Cycliadas was a former
general of the Achaean League, who had been banished when the Achaeans joined
the Romans.65In this case, Polybius assumes his readers will recognize the name of an
Achaean, and the absence of an ethnic identity cannot be taken as evidence that we
have a Macedonian.
However, Livy (32.32.9) describes this embassy as two leading Macedonians and an
Achaean exile, Cycliadas, so it seems that Polybius expected his readers to recognize
the famous Achaean, and realize that the two other men, without identification, were
Macedonians.66The name Limnaeus is a common one in Macedon, but is not confined
to Macedonians,67which supports the identification of Limnaeus as a Macedonian.
variousAntigonusesat this time.Erhardt(n. 42), 223 readshis nameon a list of benefactorsof
the Thessaliancity,butHabicht(n. 42), 23 readsthe nameas Antiochus.Nothingis knownof the
fatherEchecratesexceptforhis name:Le Bohec(n. 38), 83-4. Seealso Tataki(n. 5), 246-7.
9 Walbank(n. 43), 251-2. Errington(n. 43), 36.
60 Walbank(n. 43), 86, n. 1. ThisPerseusis not listedin Tataki(n. 5).
61 He maybe the Metrodorus
StratonosMakedonhonouredby the Milesiansin 228/7,but the
nameis quitecommon:Walbank(n. 53),479. Tataki(n. 5), 373acceptsthe identification.
62 See Tataki(n. 5), 25, etc. (see n. 15)for the propositionthatpeoplein Macedonianservice,
whoseethnicidentitiesarenot known,areto be identifiedas Macedonians,and296 for evidence
thatDemocrateswasa Macedonian.
63 This is morelikelyto be an earlierinvasionof Attica than that of Philoclesmentionedat
Livy31.16.2-see Walbank(n. 53), 537.
6 Polyb. 28.24.2; Livy 33.8.8. P. Schoch, 'Nikanor (15 and 16)', RE 17(1936), 270, Walbank (n.

53), 552;Tataki(n. 5), 382.On the nameNicanor,see n. 16above.

65 Walbank(n. 53), 549.
66 On the generalprinciple,see n. 15 above;for these men, see Tataki(n. 5), 291, 525 and
Olshausen(n. 56), 123,no. 90 and 130,no. 98.
67 Tataki(n. 5), 525;cf. Olshausen
(n. 56), 140.

J. L. O'NEIL

518

An earlier ambassador of Philip's, Perdiccas, sent to Crete to support the Teian

claim to asylia, is identified as a Teian in the inscriptions of two Cretan cities, Arkades
and Hierapytna. Holleaux argued from Perdiccas' name that he was a Macedonian,
given Teian citizenship as a rewardfor his services,but any such vote would have taken
place before the passing of the Cretan decrees in honour of Teios, so it seems probable
that he was a Teian citizen at the outset.68
Three more officers of Philip's outside Macedon are known, none of whom are
identified by ethnics. Xenon was prefect of Telum in Athamania at time of the revolt
in 189 (Livy 38.1.10). In 184 Philip's governor of the Thracian coast was one Onomastus, and a royal friend, Cassander, who was living in Maronea, was used to set up
the massacre there (Polyb. 22.13.3ff.; Livy 39.34.2). These men are likely to have been
Macedonians, but it cannot be certain.69
We do have the names of a few of Philip's army commanders at Cynoscephalae
(Polyb. 18.22.2). The Thessalian cavalry were commanded by Heracleides of
Gyrton70-a Thessalian in command of Thessalians, unlike the position in Alexander's time. The other known officers have no ethnic identification, but are probably
Macedonians. Leon commanded the Macedonian cavalry and Athenagoras commanded the mercenaries,apart from the Thracians. The left wing was commanded by
a Nicanor, who we saw above was probably a Macedonian.71Philip V seems to have
used outsiders as his army commanders less than he did as senior advisers, but even
there he was less reliant on Macedonians than Alexander had been.
Thirty-one of Philip V's friends have been identified. Of these nineteen, some 61
per cent, were Macedonian, while nine, that is 29 per cent, can be identified as Greeks.
The proportion of Macedonians is somewhat higher than for Demetrius I and
Antigonus Gonatas, but is nowhere near the 77 per cent seen in the case of Alexander.
Macedonians are found rather more prominently in the reign of Perseus. Livy 42.51
gives a list of Perseus' commanders in 171 early in the Third Macedonian War,at the
battle of Callinicum. Most of them are identified by Macedonian hometowns. The
phalanx was commanded by Hippias of Beroea,72 the agema by Leonnatus and
Thrasippus. The name Leonnatus is a common one in Macedon, though also found
elsewhere, and the two men are Euiestae, citizens of a small town in Upper
Macedonia.73Antiphilus of Edessa led the caetrati.74 Didas, himself a Paeonian, commanded the Paeonians and other northerners,75while Asclepiodorus from Heraclea in
Sintis commanded the Gauls and other mercenaries.76Only two Greeks are listed, both
68 ICI.v.52.25-6 (Arkades) and I.xiv. 1.24-5 (Hierapytna). M. Holleaux, Atudes d'Apigraphieet
d'Histoire Grecques(Paris, 1952), 4.184ff. Cf. Olshausen (n. 56), 99, no. 130. Tataki (n. 5), 404 lists

Perdiccasas a Macedonian.
69 ForOnomastus,see Tataki(n. 5), 393;Le Bohec(n. 42), 109-10,no. 11;Cassander,
Tataki
(n. 5), 338; E W Walbank, A Historical Commentaryon Polybius 3 (Oxford, 1979), 197 thinks he

was strategosof Thrace;S. Le Bohec 'Lesepistatesdes rois Antigonides',Ktema11(1986),284

arguesthat Cassanderwas not epistatesat Maronea, since he did not live there regularly.
not royalofficers.
Hatzopoulos(n. 7), 383ff.has shownthatthe epistataiwerelocalmagistrates,
Strabo9.5.20(441),cf. Staihlin,'Gyrton',RE 7 (1902),2101.
70 A smalltownin Pelasgiotis:
71 See n. 64 above.

Tataki(n. 5), 78;Le Bohec(n. 42), 114,no. 17;Olshausen(n. 56), 153,no. 113.
Tataki(n. 5), 109;on the name Leonnatus,ibid. 515; the ethnikonEuiestae,Hatzopoulos
(n. 7), 99.
74SeeTataki(n. 5), 102.
75 Didas had been governorof Paeonia under Philip V and had assassinatedhis son
Demetrius-see n. 57 above.
72

73

76

See Tataki (n. 5), 111.

ETHNIC

ORIGINS

519

exiles, who commanded small groups of their fellow-countrymen, Leonidas the

Spartan and Lycon the Achaean.77
Some chapters later, at 42.58.7-10, Livy names some further commanders of
Perseus. Midon78 of Beroea commanded the left wing, Meno of Antigonea the royal
horse, and Patrocles, also from Antigonea, commanded the auxilia.79The slingers were
commanded by Ion80of Thessalonice and Artemon the Dolopian. Artemon may seem
to be an exception to the predominance of Macedonians, but as the Dolopians were
probably under Macedonian control from the Syrian War,81he may be commanding
his fellow citizens.
After Pydna, three of Perseus' principal friends surrenderedBeroea to the Romans:
Hippias, Midon, and Pantauchus (Livy 44.45.1). The two first are known to be
Macedonians (and citizens of Beroea), while Pantauchus is the son of Balacrus, both
attested in Perseus' service elsewhere and with good Macedonian names.82 All of
Perseus' senior friends seem to have been Macedonian, in contrast to his father'suse of
Greeks as well as Macedonians at this level.
At a lower level, some Greeks do appear, like the commanders of the small Greek
contingents, Leonidas and Lycon. But the two representatives of King Perseus to the
Delphic Amphictyony in 178, Harpalus and Simonides, were both from Beroea (Syll.3
636).83Perseus' ambassador to the Romans in 179, Harpalus, who took an aggressive
stance (Livy 42.14.2) is probably the same man, and so a Macedonian.84 Of his next
ammbassadors, Solon and Hippias (Polyb. 27.6.1), Hippias is almost certainly the
Beroean mentioned above, rather than the exiled Boeotian pro-Macedonian general,
and so a Macedonian.85 Solon, if he is a kinsman of the Phaneas son of Solon who
was thearodocusat Klita around 178, will be another Macedonian.86
However, the ethnicity of many of Perseus' ambassadors is less certain. He sent
Antenor and Philip to Rhodes (Polyb. 27.4.3) and Diophanes to Antiochus IV (Polyb.
27.7.15). Antenor is probably to be identified with the Macedonian admiral in the
Aegean (Livy 44.28-9) and with Antenor son of Neoptolemus of Beroea, and so a
Macedonian.87Pantauchus son of Balacrus and Midon of Beroea (Polyb. 27.8.5) are
both well-known Macedonians, and Antenor was sent to Rhodes again to ransom
those captured with Diophanes (Polyb. 27.14.1-2). In 169, Perseus sent two ambassadors to Genthius: Pleuratus, an exiled Illyrian, and the Macedonian Adaeus (Polyb.
28.8.1; Livy 43.19.13).
" These
troops were probablymercenaries:Piero Meloni, Perseoe la fine della monarchia
Macedone(Rome,1953),219,n. 1.
78 The MSS of Polybius(27.8.5)call him Medon;Plut. Aem. 16.2 gives Milon. Livy 44.45.1
callshimMidonagain.See Le Bohec(n. 42), 114,no. 18, Olshausen(n. 56), 159,no. 118,Meloni
(n. 77), 361,n. 3. Cf.Tataki(n. 5), 90.
79 Forbothmen,see Tataki(n. 5), 63.
the royal
80 ThenameIon is restoredfromLivy45.6.9,whereIon of Thessalonicesurrendered
childrento the Romans.See Diehl, 'Ion(9)', RE9 (1916),1860andTataki(n. 5), 183.
81 Walbank (n. 43), 219.
82

Polyb.28.8.5.Cf.Walbank(n. 69), 365;Tataki(n. 5), 513ff.

83 Olshausen(n. 56), 153,no. 113.

84
Sundwall,'Harpalus(3)', RE 7 (1920),2401;Meloni(n. 77), 159;Tataki(n. 5), 76.
85Polyb.22.4.12,27.1.11and 2.3; see Le Bohec(n. 42), 114;Olshausen(n. 56), 156,no. 115.
Meloni(n. 77), 208 identifieshimwiththe exiledBoeotian.Walbank(n. 69), 299, thinkswe may
havethreedifferentHippiases,withtheambassadorbeingtheprincepsamicorum.
86 Tataki(n. 5), 115; Olshausen(n. 56), 165, no. 124. For the date, see G. Daux 'Listes
REG62(1949),21.
delphiquesde Th6arodoques',
87 Walbank(n. 69), 297;Tataki(n. 5), 243-4;Olshausen(n. 56), 144,no. 106.

ETHNICORIGINS

521

APPENDIX: SUMMARY OF INDIVIDUALS DISCUSSED

Name

Ethnic
(M) = Macedonian

Andragathus
Antigonus
Diodorus
Heracleides
Hieronymus
Nicanor
Oxythemis
Pantauchus
Phila
Philokles
Pyrrhus
Sosigenes

(?)Macedonian
Macedonian(son)
(?)Macedonian
(?)Erythrae
Cardia
(?)Macedonian
Larissa
Macedonian
Macedonian(wife)
Sidon
Epirus(kin)
(?)Macedonian

Alexander
Ameinias
Archelaus
Craterus
Demetrius
Halcyoneus
Heraclitus
Hierocles
Persaeus
Theophrastus

Macedonian(kin)
Phocian
(?)Macedonian
Macedonian(kin)
Macedonian(son)
Macedonian(son)
Athenian
Carian
Citium
unknown

Bithys
Diogenes

(?)Macedonian
(?)Athenian

Alexander
Apelles
Brachylles
Demetrius
Leontius
Taurion

Arcynia(M)
(?)Macedonian
Theban
Pharos
(?)Macedonian
(?)Macedonian

Alexander
Antigonus
Apelles
Apelles
Aratus
Athenagoras
Cassander
Chrysogonus
Cycliadas
Democrates
Demetrius
Demosthenes
Dicaearchus
Didas

Arcynia(M)
Macedonian(kin)
(?)Macedonian
(?)Macedonian
Achaean
(?)Macedonian
(?)Macedonian
Edessa(M)
Achaeanexile
(?)Macedonian
Pharos
Macedonian
Aetolian
Paeonian

Highestduty

Demetrius I

Antigonus Gonatas

commander,Amphipolis
governor,Greece
governor,Ephesus
governor,Piraeus
governor,Boeotia
commanderc. 300
ambassadorto Sicily
generalin Aetolia
ambassadorto Cassander
admiral
governorof Greece
hetairos
governor,Corinth
general
general,Corinth
governor,Corinth
general
commander
governor,Piraeus
governor,Piraeus
governor,Corinth
officer,Corinth

Demetrius II

AntigonusDoson

general
governor,Piraeus
generalat Sellasia
chancellor
governor,Sparta
mercenarycommander
general,peltasts
governor,Corinth

Philip V

general
adviser
chancellor
ambassadorto Rome
allyandadviser
commander
governor,Thrace
adviser,general
ambassador
admiral,201
adviser,general
ambassador
commander,
piratefleet
governor,Paeonia

522

J. L. O'NEIL

Dinocrates
Heracleides
Heracleides
Ladicus
Leon
Leontius
Limnaeus
Metrodorus
Nicanor
Onomastus
Perdiccas
Perseus
Philocles
Samus
Sopater
Taurion
Xenon

(?) Macedonian
Tarentum, exile
Gyrton, Thessaly
Acarnanian
(?) Macedonian
(?) Macedonian
Macedonian
Macedonian
(?) Macedonian
(?) Macedonian
(?) Teos
(?) Macedonian
(?) Macedonian
Edessa (M)
Acarnanian
(?) Macedonian
unknown

governor, Caria
adviser
commander, Thessalians 197
governor,Triphylia
commander, cavalry 197
general, peltasts
ambassador, hostage
general, Thasos 202
general, 200 and 197
governor in Thrace
ambassador to Crete
general, Tempe 209
general
adviser
governor, Chalcis
governor, Corinth
governor,Athamania

Adaeus
Antenor
Antiphilus
Artemon
Asclepiodorus
Balacrus
Didas
Diophanes
Harpalus
Hierophon
Hippias
Ion
Leonidas
Leonnatus
Limnaeus
Lycon
Meno
Metrodorus
Midon
Pantauchus
Patrocles
Philip
Pleuratus
Polemocrates
Simonides
Solon
Telemnastus
Thrasippus

Perseus
Macedonian
Beroea (M)
Edessa (M)
Dolopian
Heracleia (M)
Macedonian
Paeonian
(?) Macedonian
Beroea (M)
unknown
Beroea (M)
Thessalonice (M)
Spartan exile
Euiestes (M)
Macedonian
Achaean exile
Antigonea (M)
Rhodian
Beroea (M)
Macedonian
Antigonea (M)
unknown
Illyrian exile
Macedonian
Beroea (M)
(?) Macedonian
Cretan
Euiestes (M)

ambassador
admiral
general, peltasts 171
commander, slingers 171
general, mercenaries 171
hostage
governor, Paeonia
ambassador to Antiochus IV
ambassador to Rome
ambassador to Eumenes
general, phalanx 171
commander, slingers 171
commander, Spartans
general, agema 171
ambassador, hostage
commander, Achaeans
commander, royal horse 171
ambassador, Rhodes
general, left wing 171
adviser,hostage
commander, auxiliaries
ambassador to Rhodes
amabassador to Illyria
hostage
amphictyon
ambassador to Rome
ambassador to Antiochos IV
general, agema 171

(8.9.6-10.11)


(hetairoi).1
,

. (hetairoi)

, .
13 61 hetairoi
.2 ,
47 ; , 77%
21% . , ,
.3

.4

,
(penestes)5,

- (Plut.Pyrrh.12.10)
.

, , ,
.6 ,
.7

,
.

, ,

.8
.

, FGrH 115 F 225a, F 225b (= Ath. 6.260d ff.).

Cf. F 224 = Ath. 4.166f ff., .
2
H. Berge, Das Alexanderreich auf prosopographischer Grundlage (Munich, 1926), 31.
G. Herman, 'The "friends" of the early
Hellenistic rulers: servants or officials?', Talanta 12/13 (1980/81), 103ff., 112.
3
Berve (n.2), 43, 157.
4
W. Heckel, The Marshals of Alexander's Empire (London and New York, 1992), 206,
28; P.A.Brunt, Arrian II: The Anabasis of Alexander (Cambridge-, MA, 1983), 444;
Berve (n. 2), 43.
: Plut. Eumenes 3, 18, 20; Diod. 19.60.3.
5
FGrH 115 F 81 ,
. H. S. Lund, Lysimachus (London, 1992), 2
, (penestes). Irwin L.
Merker, 'Lysimachus, Thessalian or Macedonian?', Chiron 9 (1979), 31-36
. A. B. Tataki, Macedonians Abroad (Athens, 1998),
156
.
6
Berve (n. 2), 141, 139, 159.
7
Berve (n. 2), 114ff.; Heckel (n. 4), 58; Brunt (n. 4), vol. 1, xliii. M. B. Hatzopoulos,
Macedonian Institutions under the Kings 1 (Athens, 1996), 481-2.
8
W. R. Connor, Theopompus and Fifth Century Athens (Cambridge, MA, 1968), 15.
-----------

.
,
,9 .
philos hetairoi
( ), .10
301 . ...

, . Billows
128 ,
31 , 24% . , 43
, 34%, .
12 , ( 9%
), 10 , 6 , 2
( ), 1 .

( 7

-- 5.5% ),
.11

,

""
,
,

.
, ,
,
. , ,
(Plut.Pyrrh. 4, cf. Demetr. 31.2),
.

( 294 288)
.12 ,
,

.
. ,
, .
(Plut.Pyrrh. 4, cf.
Demetr. 31.2),
.
,
,
,
(Plut. Demetr. 32.4) ,
292,
(Plut. Demetr. 32.4).13

G. Herman, Ritualized Friendship in the Greek City (Cambridge, 1987), 154
"", n. 101.
Herman (n. 2), 125.
9
C. Habicht, 'Die herrschende Gesellschaft in den hellenistischen Monarchien',
Vierteiljahrschrift fur Spzial und Wirschaft Geschichte 45 (1958), 5; Herman (n. 2), 113.

: L. Mooren, La hirarchie du cour ptolemaique (Louvain, 1977),

207. E.Bikerman, Institutions des Sleucides (Paris, 1938), 48

,
.
10
Herman (n. 8), 13, cf. 8 106.
11
R. A. Billows, Antigonus the One-eyed (Berkeley, 1990), 265 .
12
C. Wehrli, Antigone et Demetrios (Geneva, 1968), 221.
13
Wehrli (n. 12), 175. P. Perdrizet, 'Inscriptions d'Acraephiae', BCH 25
(1900), 70 .
----------

294 (Plut. Demetr. 44.4)

(Plut. Demetr. 51.1-2).

.
304-301.14 , ,

(Polyaenus 4.7.4).
,
,15 ,
, .16
.

,
.17 , ,
290-.18
,
,
(Plut. Pyrrh. 7.4-9, cf. Demetr. 41).


,
.19

(Diod. 21.15 16).
(6.253A 14.614F),
.20
(Syll.3 343).21
,
(Plyaenus 4.12.2).


,
.22
hetairoi, ,
, (Plut. Demetr. 49.7).
23
hetairoi, , philos,
24 (
, ) .
14

Billows (n. 11), 380, no. 30.

Tataki (n. 5), 299. Tataki (25, 354, 362, 439)
, ,
.
16
Tataki (n. 5), 380-4 28 , 15 j.
Kirchner, Prosopographica Attica. A. B. Bosworth 'A
new Macedonian prince', CQ 44 (1994), 59. Tataki,
380. Cf. P. Schoch, 'Nikanor (14)', RE 18 (1936), 270.
17
J. Seibert 'Philokles, Sohn des Apollodorus, Konig der Sidonier', Historia 19 (1970),
337-51. - Billows (n. 11), 306, n. 32.
18
Plut. Demetr. 39.4; cf. Paus. 1.9.8; W. W. Tarn Antigonus Gonatas (Oxford, 1913),
245.
19
Tataki (n. 5), 398. Cf. Tarn (n. 18), 50.
20 253a; 614f. Tataki (n. 5)
, 406 368
.
21 Billows (n. 11), 414.
: Ath. 13.578a.
22 Lund (n. 5), 100. Tataki (n. 5).
23 Tataki (n. 5).
24 n. 10 .
15

----------

(Polyaenus 5.7[1]),
.25
IG II2 1492, 106 116
, .
, ,
(Polyaenus loc. cit.)
.


.
12
, 7 ,
58% , 4 (33%) .
(),
.
,
, .

.
- (Trog. Prol. 26; Plut. De frat. amor. 15.486A)26
, .27
,
(Plut. Pyrrh. 34.7-10)
(Plut. Mor. 119C-D; Ael. VH 3.5).
, .28
,
(Justin 26.11.11), 12-13 ,29
.
.
,
.30 ,

(Diog. Laert. 8.36, cf. 8.9).
: .
, , ,
,31 . Tataki
32-- ,
,
.
,
(2.127 4.39),



25

C. Habicht, Athens from Alexander to Antony (Cambridge, MA and London, 1997),

124-5. Tataki (n. 5), 231 .

26 , cf. Plut. De mul. virt. 15,253a, cf.250f; Frontin.

Str. 3.6.7; Tarn (n. 18), 195. Tataki (n. 5), ,
205.
27 . Trog.
Prol. 26; IG II2 774; Plut. Arat. 17.2; Suda s.v. ' ';
cf. Habicht (n. 25), 162. Tataki (n. 5).
28 Tarn (n. 18), 304.
30 Paus. 2.8.4, 7.8.3; Plyaenus 6.4.5; Plut. Arat. 23.5.
31 J. J. Gabbert, Antigonus II Gonatas (London, 1997), 36. Tataki (n. 5), 269 327
.
32 Tataki (n. 5), 289 327.
-- n. 10
.
----------

.33 ,
(Syll.3 454, cf. 401).34
, '
'35 (Polyaenus
4.6.18). Pyrrhus 29.11 ,
272.36
-
,

.37 ,
5 (50%) ( ),
(20%) .
.
, .
(Plut. Arat. 54.2),
229 .,
(Paus. 2.8.6; Plut. Arat. 34.6). IG II2 3474

229 ., ,
.38
, ,


.
Aratus 34.2 , ,
.39 (20.5.12)

 ,
.
,

(Polyb. 2.65.4 66.5, cf. 3.16.3). ,

.40
4.87.6ff.

. ,
peltasts, ,
, .41

33

Habicht (n. 25), 162. Tarn (n. 18), 205.

Habicht (n. 25), 162. Tarn (n. 18), 307.
35
, Tarn (n. 18), 88.
36
Gabbert (n. 31), 36
,
. Tarn (n. 18), 272, n. 38

.
37
Gabbert (n. 31), 89.
J. L. ONeil, The creation of new dynasties after the
death of Alexander the Great, Prudentia 32 (2000), 134.
38
Habicht (n. 25), 173
, S. Le Bohec Antigone Dsn: roi de Macdoine (Nancy, 1993), 265
. , Gabbert (n. 31), 38; W. S.
Ferguson, Hellenistic Athens (London, 1911), 201; Tataki (n. 5), 298
. Tataki
.
39
Tataki (n. 5), 291 ,
ethnika (cf. n. 15 ).
, , ,
(Tataki [n. 5], 189).
-- -- ,
.
40
F. W. Walbank, A historical commentary on Polybios 1 (Oxford, 1957), 275.
41
therapeia S. Le Bohec 'L'entourage royal la cour des
Antigonids' La systme palatiale, en grce et Rome (Strassbourg, 1987), 319.
34

----------


(Polyb. 2.66.5).42
,
-
,43
. '',
,44
,
(8.12.2) .45
.
,
.

- .
, ( 62%) .
, (5.12.5)

.46 , .
9.23.9 . ,
,
, , .
(Polyb.
5.27.4 92.7)
(Polyb. 5.17.5 97.4). ,
syntrophos , ,47
,48
.

,
.49
.
(Polyb. 5.16.6),

(Polyb. 5.101.7).
214 (Polyb. 7.11.6; Plut. Arat. 50, 5;
Strabo 8.4.8).50
42

, Tataki (n. 5), 71; S. Le Bohec, 'Les

philoi des Rois Antigonids', REG 94 (1985), 103, no. 2; Le Bohec (n. 38), 291. Tataki (n.
5), 25, 354, 362, 439,

 ethnika , n. 15 . C. Erhardt, 'Macedonian

benefactors at Larissa', ZPE 31 (1978), 223
, C. Habicht, 'Makedonen in Larisa?', Chiron 13
(1983), 83-4 , .
43
F. W. Walbank, Philip V of Macedon (Cambridge, 1940), 44. R. M. Errington 'Philip
V, Aratus and the "conspiracy of Apelles"', Historia 15 (1967), 22.
44
Cf. Polyb. 4.87.1; Errington (n. 43), 22.
45
Walbank (n. 43), 79 ,
.
46
Le Bohec (n. 42), 96 philos ,
.
philos .
47
: Polyb. 7.11.6; : Polyb.
5.9.64; , : Polyb. 23.10.9 Cf. Geffcken,
'Samos (2)' RE 1A (1920), 2161-2; Tataki (n. 5), 105.
48
K. I. Galles ' ', Archaia Makedonia II (Thessalonike,
1977), 34 Tataki (n. 5), 105.
49
Errington (n. 43), 21, 27; cf. Walbank (n. 43), 79.
50
: F. W. Walbank, Aratos of Sicyon
(Cambridge, 1933), 154-5.
----------

:

218 (Polyb. 5.23.7),
(Polyb. 2.29.251).
,
.52
, 13.4
,
.53
,
. ,

(Polyb. 13.5.4-5; Polyaenus 5.7[2]).
.

.54
,
,
,

 197 (Polyb. 18.54.811).

.
(Livy
40.20.3, 54.9).
,55 (Polyb. 16.24.7)
,
(Livy 31.16.2, 26.6)
197 (Livy 32.38.1-9).
, ,
, .56

, .
,
180
(Livy 40.21-4). (42.51.6) .
( )
,

.57

, , ,
(Livy 40.54.4-9).

(Livy 40.57.3)
(Livy 40.58.9).58
51
, Polyb. 3.19.11--Walbank (n.
40), 331.
52 , Le Bohec (n. 42), 107,
no. 7.
53 : F. W.
Walbank, A Historical Commentary on Polybius 2 (Oxford, 1967), 418.
Le Bohec (n. 42), 108, no. 8.
54 Le Bohec (n. 44), 323. Cf. Habicht (n. 9), 9, Teles, On Exile 23h.
55 : Walbank (n. 43), 236, n. 1. Tataki (n. 5), 452
.
56 tataki (n. 5), 254, 452; Le Bohec (n. 42), 106, no. 5 111, no. 13; E.
Olshausen, Prosopographie der hellenistischen Knigsgesandten (Louvain, 1974), 87,
no. 87 135, no. 101.

57 Tataki (n. 5), 208; Le Bohec (n. 42), 108, no. 8.

: T. Katicic, Ancient Languages of the Balkans (The Hague, 1976), 152.
: Le Bohec (n. 38), 183-4.
58 Le Bohec (n. 42), 105, n. 4 Olshausen (n. 56), 118, no. 86

----------

,
, .
,
.59
.

, .
219, ,
epimeletes , (Polyb. 4.80.15).
209.

.60
202 61 (Polyb. 15.24.2),
201 , ,
(Polyb. 16.3.6).
; , , .62 200
, (Livy 31.23.1)
197 ,
(Livy 33.18.16 9).
200
,

(Polyb. 26.27.1).63
, ''.64
() ,
. .
, --,
-- (Polyb. 18.34.4).
,
. ,
.65

 ,
.
(32.32.9)
, ,

, ,
.66 ,
,67
.
. Erhardt (n. 42), 223
, Habicht (n. 42), 23
. : Le Bohec (n.
38), 83-4. Tataki (n. 5), 246-7.
59
Walbank (n. 43), 251-2. Errington (n. 43), 36.
60
Walbank (n. 43), 86, n. 1. Tataki (n. 5).
61
228/7,
: Walbank (n. 53), 479. Tataki (n. 5), 373
.
62
Tataki (n. 5), 25, . ( n. 15)
, ,
, 296 .
63

31.16.2-- Walbank (n. 53), 537.
64
Polyb. 28.24.2; Livy 33.8.8. P. Schoch, 'Nikanor (15 and 16)', RE 17 (1936), 270,
Walbank (n. 53), 552; Tataki (n. 5), 382. n. 16 .
65
Walbank (n. 53), 549.
66
, n. 15 ; Tataki (n.
5), 291, 525 Olshausen (n. 56), 123, no. 90 130, no. 98.
67
Tataki (n. 5), 525; cf. Olshausen (n. 56), 140.
----------

,
asylia
,
. Holleaux
,
,
,
.68
,
.

 189 (Livy 38.1.10). 184

,

(Polyb. 22.13.3ff.; Livy 39.34.2).
,
.69

(Polyb. 18.22.2).
70-- ,
().
,
.
, .
,
.71

,
().
31 .
19, 61% , 9, 29%,
.
,
77% ().
( )
. 42.51
171, ,
.
.
,72 .
, , ,
.73
caetrati.74 , ,
,75
.76
,
68

IC I.v.52.25-6 (Arkades) I.xiv.1.24-5 (Hierapytna). M. Holleaux, tudes

d'pigraphie et d'Histoire Grecques (Paris, 1952), 4.184ff. Cf. Olshausen (n. 56), 99, no.
130. tataki (n. 5), 404 .
69
Tataki (n. 5), 393; Le Bohec (n. 42), 109-10, no. 11; ,
tataki (n. 5), 338; F.W. Walbank, A Historical Commentary on Polybius 3 (Oxford,

1979), 197 strategos ; S. Le Bohec 'Les epistates des rois

Antigonides', Ktema 11 (1986), 284 epistates ,
. Hatzopoulos (n. 7), 383ff. epistatai
, .
70
Pelasgiotis: Strabo 9.5.20 (441), cf. Sthlin, 'Gyrton', RE 7 (1902),
2101.
71
n. 64 .
72
Tataki (n. 5), 78; Le Bohec (n. 42), 114, no. 17; Olshausen (n. 56), 153, no. 113.
73
Tataki (n. 5), 109; , ibid. 515; , Hatzopoulos (n.
7), 99.
74
Tataki (n. 5), 102.
75
,
-- n. 57 .
76
Tataki (n. 5), 111.
----------

,
, .77
, 42.58.7-10,
. 78
, , ,
, auxilia.79
80 .

,
,81
.

: , (Livy 44.45.1).
( ),

, .82
,

.
,
, .

178, , (Syll.3 636).83
, 179
(Livy 42.14.2) ,

.84 , (Polyb.
27.6.1), ,
- ,
.85 ,
thearodocus 178, .86
,
. (Polyb. 27.4.3)
(Polyb. 27.7.15).
(Livy
44.28-9) ,
.87 (Polyb.
27.8.5) ,
(Polyb.
27.14.1-2). 169 :
, , (Polyb. 28.8.1; Livy
43.19.13).
77

: Piero Meloni, Perseo e la fine della

monarchia Macedone (Rome, 1953), 219, n. 1.
78
MSS (27.8.5) ; Plut. Aem. 16.2 .
44.45.1 . Le Bohec (n. 42), 114, no. 18,
Olshausen (n. 56), 159, no. 118, Meloni (n. 77), 361, n. 3. Cf. Tataki (n. 5), 90.
79
Tataki (n. 5), 63.
80
45.6.9,
. Diehl, 'Ion (9)', RE 9 (1916), 1860
Tataki (n. 5), 183.
81
Walbank (n. 43), 219.
82 Olshausen (n. 56), 153, no. 113.
84 Sundwall, 'Harpalus (3)', RE 7 (1920), 2401; Meloni (n. 77), 159; Tataki (n. 5), 76.
85 Polyb. 22.4.12, 27.1.11 2.3; Le Bohec (n. 42), 114; Olshausen (n. 56), 156,
no. 115. Meloni (n. 77), 208 . Walbank (n.
69), 299 ,
princeps amicorum.
86 Tataki (n. 5), 115; Olshausen (n. 56), 165, no. 124. G. Daux 'Listes
delphiques de Tharodoques', REG 62 (1949), 21.
87 Walbank (n. 69), 297; Tataki (n. 5), 243-4; Olshausen (n. 56), 144, no. 106.
----------

,
(Polyb. 29.4.6)
, ,88
. ,

 (Polyb. 29.4.7; cf. 11.1)

,89
. , ,90
,
(Polyb. 29.4.7).91

philoi, .


(Livy 45.32.3-6). 28
, 20 , 71% (
), 5 (18%) ,
.


,

.

(), ,
.
, (58%)
.
, 50%
,
.
,
,
.
,
61% . ,
,
, 71%
, .
,
77% .

.
,
.


,
.92
University of Sydney

88

JAMES L. O'NEIL

Tataki (n. 5), 513, 518; Olshausen (n. 56), 162.

Livy 44.28.10. Meloni (n. 77), 346.
: Olshausen (n. 56), 161, no. 120.
90
Tataki (n. 5) ; Walbank (n. 69), 365
''. Cf. Olshausen (n. 56), 154-5, no. 114.
91
Olshausen (n. 56), 167 .
92
F. W. Walbank C.
Collard Classical Quarterly
.
.
89

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