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    Ww1 Revision Sheets Combined

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    Awura Kwayowaa
    The document provides background information on the causes of World War 1 through 17 revision sheets covering topics such as the alliances and tensions prior to the war, the assassination that sparked the outbreak of war, the failure of the Schlieffen Plan, conditions and battles on the Western Front, the Gallipoli campaign, and how the war was eventually ended. It describes the complex web of alliances, nationalist tensions, and military strategies and battles that led European powers into a devastating four year long conflict.

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    Ww1 Revision Sheets Combined

    Uploaded by

    Awura Kwayowaa
    53 views8 pages
    The document provides background information on the causes of World War 1 through 17 revision sheets covering topics such as the alliances and tensions prior to the war, the assassination that sparked the outbreak of war, the failure of the Schlieffen Plan, conditions and battles on the Western Front, the Gallipoli campaign, and how the war was eventually ended. It describes the complex web of alliances, nationalist tensions, and military strategies and battles that led European powers into a devastating four year long conflict.

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    The document provides background information on the causes of World War 1 through 17 revision sheets covering topics such as the alliances and tensions prior to the war, the assassination that sparked the outbreak of war, the failure of the Schlieffen Plan, conditions and battles on the Western Front, the Gallipoli campaign, and how the war was eventually ended. It describes the complex web of alliances, nationalist tensions, and military strategies and battles that led European powers into a devastating four year long conflict.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    53 views8 pages

    Ww1 Revision Sheets Combined

    Uploaded by

    Awura Kwayowaa
    The document provides background information on the causes of World War 1 through 17 revision sheets covering topics such as the alliances and tensions prior to the war, the assassination that sparked the outbreak of war, the failure of the Schlieffen Plan, conditions and battles on the Western Front, the Gallipoli campaign, and how the war was eventually ended. It describes the complex web of alliances, nationalist tensions, and military strategies and battles that led European powers into a devastating four year long conflict.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 8

    Paper 1 Section B Wider World Depth Study

    Conflict and tension, 1894-1918


    Summary Booklet
    11. Causes first world war - background
    12. Causes first world war – outbreak
    13. Failure of the Schlieffen Plan
    14. Western Front 1 – tactics and conditions
    15. Western front 2 – key battles
    16. Gallipoli and war at sea
    17. Ending the war
    Revision sheet 11: Causes WW1: Background

     The Triple Alliance of Germany, Austria-Hungary and


    Italy formed by 1882.
     The Triple Entente of Britain, France and Russia formed
    by 1907.
     The German leader, Kaiser Wilhelm II, wanted an
    overseas empire – her ‘place in the sun.’
     Many of the ethnic groups within Austria-Hungary
    wanted independence.
     Austria was particularly worried about her newly-
    independent neighbour Serbia and Russia.
     Britain was moving away from ‘splendid isolation’ as she
    was particularly worried about the German navy.
     Russians and Serbs were Slavs, with many other Slavs
    living in Austria-Hungary
     In the 1905-1906 Moroccan crisis Britain and France
    stood together, humiliating the Kaiser
     In 1908-1909 Austria-Hungary annexed Bosnia and
    Herzegovina and withstood Russian and Serbian
    protests as Germany promised support
     In 1911 France took over Morocco in spite of the
    Kaiser’s protest, including sending the gunboat Panzer
    to Agadir.
    Revision sheet 12: Causes WW1: Outbreak
     Serbia emerged from a series of local wars in the
    Balkans, 1912-1913, as a powerful country and she was
    a close ally of Russia.
     Austria-Hungary considered the Slav culture of places
    including Serbia and Russia to be inferior.
     On 28 June 1914 the Austro-Hungarian heir, Franz
    Ferdinand and his wife Sophie were shot in Sarajevo,
    Bosnia.
     Austria-Hungary was looking for an excuse to crush
    Serbia, and felt confident of German support.
     Serbia accepted nine of the ten points of the Austro-
    Hungarian ultimatum, but Austria-Hungary declared war
    on Serbia on 28 July 1914.
     Russia mobilised her armies against Austria-Hungary and
    Germany on 30th July 1914.
     Germany had long planned for a war on two fronts,
    against Russia in the East and France in the west
     The Schlieffen plan was launched on 3 August 1914 with
    invasion of Belgium.
     The 1839 Treaty of London had guaranteed Belgian
    neutrality.
     Britain declared war on Germany on 4 August 1914.
    Revision sheet 13: Failure of Schlieffen Plan

     Germany had planned to get to Paris and defeat France within


    six weeks.
     Heroic Belgian resistance bought the British and French time to
    mobilise.
     The BEF led by Sir John French held the Germans up at Mons on
    23 August 1914.
     The German Supreme Commander von Moltke withdrew
    100,000 troops from the advance on Paris to deal with the
    Russian invasion in the east.
     German commander von Kluck advanced straight towards
    rather than swinging round Paris, with his weary, overstretched
    troops.
     British and French troops held up the Germans at the River
    Marne, pushed them back to the River Aisne, but could not
    drive them out of France completely.
     By 8 September 1914 both sides were digging trenches to
    protect themselves from snipers and shell fire.
     From 12 October 1914 the race to the sea began.
     Both sides tried to outflank the other as they realised they
    could not break through enemy lines.
     The British moved troops, usually by rail, to counter German
    efforts to outflank them.
    Revision sheet 14: Western Front 1 – Conditions and Tactics

     By November 1914 there was deadlock and stalemate lasted


    until 1918.
     A system of front-line, reserve and communication trenches
    developed, with no man’s land between opposing lines.
     Generals ordered infantry charges ‘over the top’ after long
    artillery barrages.
     New weapons, protection and tactics were used as the war
    went on.
     Most of the work of soldiers in and around the trenches
    involved routines rather than fighting.
     Living conditions were awful – including rats, lice and trench
    foot.
     346 British soldiers were executed after courts martial.
     More positive aspects of trench life included comradeship and
    good food rations.
     Artillery and machine guns were important throughout the war.
     New weapons and tactics developed during the war included

    poison gas, tanks and use of aircraft.


    Revision sheet 15: Western Front 2 – Key battles

     In 1915 the French, British and Germans all tried and failed to
    break the deadlock.
     The French were unsuccessful at Champagne, the British
    suffered heavy losses at Neuve Chapelle and the Germans were
    driven back from Ypres.
     In February 1916 the Germans surrounded Verdun, with
    Falkenhayn planning to ‘bleed France white’.
     The French, led by Petain, held out, but both sides suffered
    huge losses.
     To relieve pressure at Verdun, the British, led by Haig, attacked
    at the Somme.
     On 1st July 1916 Britain suffered 57,000 casualties, including
    20,000 deaths.
     They had failed to plan for the strength of German defences, in
    several places the barbed wire had not been cut and German
    machine guns had not been destroyed in the preceding 5 day
    bombardment.
     The fighting continued until November 1916, with combined
    losses of 1.25 million.
     In 1917 the Battle of Passchendaele (or Third Battle of Ypres)
    saw she British infantry unable to advance far because of
    terrible mud.
     At Cambrai in November 1917 350 British tanks made good
    progress but they were unable to hold the ground they
    captured.
    Revision sheet 16: Gallipoli and war at sea

     Winston Churchill, First Lord of the Admiralty, persuaded the


    British government to attack Germany's ally Turkey at the
    Dardenelles Strait.

     In March 1915 British warships bombarded forts that lined the


    Straits.

     Mines and shell fire from the forts led to the British then deciding
    on a land attack to capture the Gallipoli Peninsula.

     In April 1915 hastily-assembled British, French and Anzac troops


    attacked at Helles Beach.

     The Turks, supported by the Germans, had dug trenches and


    could not be removed from the peninsula.

     The Allies dug in, conditions for both sides were dreadful and a
    later attack at Suvla Bay was also unsuccessful.

     The Allies withdrew in December 1915 and Churchill was


    humiliated.

     There were no decisive sea battles during the war.

     In the 1916 Battle of Jutland Britain lost more ships than the the
    Germans but Admiral Scheer failed to destroy the British Grand
    Fleet, leaving Britain controlling the seas.

     The British eventually used convoys, anti-submarine nets and


    minefields to combat the considerable threat posed by German U-
    boats.
    Revision sheet 17: Ending the war

     Germany resuming unrestricted submarine warfare and


    attempting to get Mexico to join the war led to America
    declaring war against her in April 1917.
     US destroyers helped escort convoys and they lent money
    to Britain whilst her troops were trained.
     By summer 1918 about 1 million US troops had landed in
    France.
     The Communist Revolution in November 1917 led to
    Russian withdrawal and the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk in
    March 1918.
     The Allied blockade was starving Germany of raw
    materials and food.
     In March 1918 German Commander Ludendorff launched
    the Spring Offensive.
     After early success, the Germans were held up, then
    pushed back by the Allies in the Hundred Days, from July-
    November 1918.
     On 9 November 1918 the Kaiser abdicated and Germany
    became a republic.
     On 11 November 1918 new German Chancellor, Friedrich
    Ebert, accepted the terms of the armistice which meant
    Germany could not re-start the war.
     Both Frenchman Ferdinand Foch, as Commander-in-Chief
    of the Allied armies, and Douglas Haig as British
    Commander played key roles in the Allied victory.

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