Internet of Things (IoT)

PUSHPAK KUMAR
Roll: 19/EIE/34
University Roll: 05519034
Registration No.: 020194 of
2019_20
Branch: Applied Electronics and
Instrumentation Engineering

1. What is Internet of Things? IoT devices have sensors embedded into them.

The Internet of Things (IoT) is the network of These sensors are capable of sensing their
physical objects or "things" embedded with surroundings. The devices store the information in
some form of data. These devices include
electronics, software, sensors, and network
connectivity, which enables these objects to collect appliances such as mobile phones, coffee
machines, microwaves, geysers, fire alarms, Air
and exchange data.
conditioners, cars and so on.
IoT allows objects to be sensed and controlled
remotely across existing network infrastructure, The sensors embedded in these devices constantly
creating opportunities for more direct integration emit data about the surrounding and on the
between the physical world and computer-based working information of these devices. IoT serves
systems, and resulting in improved efficiency, as a platform to dump all the data collected by
accuracy and economic benefit. these devices.
IoT platform includes cloud servers and large
"Things," in the IoT sense, can refer to a wide databases. The IoT platform acts on the data. It
variety of devices such as heart monitoring
integrates and processes the information. Further,
implants, biochip transponders on farm animals,
the platform analyses the data thoroughly to
electric clams in coastal waters, automobiles with
built-in sensors, DNA analysis devices for gather important details. The platform then sends
environmental/food/pathogen monitoring or field back instructions based on the data provided.
operation devices that assist fire-fighters in search Finally, the data aggregation is shared with other
and rescue operations. devices for better performance in the future. It is
also done for improved user experience.
These devices collect useful data with the help 1) Components of IoT
of various existing technologies and then a. Sensors/Devices:
autonomously flow the data between other devices.
These devices connect with the
external physical environment.
They collect the data from the
outside changes and store this
2. How IoT Works? information. A sensor senses the
The Internet of things consists of a large changes in the surroundings and
network of interconnected devices. These devices notes down these changes. This
transfer and collect huge amounts of data about property makes sensors extremely
how they operate and details about the information useful in IoT applications.
they store. This data is sent to large cloud servers b. Connectivity
located across the globe. The cloud sends relevant Cloud servers process the data that
instructions based on the information sensors collect. But, in order to do
received.Internet of Things is not the result of a so, they require
single novel technology; instead, several platforms. Connectivity is the
complementary technical developments provide connection among all IoT devices
capabilities that taken together help to bridge the in any given Iot
gap between the virtual and physical world.
ecosystem including sensors,
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 routers, gateways, user applications Sensors - Tiny innovations that can be attached to
and platforms. anything and then with some additional help, can
c. Data processing be made to communicate with the internet.
Once the entire data transmits to Sensors play a pivotal role in the IoT
the platform, functions are infrastructure.
performed on this data in order to  
process the data and send back Gateway device - A gateway device is nothing
necessary outputs. In other but a piece of hardware bridging the gap between
words, data analysis must take the sensors and the IoT platform. This guide
place. This step is the most details about a Raspberry Pi device which is
important step in IoT technologies. integrated with EdgeX agent to help the sensors
The analysis must happen at a communicate the data to the cloud server.
quick rate to provide better results.  
d. User Interface EdgeX agent - A revolutionary agent by
This is the final stage. This stage is WebNMS IoT that makes the devices IoT enabled
in direct contact with the user and and help them to seamlessly discover, acquire, and
it gives the output that users see on process immense data smoothly.
their screen. Every IoT device has  
a different interface as each device Cloud Server - A virtual but logical server that is
has a different task or purpose to built, hosted and delivered through cloud
accomplish. computing platform and can be accessed remotely.

The IoT can be viewed as a gigantic network

These capabilities include: consisting of networks of devices and
 Communication and cooperation computers connected through a series of
intermediate technologies where numerous
 Addressability technologies like RFIDs, wireless connections
 Identification may act as enablers of this connectivity.
 Sensing  Tagging Things: Real-time item
traceability and addressability by RFIDs.
 Actuation
 Feeling Things: Sensors act as primary
 Embedded information processing devices to collect data from the
 Localization environment.
 User interfaces  Shrinking Things: Miniaturization and
Nanotechnology has provoked the ability
of smaller things to interact and connect
within the “things” or “smart devices.”
3. The Structure of IoT  Thinking Things: Embedded intelligence
in devices through sensors has formed the
IoT is a network of tiny innovations like the network connection to the Internet. It can
sensors which can be attached to possibly make the “things” realizing the intelligent
anything available and then make them control.
communicate with the cloud server without any
human interaction. So, the question is how to
make this happen? Well the answer is to attach a
sensor to a Raspberry Pi device about which we 4. Current Status & Future Prospects of
will be discussing in the coming sections. IoT:
Raspberry Pi device with the installed EdgeX
agent helps the users to acquire, store, process,
and take actions any kind of data from the device
to the cloud server.
“Change is the only thing permanent in this world”
The more data that is created, the better
understanding and wisdom people can obtain.

5. IoT as a Network of Networks: Knowledge is the appropriate collection of

information, such that it's intent is to be useful.
Knowledge is a deterministic process. When
someone "memorizes" information (as less-
aspiring test-bound students often do), then they
have amassed knowledge. This knowledge has
useful meaning to them, but it does not provide
for, in and of itself, an integration such as would
infer further knowledge. For example, elementary
school children memorize, or amass knowledge of,
the "times table". They can tell you that "2 x 2 = 4"
because they have amassed that knowledge (it
being included in the times table). But when asked
what is "1267 x 300", they cannot respond
correctly because that entry is not in their times
table. To correctly answer such a question requires
a true cognitive and analytical ability that is only
An IoT network refers to a collection of encompassed in the next level... understanding. In
interconnected devices that communicate with computer parlance, most of the applications we use
other devices without the need for human (modelling, simulation, etc.) exercise some type of
involvement, such as autonomous cars, smart stored knowledge.
appliances, and wearable tech.
These networks connected with added security,
analytics, and management capabilities. This will
allow IoT to become even more powerful in what 7. The Potential of IoT:
it can help people achieve.
There has been a lot of buzz around the Internet of
Things (IoT) over the last year and a half. We are
hearing about all kinds of devices being connected
to the Internet – anything from home appliances to
6. Knowledge Management – From Data entire factories. Investors are enthusiastic about
to Wisdom: smart hardware and wearable tech and IoT start-
ups are popping up everywhere.
IoT companies attracted more than $1 billion in
venture capital in 2013, according to CB Insights.
The New York-based venture capital firm says
that’s an increase of 11% from the previous year.
The IoT buzz accelerated in January
when Google announced its $3.2 billion purchase
of Nest Labs, a Silicon Valley start-up that makes
an Internet-connected home monitoring and
energy management system. Other notable deals Internet of Things technology leverages the
included Jawbone’s $100 million purchase of Internet to connect everyday electronic devices
Body Media, a health and wellness monitoring embedded with software and sensors to each other.
company. IoT lets your smart devices communicate, send,
receive and interpret data and information from
Despite these high-profile deals, questions remain connected devices anywhere in the world, in real-
about the widespread adoption of the Internet of time.
Things. The Economist points out that estimates
on the rise of Internet-connected devices vary In this new communication system, the 5G aims to
greatly. Technology research firm Gartner says 26 connect networks online by providing improved
wireless connectivity. 5G has been developed in a
billion devices will be online by 2020; ABI
unique way enabling it to connect more devices at
Research puts that number at 30 billion; Cisco higher speed with minimal lag. This cellular IoT
estimates about 50 billion. application is created to benefit consumers at a low
While some contend the hype around the Internet cost as well as provide faster speed. With the use
of Things is overblown, others believe there will of this new application, we will be able to see
be steady progress. Challenges that need to be complete automation in many industries with the
addressed include how to communicate effectively help of Smart grids. 5G will evolve to include
and securely between devices, how to transmit and bigger devices over larger areas in the upcoming
years. Connecting smart cities to even wireless
store huge amounts of data, and how to protect
vehicular connectivity, this future application of
privacy.
IoT will help the public and private sectors to gain
optimal benefits.
Smart cities: Smart cities have become a new
craze worldwide for future developments in the
urban and technological sectors. According to the
8. The Future of IoT: reports by investment bank. Barclays in the future
of IoT, Smart Cities have the potential to generate
$20 trillion in economic benefits by 2026. The
method of using different types of electronic
techniques and sensors to collect data in urban
areas will benefit by providing cities with service
efficiency and a method of systematically
managing resources and assets. From monitoring
weather and conservation of water to assisting in
self-care and even traffic management, smart cities
are the future of the adoption of technology with
the internet embedded in every walk of life.
Home Automation: A smart home is indeed one
of the most riveting applications of the future of
IoT. Slowly this has become a very appealing idea
for safety, security, and leisure purposes. Like how
"The Sky's not the limit. It's only the beginning
you can open your mobile phone with face
with IoT."
recognition, soon you will be able to open your
doors merely by showing your face. Other than
IoT barely counts as an emerging technology doors, windows, and thermal interception another
these days, given that it's more than a decade old. interesting feature is controlling the gardens. In the
future, IoT sensors will assist in understanding the
But the technology continues to evolve. Adjacent, soil condition and triggering the irrigation system
arguably more emergent technologies influence the accordingly.
future of IoT. Prominent examples include 5G and
the nascent metaverse. IoT will move into new use
cases, applications and adoption scenarios as it
converges with other streams of innovation.
9. Few Applications of IoT:
Internet, one of the most significant inventions of Smart sensors installed on parking area are
all time helped us to connect with people using collecting information about availability of
computers and Smartphone. The new generation of parking slots and updating it to the database real
network IoT (internet of things), connects things time. Once the spot is occupied, it will be updated
with the ability to sense, control and communicate. without any delay.
1) Smart Home and Office: Smart home Service providers and customers can plan and
applications with the use of smart sensors manage parking issues with the use of smart
are becoming popular now. Any smart parking solutions.
device can be configured and connected to
the internet and control using simple
mobile application. iv. Water / waste management
Populations in cities are increasing every year,
based on statistics this trend will grow in coming
years. Increase in population contributes to
increase in wastes as well.
Many cities are adapting recycling of water using
water treatment units. With IoT system, the
amount of waste water, consumption in a
geographical area and trend of waste produced can
be analyzed effectively.
IoT and smart sensor technology enables us to
i. Smart lighting on streets manage this issue efficiently. With smart waste
management system, authorities will be able to
Smart lighting is an effective solution to save predict the amount of waste produced in a
energy in the cities. Smart sensors can detect particular location, how to process properly,
presents of people or vehicles in the proximity and trigger clearance of waste and analyze data for
increase light intensity when someone pass by. future planning etc.
Once the person or vehicle is away from that area,
smart light will automatically reduce light 2) Wearable Devices
intensity to save energy. During emergency
situations, maximum light intensity will be
activated to support recovery activities.
Since the smart lighting systems are connected to
control and monitoring network, any faulty light
units will be automatically reported and necessary
maintenance will be initiated.

ii. Pollution monitoring and

reporting
Increasing air pollution is one of the challenges
we are facing in every growing city. In order to
solve this issue, smart sensors are deployed across
the cities to continuously monitor any changes.
Some of the common sensors are temperature, air
quality (like CO2 level, haze, and smoke),
moisture etc…  Interconnected smart sensors
collects data, sends these data to the monitoring
stations and initiates warning messages during bad
air quality detection.

iii. Smart Parking Solutions

Wearable smart devices introduced as smart information about the vehicle, road condition,
watches around a decade ago and many more about other vehicles, objects on the road and road
functions were added since then.  Now our smart conditions.
watches and wearable are capable of reading text The system consists of camera units, proximity
messages, showing notifications of other apps, sensors, RADARs, RF antenna arrays to collect
tracking location, monitor workout status, remind information and help the vehicle to make decision
schedules and continuously monitoring health based on the sudden changes on the road. Vehicles
conditions. and smart objects can share information each
With Internet of Things, wearable technology can other using RF technology.
be used beyond these functions. Many people
have shared their stories how a smart watch saved
5) Agriculture and Smart farming
their life during an accident and medical
emergencies. Lifesaving applications makes smart There are lot of challenges in the agriculture and
wearable one of the most favourite devices among farming industry to produce more crops and
other IoT devices. vegetable to feed increasing human population.
Internet of Things can assist farmers and
3) Healthcare researchers in this area to find more optimized and
cost-effective ways to increase production.
Healthcare industry has been utilizing the
possibilities of Internet of Things for life saving In developed countries, young generation is not
applications. Starting from collecting vital data attracted to conventional farming and agriculture.
from bed side devices, real-time diagnosing Lack of support staff could lead to productivity;
process, accessing medical records and patient authorities have to find alternative ways to
information across multiple departments, the overcome this issue.
entire system of patient care can be improved with
IoT implementation.
IoT will offer convenience for medical a) Smart irrigation
practitioners, improve accuracy in the information
Smart irrigation is a method of efficient use of
(helps to reduce error in the data), increase overall
water for agriculture using Internet of Things.
efficiency and saves time for each procedure.
Smart sensors are deployed into soil which
Doctors can monitor patient’s status remotely and constantly monitoring and sending information
suggest necessary procedures when required. about soil conditions to the control station.
Data loss and mistakes will be reduced to a lower Once the soil starts to dry or reaches a threshold
level with IoT devices. Most of the modern value defined by farmer, control system initiates
medical devices can be connected to the network the water flow and it will be stopped after a set
and data can be accessed securely. time. Wastage or water and manual labour can be
reduced by implementing automated irrigation
4) Autonomous Driving system into agriculture.

Autonomous driving has been evolving with the

use of artificial intelligence and smart sensor b) Smart Greenhouse using sensors
technology in Internet of Things. Earlier
generation of autonomous vehicle (partial Greenhouse farming is one of the successful
automation) will assist drivers to drive safely, agriculture methods to artificially controlling the
avoid collisions and warn about the conditions of environment for increased production of
the road and vehicle. vegetables and fruits. Inside the green house, the
essential parameters like CO2 level, temperature
Self-driving cars and connected car concept will and moisture level are monitored round the clock
offer a much safer road experience in future with and automatic precipitation, light and moisture
the use of Internet of Things and artificial control will be activated using IoT system.
intelligence (AI). One of the significant
components of IoT in automobiles is smart
sensors which are continually collecting
This smart monitoring system control is much  Quality testing and product improvement
more efficient and cost effective than the same
task performed by workers. The data collected  Improves packaging and management
using various sensors deployed in the greenhouse
will be sent to the cloud, it helps to easily access  Process optimization using data collected
the data for further analysis. from huge number of sensor networks

Predication farming is a method of applying  Cost effective solution for overall

useful information collected over duration of time management of factories.
for improved quantity and quality of agriculture
products. Experts will analyze when would be the 7) Logistic and fleet management
best time/season for farming, what should be best
parameters for maximum productivity, suitable Smart logistics is a complex task since the goods
fertilizers and how to plan a particular product must be handled with greater care and efficiency.
ready for harvest etc. Apart from moving from one location to another
location, service providers have to make sure
perfect condition is maintained during
c) Smart Farming
transportation.
Internet of Things offers many solutions for
Smart sensors capable of connecting to IoT
convenient tracking of animals with the use of
network continuously monitoring the GPS
smart RFID tags. Farmers can easily record data
location, temperature, humidity, shock and tilt
of each animal with implementation of IoT and
angle of the container used for transpiration. Data
smart tags.
collected from these sensors are processed and
analyzed in a central cloud system.
6) Industrial IoT for manufacturing
Logistics team can access this information from
anywhere using an internet connection. Movement
of fleet can be monitored real-time and updated to
customers about the progress of delivery.

10. Technological Challenges of IoT:

The Internet Of Things has been facing many areas
like Information Technology, Healthcare, Data
Analytics and Agriculture. The main focus is on
protecting privacy as it is the primary reason for
other challenges including government
participation.
Manufacturing industry is one of the early a. Scalability:
adopters of Internet of Things which entirely Billions of internet-enabled devices get connected
changed several stages of a product development in a huge network, large volumes of data are
cycle. Industrial IoT will help optimize various needed to be processed. The system that stores,
stages of product manufacturing such as: analyses the data from these IoT devices needs to
be scalable. In present, the era of IoT evolution
 Monitoring of supply chain and inventory everyday objects is connected with each other via
management Internet. The raw data obtained from these devices
need big data analytics and cloud storage for
 Optimization in product development interpretation of useful data.
a. Interoperability:
 Automate mass production processes
Technological standards in most areas are still
fragmented. These technologies need to be
converged. Which would help us in establishing a consideration of the profound security challenges
common framework and the standard for the IoT involved and the regulatory changes that might be
devices. As the standardization process is still necessary. In particular, as the Internet of Things
lacking, interoperability of IoT with legacy devices spreads widely, cyber-attacks are likely to become
should be considered critical. This lack of an increasingly physical (rather than simply
interoperability is preventing us to move towards virtual) threat.
the vision of truly connected everyday The U.S. National Intelligence Council in an
interoperable smart objects. unclassified report maintains that it would be hard
to deny "access to networks of sensors and
b. Lack of government support: remotely-controlled objects by enemies of the
United States, criminals, and mischief makers. An
Government and Regulatory bodies like FDA open market for aggregated sensor data could
should come up and bring up regulations by setting serve the interests of commerce and security no
up a standard committee for safety and security of less than it helps criminals and spies identify
devices and people. vulnerable targets. Thus, massively parallel sensor
fusion may undermine social cohesion if it proves
to be fundamentally incompatible with Fourth-
c. Safety Of Patients: Amendment guarantees against unreasonable
Most Of IoT devices are left unattended, as they search. "In general, the intelligence community
are connected with real-world objects. If used on views Internet of Things as a rich source of data.
patients as wearable devices, any technical error in Given widespread recognition of the evolving
security can be life-threatening for patient. nature of the design and management of the
Internet of Things, sustainable and secure
deployment of Internet of Things solutions must
d. Security And Personal Privacy: design for "anarchic scalability."
There has been no research in security Application of the concept of anarchic scalability
vulnerabilities and its improvements. It should can be extended to physical systems (i.e.
ensure Confidentiality, Integrity and Availability controlled real-world objects), by virtue of those
of personal data of patient. systems being designed to account for uncertain
management futures. This "hard anarchic
scalability" thus provides a pathway forward to
e. Design Based Challenge: fully realize the potential of Internet of Things
solutions by selectively constraining physical
With the development in technology design
systems to allow for all management regimes
challenges are increasing at a faster rate. There
without risking physical failure.
have been issues regarding design like limited
computation power, limited energy and limited Justin Brookman, of the Center for Democracy and
memory which need to be sorted out. Technology, expressed concern regarding the
impact of IoT on consumer privacy, saying that
"There are some people in the commercial space
11. Criticisms & Controversies of IoT: who say, ‘Oh, big data — well, let’s collect
While technologists tout the Internet of Things as everything, keep it around forever, we’ll pay for
one more step toward a better world, scholars and somebody to think about security later."
social observers have some reservations and
doubts about approaching ubiquitous computing
revolution. Peter-Paul Verbeek, a professor of
philosophy of technology at the University of 12. Summary:
Twente, Netherlands, writes that technology
already influences our moral decision making,
which in turns affects human agency, privacy and
autonomy. He cautions against viewing technology
merely as a human tool and advocates instead to
consider it as an active agent.
A different criticism is that the Internet of Things
is being developed rapidly without appropriate
 technology and depend on what is called family
farming that produces 70% of food worldwide,
being an influential economy, but that due
globalization has made it difficult to be
competitive and have the control that allows them
to plan in the long term; which creates the need to
generate benefits for farmers and lead them to
modernization.
The IoT refers to the network interconnection of
all everyday objects, which are often equipped
with some kind of intelligence; it is a platform for
teams that communicate electronically and share
The agricultural sector is undergoing profound specific information and data with the world
changes due to transformations related to the rural, around them, combining physical and digital
the increase in poverty, the consolidation of components to create new products and businesses,
productive and commercial blocks, the generate value in companies based on the
environment, natural resources, biotechnological monitoring and control categories, big data and
and computer development, which has led to business analysis and information exchange and
modernization production processes. It can see collaboration, being a critical and integrated
how entrepreneurs, institutions and even the system, an infrastructure in which many
common people, implement and use systems more applications and services can run; which will be
frequently that allow them to have control from personalized and others will be throughout the
large industries to equipment and information for city.
everyday use; which has even led to a socio- The internet of things is a concept that will have
cultural change due to the transformations in the an enormous effect on the world. Many people are
relationship between man and his reality, which still sceptical about this idea and whether or not it
leads us to understand technology as a dynamic, will have a negative or positive impact on society.
multidirectional, interconnected and complex Like it or not, we will eventually reach a point
system. where almost everything we use is connected to
In the field of agriculture, most processes are the internet in some way.
carried out in rural areas with little access to