HSC Board (Unit # Three)

Lesson # 1: Lifestyle

China
01. Be graceful and polite when taking food with chopsticks.
[nI gvwR©Z I webqx hLb chopsticks (Pc&w÷K&m& = `y‡Uv KvwV †hUv w`‡q
Pxbv I Rvcvwbiv gy‡L Lvevi Zz‡j) w`‡q Lvevi MÖnY K‡ib|]

02. Don’t play with chopsticks or point at anyone with them.

(Chopsticks w`‡q †Lj‡eb bv ev †m¸‡jv w`‡q Kv‡iv w`‡K wb‡`©k Ki‡eb bv|)

03. Politely refusing a gift before accepting it is the norm in Chinese culture, so don’t
be discouraged when someone initially (Bwbwkqvwj = ïiæi w`‡K) refuses your gift.
(GKUv Dcnvi MÖnY Kivi c~‡e© †mUv‡K web‡qi ms‡M cÖZ¨vL¨vb Kiv n‡jv Pxbv ms¯‹…wZi GKUv norm ev
wbqg, Kv‡RB wbiærmvwnZ n‡eb bv hLb †Kv‡bv e¨w³ ïiæi w`‡K Avcbvi Dcnvi cÖZ¨vL¨vb K‡i|)

04. Shake hands softly as a firm (dvi&g& = k³ / KwVb) handshake

could be considered a sign of aggression. (bigfv‡e Kig`©b
Kiæb †h‡nZz k³fv‡e Kig`©b KivUv‡K we‡ePbv Kiv n‡Z cv‡i
AvµgYvZ¥K GKUv wPý wn‡m‡e|)

k‡ãi A_©
aggression (A¨v‡MÖkb&) = AvµgY|

05. Children are expected to greet you rather than you greeting the children. (Avcwb
ev”Pv‡`i cÖwZ m¤¢vlY Ávcb Ki‡eb Zvi †P‡q eis ev”Pv‡`i wbKU †_‡K cÖZ¨vkv Kiv nq Zviv †hb
Avcbv‡K greet K‡i, gv‡b, Avcbvi cÖwZ m¤¢vlY Ávcb K‡i|)

South Africa
06. Offer help to the hostess with the preparation of the meal and clearing up after
the meal is over. (‡gRevb M„nKΩx‡K Lvevi cÖ¯‘wZ‡Z Ges Lvevi †kl nevi ci cwi®‹vi Kivi Kv‡R
mvnv‡h¨i cÖ¯Íve Kiæb|)

k‡ãi A_©
hostess (‡nvD&m‡& Um&) = ‡gRevb M„nKΩx A_©vr, whwb `vIqvZ K‡ib |
clean up (K¬xb& Avc&) = cwi®‹vi K‡i †djv |
 HSC Board
Ò Sentence-¸‡jv (Unit
†`‡L †`‡L # 3)K‡i wj‡Lv Ó
GKevi

07. The guest is served first, then gradually the oldest male, rest (evKx) of the men,
children, and finally women. (cÖ_‡g AwZw_‡K Lvevi cwi‡ekb Kiv nq, Zvici µgvš^‡q N‡ii
me‡P‡q eq¯‹ cyiæl m`m¨‡K, Zvici evKx cyiæl‡`i‡K, wkï‡`i‡K, Ges me‡k‡l gwnjv‡`i‡K|)

08. It is common for several friends to share the cost of a gift. (K‡qKRb eÜz-ev܇ei Rb¨
GKwU Dcnv‡ii LiP fvM K‡i †bqvUv n‡jv mvaviY welq, gv‡b, mPivPi GUv n‡q _v‡K|)

09. Some women do not shake hands and merely nod (bW& = gv_v mvgvb¨ †bvqv‡bv) their
heads, so it is best to wait for a woman to extend (GK&m‡& Ub&W& = cÖmvwiZ Kiv) her hand.
[ wKQz wKQz gwnjviv Kig`©b K‡i bv Ges (Zviv) ïaygvÎ Zv‡`i gv_v mvgvb¨ †bvqvq, Kv‡RB GKRb
gwnjvi Rb¨ Zvi nvZ cÖmvwiZ Kiv ch©šÍ A‡cÿv Kiv me‡P‡q fv‡jv| ]

10. Men may kiss a woman they know well on the cheek in place of a handshake.
(cyiæliv GKRb gwnjv‡K Kig`©‡bi ¯’‡j Mv‡j Pz¤^b Ki‡Z cv‡i hv‡K Zviv fv‡jv g‡Zv wP‡b|)

k‡ãi A_©
in place of xyz = xyz-Gi RvqMvq = xyz-Gi e`‡j|

11. Greetings are leisurely and are marked by good cheers. [Greetings A_©vr, m¤¢vlYÁvcK
k㸇jv n‡jv leisurely, g‡b wbiæ‡ØM cwi‡e‡k e¨¯ÍZvnxbfv‡e †m¸‡jv e¨envi Kiv nq Ges GKUv
fv‡jv iK‡gi DjøvmaŸwb Øviv (‡m¸‡jv‡K) ˆewkó¨gwÛZ Kiv nq|]

k‡ãi A_©
Greetings (MÖxwUO&m&) = Kv‡iv ïf Kvgbv ev mv`i m¤¢vlY Ávc‡bi D‡Ï‡k¨ e¨eüZ kãvejx †hgb, Good
morning, Good evening, Dear sir cÖf…wZ| leisurely (‡jB&Svi&wj) = Aemifv‡e = e¨¯ÍZv Qvov|
marked (gvi&K&W&) by xyz = xyz Øviv ˆewkó¨gwÛZ| cheers (wPAvi&m&) = DjøvmaŸwb|

Great Britain
12. If you are invited to a dinner wait until your host(ess) indicates you to begin eating.
(hw` Avcbv‡K Avgš¿Y Rvbv‡bv nq GKwU wWbv‡i, A‡cÿv Kiæb hZÿY ch©šÍ bv Avcbvi †gRevb M„nKZ©v /
M„nKΩx Avcbv‡K LvIqv ïiæ Kivi Rb¨ Bw½Z †`b|)

13. You may use a piece of bread on a fork to soak up sauce or gravy. (GKwU KvuUv-Pvg‡Pi
Dci Avcwb GK UzKiv iæwU e¨envi Ki‡Z cv‡ib mm wKsev gvs‡mi PvUwb‡K ï‡l †bqvi Rb¨|)

k‡ãi A_©
fork (‡dvi&K&) = KvuUv-PvgP| soak up (‡mvK& Avc&) = ï‡l †bIqv| gravy (‡MÖB&wf) = gvs‡mi ïiv|

2
 HSC gvÎ
Ò cÖwZUv sentence Board (Unit
GKevi n‡jI#†`‡L
3) †`‡L wj‡Lv Ó

14. You may eat chicken and pizza with your fingers if you are at a barbecue, or in a
very informal setting. (Avcwb wP‡Kb Ges wcrRv †L‡Z cv‡ib Avcbvi Av½yj¸‡jv w`‡q hw` Avcwb
GKwU eviwewKD‡Z _v‡Kb A_ev GKUv LyeB informal, gv‡b AbvbyôvwbK cwi‡e‡k _v‡Kb|)

k‡ãi A_©
barbecue (evi&wewKD&) = N‡ii evB‡i D‡Vv‡b ev gv‡V LvIqvi Av‡qvRb †hLv‡b †Lvjv Av¸‡bi Dci
†jvnvi wk‡Ki KvVv‡gv ewm‡q Lvevi ivbœv Kiv nq| informal (Bb&di&gvj&) = formal ev AvbyôvwbK
bq Ggb = AbvbyôvwbK| setting (‡mwUs) = cwi‡ek|

15. It is customary (Kvm&Ugvwi = cÖPwjZ ixwZ ev cÖ_v Abyhvqx) to take a small gift for the host if
invited to a home. (‡gRev‡bi Rb¨ GKUv †QvU Dcnvi †bqv n‡jv cÖPwjZ ixwZ hw` KvD‡K †Kv‡bv
evmvq Avgš¿Y Kiv nq|)

16. Some people may send flowers in advance of a dinner party but it is equally
acceptable to take them on the day. (wKQz wKQz gvbyl GKwU wWbvi cvwU©i Abyôv‡bi c~‡e©B, gv‡b
AvMvg dzj cvVv‡Z cv‡i wKš‘ H wbw`©ó w`‡b †m¸‡jv wb‡q hvIqvUvI mgvbfv‡e MÖnY‡hvM¨|)

k‡ãi A_©
advance (A¨vW&fvb&m&) = AwMÖg / AvMvg| in advance of xyz = xyz-Gi c~‡e©B / AvMvg|

17. Gifts are opened on receipt. (Dcnvi¸‡jv †Lvjv nq cvIqvi ci|)

k‡ãi A_©
receipt (wiwmU&) = (‡Kv‡bv wKQz) cvIqv / cÖvwß| on receipt = cvIqvi c‡i|

18. A handshake is the most common form of greeting among the British people and
is customary when you are introduced to somebody new. [e„wUk †jvKR‡bi g‡a¨ Kig`©b
n‡jv m¤¢vlY Ávc‡bi me‡P‡q mvaviY iƒc Ges (GUv) n‡jv cÖPwjZ cÖ_v hLb Avcbv‡K bZzb †Kv‡bv
e¨w³i ms‡M cwiPq Kwi‡q †`qv nq|]
GB is-Gi subject n‡jv A handshake
19. It is only when you meet a friend of the opposite sex whom (‡nvI&g& = hv‡K) you
haven’t seen for a long time, that you would give a kiss on the cheek. (GUv ïaygvÎ
ZLbB hLb Avcbvi wecixZ wj‡½i †Kv‡bv GKRb eÜzi ms‡M mvÿvr nq hv‡K Avcwb `xN© mgq a‡i
†`‡Lb wb, †KejgvÎ ZLbB Avcwb Zvi Mv‡j GKUv Pzgy w`‡eb|)

3
 Ò Bswjk HSC
sentence-¸‡jv †Rv‡i#†Rv‡i
Board (Unit 3) c‡ov Ó

Middle-East
20. Do not place your left hand on the table, and do not use it to pass food. (‡Uwe‡ji
Dci Avcbvi evg nvZ ivL‡eb bv, Ges Lvevi Ab¨R‡bi nv‡Z †`qvi Rb¨ GUv, gv‡b evg nvZ e¨envi
Ki‡eb bv|)

k‡ãi A_©
pass food (cvm& dzW&) = Lvevi GKR‡bi nvZ †_‡K Ab¨R‡bi nv‡Z †`qv|

21. People use spoons, forks and knives, if necessary, and hardly (nvW©wj = K`vwPr) any
utensils. [gvbyliv e¨envi K‡i PvgP, KvuUv-PvgP Ges Qzwi, hw` cÖ‡qvRb nq, Ges K`vwPr (Zviv)
e¨envi K‡i ivbœv N‡ii †Kv‡bv mvR-miÄvg|]

k‡ãi A_©
utensil (BD&‡Ub&wmj&) = evmb-nvwo-cvwZj BZ¨vw`|

22. People also value food and arts and crafts items from other cultures. (†jvKRb
Ab¨vb¨ ms¯‹…wZi Lvevi Ges wkíKg© I n¯Íwk‡íi wRwbm¸‡jv‡KI g~j¨ †`q|)

k‡ãi A_©
value (f¨vwjD&) = ¸iæZ¡ †`qv; g~j¨ †`qv| crafts (µvd&U&m)& = n¯Íwkí|

23. Shaking hands (between men) is an important gesture of mutual respect. [cyiæl
gvbyl‡`i g‡a¨) Kig`©b Kiv n‡jv cvi¯úwiK m¤§vb cÖ`k©‡bi GKUv ¸iæZ¡c~Y© AvPiY-fw½|]

k‡ãi A_©
gesture (‡Rk&Pvi&) = AvPiY-fw½| mutual (wgD&PzAvj&) = cvi¯úwiK|

24. Hugging (nvwMO& = Avwj½b Kiv) and kissing on the cheeks between
same sex people in social situations are quite common though
it is strictly forbidden (di&-we‡Wb& = wbwl×) between men and
women. (mvgvwRK cwiw¯’wZ¸‡jv‡Z GKB wj‡½i gvby‡li g‡a¨ Avwj½b Kiv I
Mv‡j Pzgy LvIqv †ek mvaviY, hw`I cyiæl Ges gwnjv‡`i g‡a¨ GUv K‡Vvifv‡e
wbwl×|)
Qwe: Hug

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 HSC Board (Unit # 3)

Lesson # 2: Table Manners

01. When you hear the words ‘table manners’, you may just think of arbitrary (Avi&-we-
Uª¨vwi = A‡hŠw³K) rules for rules’ sake. (hLb Avcwb ‘table manners’ k㸇jv ï‡bb, Avcwb
nq‡Zv ïaygvÎ fve‡eb wbq‡gi ¯^v‡_© ˆZwi Kiv wKQz A‡hŠw³K wbq‡gi K_v|)

02. But at their core (‡Kvi& = †K›`ª), manners are just about being considerate
(Kb&wmW‡iB&U& = mnvbyf~wZc~Y©) and respectful to the people around you. (wKš‘ †m¸‡jvi
†K‡›`ª ev g~‡j, manners Z_v Av`e-Kvq`vi A_©B n‡jv Avcbvi Pvicv‡ki gvbyl‡`i cÖwZ mnvbyf~wZc~Y©
mywe‡ePK Ges kÖ×vevb nIqv|)

03. People are usually disgusted when you’re eating with a person (who is) chomping
and slurping and burping and splattering. (gvbyl mvaviYZ fxlY wei³ nq hLb Avcwb
GKRb e¨w³i ms‡M Lv‡”Qb †h Kogo K‡i wPev‡”Q Ges cvb Kivi mgq †Rv‡i kã Ki‡Q I †XKzi Zzj‡Q
Ges Lvevi Qwo‡q †dj‡Q|)

k‡ãi A_©
chomp (Pg&c&) = Kogo K‡i wPev‡bv | slurp (¯øvi&c&) = cvb Kivi mgq †Rv‡i kã Kiv |
burp (evi&c&) = †XKzi †Zvjv | splatter (¯úø¨vUvi&) = (Lvevi / cvwb) ‡djv |

04. Because of that, table manners have always been a good ‘tell’ (‡Uj& = cÖKvkKvix)
about someone’s overall refinement, their upbringing, and self-awareness around
other people. (H Kvi‡Y, †Uwe‡ji Av`eKvq`v¸‡jv memgq †Kv‡bv GKRb e¨w³i mvwe©K cwikxwjZ
DrKl©, Zv‡`i †Q‡j‡ejvi wkÿv`xÿv, Ges Ab¨ gvbyl‡`i Pvicv‡k AvZ¥-m‡PZbZvi wel‡q GKUv fv‡jv
ÔZ_¨ cÖKvkKvixÕ n‡q Avm‡Q|)

k‡ãi A_©
refinement (widvB&b&‡gb&U&) = cwikxwjZ AvPiY |
upbringing (Avc&-weªO&-wMO&) = †Q‡j‡ejvi wkÿv`xÿv |

05. Often the reason someone might be concerned (Kb&mvi&b&W& = DwØMœ) about your table
manners isn’t because your lack of manners bothers (e`vi& = weeªZ Kiv) them. (cÖvqB
†h Kvi‡Y †Kv‡bv e¨w³ Avcbvi †Uwe‡ji Av`eKvq`v¸‡jvi wel‡q DwØMœ n‡Z cv‡ib †mUv GB bq †h KviY
Avcbvi Av`eKvq`v¸‡jvi NvUwZ Zv‡K weeªZ K‡i|)

5
 Ò Kg‡bi wcQ‡bHSC Board
bv †`Šwo‡q (Unit
Bs‡iRx # 3)wcQ‡b †`ŠovI Ó
fvlvi
06. Instead, they might be worried it bothers someone else.
[eis, Zviv DwØMœ n‡Z cv‡i (‡h) GUv Ab¨ KvD‡K weeªZ K‡i|]

07. For instance, when you eat dinner with your friend’s family for the first time, s/he
may not care that you behave like a total buffoon at the table when you’re just
around him / her but s/he may worry that the parents will be bothered
by your poor dining etiquette, because good manners are a sign of
respect. (D`vniY¯^iƒc, hLb Avcwb cÖ_gev‡ii g‡Zv Avcbvi eÜzi cwiev‡ii ms‡M wWbvi
K‡ib, †m (Avcbvi eÜz) nq‡Zv cvËv w`‡e bv †h Avcwb GKwU cy‡iv fuv‡oi g‡Zv AvPiY
K‡ib †Uwe‡j hLb Avcwb ïaygvÎ Zvi Av‡kcv‡k _v‡Kb wKš‘ †m nq‡Zv `ywðšÍv Ki‡e †h
Avcbvi wb¤œgv‡bi LvIqvi Av`eKvq`vi Øviv gv-evev wei³ n‡eb, KviY fv‡jv
Av`eKvq`v¸‡jv n‡jv m¤§v‡bi GKUv wPý|)

k‡ãi A_©
buffoon (evd~b&) = fuvo| poor (cyI&i&) = wb¤œgv‡bi| etiquette (‡qwU‡KU&) = Av`eKvq`v|

08. That’s also why nowadays employers will often take you out to dinner as part of
the interview process. (GB Kvi‡YI eZ©gv‡b wb‡qvMKZ©viv cÖvqB Avcbv‡K evB‡i wWbv‡i wb‡q
hv‡eb B›UviwfD cÖwµqvi Ask wn‡m‡e|)

09. Again, maybe the hiring manager doesn’t care if you have bad table manners, but
they may worry that your potential clients will be bothered that you eat like an
absent-minded caveman. (Avevi, n‡Z cv‡i PvKwi‡Z-Kg©x-fvov-Kivi-g¨v‡bRvi MÖvn¨ K‡i bv
Avcbvi Lvivc †Uwej manners Av‡Q wKbv, wKš‘ Zviv `ywðšÍv Ki‡Z cv‡i †h Avcbvi m¤¢ve¨ Kv÷gviiv
wei³ n‡e †h Avcwb GKRb Ab¨gb¯‹ ¸nvevmxi g‡Zv Avnvi K‡ib|)

k‡ãi A_©
potential (‡cv‡Ub&wkqvj&) = m¤¢ve¨ |
absent-minded (A¨ve&‡mb&U-& gvB&b‡& WW&) = Ab¨gb¯‹, fz‡jv gbv |
caveman (‡KB&f&g¨vb&) = ¸nvevmx |

6
 HSC Board (Unit # 3)

Lesson # 3: Food Trends

What is Junk Food? Why Is It Bad For You?

01. A plate of hot French fries and a huge burger with hot cheese oozing (Eh&) = PzB‡q
cov) out of it, with a carbonated drink: looks like a treat ! (GK †cøU Mig †d«Â d«vB Ges
GKUv wekvj evM©vi, GUvi ga¨ †_‡K Mig cwbi PzB‡q co‡Q, mv‡_ GKUv Kv‡e©v‡b‡UW cvbxq: †`L‡Z
jv‡M LyeB PgrKvi Ges Dc‡fvM¨ GKUv wRwb‡mi g‡Zv !)
k‡ãi A_©
out of it = GUvi ga¨ †_‡K| treat (UªxU&) = LyeB PgrKvi I Dc‡fvM¨ Lv`¨ |
carbonated (Kv‡e©v‡bB&‡UW&) = cvbx‡qi m‡½ wgwkÖZ K…wÎgfv‡e Drcbœ Kve©b WvB-A·vB‡Wi ey`ey`hy³|

02. Ideally, junk foods are defined as processed foods with negligible nutrient value
and are often high in salt, sugar and fat. (Av`k©fv‡e, junk foods-‡K msÁvwqZ Kiv nq
cÖwµqvRvZK…Z Lvevi wn‡m‡e †h¸‡jv‡Z LyeB mvgvb¨ gvÎvq cywóg~j¨ _v‡K Ges cÖvqB D”PgvÎvq jeY, wPwb
Ges Pwe© _v‡K|)
k‡ãi A_©
processed (cÖ‡mm&W&) = cÖwµqvRvZK…Z| negligible (‡bM&wjwRe&j&) = AwZ mvgvb¨ |
nutrient (wbD&wUª‡qb&U&) = cywó`vqK | value (f¨vwjD&) = g~j¨ |
Ideally (AvB&wWAvwj) = Idea-fv‡e = Av`k©fv‡e = me‡P‡q mwVK n‡jv |

03. Junk foods are processed foods consisting of high calories, but that is considered
only as a broad umbrella. (Junk Lvevi¸‡jv n‡jv cÖwµqvRvZK…Z Lvevi †h¸‡jv D”PgvÎvq K¨vjwi
Øviv MwVZ, wKš‘ †mUv we‡ePbv Kiv nq ïaygvÎ GKUv mvaviY eY©bv wn‡m‡e|)

k‡ãi A_©
consist of (Kb&wmm&U& Ad&) xyz = xyz Øviv MwVZ | broad (eªW&) = mvaviY |
umbrella (Avg&‡eªjv) = †h wRwbm ev eY©bvi Aax‡b eû iK‡gi wfbœ wfbœ wRwbm ev aviYv AšÍf©~³ _v‡K|

04. These foods are prepared in a way that they look appealing (A¨vcxwjO& = AvKl©Yxq)
and are enjoyable so you are chemically programmed to ask for more. (GB
Lvevi¸‡jv Ggbfv‡e cÖ¯‘Z Kiv nq †h †m¸‡jv‡K AvKl©Yxq †`Lvq Ges (‡m¸‡jv) Dc‡fvM¨ nq, Kv‡RB
Avcwb ivmvqwbKfv‡e programmed nb Av‡iv †ewk PvIqvi Rb¨, gv‡b, Avcbvi gb ¯^qswµqfv‡e
†m¸‡jv Av‡iv †ewk Pvq|)

k‡ãi A_©
programmed to do (‡cÖvD&MÖvg&W& Vz Wz) xyz = ¯^qswµqfv‡e xyz Kivi Rb¨ eva¨ Kiv|

7
 HSCco‡j
Ò ‡Rv‡i Board (Unitevo‡e
fluency # 3) Ó

05. According to Dr. Sunali Sharma, a Dietician & Nutritionist, “Commercial

products including salted snack foods, chewing gum, candy, sugary (ïMvwi) =
AwZwi³ wPwbhy³) desserts, fried fast food, and sweetened carbonated beverages that
have little or no nutritional value but are high in calories, salt, and fats may be
considered junk foods. (c_¨we`¨vwekvi` I cywóweÁvbx W±i mybvwj kg©vi g‡Z, ÒevwYwR¨K cY¨¸‡jv
hvi g‡a¨ AšÍf©y³ i‡q‡Q †bvbZv ¯œ¨vK dzW, PzBsMvg, K¨vwÛ, AwZwi³ wPwbhy³ wgóvbœmg~n, fvRv dv÷ dzW
Ges wgwó Kiv Kv‡e©v‡b‡UW cvbxqmg~n, ‡h¸‡ji LyeB mvgvb¨ ev †Kv‡bv cywóMZ g~j¨ †bB, wKš‘ †h¸‡jv‡Z
D”PgvÎvq K¨vjwi, jeY I Pwe© we`¨gvb, †m¸‡jv‡K junk foods wn‡m‡e we‡ePbv Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i|)

k‡ãi A_©
Dietician (WvB&‡qwUwkqvb&) = my¯’ _vK‡Z Kx Lx Lvevi †L‡Z n‡e, †m wel‡q civgk© `vZv = c_¨we`¨vwekvi` |
Nutritionist (wbD&wUªkwbm&U&) = cywóweÁvbx| dessert (wWhvi&U&) = g~j Lv‡`¨i ‡k‡l †h¸‡jv LvIqv nq |
beverage (‡efv‡iR&) = cvwb Qvov †h †Kv‡bv ai‡bi cvbxq †hgb, Pv, Kwd, weqvi cÖf…wZ |

06. Some foods like burgers, pizzas, and tacos may alternate between junk and healthy
categories depending on the ingredients (Bb&wMÖwW‡qb&U& = DcKiY), calories and process
of manufacturing. [evM©vi, wcrRv Ges taco (U¨v‡KvD&) GK ai‡bi †gw·Kvb Lvevi)-Gi g‡Zv wKQz
wKQz Lvevi RvsK Ges ¯^v¯’¨Ki K¨v‡UMwii Ae¯’vi g‡a¨ ch©vqµ‡g cwiewZ©Z n‡Z cv‡i DcKiYmg~n,
K¨vjwi Ges Drcv`b cÖwµqvi Dci wbf©i K‡i|]

k‡ãi A_©
alternate (Aj&Uvi&‡bU&) between A and B = A Ges B-Gi Ae¯’vi g‡a¨ ch©vqµ‡g cwiewZ©Z nIqv|

07. Frequent consumption of junk food increases the intake of excess fat, simple
carbohydrates, and processed sugar which may lead to a higher risk of obesity
and cardiovascular diseases, among other chronic health problems. (RvsK food-Gi
Nb Nb fÿY AwZwi³ Pwe©, mvaviY kK©iv, Ges cÖwµqvRvZK…Z wPwbi MÖn‡Yi cwigvY‡K evwo‡q †`q †hUv,
Ab¨vb¨ `xN©¯’vqx ¯^v¯’¨ mgm¨vi g‡a¨, AwZkq ¯’’~jZv Ges nvU© I i³evnx wkiv I agwb msµvšÍ †ivMmg~‡ni
D”PZi SzuwKi w`‡K wb‡q †h‡Z cv‡i|)
k‡ãi A_©
consumption (Kb&mvg&c&kb&) = fÿY| intake (Bb&‡UB&K&) = †Kv‡bvwKQz MÖn‡Yi cwigvY|
obesity (I‡ewmwU) = AwZkq ¯’~jZv| chronic (µwbK&) = `xN©¯’vqx|
cardiovascular (KvwW©I-fvm&-wKD&-jvi&) = nvU© Ges i³evnx wkiv I agwb msµvšÍ|

8
 HSC Board (Unit # 3)

08. The resulting obesity may begin clogging up the arteries (AvU©vwi = i³evnx agwb) and
lay the basis of an impending (Bg&‡cb&wWO& = Avmbœ) heart attack. [Nb Nb junk food
LvIqvi) dj¯^iƒc NUv obesity, gv‡b, AwZkq ¯’’~jZv agwb¸‡jv‡Z i³ cÖev‡n cÖwZeÜKZv m„wó Kiv ïiæ
Ki‡Z cv‡i Ges GKwU Avmbœ nvU© A¨vUv‡Ki wfwË ¯’vcb Ki‡Z cv‡i|]

k‡ãi A_©
resulting (‡ihvj&wUO&) = result wn‡m‡e N‡U = dj¯^iƒc N‡U Ggb |
clog up (K¬M& Avc&) = (Pwe©RvZxq c`v_© R‡g) Zij c`v‡_©i cÖev‡n cÖwZeÜKZv m„wó Kiv |

09. It has also been suggested that eating junk food affects the brain in the same way
as consuming addictive drugs. [GUvI Bw½Z Kiv n‡q‡Q †h junk food LvIqv †eªb‡K GKBfv‡e
AvµvšÍ K‡i †hfv‡e Avmw³RbK gv`K †bqv (‡eªb‡K cÖfvweZ Z_v AvµvšÍ K‡i)|]

k‡ãi A_©
addictive (A¨vwWK&wUf&) = addict-K‡i-Ggb = Avmw³RbK| affect (A¨v‡dK&U&) = cÖfvweZ Kiv|

10. An addiction to junk food may even result in the rejection of healthier food
options like fruits, vegetables, salads etc. leading to further lack of nourishment
(bvwik&‡gb&U& = cywó). [Junk food-Gi cÖwZ Avmw³i d‡j GgbwK AwaKZi ¯^v¯’¨Ki Lvev‡ii
Ackb¸‡jv †hgb, djg~j, kvKmewR, mvjv` cÖf…wZ‡K rejection, gv‡b cÖZ¨vL¨vb Kivi g‡Zv Ae¯’vI
NU‡Z cv‡i, hvi d‡j cywói Av‡iv Afve NU‡e|]

k‡ãi A_©
addiction (A¨vwWK&kb&) = Avmw³| lead to (jxW& Vz) xyz = dj wn‡m‡e xyz NUv |

e¨wZµgx GKUv `vgx K_v

Word-Gi evsjv A_© †_‡KB eySv hvq
kãUv verb, noun bv adjective|

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 HSC Board
Ò Sentence-¸‡jv (Unit
†`‡L †`‡L # 3)K‡i wj‡Lv Ó
GKevi

Lesson # 4 : Fitness
01. The act of thinking deeply and calmly about something in a state (‡÷B&U& = Ae¯’v) of
heightened awareness (A¨vI‡qi&‡bm& = m‡PZbZv) is known as meditation. (D”PZi
m‡PZbZvi GKwU Ae¯’vi g‡a¨ †Kv‡bv wKQz m¤ú‡K© Mfxifv‡e Ges kvšÍfv‡e wPšÍv Kivi cÖwµqvwU
meditation ev a¨vb bv‡g cwiwPZ|)

k‡ãi A_©
height (nvB&U&) = D”PZv; heighten (nvB&‡Ub&) = D”PZv evov‡bv |
meditation (‡gwW‡UB&kb&) = a¨vb| heightened (nvB&‡Ub&W&) = D”PZi Kiv n‡q‡Q Ggb |

mvivsk evK¨: The act is known as meditation

02. It is an approach to train up the mind, similar to the way that fitness is an
approach to training the body. (‡hfv‡e ¯^v¯’¨ mejZv †`n‡K cÖwkÿY †`qvi GKwU c×wZ, H
GKBiKgfv‡e GUv gb‡K cÖwkÿY †`qvi GKUv approach Z_v c×wZ|)

03. Voltaire explains, “Meditation is the dissolution of thoughts in eternal awareness

or pure consciousness without objectification, knowing without thinking, merging
(gvi&R& = GKxf~Z nIqv) finitude in infinity (Bb&wdwbwU = Amxg).” [Voltaire e¨vL¨v K‡ib Òa¨vb
n‡jv AbšÍ m‡PZbZvq wKsev weï× mÁvbZvq wPšÍv¸‡jvi ax‡i ax‡i we‡jvcmva‡bi GKUv cÖwµqv object
ev e¯‘ wn‡m‡e we‡ePbv Kiv Qvov, wPšÍv Kiv Qvov Rvbv, mmxg‡K AmxgZvi g‡a¨ wgwj‡q †`qv|Ó]

k‡ãi A_©
eternal (GUvi&bvj&) = AbšÍ / wPišÍb |
finitude (wdwbwUD&W&) = mmxg / mxgve×Zv |
consciousness (Kb&kvm&‡bm&) = †PZbv / mÁvbZv |
dissolution (wW‡mvwjD&kb&) = ax‡i ax‡i wejxb ev we‡jvc nIqv |
objectification (Ae&‡RK&wU-wd-‡KB&kb&) = object ev e¯‘ wn‡m‡e we‡ePbv Kiv |

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 HSC Board (Unit # 3)

04. From the ancient times, medication has been a part of some religious traditions
as a way of achieving the body’s release (wijxh& = gyw³) from worldly cares, and
creating inner harmony. (cÖvPxb hyM †_‡K, a¨vb wKQz wKQz ag©xq HwZ‡n¨i GKwU Ask n‡q Avm‡Q
cvw_©e `ywðšÍv †_‡K †`‡ni gyw³ AR©‡bi Ges GKwU kvwšÍc~Y© Af¨šÍixY msMwZ m„wó Kivi GKUv Dcvq wn‡m‡e|)

k‡ãi A_©
worldly (Iqvi&j&W&wj) = cvw_©e | inner (Bbvi&) = Avf¨šÍixY |
cares (‡KAvi&m&) = `ywðšÍv | harmony (nvi&-gwb) = kvwšÍc~Y© wgj ev msMwZ|

05. Meditation in our time is practiced by people to reduce

stress (‡÷ªm& = gvbwmK Pvc) and tension, and improve focus
(‡dŠKvm& = g‡bv‡hvM). [Avgv‡`i mg‡q ‡jv‡Kiv a¨vb PP©v K‡i gvbwmK
Pvc I †Ubkb Kgv‡Z Ges gbtms‡hv‡Mi DbœwZ NUv‡Z|]
stress = gvbwmK Pvc

06. There are trainers who help beginners with some exercises such as improved
breathing (eªxw`O& = k¦vm †bqv ) and progressive relaxation. (wKQz cÖwkÿK i‡q‡Qb hviv
beginners A_©vr bZzb I AbwfÁ‡`i‡K mvnvh¨ K‡ib wKQz wKQz Abykxj‡bi Øviv †hgb Av‡iv fv‡jv K‡i
k^vm †bqv Ges DˇivËi µgea©gvbiƒ‡c kixi-gb wkw_jKi‡Yi Øviv|)

k‡ãi A_©
progressive (‡cÖvD&‡MÖwmf&) = = µ‡gB DbœwZ n‡”Q Ggb |
relaxation (wij¨vK&‡mB&kb&) = (kixi-gb) wkw_jKiY |

07. Since focusing the mind is challenging, a beginner might meditate for only a few
minutes and then work up to longer durations. (‡h‡nZz gb‡K †K›`ªxf~Z Kiv KwVb, ZvB
GKRb beginner, gv‡b †h G wel‡q bZzb I AbwfÁ, †m ïaygvÎ Aí K‡qK wgwb‡Ui Rb¨ a¨vb Ki‡Z cv‡i
Ges Zvici †m ax‡i ax‡i GUv‡K e„w× K‡i `xN© mg‡qi Rb¨ a¨vb Kivi w`‡K †h‡Z cv‡i|)

k‡ãi A_©
challenging (P¨v‡jb&wRs) = P¨v‡jÄ-K‡i-Ggb = Lye cwikÖgmva¨ = KwVb|
work up (IqvK© Avc&) to xyz = †Kv‡bv wKQz cÖ_‡g Aí Aí K‡i ïiæ K‡i ax‡i ax‡i †mUv‡K
Av‡iv DbœZ ch©v‡q wb‡q hvIqv|

mvivsk evK¨ = a beginner might meditate

subject verb

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 HSC Board (Unit # 3)

Lesson # 5 : Spending
01. We buy foods, clothes or everyday essentials (G‡mb&wkqvj&m& = cÖ‡qvRbxq wRwbmcθ‡jv),
pay for different services, entertain people, travel to places, help others in need
(bxW& = `vwi`ª¨ / Afve) or invest in business and thus spend money every day. (Avgiv
Lvevi, Kvco-‡Pvco, wKsev cÖvZ¨wnK cÖ‡qvRbxq wRwbmcÎ wKwb, wewfbœ †mevi Rb¨ A_© cÖ`vb Kwi,
†jvKRb‡`i‡K Avc¨vqb Kwi, wewfbœ RvqMvq fgY Kwi, Ab¨‡`i mvnvh¨ Kwi hviv Afv‡ei g‡a¨ i‡q‡Q
wKsev e¨emv‡q wewb‡qvM Kwi Ges GBfv‡e cÖwZw`b A_© e¨q Kwi|)

02. When we spend money on things that (`¨vU& = †h¸‡jv) we need and within our
limit, it is good. (hLb Avgiv A_© e¨q Kwi Hme wRwb‡mi Dci †h¸‡jv Avgv‡`i cÖ‡qvRb
Ges Avgv‡`i {mvg‡_©¨i} mxgvi g‡a¨, Zvn‡j †mUv fv‡jv|) When it becomes a
compulsive behaviour, it makes life stressful. (hLb GUv GKUv compulsive
AvPi‡Y cwiYZ nq, gv‡b, wRwbm bv wK‡b _vK‡ZB cv‡i bv, Ggb GKwU gvbwmK Ae¯’vq cwiYZ
nq, GUv Rxeb‡K `ywðšÍvc~Y© I D‡ØMgq K‡i Zz‡j|)

k‡ãi A_©
compulsive (Kg&cvj&wmf&) = (AvPiY ev KvR m¤ú‡K© †hUv‡K) _vgv‡bv ev wbqš¿Y Kiv KwVb, gv‡b,
hv bv K‡i _vK‡ZB cv‡i bv| D`vniY: a compulsive TV viewer (= TV bv †`‡L _vK‡ZB cv‡i
bv Ggb `k©K|) stressful (‡÷ªm&dzj&) = Pvcc~Y© = `ywðšÍv I D‡ØM NUvq Ggb|

GKB ai‡bi evK¨

When using facebook becomes a compulsive behaviour, it makes life stressful.

03. Unnecessary spending or spending beyond (weq&Û& = Qvwo‡q) one’s means has some bad
effect. (AcÖ‡qvRbxq LiP Kiv wKsev GKRb e¨w³i mvg‡_©¨i evB‡i LiP Kivi wKQz Lvivc dj i‡q‡Q|)

k‡ãi A_©
means (gxb&h&) = †h cwigvY A_© GKRb e¨w³i i‡q‡Q A_©vr, Zvi mvg_©¨ |
beyond one’s means = GKRb e¨w³i mvg_©¨‡K Qvwo‡q, gv‡b Zvi mvg‡_©¨i evB‡i |

04. For one thing, it may lead to financial ruin (iæBb& = me©bvk / aŸsm) or debt, and for
another, it may create unhappiness within families. (GKw`‡K, GUv Avw_©K me©bvk ev
†`bvi w`‡K wb‡q †h‡Z cv‡i, Ges Ab¨w`‡K, GUv cwievi¸‡jvi g‡a¨ AkvwšÍ m„wó Ki‡Z cv‡i|)

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 HSC Board (Unit # 3)

k‡ãi A_©
For one thing (di& Iqvb& w_O&) = (KviY eY©bvi †ÿ‡Î) GKw`‡K| for another = Ab¨w`‡K|

05. Nowadays consumer (Kb&whD&gvi& = †fv³v) items are displayed in stores (‡÷vi&m& =
†`vKvb) or in advertisements in ways that they create a feeling of immediate need
for them. (eZ©gv‡b †fv³v mvgMÖx¸‡iv cÖ`wk©Z nq eo eo †`vKvb¸‡jv‡Z wKsev weÁvcb¸‡jv‡Z Ggb
me Dcv‡q †h †m¸‡jv (`ªe¨mvgMÖx¸‡jv) Zv‡`i Rb¨ GKUv ZvrÿwYK cÖ‡qvR‡bi Abyf~wZ m„wó K‡i|)

06. We are constantly tempted to buy, use or consume (Kb&whD&g& = †fvM Kiv) things even
when we do not have a genuine need. [Avgiv memgqB wRwbm¸‡jv wKb‡Z, e¨envi Ki‡Z ev
†fvM Ki‡Z cÖ‡jvwfZ nB GgbwK hLb Avgv‡`i (‡m¸‡jvi Rb¨) GKUv mwZ¨Kv‡ii cÖ‡qvRb bvI _v‡K|]

bx‡P †Lqvj K‡i †`‡Lv, k‡ãi evsjv A_© †_‡KB eySv hv‡”Q †h, tempt kãUv GKUv verb| GRb¨B
word-¸‡jvi mv‡_ Avwg Avjv`v K‡i wjwL bvB †h, word-Uv verb, bv adjective, bvwK noun|
GB me parts of ¯úxP †jLv _vK‡j evOvjxi gb P‡j hvq H MÖvgvi wkLvi w`‡K !!

constantly (Kb&m&U¨v›Uwj) = AbeiZ| tempt (‡Ug&c&U&) = cÖjyä Kiv|

07. Never forget, they say the same thing to most of their customers. It is better not to
be persuaded by such words. (KL‡bv fz‡j hv‡eb bv, Zviv GKB wRwbm e‡j †ewkifvM
†µZv‡`i‡K| GB ai‡bi K_v¸‡jvi Øviv cÖ‡ivwPZ bv nIqv better|)

k‡ãi A_©
persuade (cvi&my‡qB&W&) = †Kv‡bv wKQz Ki‡Z ivwR Kiv‡bv ev cÖ‡ivwPZ Kiv|

08. Overspending is not only related to shopping, it applies to other activities as well
such as eating out. (gvÎvwZwi³ LiP Kiv ïaygvÎ †KbvKvUvi ms‡MB m¤úwK©Z bq, GUv Ab¨vb¨
Kg©Kv‡Ûi Rb¨I cÖ‡hvR¨ †hgb, evB‡i LvIqv|)

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 HSC Board (Unit # 3)

09. So they use credit cards but using them is like taking a
loan. (Kv‡RB Zviv †µwWU KvW©¸‡jv e¨envi K‡i wKš‘ †m¸‡jv
e¨envi Kiv n‡jv GKUv FY †bqvi g‡Zv|)

10. If they are not careful, the loans increase which might
lead them to a debt-trap. (hw` Zviv mZK© bv nq, †`bv¸‡jv e„w× cvq ‡h¸‡jv Zv‡`i‡K GKUv
F‡Yi-duv‡`i w`‡K wb‡q †h‡Z cv‡i|)

k‡ãi A_©
debt (‡WU&) = †`bv| trap (Uª¨vc&) = duv`|

11. Sometimes children insist (Bb&wmm&U& = cxovcxwo Kiv) on buying things that their
parents cannot pay without stretching (‡÷ªP& = †U‡b j¤^v Kiv) their budget. (KL‡bv
KL‡bv ev”Pviv Hme wRwbm †Kbvi Rb¨ cxovcxwo K‡i ‡¸‡jvi Rb¨ Zv‡`i gv-eveviv UvKv w`‡Z cv‡i bv
Zv‡`i ev‡RU †_‡K cÖPzi A_© LiP Kiv e¨ZxZ|)

12. Finally, don’t get trapped by the glossy advertisements on television or the Internet.
(cwi‡k‡l, †Uwjwfkb wKsev B›Uvi‡b‡Ui PKP‡K weÁvcb¸‡jv Øviv duv‡` AvU‡K co‡eb bv|)

k‡ãi A_©
get trapped (‡MU& Uª¨vc&W&) = duv‡` AvU‡K cov| glossy (Møwm) = PKP‡K iƒc|

13. The best way to control the habit of spending is not to think ‘What I need’,
but ‘Can I do without it?’ (Li‡Pi Af¨vm wbqš¿Y Kivi me‡P‡q DËg Dcvq n‡jv ÔAvgvi
Kx cÖ‡qvRbÕ †mUv bv †f‡e, eis GUv fvev †h ÔAvwg wK GUv Qvov Pj‡Z cvwi?Õ)

14