LIKHA-PROJECT PROPOSAL TEMPLATE

(1) PROJECT PROFILE

Project Title: PRODUCTION OF BIODEGRADABLE GROW POTS USING

BANANA PEELINGS (Musa acuminata) AND CORN HUSK (Zea mays)

Names of Project Proponents: Prince Hiervey S. Minay

Region: IV-A CALABARZON

School: JACOBO Z. GONZALES MEMORIAL NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL

Division: Schools Division of Binan City

Grade Level: Grade 10

Project Duration (number of months): 8 months

Email: _______________________________Contact number: ______________

(2) CATEGORY OF RESEARCH (4) THEME

__/ __Physical Science ___ Food Safety

_____ Life Science ___ Water Conservation

_____ Robotics and ___ Renewable Energy

Intelligent Machines ___ Cyber Security

_____ Mathematics and ___ Traffic/Road Congestion

Computational Sciences ___ Health

(3) ___ Disaster Mitigation

__/ __ Individual / Agriculture and Environment

______Team ___ Others (please specify)

_________________________________

_________________________________
(5) EXECUTIVE SUMMARY (not to exceed 200 words)

There had been an increase over the past years in plastic consumption

and that the supposed rise of a lot of people into gardening had also

contributed to a huge demand for plastic products used for planting such

as plastic grow bags. The researchers decided to conduct this study due to

the abundance corn and banana crop in the country. The researchers

observed that in Biñan Bayan, there are numerous vendors of fruit crops

such as corn as well as banana cue vendors. Also, ever since the COVID-

19 pandemic, there has been an undeniable increase in the number of

people who got into planting that is relatively causing a high demand for

plastic pot and grow bags. Hence, to give solutions to the increasing

demands in plastic for planting and give corn and banana cue vendors

more profit as well as help the environment using organic materials

instead of plastics, the researchers decided to choose this topic to work on.

Moreover, biodegradability, water absorption, and carrying capacity tests

will be used to assess the physical properties and acceptability of the

product.

(6) INTRODUCTION

The creation of plastic revolutionized daily human life by making an

impact through its necessity on everyday use. It is an undeniable fact

that plastics are everywhere, and it’s supposed usefulness might require

a price to the environment and may even lead to a severe, irreversible

catastrophe. According to Ritchie & Roser (2022), plastic is a valuable

material that can be used for various purposes. Global plastic garbage

amounted to 275 million tons, exceeding every year due to the increasing

demand for plastic. One specific use of plastic nowadays is the use of
plastic pots in planting. Using plastic grow bags has certain drawbacks

as well such as it attracts unnecessary outside heat, making it an

unfavorable factor for some crops. Moreover, it can ruin plant growth

when mishandled during plant transfer. Plastics can also pose hazard

when planting plants for human consumption (Italia, 2018). Plastic pot

is a more conventional choice that many people prefer when they are

interested in gardening due to their accessibility as well as affordability.

Nonetheless, this seeming advantage is not worth risking for the

disadvantages of using plastic pots. One primary reason is how plastic

pots, when used for so long and are ready to be disposed of, becomes a

litter and a nuisance garbage.

The COVID-19 Pandemic struck the world so hard that people began to

seek fun and ease their boredom by engaging in gardening. It is a

necessity for gardeners to use grow bags where the plants will be allowed

to grow before transferring them to the ground or to different container.

As explained, plastic grow bags are not as beneficial as they seem to be,

thus, different biodegradable materials such as biopots are being made.

According to Hill (2011), biodegradable products are those that

eventually decay after some time in a natural process. Compared to

nonbiodegradable products, it offers various environmental and

efficiency benefits. For one, it is an oil-saving product, since the materials

used are readily available and organic, thus, the use for oil and energy

will be lessened. Second, it has less contribution to environmental

pollution since the materials used can be broken down into harmless

components. Therefore, they do not produce hazardous chemicals or off-

gassing, which can pollute the environment. Moreover, products from

biodegradable plastic emit 68 percent fewer greenhouse gases than

petroleum-based plastics. Lastly, the organic components of

biodegradable products are added to the soil and can be transformed into

a rich humic material that can enhance water and nutrient retention.

Compared to the conventional plastic pots that are sold in the market,

biodegradable pots are eco-friendlier and safer. According to Tornio

(2022), when it comes to planting seeds or seedlings, biodegradable pots

are more convenient and efficient than plastics. The difficulty of starting

with a smaller pot and transferring it to a larger one will be eliminated

since biodegradable pots can be planted directly into the soil. Moreover,

the biodegradable pot will decompose and combine with the soil, making

the garden more sustainable than ever before.

(6.1) RATIONALE/SIGNIFICANCE (not to exceed 300 words)

The researchers believed that this study is extremely important in the

community and in the contemporary status of the country. Due to the

pandemic, many people began to have an interest in caring for plants at

home. As a prerequisite in gardening, pots of either plastic or clay are

required when an individual starts his/her gardening journey. Many

studies showed that there had been an increase over the past years in

plastic consumption and that the supposed rise of the number of people

into gardening had contributed to a huge demand for plastic pots.

According to Ritchie and Roser (2022), of over 5800 million tons of

plastic, merely 9% is recycled and the rest is thrown away. Furthermore,

every year, humans generate around 380 million tons of plastic, which

may turn into contaminants in the surroundings and waterways that will

have a negative impact on the environment and humanity. As a result,

the researchers developed biodegradable grow pots made of organic

materials as an alternative to plastic grow bags that will assist many

plant enthusiasts in growing their plants without having to purchase

manufactured plastic pots that are not eco-friendly and pose a huge

threat to the environment. Additionally, this study aims that

biodegradable grow pots will contribute to proper waste management by

minimizing wastes such as banana peels and corn husks. The

researchers will produce biodegradable grow pot made from banana

peelings and corn husk that would mainly be beneficial to society, the

environment, and crop vendors because of the materials they utilized

which are banana peelings and corn husk which are often viewed as

garbage and are purposeless would be put into good use.

(6.2) SCIENTIFIC BASIS/THEORETICAL

FRAMEWORK/MATHEMATICAL THEORY INVOLVED

Scientific Basis: BIODEGRADATION

Biodegradable products are those that eventually decay after some time

in a natural process. Compared to nonbiodegradable products, it offers

various environmental and efficiency benefits. For one, it is an oil-

saving product, since the materials used are readily available and

organic, thus, the use for oil and energy will be lessened. Second, it has

less contribution to environmental pollution since the materials used

can be broken down into harmless components. Therefore, they do not

produce hazardous chemicals or off-gassing, which can pollute the

environment. Moreover, products from biodegradable plastic emit 68

percent fewer greenhouse gases than petroleum-based plastics. Lastly,

the organic components of biodegradable products are added to the soil

 and can be transformed into a rich humic material that can enhance

water and nutrient retention. It supports the plant to grow healthier

without using chemical fertilizers and pesticides (Hill, 2011).

Biodegradable pots have been a staple in the market for a couple of

years now. They are well known to be plantable or compostable, and the

noteworthy inherent thing about them is that they are completely made

of naturally based materials. Typically, they serve a major role in small

scale operations and are bought by either individuals or minor retailers.

Various trials have been conducted in greenhouse production facilities

to evaluate their compatibility in which their durability, water use,

production efficiency, and plant performance were compared to plastic

containers (Chieppo, 2021).

(6.3) OBJECTIVES

General: The present research aims on producing a biodegradable grow

pots using banana peelings (Musa acuminasa) and corn husk (Zea mays).

Specific:

Specifically, the study will answer the following questions:

1. Are the physical properties of the three biodegradable pot treatments

containing banana peelings and corn husk acceptable in terms of: 1.1

Biodegradability

1.2 Water absorption

1.3 Carrying Capacity

2. Is the biodegradable pot made from banana peelings (Musa acuminasa)

and corn husk (Zea mays) more cost-effective than the commercialized

ones?
(7) REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

This chapter provides necessary and crucial information, studies, and

literature that the researchers used in order for them to grasp the topic

more and have a solid foundation to continue their research. The studies

and literature listed below encompass different concepts, ideas, facts, and

information as well as historical and contemporary discoveries in this field

that are relatively connected to the study that the researchers did. The

following cited studies and literature also served as their guide to

effectively execute their study. Moreover, the knowledge offered in this

chapter really helped the researchers in forming their methodology as well

as having a sufficient and adequate apprehension of the variables of their

study.

According to Ritchie & Roser (2022), plastic is a valuable material that can

be used for various purposes. Global plastic garbage amounted to 275

million tonnes, exceeding yearly due to the increasing demand for plastic.

Mismanaged plastic garbage poses a substantial risk of pollution to the

environment, particularly in different water bodies, and to human health.

Presently, the surroundings are filled with waste because many people are

unable to properly dispose of the waste they produce. Of over 580 million

tonnes of plastic, merely 9% is recycled and the rest is thrown away.

Furthermore, every year, humans generate around 380 million tonnes of

plastic, which may turn into contaminants in the surroundings and

waterways that will have a negative impact on the environment and

humanity.
This plastic pot's sturdiness is only used for support. One of the

disadvantages is when the plastic pot you use for your plant is unsuitable.

If your plant is too large and heavy, it is more susceptible to cracking or

collapse. This may simply be avoided by ensuring that you have the

appropriate pot size for the plant. Another disadvantage of plastic pots is

that the plants can not breathe properly. These plastic pots contain

drainage holes at the bottom, but they don't enable the plants to have air

well enough. When we need to relocate the pots to another area, we can

only do so by grabbing them by the lips of the pot. It may appear simple

for little plants, but it becomes challenging when 100 plants in a 5-gallon

pot are addressed (Crane, 2021).

Plastic pots are made of inert materials, making them safe for both plants

and the environment. This type of pot comes in a range of colors, which is

beneficial to the type of garden you desire. They're actually an excellent

option for moisture-loving plants and gardeners who don't water their

plants that often. Using plastic pots has certain drawbacks as well. The

first is that it attracts unnecessary outside heat, making it an unfavorable

factor for some crops. Second, the color of the plastic may fade in sunlight,

lessening its attractive appearance over time. Also, when planting

vegetables for eating, plastic might be hazardous (Italia, 2018).

Biodegradable products are those that eventually decay after some time in

a natural process. Compared to nonbiodegradable products, it offers

various environmental and efficiency benefits. For one, it is an oil-saving

product, since the materials used are readily available and organic, thus,

the use for oil and energy will be lessened. Second, it has less contribution

to environmental pollution since the materials used can be broken down

into harmless components. Therefore, they do not produce hazardous

chemicals or off-gassing, which can pollute the environment. Moreover,

products from biodegradable plastic emit 68 percent fewer greenhouse

gases than petroleum-based plastics. Lastly, the organic components of

biodegradable products are added to the soil and can be transformed into

a rich humic material that can enhance water and nutrient retention. It

supports the plant to grow healthier without using chemical fertilizers and

pesticides (Hill, 2011).

Biodegradable pots have been a staple in the market for a couple of years

now. They are well known to be plantable or compostable, and the

noteworthy inherent thing about them is that they are completely made of

naturally-based materials. Typically, they serve a major role in small scale

operations and are bought by either individuals or minor retailers. Various

trials have been conducted in greenhouse production facilities to evaluate

their compatibility in which their durability, water use, production

efficiency, and plant performance were compared to plastic containers

(Chieppo, 2021).

When it comes to planting seeds or seedlings, biodegradable pots are more

convenient and efficient than plastic pots. The difficulty of starting with a

smaller pot and transferring it to a larger one will be eliminated since

biodegradable pots can be planted directly into the soil. Moreover, the

biodegradable pot will decompose and combine with the soil, making the

garden more sustainable than ever before (Tornio, 2022).

Sweetser (2022) asserted that despite the best efforts to reduce the

consumption of plastic plant pots by recycling them, there are still

hundreds of thousands of plastic plant pots that wind up in landfills and

incinerators each year. As a result, many of us are looking for alternatives

to those plastic plant pots to start the spring seedlings. This is where

biodegradable planting pots are most useful. Sweetser also claimed that

they are eco-friendly which he identified as being plantable, biodegradable,

and compostable. Gardeners have been using plastic pots and modular

trays to plant seeds or seedlings for decades. With the significance of

minimizing plastic consumption, biodegradable alternatives are becoming

more popular, with an expanding range of things on the market, including

biodegradable fibre pots. The fibrous pots allow seedling roots to push

through the sides, fostering healthy, balanced root growth. Because you

can plant the entire pot in the ground and allow the seedling to establish

itself while the container decomposes naturally. These pots are especially

good for picky plants that don't want to be transported, such as poppies.

Nevertheless, biodegradable pots may only be used once, but they add to

the soil content as they degrade, saving time and effort. Additionally, while

biodegradable pots are good for the environment, they are also more

expensive than washable and reusable plastic pots. That's why it is

advisable to make your own biodegradable pots out of common household

materials or waste (Gainey, 2019). The continuous utilization of plastics

based on non-renewable petroleum-sources poses a gradually increasing

threat to the environment. Especially in horticulture, there has been a

great consumption of plastic waste, particularly when gardeners conduct

transplanting of pots that have been rarely recycled. Nonetheless, it is

worth mentioning that there are only a handful of works that involve

biodegradable planting pot preparation as well as characterization. One of

the notable advantages of planting pots through biodegradable mediums is

that it eradicates the need to transplant directly into ditches (Tomadoni et

al., 2020).

From being used as a container for plant seeds to grow to transporting

them to stores, most plastic plant pots are just used for a one time event

and are then disposed of. Nonetheless, they are undeniably efficient but

pose a remarkable contribution to plastic pollution. But, aside from this

conventional material that is often sold in the market, it is still viable to

purchase biodegradable plant pots made of bio-based components. It is

also not a shock anymore that the issue of plastic pollution has been

dominating headlines for years as a paramount environmental matter

(Allen, 2018).

According to Ibrahim et al. (2020), corn is one of the most common

sources of plant waste, and as biomass, it offers several benefits, including

a high starch concentration, outstanding uniformity, cost-effectiveness,

availability, and biodegradability. They also claimed that corn husk has

the potential to be used in a variety of biomaterial applications.

Furthermore, corn plant parts such as the stalk, straw, leaf, and husk can

be used to extract a variety of natural fibers. Corn fiber has specific

advantages over other agricultural bioproducts, such as cost savings of

90% and greater accessibility than other natural fibers.

Fiber is an essential component of a biomaterial for it to become strong.

Corn husk, a commonly discarded lignocellulosic fiber, has the potential to

be used as a textile fiber. Additionally, corn husks are widely available and

have low commercial value. As a result, corn husks have more promising

advantages than any other agricultural by-product in terms of delivering

enormous amounts of natural cellulose fibres while also providing major

economic benefits. Corn husk can be easily found anywhere because corn

plants are widely accessible around the world. It is a year-round

renewable, low-cost, and abundant cellulosic fibre source (Chaudhary &

Kaur, 2017).

Corn is one of the most important staple crops in the Philippines. It is not

for humans only but also for animals to feed on. Hence, it is ranked

second to the utilization of agricultural resources. As reported by the

Statista Research Department (2021), corn agriculture and its production

cycle differ depending on the community and country. Topography and the

environment are also two of the considerable factors in the location that

determines the supply of corn in the Philippines. Its production increased

to over 8.0 million metric tons in 2020 from 7.98 million metric tons in

2019.

Banana peels are rich in nutrients that are essential for potted plants.

However, they do not contain everything your plants require. As banana

peels decompose, they release potassium as well as small amounts of

nitrogen, phosphate, and magnesium into the soil, much like a slow-

release fertilizer. Combine the peels with complete houseplant fertilizers to

guarantee that your plants get all of the nutrients they need (Munroe,

2018).

A lot of plants need nitrogen for it to successfully develop well-green

leaves. Also, banana peels do not contain any nitrogen, making them a

good fertilizer. Other than being a good fertilizer, banana peels are used to

boost growth in plants such as flowers, tomatoes and peppers.

Furthermore, banana peels contain calcium, manganese and sodium, with

calcium playing the role in preventing tomatoes from getting the blossom
end rot. Manganese and sodium both play essential roles in

photosynthesis and in the movement of water in the plant cells (Barbano,

2020).

According to Franklin-Cheung (2022), banana peel consists of

approximately 60% carbohydrates, 30% fiber, water, and small

percentages of protein and fat. It is rigid and sometimes bitter because of

its consistency and the fact that it comprises a high fiber content.

However, banana peelings are edible and nutritious since they contain

various nutrients, such as potassium and manganese.

Banana is a widely known fruit crop grown all over the country. Generally,

banana trees have a limited shelf life and begin to deteriorate shortly. The

most often utilized portion of banana is the fruit, meanwhile, people used

its skin for some purposes such as organic fertilizer and animal feed.

Gradually, the utilization of banana peel becomes popular, it is used as a

component in producing biofuel, bio-sorbents, pulp and paper, fertilizer,

environmental remediation, biotechnology-related procedures, etc. Banana

peel has more phytochemical substances, antifungal, and antibacterial

qualities, thus, it can be useful in various ways. Furthermore, banana peel

is considered waste in the community and a threat to the environment

because it is typically disposed of in municipal landfills, contributing to

current environmental issues. However, this problem can be resolved since

banana peel has essential properties, hence, it can be used in industrial

applications and food preparation for functional purposes (D & M, 2020).

According to Hoose (2021), banana peels can take up to more or less two

years before they decompose fully. Banana peels can decompose in the

compost bin after disposing it there, but they'll degrade faster if they slice
up first into smaller pieces and then place them on the compost.

Depending on the conditions, a complete banana peel resting alone on the

ground could take months, if not years, to decompose.

According to Vezina & den Bergh (2020), the Philippines, as a tropical

country, grows a wide variety of fruit crops mostly for domestic

consumption and export. In terms of volume of production and export

revenues, bananas are the most important fruit crop in the country.

Banana was one of the most favorite fruits of Filipinos not just because of

its delicious taste but also for the other benefits that it offers to people.

With 2.85 million metric tonnes exported in 2017, the Philippines ranks

among the top five banana exporters. In addition, Vezina also added that

"In 2018, the country produced some 9.36 million metric tons of bananas

on 447,889 ha, with Cavendish cultivars accounting for about 52% of total

banana production, Saba (27%) and Lakatan (10%)."

(8) METHODOLOGY

A. Variables or parameters to be measured and evaluated or

analyzed

Independent variables – Amount of banana peelings of Amount of

corn husks

Dependent variables – Acceptability of the biodegradable pots in

terms of its physical properties such as biodegradability, water

absorption and carrying capacity.

B. Treatments to be used and Layout

In this study, there will be three (3) different treatments, each with a

varying amounts of banana peel and corn husk. In Treatment 1 (T1), they

will use 5g of banana peelings and 10g of corn husks. Next, 10g of banana
peelings and 15g of corn husks were used in Treatment 2 (T2). Lastly, 15g

of banana peelings and 20g of corn husks were used in Treatment 3 (T3).

Each treatment will be replicated three times to determine the reliability of

the first data gathered.

C. Experimental Procedures and Design

Research Materials

The instrument comprises of garden soil, basin, stove, casserole, digital

weighing scale, small plastic containers, spatula, measuring cups, four

pieces of 250mL beaker, one 1000mL beaker, cooking oil, 295g and 147g

of weights, water, 75g starch powder, surgical gloves, 110g of corn husk

and 80g of banana peelings with some to be provided in the science

laboratory. For the starch mixture, the researchers decided on a constant

measurement of 100mL mixture.

The biodegradable grow pots will be subjected to a variety of tests,

including biodegradability, water absorption, and carrying capacity, to

ensure their long-term stability and quality.

Materials and Methods

The researchers will prepare the necessary materials needed in this study

such as garden soil, basin, stove, casserole, digital weighing scale, small

containers, spatula, measuring cups, four pieces of 250mL beaker, one

1000mL beaker, cooking oil, 295g and 147g of weights, water, 75g starch

powder and surgical gloves. They will collect approximately 110g of corn

husk from the corn vendors and 80g of banana peelings from the banana

cue vendor in Biñan Bayan market. Then, 18 white sample plastic pots

(molders) will be bought in Imart Shopping Center. For the starch mixture,

they decided on a constant measurement of 100mL mixture.

Sun-drying the corn husk and banana peelings

The banana peelings and corn husks will be exposed to sunlight after

collection. It will be put in a basin, and then placed under the sun for

about 4-5 hours.

Molding the biodegradable pots

The researchers will use 80g of banana peelings and 110g of corn husk in

total to produce biodegradable pots. After collecting and sun-drying the

corn husk and banana peelings, it will be mixed in a basin with 100 mL of

starch mixture (gawgaw). After that, it was molded in a white sample

plastic pot. First, cooking oil will be applied in the interiors of the molder.

Then, the molded mixture of corn husk, banana peelings and starch on

the shape of the white sample pot (molder) will be placed under the sun for

about 1 day for drying. Finally, when the pots are already dry and firm,

biodegradable grow pots will be removed from the molder.

Experimental Design

This study will be utilizing experimental research design to test whether

banana peels and corn husks is a potential material for bio-based pots.

There will be three treatments with varying ratio of banana peels and corn

husks. Biodegradability, water absorption and carrying capacity to

determine the level of acceptability of the product.

D. Statistical Analysis

The researchers will use the paired t-test to analyze the data for

biodegradability and water absorption. To test the hypothesis, the

researcher will use an alpha level of 0.05 as basis for decision making.

Moreover, descriptive statistics such as mean and standard deviation will

also be used to describe quantitative data.

 E. Conceptual/Analytical Framework

The amount of banana peelings and corn husks used in each of the

three treatments would be the independent variable. The

acceptability of the biodegradable pots would be measured in terms

of biodegradability, water absorption, and carrying capacity and will

serve as the dependent variable.

Testing the biodegradable pots

The biodegradable pots were subjected to a variety of tests, including

biodegradability, water absorption, and carrying capacity to ensure their

long-term stability and quality. Following the completion of several tests,

all costs was computed to determine the cost of the biodegradable pots

produced.

(9) EXPECTED OUTPUTS AND POTENTIAL IMPACTS

Goals/Expected Outcomes/Hypotheses

1. Goals

This study intends to use biodegradable grow pots made from

banana peelings (Musa acuminata) and corn husks (Zea mays) as an

alternative to plastic grow bags that are more convenient and eco-friendlier

compared to the commercial grow bags found in many markets. It will

determine the potential of banana peelings and corn husks as component

for biodegradable grow pots, as well as differences between the quality of

products before and after subjecting it to various tests such as

biodegradability, water absorption, and carrying capacity. Additionally, it

would also determine the cost as well as the appropriate amounts of

banana peelings and corn husk for a long-lasting and well-constructed

biodegradable pot.

2. Expected Outcomes

The researchers are expecting to produce a firm, lightweight, and feasible

biodegradable grow pots that is eco-friendly, accessible, and cost-effective

and would contribute significantly to the reduction of the consumption of

plastic grow bags. The researchers expect the biodegradable grow pots to

perform excellently when subjected to various tests, making them an ideal

replacement for plastic grow bags.

(10) WORK PLAN AND TARGET DELIVERABLES

(11) REFERENCES

Allen, M. (2018, October 29). Bio-based alternatives to plastic plant pots.

Youris.com. Retrieved May 13, 2022, from

https://www.youris.com/bioeconomy/agriculture/bio-based-alternatives-t

o-plastic-plant-pots.kl

Barbano, P. (2020, June 3). Banana peels are good for gardens. Cape

Gazette. Retrieved May 13, 2022, from

https://www.capegazette.com/article/banana-peels-are-good-gardens/2

02889

Chaudhary, H., & Kaur, N. (2017, March). Corn husk fibre for production

of green fabrics. Fibre2Fashion. Retrieved May 13, 2022, from

https://www.fibre2fashion.com/industry-article/7884/corn-husk-fibre-

for production-of-green-fabrics?amp=true

Chieppo, M. (2021, January 15). Update: Plastic Pots Used in the Green

Industry. Ecological Landscape Alliance. Retrieved May 13, 2022, from

https://www.ecolandscaping.org/01/landscape-challenges/update-plasti

c-pots-used-in-the-green-industry/

Crane, T. (2021, May 3). Plastic Pots vs. Fabric Pots — Cultivate Colorado.

Cultivate Colorado. Retrieved May 13, 2022, from

https://cultivatecolorado.com/blogs/resources/plastic-pots-vs-fabric-pot

D, P., & M, C. (2020, March). A REVIEW ON MULTIPLE USES OF BANANA

PEEL. International Journal of Scientific Development and Research -

IJSDR. Retrieved May 14, 2022, from

https://www.ijsdr.org/papers/IJSDR2003024.pdf
Franklin, A. (2022). What's a banana skin made of, and can you eat it?

BBC Science Focus Magazine. Retrieved May 14, 2022, from

https://www.sciencefocus.com/science/whats-a-banana-skin-made-of-a

nd-can-you-eat-it/

Gainey, T. (2019, May 15). 3 Benefits of Using Biodegradable Pots for

Sowing Seeds. GAP Gardens. Retrieved May 14, 2022, from

https://www.gapphotos.com/GardensBlog/?p=3706

Hill, C. (2011, July 8). The Advantages of Biodegradable Products.

Healthfully. Retrieved May 13, 2022, from

https://healthfully.com/the-advantages-of-biodegradable-products-5135

532.html

Hoose, S. (2021, March 8). How Long Does it Take Banana Peels to

Compost? Home Guides. Retrieved May 14, 2022, from

https://homeguides.sfgate.com/long-banana-peels-compost-70620.html

Ibrahim, M. I. J., Sapuan, S. M., Zainudin, E. S., & Yusoff, M. Z. M. (2020,

February). Extraction, chemical composition, and characterization of

potential lignocellulosic biomasses and polymers from corn plant parts ::

BioResources. BioResources. Retrieved May 13, 2022, from

https://bioresources.cnr.ncsu.edu/resources/extraction-chemical-compo

sition-and-characterization-of-potential-lignocellulosic-biomasses-and-p

olymers-from-corn-plant-parts/

Italia, Y. (2018, October 31). Comparison Between Clay Pots and Plastic

Pots. Yuccabe Italia. Retrieved May 13, 2022, from

https://www.yuccabeitalia.com/blog/comparison-between-clay-pots-and -

plastic-pots
Menter, B. (2022). Biodegradable Plant Containers | LoveToKnow. Green

Living. Retrieved May 16, 2022, from

https://greenliving.lovetoknow.com/Biodegradable_Plant_Containers

Munroe, S. (2018, December 14). Do Banana Peels Work in Potted Plants?

Home Guides. Retrieved May 13, 2022, from

https://homeguides.sfgate.com/banana-peels-work-potted-plants-5551

4.html

Ritchie, H., & Roser, M. (2022, April). Plastic Pollution. Our World in Data.

Retrieved May 13, 2022, from

https://ourworldindata.org/plastic-pollution

Statista Research Department. (2021, August). • Philippines: production

volume of corn 2020. Statista. Retrieved May 13, 2022, from

https://www.statista.com/statistics/751372/philippines-corn-

production/

Sweetser, R. (2022, January 11). Biodegradable Plant Pots | Almanac.com.

The Old Farmer's Almanac. Retrieved May 13, 2022, from

https://www.almanac.com/10-biodegradable-planting-pots-and-how-ma

ke-your-own

Tomadoni, B., Merino, D., Casalongué, C., & Alvarez, V. (2020, March 15).

Biodegradable Materials for Planting Pots. ResearchGate. Retrieved May

16, 2022, from

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/340478718_Biodegradable_

Materials_for_Planting_Pots/citation/download

Tornio, S. (2022, April 29). The 7 Best Biodegradable Pots of 2022.

Treehugger. Retrieved May 13, 2022, from

https://www.treehugger.com/best-biodegradable-plant-pots-5189847

Vézina, A., den Bergh, I. V., & ProMusa. (2020, August 10). Philippines |

Improving the understanding of banana. ProMusa. Retrieved May 13,

2022, from

https://www.promusa.org/Philippines#:%7E:text=The%20Philippines%2

0is%20one%20of,%25