CONJUNCTIONS

Conjunctions are parts of speech that connect words, phrases, clauses, or sentences. There are
three kinds of conjunctions: coordinating, paired(correlative), and subordinating.

Coordinating Conjunctions

Coordinating conjunctions connect words or phrases that serve the same grammatical purpose in a
sentence. There are seven main coordinating conjunctions in English, which form the acronym
FANBOYS:
F: for
A: and
N: nor
B: but
O: or
Y: yet
S: so

However, “for” is rarely used as a conjuntion in modern English. Also, when “and” and “or” are
used to connect 3 or more words or phrases a serial comma should be used to seperate those given
items.

"however" and "therefore" can also function as conjunctions.

For

"For" can be used instead of the word "because". This is not very common. Most people use the
word "because". Using "for" is speaking old-style English.

And

And means ‘also’, ‘in addition to’. “And” is used when the statements are similar.

Nor

it is used as a conjunction when it helps in joining two main clauses

together. it is used to join two related negative main clauses in a
sentence. it can also follow “neither” to connect two negative statements.

But

it is used  for adding contrasting information.

Or

it is used to suggest that only one possibility can be realized.

Yet
it is used to connect two contrasting ideas. That is why it is also called concession conjunction.
So

We use it to introduce the consequence or the result of something. The second part of the

sentence is the result of the first part of the sentence.

Paired Conjunctions

Paired conjunctions consist of two words or phrases that help make a point or establish alternatives.
Although paired conjunctions can be helpful in structuring a sentence, they can also make sentences
wordier than necessary.
both…and.
not only…but also
either…or
neither…nor

both ... and

It is used when there are two subjects, verbs, adjectives, adverbs or objects in the sentence.
When “Both … and” connects the subjects, the verb becomes plural.
Either ... or

It is also used with different sentence elements just like 'Both… and' but gives a different
meaning.
In this structure, the verb can be singular or plural. The determining factor is the subject,
which is close to the verb.
Neither ... nor

It can be used with different sentence elements just like

'both ... and' and 'either ... or', but we should note that the
sentence structure in 'Neither ... nor' is positive, but its
meaning is negative.
Not only but also

This structure can also be used with different sentence elements and the verb can be singular
or plural. The determining factor is the subject, which is close to the verb.

Subordinating Conjunctions
Subordinating conjunctions join a subordinate clause to a main clause and establishes a relationship
between the two. Here are some of the most common subordinating conjunctions:
• after

• although

• as much as/as soon as/as long as

• as though

• because

• before

• how

• if

• in order to/in order that

• once

• since

• than

• that

• though

• unless

• until

• when/whenever

• where/wherever

• whether

• while

There are two ways to structure a sentence using a subordinating conjunction:

1.Main clause + subordinate clause
2.Subordinate clause + , + main clause

after

after connects two clauses.

Although

One usage is to indicate that despite the fact that something happened, the result is still surprising.
The next usage is to show contradiction and it means 'but'.
as much as
Used to say that two things are equal in amount or degree.
Used to say that an amount is as large as another amount.
It means ‘Even though’; ‘despite the fact that’

as soon as

We use it to show that something happens immediately.

as long as

We use it to express a condition.

it expresses that one thing depends on another.
İt has the same meaning as ‘if’, ‘providing’ and ‘provided’.
As though

Clauses that start with it describe an unreal or improbable situation if they are
followed by an unreal tense. Otherwise, they express that the statement is true.

The past subjunctive after it indicates an unreal situation in the present. However, if

the situation is true, we use a real tense to express present time.

If we put the verb preceding it into the past tense, present simple changes into past
simple, whereas past subjunctive stays the same.

The past perfect subjunctive after  it is used to refer to an unreal past situation. If the
situation is true, we use a real tense to express past time.

before
it  connects clauses in a sentence.

It can have two different positions:

Before + clause 1 + , + clause 2;
Clause 1 + before + clause 2.

When we talk about future events, we should use the present tense after it.

How

It can be a conjunction when we mention distance and degree. It is also

called a conjunction when it connects two clauses to make a single
sentence.
İf

We often use if to introduce possible or impossible situations or conditions and their

results. The situations or conditions can be real, imagined or uncertain.

in order that

It's always followed by a subject and a verb. We use this compound

conjunction to express purpose.

İn order to

We use it with an infinitive form of a verb to express the purpose of something.

Once

We use it as a conjunction meaning 'as soon as' or 'after'.

since

We use it as a conjunction to introduce a subordinate clause.

than

It introduces a comparison and is associated with comparatives and with words such as more, less,

and fewer. Typically, it measures the force of an adjective or similar description between two predicates.

That

We use it as a conjunction to introduce that-clauses.

though
‘though’ introduces a sentence where 2 contrasting statements are made. ‘though’ is essentially a
shortened, informal version of ‘although’.

Unless

We use the conjunction unless to mean ‘except if’.

Until

Until means 'up to the event mentioned'.

Whether

it is a conjunction that usually starts a subordinate clause that expresses an

indirect question involving two stated or implied possibilities or alternatives.
while
it has three different functions when it is used as a conjunction. It can:
 refer to time

express contrast

be a synonym for although.

When

 We use it as a conjunction meaning 'at the time that'.

where

We use it as a conjunction meaning 'in the place that' or 'in situations that'. 
Whenever

We use it to refer to any time or every time that something happens or is true.

wherever

As a conjunction, it is used to connect two clauses with the meaning 'everywhere or

anywhere someone does something' or 'where a particular situation exists'.

TRANSITIONS

Transitions are words with particular meanings that tell the reader to think and react in a particular way
to your ideas. transitions help readers understand the logic of how your ideas fit together.

The types of transitions available to you are as diverse as the circumstances in which you need to use
them.

Transitions between sections:  in longer works, it may be necessary to include transitional paragraphs
that summarize for the reader the information just covered and specify the relevance of this
information to the discussion in the following section.

Transitions between paragraphs: If the content of one leads logically to the next, the transition will
highlight a relationship that already exists by summarizing the previous paragraph and suggesting
something of the content of the paragraph that follows. A transition between paragraphs can be a word
or two, a phrase, or a sentence. Transitions can be at the end of the first paragraph, at the beginning of
the second paragraph, or in both places.

Transitions within paragraphs:  transitions within paragraphs act as cues by helping readers to
anticipate what is coming before they read it. Within paragraphs, transitions tend to be single words or
short phrases.

LOGICAL
TRANSITIONAL EXPRESSION
RELATIONSHIP
 Similarity also, in the same way, just as … so too, likewise, similarly

but, however, in spite of, on the one hand … on the other hand,
Exception/Contrast nevertheless, nonetheless, notwithstanding, in contrast, on the contrary,
still, yet

Sequence/Order first, second, third, … next, then, finally

after, afterward, at last, before, currently, during, earlier, immediately,

Time
later, meanwhile, now, recently, simultaneously, subsequently, then

Example for example, for instance, namely, specifically, to illustrate

Emphasis even, indeed, in fact, of course, truly

Place/Position above, adjacent, below, beyond, here, in front, in back, nearby, there

Cause and Effect accordingly, consequently, hence, so, therefore, thus

Additional Support additionally, again, also, and, as well, besides, equally important,
or Evidence further, furthermore, in addition, moreover, then

finally, in a word, in brief, briefly, in conclusion, in the end, in the final

Conclusion/Summary analysis, on the whole, thus, to conclude, to summarize, in sum, to sum
up, in summary

Similarity
The transition words like ‘also’, ‘in addition’, ‘and’, ‘likewise’, add information, reinforce ideas,
and express agreement with preceding material.
Contrast
Transition phrases like ‘but’, ‘rather’ and ‘or’, express that there is evidence to the contrary or
point out alternatives, and thus introduce a change the line of reasoning.
Cause/condition/purpose
These transitional phrases present specific conditions or intentions.
Example
These transitional devices are used to introduce examples as support, to indicate importance or as
an illustration so that an idea is cued to the reader.
Cause and effect
Some of these transition words are time words that are used to show that after a particular time
there was a consequence or an effect.
 ‘for’ and ‘because’ are placed before the cause/reason. The other devices are placed before the
consequences or effects.
Summary
These transition words and phrases conclude, summarize and / or restate ideas, or indicate a
final general statement. Also some words from the Effect / Consequence category can be used to
summarize.
Time
These transitional words have the function of limiting, restricting, and defining time. They can be
used either alone or as part of adverbial expressions.
Many transition words in the time category have other uses.
Except for the numbers and ‘further’ they add a meaning of time in expressing conditions,
qualifications, or reasons. The numbers are also used to add information or list
examples. ‘Further’ is also used to indicate added space as well as added time.
Place/position
These transition words are often used as part of adverbial expressions and have the function to
restrict, limit or qualify space. Quite a few of these are also found in the Time category and can be
used to describe spatial order or spatial reference.