| ag —_ TRANSISTOR _ tne lates Dpn | nT P [rE D f "Sekt Lele | A_teonsotow consist ap fui p-n juntions 4soumed by — cond uifiching ofthe, |p-wpo or _p- type Seméandidor between ap ir a aan Accoxciog { = duans ine fo. Dpn sons t LX Ond_ pop Lor i sceaesien as _a_combfnanton Cah to_hack a ‘there are 1hxwce teemfnals , cone taken usm each typo +S Somicanductor 3. She mfdele sechten ai vesy thir Oayor bha as the mash —fopottant actor fn the fanchian ¥ cthe_bensivtor.[Ti a pg aa sechtan “a ed _Semivanduclowe. The seckan an ane side Li —____| fhe emftter and the ene opposite side cs ——____Collecton. The middle Aechien calied base And i ms__Amo_junckien beluen _an Aes real — ‘ colledow. ieee _sechan con ane side thar supplies ch ana Leases _(electrans or poles) fo catlecl emPiter. Ihe | emiter je Clesecuys pase axcuand bicucl wtw.t- base, so. hak _f& can supply "a. Lange cm ae mogyosityy connie Bp igune ( ea). a me pop_teontister fe yasmuan —__|biapsd and _9 Ea changes to__ite. | seen ih alin abe bile 23 ‘Stalaly tn fy. the et —— ne oe hoa a I st. and_ ae anche with the base.I 2 Collector The sectien an the pthew side thak_coltette the changes To cable the coltector, Pt fr cleus reyeuse _biased. II _funth icon ik to scomoue, changes fitero tte junction cal nthe base. — _ Sp 4ly ure (b) the calleclor Of pnp Luanstrfos ond wecreue sehole chouges that fear fn output ciroutt . Simil fo fig. @) the cote: i Opn tucnsiPtor has euene bias and ecceuws e' 73: Bow = The miadle cect se -n fu —__betineen theo ate ‘aid be lan, the base emitter junchion fr sauuart btewed and cldtorpt four “sestcrance Yow omfter chrewit. the baw —_toltector junction is weveuse” gored ond puculie hih uesistance fh the collector clreuit: Mote) The dauansfe tor he eo Luegien mainly emitter, base _ cellectow. The base fs much thinnes ma omttler auhéle collector cis cuticles ahan the beth Chase ® emftor). 2) vhe emitter fr heaul “= oped so tab f+ con ih ject o Lange no. change carrion Fnio the hase. Yho bose da | ight, clopsed ond ucxy thin, ft parses most oy the, omit jacked! chouye carat no to the couledon. | The cattector 1 pwdesatety clopedt. 9) Ustaniinter bas fuse p-njunchten Uke tase ciceles——_ the funchian_ between emttien & bnoe ec catled emiltor—hare cliode OY emitter dlfode.! the Jwnchies ——Aetueen base and _cottecter may be cated —‘cottecto = | hare dfode or cotlecor inde. 4) Fitton oiede & cllucoys « excucrct bfased suheueaa —-Celtecios_cliode satay 9 aicuerwe placed. a dhe eedictance op emitter auicde er) vey small os —_companed to _collertor _ctibde.. “thew ee 2 = applisct to_omftter cliode is generdlt revy small ——utheueas meyeuse bias an the collector chigde fo mu sol higher ei = npn_tansistos— ie _ Aigure_shouw the Npo__teensiston cith jceord ote ——te_emflter lease _junchten and reweene ! bias tp —— collector base _funthen- The jauward bas ——Courer_ithe_o- fn the n type emftter jfoutoueords _ — the hase. These constitute the (omiter " cussent) Ie. _ AL these &s your thscough the P> type_bave, __ ae they tend combine! with “holes,Ac_the bare ds Lightly doped and yey thin thewease pe combine iit holes to ange tute Yous bo nr Tp. che suemafnder cress cuer foto she connec, neath Comtitute Couettoy ceiserrb Te. In thi tod wy ald die entire emiter current Le wun fn the. conector chresit and -thereyore Te= @ Jet Ic| —Smportance.. @stor_attion— a a toy ikcwué je. emitter base functten ha» Lowe —_eositonce because rit blak yuheueds cok pub —_cireuik ke. catlectos bade. June ee ae duc fo teerscete bias. Wore the finput Te_almosh eni locus in le frad theuerore sig}o S fransseur the frput ‘ena cursenb axom a lot werterdnce ciruit’ too" high xesfotance cérauil-- Thic fp hersponxible oxi the ompltsying copabittiy a the. —__transictes, , Feransistor sy mbol ~ Tg s. Ea — nates so ee Al A] * | & 8 LAL eis 2 by, E 5 e =F 1Transistor _ grt Fer — Apelor juncian Fit Pet Teun Aa TAN TCHTE ie uty peel abt MosfeT TFET. ___Toansistom connections on -conhiguratian, = —Uheue are thuee leads in a fronsiptoe ie. emiher, base —90d cellector fexmingl . Hocucues —aihen a teanetowy fo be con netted foo circuit we sequire cet _teumfna ts 1 fies tuo teuminal for the input" and tuto _feumbnal yor the olhpuk. The input ie ged bebuseen these comment _ —t seumiaol ard ane cy the Othe tee douminale. She —autput is obdaineel ‘botoucen the common -teumsncl. and _ — the semaining teumfnah 1 — A_teansistor can be connected in a_chrcuit tn the —polloasiag thsseo fan 5 G@mman-bwe conan ex ‘)_comman_emittes connection ti) commen _cotlector_connechion Common base connection _ men _bsensiston a _pop_toansfetonDigs , = Te on = st : Sj g om ta “h | 2= a s ‘toy KI co + - | é ne { jy. | 4 [ . I Vre=Vep aka Mee VeE=Veg \iewe Veo ——_Common _ Collector ConnerHen - npn buncislor pnp _tsanctstow eit 7 aa Re | Reg | al. + T = i = | = fT ay OupaE y Gomman Emitter connockon— NPN _tsanstotow pase | [7 eG Reg ea f £ Output a iN oe dae a Ly me 1 bide Npe. Nog_Tntegrated Chrous — - ——-fa_integrated cfewit ane fo_uchith iE _compenen| ___ Suth an duansieto®, ditde, seston eqpadiis ag | tute mara ue co sel mae if Aloter- i ‘On an IC, auantous © ompenents que uhersbiaty past of —-a SMO. ee ong the fndixttual | = ——Ltomponent-_canret be wemoued 08 Steplaced Lenore 08 Steplacod. “thus wh into. _ 70 _cliscsete assom, Te in. ihe toc includ componen can 6 geomoued ¢ Kepleice ed if necolsany —_| a he 30 of an IO extromduy «mall. Yad Ime | _____.se_smat(! -fhah ae normaly needa maernscope to ___.wee the tonpeth ens betiyoon “the component. ato Compenents # an Te. a a the_chip th’ ds’ becaine all the aa re —___etithtin the chip. . Z Raetage of 7 OUC dl feowate aasem bh peed 1), Bacveanecl solic! iit , clu to (etses no enney han’. 2) Exteomoly mals abaio warns ____ dfreuit_‘olements in_a_(s oe chip te ee matesial : 3) dosser ameipht and _gpcce 1.04 whrementdue to —___minlature due to cfreuik. D_ dou poures negculrements __2 alex lity ___fomperature. 1o_Gperde, oF extreme yal o© dew c08t_besawas_cy reuocised! bye while” the couectos junction eee — ie the taeda cis ne—coped to to extent a9 the _ ——amiller_fe_doped, th ft_connet_fnjeck the, _ Ser 1 hare, So fo thy a —_Ind action ey _Astcnsirtor« )_poos._ Qmportant beume > Hi “pe Current gain - (%pe) hint pool ni =I sf the scueurc Soluuatfen -curacnt fp negli bly —__ Sma See —eotletter _cuwsert ee fo | a pH LF greet fo a Pel carr jn e commen hase ——__ teantfetex anc al by, xbe fo coluaye 4 - eet, and lege thay | _ ie 4 unity “Smatt_stgnat si « - (ac) ot oe nated a chonge fn_ collectors 0 change fol emftids cassent. Ne. a eae ate — fer conan collector: ba, , zi» Moltage ae to aeways sve Ave (eso thy W). Qb also — yaries hth Te, Vea anol “empegae—Toonspost, Factor (B) Ot 19 cleo cote! a» tho _cuisont getin_sactos: ox Ihe. beta 4artor 0) comman emitter cituib and do ge fn collector convent: fe ie change fo_booe curlent and ts denoted! by dened ap ahd) gratin ay chan BrAL Alp —____.2t fp ase _cadedl on Current Amplitvction Lutor- omitol’ ceursén K= Ale Alg & 4acter anol sia ole ined ao the —walio a change fy collector" Cuunsent to the change fn ond f dleneted by \ke_temafns constant. Chonactenefrhice of Gonman Emitter on Figuuabion— | [oh Je re , 44 Fe I 7 : é TE Re 9 Cutputs } AC pak L — 4 7 | 3 Pa i I, ait Z 4 tt i a ae Topur chasankestetfe. 1 A:KA - te - — - =i plies Ml tong ani Rea 7 $SmA _ ad tee: 2h saan 5 = ZL Z ents Z Je: UA ei (a off, wegion 76°FHA — a ees $ Vee Melts) ~ | 2) buku characterfotfeo 1 Seput chonadiniefo= an. dhe. curve pele Teand au Base emfter oltoge Vee ab Canstantant Vee. —— ithe Hnpudchavactenicticn @ commen emfter cannedtean, or cong an_can “be detexmined by the creuit_ shown _fh__4iq. © keeping ee canstart, note the —78_40s_udrious voles op Vee . hen plot the seadtin cthe taking "7a along y-axio and Vee along” aaxio, pio _gfues tho fnput_chateuctesioby sat lke =10V_a5 shown fo" gigure QO i) Yhe chasactesintfe sevmble that afc forwad hfaxed ——-Aiode_cune, Shis i enpected * stn the Bare emitter ——_selfen cy dsansioes is a ditde, and ft fe furucerd | Blow. 0 : _| W nput dosietance Ie the yahio cy change in louse— emitter - voltage te the change fo_" have" cwsent ak CoP tanh _Celledar emitter Udltoge,,- Bi=_OVee 7 Le Alp = Pape sesictame cutcatated on_sedfpuocal « te eo Input _chonactesictfe aba given hove emitter 1 2+ Output Characteristics ie phe Cue between collelry —___ Cussent ond cotiector emitter voltage Gk canstant ie —)_ the oukpur charnchestotics cy Comman-emfter cfrcetde can be dscuun cufth the? holp of cline. shown fn fig. ca) ——Reeping the Ja ixed_ct Suh, “nore the coneclor casent Te for augsious “walues oy collector emitter wltage ———then_plot the readings | wn a raph Lakin Je Alony avin and_\ice along 2 axfe_as Shown in f, 9.8). —l) She qe varies with Nee between ae and 2Vanky Ayia dhs Te pecames almost _canstant dnd _frlependent- Gf Vee. hts walue cy Vee upte_wthith Te changes ceutth ce ie cova knee otage. ere) —_ 7 iW 2 achive scepter exe serall “uctlies af Te dhe eppec- of Ve over Ie! fo" smaut. But jan ogi, oe ales @ 18 this epect fovea. tin four tact identi god » Vee, the bonsirton fet #5 62 tyeaated th asad aie region and fn thie region TB oles not come a Co’ ——.chonge “In a_coltertes cwsyenb.¥ +8 ctok- mens a: amount BE cea eve | Ip _fs 0. Shy that FS gero = transistor a salol to Ie cl: ae D, is fp the ‘ fn Vee 40 the E change fn Ccolletor (urgent Ie [R= Ave] Arc | é re Caulcutatecl aa Pa the sep y | oulpul ' tee