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UET TAXILA

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

FINAL YEAR PROJECT PROPOSAL

DENSITY BASED TRAFFIC CONTROLLLER USING PROGRAMMABLE

LOGIC CONTROLLER

Submitted To:

Dr. Hammad Zaki

Submitted By:

Malik Muhammad Atif Awan (19-ENC-17)

Asadullah Jutt (19-ENC-27)

Date: 13-02-2023
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Contents
Abstract.................................................................................................................................................................... 3
Introduction:............................................................................................................................................................. 3
Problem statements...................................................................................................................................................4
1. Density problem................................................................................................................................................4
2. Priority of lanes.................................................................................................................................................4
3. Emergency vehicle............................................................................................................................................5
4. Protocolling scenario........................................................................................................................................5
Program Justification..............................................................................................................................................12
Emergency vehicle detection:.................................................................................................................................12
Dense traffic control...............................................................................................................................................13
Practical Design:.....................................................................................................................................................13
Figure 02: Block diagram.......................................................................................................................................14
Tools and Software.................................................................................................................................................14
References.............................................................................................................................................................. 15
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DENSITY BASED TRAFFIC CONTROL SYSTEM USING PLC

Abstract:
Traffic controlling is very important in the present scenario. Present traffic controlling system fails to
control the traffic at busy junctions. Traffic signal controlling is probably the best option to control the
traffic as it is very convenient to control the traffic. In this project PLC (programmable logic controller)
plays a vital role in controlling the traffic automatically. The system controls the traffic based upon the
density and flow of the vehicles. By using sensors, it calculates the density of the vehicles at all the lanes
and prioritize the signals according to their density. According to the logic operations and program given
to the PLC it controls the traffic by giving appropriate signals based, upon their density. If the traffic
flow is more, then green signal is given to that lane and if the traffic flow is less, then the red signal is
given to that lane.

Introduction:
The traffic control is one of the most important public facilities for road users. Traffic lights play a vital
role in controlling the traffic accordingly to the vehicles and passengers. As the traffic is increasing day
by day traffic control is must. Traffic safety is must so that accidents can be reduced. Traffic lights are
one of the safety measures to control the traffic so that the vehicles can flow safely, and it is
advantageous to passengers also while crossing the road. We can control the traffic using traffic lights as
they are very convenient. In the conventional traffic control system, it may be observed that the time of
signal light glowing for a particular road will be always constant. Sometimes it may happen that, one
road may be crowded more than any other. In such cases, the conventional traffic control system will fail
to give priority to the heavy traffic lanes. In this system we will control the traffic based upon their
density and the flow of vehicles by using plc and sensors. We will give the logic operations and
programs to the plc so that according to the program given it works. By using the sensors, we can
calculate the density and flow of vehicles at all the lanes. According to the density and flow of vehicles it
shows the signals according.

Traffic problems has increased in the last few years and the present traffic light controllers have
limitations because it uses the predefined hardware that does not have the flexibility of modification on
real time basis. Due to the fixed time intervals of green, orange, and red signals the waiting time is more.
To make this traffic light controlling more efficient a new technique is emerged called as “Smart Traffic
Control System”. The timings of the red and green lights will be smartly decided based on the traffic on
adjacent roads.
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Methodology:

In present scenario we can see the failure in traffic control which leads to many problems like accidents,
traffic jams, to overcome this we have come up with an idea of density-based traffic control system
using plc and sensors. In this project we develop a system which controls the traffic based on traffic
density at the lanes and flow of the vehicles. We also consider emergency vehicles and give the priority
to the lane which is having emergency vehicle and then the priority goes to the lane which is having
more density and more flow of vehicles. In recent times we can see many accidents due to the fail in
traffic control. We control the traffic with the help of traffic lights, PLC and sensors. The vehicles are
parked in an automated area where the sensors are kept. Sensors detect the density and flow of vehicles
at all the lanes and give the signals to the PLC. We feed the program in the PLC according to the
program it works. According to the program given in the PLC it prioritizes considering the factors like
emergency vehicles, density of vehicles. The green signal is given to the lane which is having emergency
vehicle if there is no emergency vehicle the green signal is given to the lane which is having more
density and flow of vehicles and the other lanes are blocked. By this, vehicles systematically so we can
reduce the traffic jam.

Problem statements:

There are numerous problems we shall face in our project. some of them are discussed below:

1. Density problem:
Density flow is main and highlighted problem we will face in our project because on a busy road there
will always a lane that will contain heavy load of traffic while other lanes contain quite low traffic
density.

Density flow can be solved by giving a threshold value to our sensors, if a sensors detects more vehicles
than the threshold then it will pass signal to PLC and it will give the green signal to specific lane.

2. Priority of lanes:
If we saw broadly on the project there are some scenarios where we shall face the same load on two
lanes at same time then our module will get confused to which lane our module will give the signals and
to which lane time delay will be passed, this is main problem regarding our module.

This problem can be solved easily if we saw the previous records of our module regarding the traffic
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load if one lane has more traffic load then the second lane then we shall design a module that will give to
that lane that is more heavy dense in previous records.
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3. Emergency vehicle :
This is another critical problem while doing our project because, in a busy lane sometimes we face an
emergency vehicle on a particular lane, in that case what we shall do what that when that lane is being
delayed by our module.

If particular lane face an emergency vehicle then our vibration sensor detect that vehicle and pass signal
to our module immediately and open that lane at same time so that our emergency vehicle pass through
easily.

4. Protocolling scenario:
Sometimes there is a scenario that government officials also pass through the lane, for safety purpose we
block lane so that they pass through easily. In this scenario we shall design a module that will allow the
respective lane so that our protocol vehicle pass easily during the given time.

Ladder Diagram:
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Figure: 01 Ladder Logic Diagram

Program Justification:
Emergency vehicle detection:
Firstly, we performed the code of emergency vehicle detection and then goes to priority in this code we
imposed the vibration sensor that will check whether emergency vehicle is present or not then it will
further works. If there is an emergency vehicle present on the lane then it will give signal to timer and
we set a timer having 20secs time in program, and then this timer will further connect to another timer
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that
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will give output to second lane. If there is no detection, then there will be normal closed input to next
rung of program of same lane in this way our emergency vehicle detection works. Further there is also
justifi- cation of density-based traffic signals.

Dense traffic control:

First, we must save the memory bit for starting the program so that the saved bit gives input to every
sensor. The output of each sensor is connected to the respective timer and that timer will decide the
density of vehicles. We put three IR sensors in every lane and they are connected with the timer and
timer then connected with the traffic lights. If one sensor is on then timer will run normally and traffic
lights will on normally. If two sensors are on then there is little bit higher density of vehicles so we will
increase the time of lights a bit high. If three sensors are on then the lane will have high density of
vehicles and we will increase the time of lights. Similarly code will works until it goes to last lane and
then it will go to very first lane. One thing we did in the program is that when respective complete its
time then we used another timer that will works according to given input that is output of first timer. The
second timer will give the yellow signal to next lane and red signal to present lane. We also rest both
sensors with an input which is common for all lanes.

Practical Design:
There are generally four lanes at every junction. The sensors are connected to all the lanes at two sides of
the lanes the pulses of the of the sensors when vehicles are passed through the lanes are passed to the
PLC and the vibration sensor detect the emergency vehicles and pass the signals to the PLC. The ladder
program is dumped into the PLC, so the system operates according to the program given in the PLC. The
input is given by the sensors and the output is provided by the LED signals or traffic lights. Whenever a
vehicle comes in an automated area then the IR sensor is activated whenever an emergency vehicle
comes then the vibration sensor is activated. The sensor works on PNP principle which means when the
object is placed in the range of a sensor then the output is provided.
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Figure 02: Block diagram

Tools and Software :

We are going to work on siemens s7200 plc and also using siemens s7200 software and simulator for
software simulation.

1. PLC (PROGRAMMABLE LOGIC CONTROLLER)

2. LEDs

3. VIBRATION SENSORS

4. IR SENSORS

5. Pcb board

6. Toy cars

7. Resistors

8. Power supply

9. Switches

Other equipment will decide by after having briefly discussion on them.

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Timeline:

This part of the project is describing the time to our tasks and we shall the do our project with respect to
this timeline and we shall follow the specific time. This is roughly figures of our project and we shall do
the project in the above following manner. Our respectable supervisor will also help us regarding
timeline issues and project completion.

Figure 03: timeline for final year project

Until now we had completed the project until simulation on software. In the next part we will do our
hardware part.

Conclusions:

We conclude that our project is more precise and useful for traffic purposes, because traffic density is
increasing day by day, now there is highly demand of our project that it will works on both emergency
and protocol scenario as well as at busy lanes that cause traffic jam, when there is a scenario of peak
timing. We also conclude that our project is economically a little bit expensive, but it will be beneficial
for present and future. It can be easily installed at any junction, moreover we can modify the system by
doing some changes in Programmable Logic Controller operations.

References:
 https://www.slideshare.net/Edgefx/density-based-traffic-signal-system

 https://ijcrt.org/papers/IJCRT2003043.pdf

 https://www.academia.edu/31706629/PLC_based_Traffic_Density_Control_using_Sensors

 https://www.ijireeice.com/upload/2016/december-16/IJIREEICE%206.pdf