15.8. Approximate Analytical Method for Velocity and Acceleration of the Piston Consider the motion of a crank and connecting rod of a eciprocating steamengine as shown in Fig. 15.7. Let OC be the crank and PC the connecting rod. Let the crank rotates with angular ‘velocity of @ rad/s and the crank tums through an angle @ from the inner dead centre (briefly written asLD.C). Letx be the displacement of a reciprocating body Pfrom D.C. aftertime t seconds, during ‘which the crank has turned through an angle 8. . Motion ofa crank and connecting tod of a reciprocating steam engine. Let 1 = Length of connecting rod between the centres, 1 = Radius of crank or crank pin circle, } = Inclination of connecting rod to the line of stroke PO, and n= Ratio of length of connecting rod to the radius of crank = Ur Velocity ofthe piston From the geometry of Fig. 15.7, x= PP = OP’ - OP =(P'C +CO)-(PQ+ 20) = (147) - (Leos 6 +r cos 8)=r (1—cos €) +/ (1 - cos 4) |a-es0)+4a-cso| =r [(l - cos 8) +n (1—cos )] @ From tiangles CPQ and CQO, CQ = Ising =rsin® or lr =sin@/sing n= sin@/sing or sin ¢= sin On lid) 1 We know that, cos ¢=(1 sing)? {- anef Expanding the above expression by binomial theorem, we get (Neglecting higher terms) or iii) ‘Substituting the value of (1 — cos @) in equation (i), we have in? inte se r[a- conn =-[o-conoy +828] Gy Differentiating equation (iv) with respect to ®, *<,| sin + 1x2 sin @ cos 6] =r (sino + 2228 o we 2 2n ~ (Ce 2sin @. cos 6 =sin 26) +. Velocity of P with respect to 0 or velocity of the pision P, = y= HH, dO de a a ar) (Ratio of change of angular velocity = d8/d = a) ‘Substituting the value of dx/d@ from equation (v), we have sin Yo = Yb = ( noe | 0) Note: We know that by Klin’: consincton, tp= ax OM Comparing this equation with equation vi), we find that ow = 0] 2 Acceleration of the piston ‘Since the acceleration is the rate of change of velocity, therefore acceleration of the piston P, eeDifferentiating equation (v7) with respect to 8, cos 20 x2 | er feose+ « = 2n ” the above equation, we have near[os0+ 22) wne[user 2] i seein cut ine Ch 2 ar = oF [oo ore 2] oir (142) 2. When the crank the cuter dead centre (0.D.C), then 8 = 1802 : apr | ons t80 PE ots(14 2) As the direction of motion isreversed atthe outer dead centre therefore changing the sign of the above geal 15: Angular Velocity and Acceleration of the Connecting Rod Consider the motion of a connecting rod and a crank as shown in Fig. 15.7.From the geometry of the figure, we find that CQ = Ising=rsine* sin g=2xsino = S28 Differentiating both sides with respect to time f, do _ 0058, d@ _ cose a sinc he angular selec te omecingod PCs same as thang vel oot P with respect to C and isequal to divi, therefore angular velocity of the connecting rod cos px SO oe oose (@ ~sn'@y* Oo Angular acceleration of the connecting rod PC, tac Angular sccleration of Pwith respect to C= “(Ghe) We know that (pe) _ dpe) , 49 _ dpe) - a dd a *~° ~@ te dOIde~ 0) Now oteeateting ‘equation (i), we get (00) _ 0.050 ae “4 (? —sin? 0) _ | G2 ~ sin? 0)? (sin 0)] ~ [(6080)» 4 (n? sin? Oy"? x 2sin 0 cos 6 ~ sin a ¢o| (22 = sin? 8)" sin 8) + (1? —sin@)™? sin @ cos? @ mw —sin?® ( sn°9)” =-ouina] ser ore] in" @ an | — SiN? 8) — cos* 8 osm GE int {Dividing and muliplying by (1? - sin*0)'7]—w sin 8 (n? —1) (= sin? * sin?@ + cos?@=1) {From equation (i) ii) Are) og = sin =D, 8 (ef — sin? ey" ‘The negative sign shows thatthe sense of the acceleration ofthe connecting rd is such thatit tends to 2duce the angle @. Jotes: 1. Since sin’ Gis small as compared to 7”, therefore it may be neglected Thus, equations (i) and (iii) are sduced to and, woos d =? sind?) 2 ore ° 2. Alsoin equation (i), unity is smal as compared to n?, hence the term unity may be neglected, =a? sné