Cavite State University- Main Campus

Home Economics, Vocational and Technical

Education Department

BSHM 50- MACRO PERSPECTIVE OF

TOURISM & HOSPITALITY

Module 4: The Tourism and Hospitality Network and

Supply Components

Compiled by:
This module belongs to:
Cherrie B. Mangilog

Updated by: ________________________________

Patricia Nicole Costa
 Table of Contents

Learning Objectives

Instructions to the learner

Pre-Test

Learning Topics: The Tourism and Hospitality Network and Supply Components

A. Tourism and Hospitality Components

B. Tourism and Hospitality Supply Components

C. Understanding the Tourism and Hospitality Supply Component

Post-Test

References
 LEARNING OBJECTIVES

After the completion of this module, the student will be able to:

1. distinguish the direct and indirect components of the tourism and hospitality network;
2. report on specific examples of the tourism and hospitality supply components;
3. compare the different types of tourist accommodations; and
4. access and interpret product information.

INSTRUCTIONS TO THE LEARNER

• Answer the pre-test questions before reading the learning topics covered in this module.

• The pre-test will serve as a diagnostic exam which will gauge the level of your knowledge
regarding the topics.

• Make sure to read the lecture notes thoroughly and jot down unfamiliar terms and take time
to research its definitions by any means possible.

• Several learning activities and supplementary readings are required for some topics which
will further enhance your comprehension and understanding about the subject matter so
make sure to accomplish them.

• You may also be asked to watch video clips related to certain topics so please be mindful of
footnotes regarding the links to such learning materials.

• Do not forget to answer the post-test after completing this module since it is one of the tools
in assessing what you have learned from the included topics.

• Should there be any clarification or queries, feel free to communicate your concerns with
your instructor through any means possible and within the specified consultation
hour/period.

I
 PRE-TEST

Directions: Write T if the statement is correct and F if the statement is false.

_______ 1. Businesses that offer their products and services directly to the guests are
called Direct Providers.
_______ 2. Support services are those who prepare tours and instead of selling it
directly to guests, they offer it through travel agencies.
_______ 3. An example of superstructures in tourism industry are roads and sewage
disposal
_______ 4. Natural resources are use for enjoyments of guests such as the climate,
bodies of water and terrains.
_______ 5. The general feeling of welcome that the visitors received upon arriving in
the destination is called Hospitality Resources
_______ 6. A great attitude towards oneself is an important factor in giving a
satisfactory service to the guests.
_______ 7. The reachability of the place offered to the guests is called Attraction.
_______ 8. Private accommodations are those offered by the hotels, motels, and
apartment.
_______ 9. The tourism components and supply have an important role in determining
the success of the tourism industry.
_______ 10. Attractions are indispensable ingredient of tourism supply
 THE TOURISM AND HOSPITALITY NETWORK AND SUPPLY
COMPONENTS

TOURISM AND HOSPITALITY COMPONENTS

 The travel industry is a tourism network which includes both the public and private
sectors.
 Gee et.al., defined travel industry as “the composite of organization, both private and
public, that are involved in the development, production and marketing of products
and services to serve the needs of the travelers.”
 Businesses and corporations are regarded as components of the travel industry
classified as direct providers, support and developmental organizations.

Category I

Travel Agency
Hotel Direct
Retail Shops to THE TRAVELER
Providers
Restaurants
Airlines
Ground
Transportation

Category II

Contract Food Service Directly to DIRECT PROVIDERS

Support
Contract Laundry
Services
Food Suppliers
Indirectly to THE TRAVELER
Tour Organizers
Travel Publications

Category III Affects Directly and DIRECT PROVIDERS

Planners
Government Agencies Tourism
Financial Institution Developmental SUPPORT SERVICES
Real Estate Developers Organizations
Educational and
Vocational Training
Indirectly THE TRAVELER
Institutions

Figure 1. The direct and indirect components of the tourism network (travel industry).
Direct Providers
 It includes businesses that are associated with travel, such as airlines, hotels,
restaurants, ground transportation, travel agencies and retail shops.
 These businesses provide services, activities and products that are consumed and/or
purchased directly by travelers. They represent the sectors of the industry that are
visible to the travelers.

Support services
 It includes specialized services such as tour organizers, travel and trade publications,
hotel management firms, and travel research firms.
 Includes basic supplies and services such as contract laundry and contract food
services.
 Support services provide goods and services for both the traveler and for organizations
that sell goods and services directly but not exclusively to tourists.
 Good examples are tour wholesalers who prepare tours and instead of selling them
directly to the public sell tours through a travel agency.
 Traveler receives the service indirectly through these support services.

Developmental Organization
 It is different from the first two, since it includes planners, government agencies,
financial institutions, real estate developers and educational and vocational training
institutions.
 These organizations deal with tourism and hospitality development, which tend to be
more complex and broader in scope than the production of daily travel services.
 The decisions and results of tourism and hospitality development are more long-term
in nature than the first two categories which deal more with operations.
TOURISM AND HOSPITALITY SUPPY COMPONENTS
Tourism and hospitality supply components are classified into five main categories:

1. Natural Resources
It includes elements in an area for the use and employment or visitors such as
climate, landforms, terrain, flora, fauna, bodies of water, beaches, natural beauty and
water supply for drinking, sanitation, and similar uses.
The natural resources of a destination area provide an excellent asset to sell
to tourists. The physical characteristics of an area can be generalized as natural
scenery climate, and environment. The natural scenery is a combination of the general
topography flora and fauna, proximity to lakes, rivers, seas, islands and islets, hot and
mineral water springs, caverns, waterfalls, and the like. The greater the variety and
uniqueness of the scenery, the more appealing it is. The appeal can be increased if
the area has a “comfortable” climate. A comfortable cold climate is determined by the
wind-chill factor – a term used to express how temperature feels to the exposed skin.
A comfortable warm climate is determined by the combination of humidity,
temperature, and wind. A notable example is the Caribbean because, although many
of its islands are in the tropical zone, the wind currents make it more comfortable than
the temperature and humidity would show.

Water plays an important role in forming an attractive landscape. The sea,

lakes, and rivers not only add to the visual beauty of the region but also offer to the
possibility of swimming, sailing, canoeing, and fishing. Thus, large bodies of water
have become popular such as Taal Lake in the Philippines, and Lake Geneva, in
Switzerland. Specific natural phenomena such as volcanoes, waterfalls, cave, and
canyons also attract tourists. Examples are the Pagsanjan Falls in the Philippines,
Grand Canyon in the U.S., Niagara Falls in the U.S and Canada, and the Great Barrier
Reed of Australia. The particular fauna or flora of a region often draws tourists. Kenya
and other countries of southern Africa, and their wildlife safaris are increasing in
popularity the camera being substituted for the gun. The Amazon, with its exotic
rainforest vegetation and its wildlife is attracting several tourists. The same is true with
the tulip fields of Holland and the cherry blossoms of Japan.
2. Infrastructure
It consists of all underground and surface developmental construction such as
water supply systems, sewage disposal systems, gas lines, electrical and
communications systems, drainage systems and other constructed facilities such as
highways, airports, railroads, roads, drives, parking lots, parks, night lighting, marinas
and dock facilities, bus and train station facilities and similar tourist service
installations.
 Water - sufficient quantity of pure water is essential. A typical resort requires
350 to 400 gallons of water per room per day. An 18-hole golf course will
require 600,000 to 1 million gallons of water per day, depending on the region
on which it is located.
 Power - adequate supply of power is available to meet peak load
requirements. The continuity of service be assumed and that the type of power
supplied be compatible with that used by the target markets of the destination.
 Communication - necessary that the telephone and/or telegraph services is
available.
 Sewage/drainage - sewer demand is often placed at 90% of domestic water
demand. Although water storage reservoir and sewage treatment plants can
be designed on the basis of maximum average demand; transmission lines
must be designed on the basis of maximum peak demand.
 Healthcare - type of healthcare facilities provided will depend on the number
of visitors expected, their ages, the type of activities in which they will engage,
and local geographical factor.
 Street/Highway - the availability of first-class roads adds greatly to the
accessibility of a region. The following are certain ways to make the use of
highways more interesting to tourist:

1. Provide close-up range views of local scenes

2. Change the elevation

3. Develop viewpoints and overlooks

4. Independently align dual-lane highways to fit into the land contour

5. Selectively thin trees to reveal views. Design a dual system of higher speed
lanes flanked by roads for low-speed local traffic. Roads should be engineered
for safety, taking appropriate measures designed to safeguard the highway
user.
 Terminals - the following are the problems in terminal facilities and ground
transportation:
o General – there is an almost complete lack of coordination among the
three modes of air, rail, and bus.
o Air – long walks are required in many terminals.
o Rail – parking is inconvenient and inadequate near larger terminals; use
of facilities of local transients and inadequate cleaning procedures lead
to crowded and unsanitary waiting rooms and restrooms; security to
prevent thefts is lacking; information and directional maps are not
provided in most rail terminals; special transportation to and from rail
terminal is not provided; and urban transit and taxi service are often
inadequate.
o Bus – terminals are dirty and crowded due to use by unauthorized
people and to inadequate cleaning procedures; boarding gates lack a
system of orderly procedures resulting in crowding when passengers
are boarding; and inadequate protection is afforded to passengers
against traffic.

The following suggestions with regard to terminals and ground facilities

may serve as a guide in providing adequate services:
1. Full information about facilities, terminal location, and local transportation at
destination should be made available to all originating passengers
2. A security system should be provided to prevent theft and misleading of
checked baggage at terminals.
3. The information system should provide data on connecting or alternative rail
and bus service, including information on fares and schedules.
4. A system of standard signs and symbols should be developed and installed
in all air terminals.
5. Rapid updated arrival and departure information should be available on
posted information boards, through public address announcements and to
telephone callers.
6. Personnel should always be available to assists passengers especially the
aged, handicapped and non-English speaking
7. Complete information should be providing on the location fares, schedules,
and routes of local transportation services
8. City maps should be made available to tourists.
  Security – while on vacation, tourists are unfamiliar environment. Because of
this, the need for assurance regarding their safety is important. The image
gained of the destination may be distorted. In addition, the costs of medical
care are so expensive that concern about health in foreign countries may
generate additional fears. Insecurities about food, water, or police protection
may prevent visitors from visiting. It is necessary that the basic need for security
and safety be considered and assumed to make the potential tourists feel
secure before and during the vacation.

3. Superstructure
The above ground facility services such as airport buildings, passenger traffic
terminals, hotels, motels, resorts, restaurants, shopping centers, places of
entertainment, museums, stores and similar structure.

Accommodation
While away from home, the tourist needs to eat and sleep. Sleeping
accommodations range from hotels of international standards and condominiums to
campgrounds and the home of relative and friends. For a tourist region to succeed a
sufficient quantity of accommodations of the right quality should be provided for the
needs of the tourists.
Hotels, Condominium, Motels or motor hotels, Inns, Apartments, Paradores,
Pensions, Bed-and-breakfast accommodations, Hostels, Campgrounds, Health spas,
Private homes are an example of accommodation.

Restaurants
Besides hotels, motels, and other type of accommodations, restaurants are
also classified as super structure. Restaurant are establishments offering refreshments
and/or meals to the public.
Some of the basic standard requirements for restaurant are the following:
 The façade and architectural features of the building shall be appropriately
designed.
 The dining room shall be adequate in size, with sufficient and well-
maintained furniture.
 There shall be cuisine of good quality and presentation and served with
distinction.
  Adequate number of well-trained, experienced, efficient, and courteous
staff shall be employed.

4. Transportation and Transportation Equipment

It includes items such as ships, airplanes, trains, buses, limousines, taxis,
automobiles, cog railways, aerial tramway, and similar passenger transportation
facilities.

Land Travel
1. Taxi and Limousine Service – Adequate taxi and limousine service is important in
a tourist area. Taxis appearance must be presentable as well as the taxi drivers.
2. Bus Service – Tour buses should have large windows, comfortable seats, air-
conditioning unit and restroom facilities.
3. Rail Services – The majority of seasoned traveler prefer to travel by train because
of its safety record and the convenience and satisfaction of viewing the scenery
from a comfortable air-conditioned car. The appeal of rail travel has been further
enhanced by recent introduction of high-speed trains.

Air Travel
 Porter service is important at air terminals. The porter’s helpful behavior and
attitude are essentials and their training and supervision should be adequate.
 Although airport differ from place to place, the comfort of travelers should always
be kept in mind. In hot climate, the airport must be completely air-conditioned and
in cold climate, adequate heat should be provided.
 Large airports provide comfortable and attractive waiting areas, as well as
information regarding flight details.

Sea Travel
 Sea travel is a major factor in tourism and hospitality. Examples of these are the
Manila Bay Sunset Cruise in the Philippines, the Miami cruise in Florida, the Rhine
River cruise in Germany, and the Canal Cruise in Holland.
 Cruise ships have developed into “floating resorts” or “floatels”. Because of the
idea, the demand for sea travel has increased and cruises became popular in
recent years.
5. Hospitality Resources
It includes the cultural wealth of an area which makes possible the successful
hosting of tourists. Examples are the welcoming spirit of tourist business employees,
attitudes of the residents towards visitors, courtesy, friendliness, sincere interest,
willingness to serve and to get better acquainted with visitors, and other manifestations
of warmth and friendliness. It also includes the cultural resources of an area such as
fine arts, literature, history, music, dramatic art, dancing, and shopping.
Hospitality resources can be improved by training tourism and hospitality
personnel to be hospitable to encourage positive feelings towards tourism and
hospitality and tourist by the general public.

Hospitality Training
Aims to motivate service providers to be hospitable in dealing with tourists.
It is assumed that providing more hospitable services will result in a more satisfied
tourist who will be inclined to return and advertise to other potential tourists through
word of mouth. To enable service providers to render hospitable services, it is
necessary to change their present behavior. This change of behavior is brought about
by a change in attitude and an increase in the level of knowledge.

The three aspects of attitudes are toward self, toward others and toward the
tourism industry.

Attitude Towards Self

 If an individual’s self – esteem or attitude toward self is low, that individual will tend
to behave in such a way that the feedback from others will confirm the low opinion
of himself. Hence, it is necessary to change the individual’s perception of self in
order to improve his behavior. If service providers can be made to believe that they
and their work is important, their work and their actions toward tourist will reflect
this feeling. If services providers can be viewed as hosts and hostesses rather than
“just” employees their self-image may be raised. The fact that dealing with and
serving people is a very difficult task should be stressed. Although it is relatively
easy to deal with a satisfied guest, it is very challenging to deal with visitors who
are dissatisfied or are very demanding. The ability to satisfy guests is a very
demanding task. People who can do this have skills that should be highly regarded
by themselves and by others.
Attitude Towards Others
The second aspect of attitude is the attitude toward others. Service providers should
be assisted in developing positive feelings toward fellow employees and tourists that
will result in positive behavior toward the tourists. -This can be achieved by training the
individual regarding teamwork and interdependence in getting the job done. The key
to the development of positive attitudes toward visitors is to be able to develop the
ability to put oneself in the visitor’s place. -Role-playing can be used for this purpose.
If the service provider can empathize with the tourists, accept tourists as they are,
understand that for tourists, this vacation is something that they have saved for the
whole year or for a lifetime and appreciate how tired they may be after a long trip, then,
the attitude is likely to be more positive.

Attitude Towards Tourism and Hospitality

A positive attitude of service providers toward tourists can be brought about only when
employees are made aware of how important tourism is to their country, city, and
community. By being aware of the amount of revenue, jobs, taxes generated and the
dispersion of the tourist dollar throughout the community, employees may become
convinced of the economic and social significance of the industry of which they are a
part. To facilitate a change in attitude, it is necessary to raise the level of knowledge of
the individual. This may be done in group sessions or through a variety of audiovisual
means.

To be able to give advice or directions to tourists, employees can familiarize

themselves with the surrounding attractions and services through familiarization tours.
Employees should be instructed in group sessions with regard to verbal and nonverbal
behavior since many of them are unaware of the negative messages their facial
expressions or posture give to tourists. By means of this joint approach – attempting
to change attitudes about the self, others, and tourism through increasing the level of
knowledge and teaching hospitable behavior, it is hoped that the hospitality behavior
level of service providers will be raised.
Community Awareness Programs

Although the tourists are most directly affected by the degree of hospitality shown by service
providers, the overall feeling of welcome within a community will also enhance or detract from
the vacation experience. Residents of a destination area cannot be trained to act in a
hospitable manner toward tourists, but a community awareness program can help develop a
more positive attitude toward the tourists. The aims of the program are to build acceptance of
tourism and to build an understanding of the tourist. An acceptance of touris m cannot be built
unless the benefits of tourism are made clear to the members of the community. The benefits
of tourism are many, yet many people do not realize that they are positively affected by it. It is
necessary to convince the local citizens of the importance and relevance of tourism to them.

An understanding of who the tourist is can bring about a greater acceptance of the visitor.
Knowing why people visit the area might result in a stronger civic pride. There are various
ways to communicate with the local community. Public meetings can be held to discuss
particular problems. A speaker’s bureau composed of tourism community leaders who will talk
to community groups can be organized. Information sheets and newsletters can be distributed
throughout the destination area. Whatever methods are used; the main objective is to create
a feeling of welcome for the tourists within the community.

Tourism is a composite of activities, services, and industry that deliver a travel experience, it
is important to identify and categorized its supply components. The quality and quantity of
these determine tourism’s success in any area. The components and supply element of
tourism that has in the article that I read are three components which are accessibility,
accommodation and attraction.

A. Accessibility

Accessibility means reachability to the place of destination through various means of

transportation. Transportation should be regular, comfortable and safe. Example like airlines,
train, and water transportation. The post-World War II rise in automobile travel and the most
recent increase in air transportation have heavily affected the patterns of tourism flows as well
as destinations planning and development.
B. Accommodation

Accommodation is a place where tourist can find food and shelter provided in a fit position to
pay for it. There are various type of accommodation from a seven star hotel to a normal
budget class hotel.

Pearce (1981) classified accommodations in three major components:

Commercial sector, which is mostly represented by hotels, motels, and vacation villages.

Commercial
Accommodation means short
term (not permanent) accommodation in
a commercial establishment such as
a hotel, motel or serviced apartment and
must be a genuine arms-length commercial
transaction. Commercial Accommodation
does not include AirBnB or other
“sharing economy” type accommodation.

Private sector, which includes second

homes, time-sharing properties, and
residential buildings used to host family
members and friends. Private
accommodation means overnight
accommodation that is not in a commercial
establishment but rather at the home of a
relative, friend or acquaintance.
Hybrid classification, defined by camping and caravanning activities, where private tents
and campers or caravans are situated in areas—campsites— managed by business firms. A
hybrid hotel offers companies an additional flexible workspace option for their employees
without long-term lease obligations or big investments that are required for a large office
commitment. This can reduce property costs for companies, as long as this ad -hoc space is
only used on a flexible basis, for example in addition to working from home.

“With this mixed-use function, the hotel will become better connected to the city and the
neighborhood. Instead of just serving tourists and business travelers, it will really become part
of the local community," said Dirk Bakker.

C. Attractions

Attractions. This is an indispensable ingredient of tourism supply. In fact, all the other
components of supply depend upon major tourist attractions. Attractions may be classified by
ownership: nonprofit organizations, private businesses, and government agencies.

Another classification is defined by the tourists’ length of stay: the Blue Ridge Parkway, a
zoo, or an historic site are touring attractions whereas convention centers, beach resorts, or
“Club Med” vacation villages are destination attractions.

UNDERSTANDING THE TOURISM AND HOSPITALITY SUPPLY COMPONENT

The most widely used classification related to tourism attractions is based on the resource
foundation criteria. This separates natural features—wildlife nature—from manmade
structures— historical bridges, casinos, and amusement parks. Many intangible socio- cultural
elements should be considered in classifying attractions, such as language, music, traditional
cuisine, etc There is also the linkage between the supply and components of tourism that will
determine the success of tourism.

While the demand aspect of publicly provided recreation and tourism-related have long held
the spotlight of research, the supply or production si`de remains inexact and relatively
unexplored. Example we focus on supply components of recreational resources and their link
with tourism incidence in Wisconsin. The supply of recreation and tourism is a complex
combination of natural amenities, recreational sites, access, and private sector business
activity which is influenced by an array of factors that acts to provide opportunitie s that satisfy
leisure-based travel demands.
Measures of recreational site density that account for both physical/geographic size and
population, or social capacity are used as key explanatory variables in models of tourism
dependence. Results suggest that tourism dependence in Wisconsin involve both recreational
sites and natural amenities. Assessing tourism production without incorporation of these non-
price latent inputs provides an incomplete characterization of the tourism phenomenon. From
a theoretical perspective this study developed and tested a conceptual model for the
measurement of destination attractiveness.

It added to the current body of knowledge by providing empirical evidence of meaningful

correlations between supply and demand measures. Additionally, it proved that market
segments perceive attraction dimensions differently. Prior research studies have used a
number of measurements for assessing the overall attractiveness of a place or destination
(Ferrario, 1979; Gearing etal. , 1974; Hu and Ritchie, 1978), but no attempt has been made to
empirically evaluate the interplay between demand and supply attractiveness measures.

the tourism components and supply have an important role in determining the success of the
tourism industry. This is prove by the relation they made together in building the tourism
industry from the beginning of the tourism era long time ago. The tourism components cannot
work alone without the supply of tourism in the tourism industry. This is because both of them
need each other to run the tourism industry.
 POST-TEST

Enumeration. Enumerate what is being asked in each statement.

1-3. Tourism Networks

4-6. Tourism Components
7-10. Tourism Supply Components

References

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https://studymoose.com/tourism-components-and-supply-essay

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https://www.mvorganizing.org/what-is-the-difference-between-superstructure-and-
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