Physics investigatory project on ir based security

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Education

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ON TOPIC IR SENSOR BASED SECURITY SYSTEM- YOU CAN ORDER THIS KIT
FROM KITSGURU.COM OR AMAZON

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1. 2016-17
NAME: AKASHDIXITAND YOGESH MALIK
ROLL NO.: 12B31 AND 12B29
PHYSICS INVESTIGATORY
PROJECT

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2. K.V.NO.2 EME BARODA
DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS
CERTIFICATE
This is to
certify that Akash Dixit , student of class
XII-B has successfully completed the
research on
the below mentioned project under the guidance of
Mr. S.V. Singh Sir
during the year 2016-2017 in
partial fulfilment of Physics practical examination
conducted by AISSCE, New Delhi.
Signature of Signature of
external examiner
Physics teacher
3. K.V.NO.2 EME BARODA
DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS
CERTIFICATE
This is to
certify that Yogesh Malik , student of class
XII-B has successfully completed the
research on
the below mentioned project under the guidance of
Mr. S.V. Singh Sir
during the year 2016-2017 in
partial fulfilment of Physics practical examination
conducted by AISSCE, New Delhi.
Signature of Signature of
external examiner
Physics teacher
4. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
In the accomplishment of this project
successfully, many
people have best owned
upon me their blessings and the heart
pledged support,
this time I am utilizing to
thank all the people who have been concerned
with
project.
Primarily I would thank god for being able
to complete this project with
success. Then
I would like to thank my principal
and Physics teacher Mr.S.V Singh ,
whose
valuable guidance has been the ones that
helped me patch this project and
make it
full proof success. His suggestions and his
instructions have served as the
major
contributor towards the completion of the
project.
Then I would like to thank
my parents and
friends who have helped me with their
valuable suggestions and
guidance has been
helpful in various phases of the completion
of the project.
Last
but not the least I would like to thank
my classmates who have helped me a lot and
also Lab attendant Chandu Sir .
5. -:CONTENTS:-
1. Certificate
2. Acknowledgement
3. Introduction
4. Theory
5.
Activity
 Aim
 Apparatus required
 Procedure
 Result
 Precaution
6.
Bibliography
6. INFRARED SENSOR
BASED SECURITY
. SYSTEM .
The Objective of this project
is to study infrared
based security system and its working to catch any
thief .

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7. INTRODUCTION
Rapid growth in world population with incommensurate
employment
opportunities and pressures of a more complex society, the incidences
of
human intrusion and burglaries and crime in private and public places are on
the
increase. Heightened security concerns at homes, banks, shopping malls,
schools,
offices, etc. have led to continued search for different and improved
security
gadgets.
Such concerns are apparent in the form of installations of remote cameras,
the
presence of security guards and other monitoring devices and alarm systems
which are in constant use . However, many such devices and services are
relatively
costly and usually require a high and steady power supply for their
operation). An
infrared sensor security alarming system which has been
constructed and tested,
offers the advantages of low cost and low power
consumption in its operation .
Not
so long ago an alarm was a fairly rare sight, however now almost every
house has
an alarm of some kind. One common kind of security system is an
infrared home
security system. These are so popular because they are easy to
install without
having to drill holes and lay cables. Infrared radiation is
invisible to the human eye
but can be detected by electronic devices designed
for such a purpose.
The
sensors are set at the door (entrance point) and/or some supervised area and an
alarm is triggered when an intruder passes within its range of coverage to
notify/alert
the people/security personnel.
Infrared science and technology has
been, since the first applications, mainly
dedicated to security and surveillance
especially in military field, besides specialized
techniques in thermal imaging for
medical diagnostic and building structures and
recently in energy savings and
aerospace context. Till recently the security
applications were mainly based on
thermal imaging as surveillance and warning
military systems. In all these
applications the advent of room temperature, more
reliable due to the coolers
avoidance, low cost, and, overall, completely integrable
with Silicon technology
FPAs, especially designed and tailored for specific
applications, smart sensors, has
really been impacted with revolutionary and new
ideas and system concepts in all
the infrared fields, especially for security
applications. Lastly, the advent of reliable
Infrared Solid State Laser Sources,

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8. operating up to the Long Infrared Wavelength Band and the new emerging
techniques in Far Infrared Sub- millimetre Terahertz Bands, has opened wide and
new areas for developing new, advanced security systems. A review of all the items
with evidence of the weak and the strong points of each item, especially considering
possible future developments, will be reported and discussed.
Historical
introduction:-
Infrared, as part of electromagnetic spectrum, was discovered by Sir
William Herschel as a
form of radiation beyond red light. These “calorific rays”
renamed infrared rays or
infrared radiation (the prefix infra in Latin means “below”)
were mainly devoted to
thermal measurement and for a long time the major
advances were due to infrared thermal
imaging based on radiometric
measurements .
The basic laws of IR radiation (Kirchhoff’s law, Stefan-Boltzmann’s
law, Planck’s law,
and Wien’s displacement law) have been developed many years
after the discovery of IR
radiation.
In 1859, Gustave Kirchhoff found that a material
that is a good absorber of radiation is
also a good radiator. Kirchhoff’s law states
that the ratio of radiated power and the
absorption coefficient (1) is the same for all
radiators at that temperature, (2) is dependent
on wavelength and temperature, and
(3) is independent of the shape or material of the
radiator. If a body absorbs all
radiation falling upon it, it is said to be “black.” For a
blackbody the radiated power is
equal to the absorbed power and the emissivity (ratio of
emitted power to absorbed
power) equals one.
In 1884, L. E. Boltzmann, starting from the physical principles of
thermodynamics, derived
the theoretical formula of Black Body Radiation Law,
stated empirically in 1879 by J.
Stefan’s, by developing the Stefan-Boltzmann’s Law
W= σ.T4
where W is the radiation power, T is the absolute temperature, σ and is the
Stefan-
Boltzmann’s constant.
In 1901, Nobel Prize Max Karl Ernst Ludwig Planck
developed the Planck’s law which
stated that the radiation from a blackbody at a
specific wavelength can be calculated from
I(v)dv = 2hν3 / c2
(hν/kT)-1
where I(v)dv
is the radiation power emitted per unit of surface and solid angle unit, in the
frequency interval (v/v + dv) , T is the Absolute Temperature, c is the speed of light,
and h is the Plank’s constant.
Soon after Wilhelm Wien (Nobel prize 1911)
established the Wien’s Displacement Law
taking the derivative of the Plank’s law
equation to find the wavelength for maximum
spectral radiance at any given
temperature

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 9. λ Max . T = 2897.8 μm.K
IR detectors’ development, even after the discovery of
Infrared Radiation by Sir H.
Herschel in 1798, was mainly based on the use of
thermometers/bolometers which
dominated IR applications till the 1st World War,
although in 1821 J. T. Seebeck had
already discovered the thermoelectric effect. In
the area of bolometer/thermometers L.
Nobili had fabricated the first thermocouple
in 1829, allowing in 1833 the multi element
thermopile development by Macedonio
Melloni, who was able to show that a person 10
meters away could be detected by
focusing the thermal energy on the thermopile. In 1878
Langley invented the
bolometer, a radiant-heat detector that was declared sensitive to
differences in
temperature of one hundred thousandth of a degree Celsius. Composed of
two thin
strips of metal, a Wheatstone bridge, a battery, and a galvanometer, this
instrument
enabled him to study solar irradiance (light rays from the sun) far into its
infrared
region and to measure the intensity of solar radiation at various wavelengths.
Langley’s bolometer was a device capable of accurately measuring thermal
radiation and
was so sensitive that it could detect the thermal radiation from a cow
from 400 meter
away .
10. THEORY
Principle of operation: The complete block diagram of the security
alarming system is shown
in Fig. 1. The regulated low voltage power supply
produces 5 V for IR transmitter and receiver,
amplifier, switching circuit, trigger
circuit (one shot multivibrator), driver circuit and buzzer
(sounder).
The anode of the
transmitter and receiver (detector) are connected to the 5 V power supply
and
cathodes are connected to the ground. When the bias voltage is applied to the
security
alarm circuit, the transmitter emits the Infra-Red ray (IR).
This ray receives
the receiver (detector) and produced an output signal.The output signal of
the
receiver is very weak to drive the buzzer and need to amplify. Then this signal is
coupled
to the amplifier by a coupling capacitor. The amplifier amplifies the weak
signal four times to
operate the output device (e.g., speaker).
Infrared signal
amplification circuit:
11. SYMBOLS
BATTERY
DIODE
LIGHT EMITTING DIODE
NPN TRANSISTOR
PNP
TRANSISTOR
BUZZER
RESISTOR
AC POWER SUPPLY
12. ACTIVITY
AIM: TO MAKE A INFRARED SENSOR BASED SECURITY SYSTEM
USING
SOME PRINCIPLES AND COMPONENTS OF PHYSICS.
MATERIAL
REQUIRED: 1. A 9V BATTERY
2. BATTERY CAP
3. ON-OFF SWITCH
4. PNP
TRANSISTOR
5. INFRARED TRANSMITTER AND RECEIVER
6. LIGHT
EMITTING DIODE
7. SMALL RESISTANCE
8. BUZZER
9. CONNECTING WIRE
PROCEDURE AND WORKING:-
1. CONNECT THE BATTERY TO THE SWITCH
USING BATTERY CAP TO ON-
OFF THE POWER SUPPLYTO THE CIRCUIT.
2.
CONNECT THE SWITCH TO A SMALL RESISTANCE WHICH WILL STOP
UNEVEN POWER SUPPLY.
3. THE CONNECT THE RESISTANCE TO INFRARED
TRANSMITTER IN SERIES.
4. WHEN CURRENT WILL REACH THE
TRANMITTER IT WILL SEND INFRARED
RAYS WHICH WE CANNOT SEE WITH
NAKED EYES.

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 13. 5. THE TRANSMITTER IS FORWARD BIASED AND THE RECEIVER IS
REVERSE BIASED.
6. ON THE OTHER SIDE THE INFRARED RECEIVER WILL
RECEIVE THE RAYS.
7. THE RECEIVER IS CONNECTED TO A PNP
TRANSISTOR , THEN THE
TRANSISTOR IS CONNECTED TO THE BUZZER
AND LED IN SERIES .
8. THE CIRCUIT IS COMPLETE WHEN THEIR IS
SENDING AND RECEIVING OF
IR RAYS.
9. WHENEVER THEIR IS
INTERRUPTION BETWEEN IR RAYS TRANSISTOR
AND RECEIVER THE
CURRENT STARTS FLOWING THROUGH THE
TRANSISTOR THEN THE
BUZZER STARTS BEEPING AND THE LED STARTS
GLOWING.
RESULT:
FINALLY OUR PYROELECTRIC INFRARED
SENSOR BASED SECURITY IS
READY TO USE AND STOP
BURGLAR.
PRECAUTION:-
1. CONNECTIONS
SHOULD BE NEAT, CLEAN AND TIGHT.
2. RESISTORS OF SMALL RESISTANCE
SHULD BE
TAKEN.
3. WHILE COMPLETING THE CIRCUIT WE SHOULD
REMEMBER OF CATHODE AND ANODE TERMINAL OF
LED , TRANSMITTER
AND RECEIVER .
4.ALL THE COMPONENTS MUST BE CHECKED WHETHER
THEY ARE WORKING OR NOT .
5. DISTANCE BETWEEN THE TRANSMITTER
AND
RECEIVER SHOULD NOT BE MORE THAN THE RANGE OF
IR RAYS.
14. FINAL INFRARED
SENSOR BASED
SECURITY SYSTEM
CIRCUIT
NOW OUR
SECURITY SYSTEM IS READY TO STOP BURGLAR
ENTERING OUR HOUSE.
15. Bibliography
1. Website
 www.google.com
 www.hindawi.com
 en.wikipedia.org
2. BOOKS
 Pradeep’s New Course physics
 Ncert class xii

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