Operating Systems

Chapter 3: Processes

Dr. Ahmed Hagag

Scientific Computing Department,
Faculty of Computers and Artificial Intelligence
Benha University
2019
 Chapter 3: Processes

• Process Concept
• Process Scheduling
• Operations on Processes
• Interprocess Communication

©Ahmed Hagag Operating Systems 2

 Process Concept (1/3)

Program vs. Process

• A program is a passive entity such as the file that
contains the list of instructions stored on a disk always
referred to as an executable file.
• A program becomes a process when an executable file is
loaded into the memory and then becomes an active
entity.

©Ahmed Hagag Operating Systems 3

 Process Concept (2/3)

• The fundamental task of any operating system is the

process management.
• Processes include not only a text but also include a set of
resources such as open files and pending signals.
Processes also contain internal kernel data, processor
state, an address space, and a data section.

©Ahmed Hagag Operating Systems 4

 Process Concept (3/3)

• OS must allocate resources to processes, enable sharing

of information, protect resources, and enable the
synchronization among processes.

©Ahmed Hagag Operating Systems 5

 Process Elements (1/2)

• Segments of a process represents the following

components:
➢ Text Section: the program code. This is typically read-only,
and might be shared by a number of processes.
➢ Data Section: containing global variables.
➢ Heap: containing memory dynamically allocated during run
time.
➢ Stack: containing temporary data.
• Function parameters, return addresses, local variables.

©Ahmed Hagag Operating Systems 6

 Process Elements (2/2)

• Process in Memory

©Ahmed Hagag Operating Systems 7

 Process Control Block (PCB) (1/2)

• For better control of processes,

operating systems need to
consider their dynamic behaviors.
• Each process is represented in the
OS by a Process Control Block
(PCB).

©Ahmed Hagag Operating Systems 8

 Process Control Block (PCB) (2/2)

• Process Control Block (PCB) (1/3)

➢ Process identification information
▪ Process identifier: numeric identifiers represent the
unique process identifier
▪ User identifier: the user who is responsible for the job).
▪ Identifier of the parent process that created this process.

©Ahmed Hagag Operating Systems 9

 Process Control Block (PCB) (2/2)

• Process Control Block (PCB) (2/3)

➢ Processor state Information
▪ Process state – running, waiting, etc
➢ Program counter
▪ location of instruction to next execute
➢ CPU registers
▪ contents of all process-centric registers

©Ahmed Hagag Operating Systems 10

 Process Control Block (PCB) (2/2)

• Process Control Block (PCB) (3/3)

➢ CPU scheduling information
▪ priorities, scheduling queue pointers
➢ Memory-management information
▪ memory allocated to the process
➢ Accounting information
▪ CPU used, clock time elapsed since start, time limits
➢ I/O status information
▪ I/O devices allocated to process, list of open files
©Ahmed Hagag Operating Systems 11
 Process State (1/3)

• As a process executes, it changes state

➢ new: The process is being created
➢ running: Instructions are being executed
➢ waiting: The process is waiting for some event to occur
➢ ready: The process is waiting to be assigned to a processor
➢ terminated: The process has finished execution

©Ahmed Hagag Operating Systems 12

 Process State (2/3)

• Diagram of Process State

©Ahmed Hagag Operating Systems 13

 Process State (3/3)

©Ahmed Hagag Operating Systems 14

 Process State (3/3)

©Ahmed Hagag Operating Systems 15

 Process State (3/3)

©Ahmed Hagag Operating Systems 16

 Process State (3/3)

©Ahmed Hagag Operating Systems 17

 Process State (3/3)

©Ahmed Hagag Operating Systems 18

 Process State (3/3)

©Ahmed Hagag Operating Systems 19

 CPU Switch From Process to Process

©Ahmed Hagag Operating Systems 20

 Process Scheduling (1/2)

• Job queue – set of all processes in the system

• Ready queue – set of all processes residing in main memory,
ready and waiting to execute
• Device queues – set of processes waiting for an I/O device
• Processes migrate among the various queues

©Ahmed Hagag Operating Systems 21

 Process Scheduling (2/2)

©Ahmed Hagag Operating Systems 22

 Schedulers (1/2)

• Short-term scheduler (or CPU scheduler)

➢ Selects which process should be executed next and allocates
CPU.
➢ Invoked frequently (milliseconds) → (must be fast).
• Long-term scheduler (or job scheduler)
➢ Selects which processes should be brought into the ready
queue.
➢ Invoked infrequently (seconds, minutes) → (may be slow).
➢ Controls the degree of multiprogramming.

©Ahmed Hagag Operating Systems 23

 Schedulers (2/2)

• Medium-term scheduler
➢ Can be added if degree of multiple programming needs to
decrease
➢ Remove process from memory, store on disk, bring back in
from disk to continue execution: swapping

©Ahmed Hagag Operating Systems 24

 Interprocess Communication (1/2)

• Processes within a system may be independent or

cooperating
• Cooperating process can affect or be affected by other
processes, including sharing data.
• Cooperating processes need interprocess communication
(IPC)
• Two models of IPC:
➢ Shared memory
➢ Message passing

©Ahmed Hagag Operating Systems 25

 Interprocess Communication (2/2)

(a) Message passing. (b) shared memory.

©Ahmed Hagag Operating Systems 26

Dr. Ahmed Hagag
[email protected]
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCzYgAyyZTLfnLFjQexOKxbQ

https://www.facebook.com/ahmed.hagag.71/