Designation: D 5766/D 5766M – 02a

Standard Test Method for

Open Hole Tensile Strength of Polymer Matrix Composite
Laminates1
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 5766/D 5766M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the
year of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last
reapproval. A superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.

1. Scope D 3171 Test Methods for Constituent Content of Composite

1.1 This test method determines the open hole tensile Materials4
strength of multidirectional polymer matrix composite lami- D 3878 Terminology for Composite Materials4
nates reinforced by high-modulus fibers. The composite mate- E 6 Terminology Relating to Methods of Mechanical Test-
rial forms are limited to continuous-fiber or discontinuous-fiber ing5
(tape or fabric, or both) reinforced composites in which the E 177 Practice for Use of the Terms Precision and Bias in
laminate is balanced and symmetric with respect to the test ASTM Test Methods6
direction. The range of acceptable test laminates and thick- E 456 Terminology Relating to Quality and Statistics6
nesses are described in 8.2.1. E 691 Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study to
1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units Determine the Precision of a Test Method6
are to be regarded separately as standard. Within the text the E 1309 Guide for Identification of Fiber-Reinforced
inch-pound units are shown in brackets. The values stated in Polymer-Matrix Composite Materials in Databases4
each system are not exact equivalents; therefore, each system E 1434 Guide for Recording Mechanical Test Data of Fiber-
must be used independently of the other. Combining values Reinforced Composite Materials in Databases4
from the two systems may result in nonconformance with the E 1471 Guide for Identification of Fibers, Fillers and Core
standard. Materials in Computerized Material Property Databases4
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the 3. Terminology
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro- 3.1 Definitions—Terminology D 3878 defines terms relating
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica- to high-modulus fibers and their composites. Terminology
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. D 883 defines terms relating to plastics. Terminology E 6
defines terms relating to mechanical testing. Terminology
2. Referenced Documents E 456 and Practice E 177 define terms relating to statistics. In
2.1 ASTM Standards: the event of a conflict between terms, Terminology D 3878
D 792 Test Methods for Density and Specific Gravity (Rela- shall have precedence over the other standards.
tive Density) of Plastics by Displacement2 3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard::
D 883 Terminology Relating to Plastics2 NOTE 1—If the term represents a physical quantity, its analytical
D 2584 Test Method for Ignition Loss of Cured Reinforced dimensions are stated immediately following the term (or letter symbol) in
Resins3 fundamental dimension form, using the following ASTM standard sym-
D 2734 Test Methods for Void Content of Reinforced Plas- bology for fundamental dimensions, shown within square brackets: [M]
tics3 for mass, [L] for length, [T] for time, [u] for thermodynamic temperature,
and [nd] for non-dimensional quantities. Use of these symbols is restricted
D 3039/D 3039M Test Method for Tensile Properties of to analytical dimensions when used with square brackets, as the symbols
Polymer Matrix Composite Materials4 may have other definitions when used without the brackets.
3.2.1 nominal value, n—a value, existing in name only,
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D30 on assigned to a measurable property for the purpose of conve-
Composite Materials and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D30.05 on nient designation. Tolerances may be applied to a nominal
Structural Test Methods. value to define an acceptable range for the property.
Current edition approved Dec. 10, 2002. Published February 2003. Originally
approved in 1995. Last previous edition approved in 2002 as D 5766/D 5766M – 02.
2
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 08.01.
3 5
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 08.02. Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 03.01.
4 6
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 15.03. Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 14.02.

Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.

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 D 5766/D 5766M – 02a
3.2.2 principal material coordinate system, n—a coordinate common aerospace practice to develop notched design allow-
system with axes that are normal to the planes of symmetry able strengths based on gross section stress to account for
inherent to a material. various stress concentrations (fastener holes, free edges, flaws,
3.2.2.1 Discussion—Common usage, at least for Cartesian damage, and so forth) not explicitly modeled in the stress
axes (123, xyz, and so forth), generally assigns the coordinate analysis.
system axes to the normal directions of planes of symmetry in 4.2 The only acceptable failure mode for ultimate open-hole
order that the highest property value in a normal direction (for tensile strength is one which passes through the hole in the test
elastic properties, the axis of greatest stiffness) would be 1 or specimen.
x, and the lowest (if applicable) would be 3 or z. Anisotropic
materials do not have a principal material coordinate system 5. Significance and Use
due to the total lack of symmetry, while, for isotropic materials,
any coordinate system is a principal material coordinate 5.1 This test method is designed to produce notched tensile
system. In laminated composites the principal material coordi- strength data for structural design allowables, material speci-
nate system has meaning only with respect to an individual fications, research and development, and quality assurance.
orthotropic lamina. The related term for laminated composites Factors that influence the notched tensile strength and should
is “reference coordinate system.” therefore be reported include the following: material, methods
3.2.3 reference coordinate system, n—a coordinate system of material fabrication, accuracy of lay-up, laminate stacking
for laminated composites used to define ply orientations. One sequence and overall thickness, specimen geometry, specimen
of the reference coordinate system axes (normally the Carte- preparation (especially of the hole), specimen conditioning,
sian x-axis) is designated the reference axis, assigned a environment of testing, specimen alignment and gripping,
position, and the ply principal axis of each ply in the laminate speed of testing, void content, and volume percent reinforce-
is referenced relative to the reference axis to define the ply ment. Properties that may be derived from this test method
orientation for that ply. include the following:
3.2.4 specially orthotropic, adj—a description of an ortho- 5.1.1 Open hole (notched) tensile strength (OHT).
tropic material as viewed in its principal material coordinate
system. In laminated composites, a specially orthotropic lami- 6. Interferences
nate is a balanced and symmetric laminate of the [0i/90j]ns 6.1 Hole Preparation—Due to the dominating presence of
family as viewed from the reference coordinate system, such the notch, and the lack of need to measure the material
that the membrane-bending coupling terms of the laminate response, results from this test method are relatively insensitive
constitutive relation are zero. to parameters that would be of concern in an unnotched tensile
3.3 Symbols: property test. However, since the notch dominates the strength,
3.3.1 A—cross-sectional area of a specimen. consistent preparation of the hole, without damage to the
3.3.2 CV—coefficient of variation statistic of a sample laminate, is important to meaningful results. Damage caused
population for a given property (in percent). by hole preparation will affect strength results. Some types of
3.3.3 D—hole diameter. damage, such as delaminations, can blunt the stress concentra-
3.3.4 h—specimen thickness. tion because of the hole, increasing the load-carrying capacity
3.3.5 n—number of specimens per sample population. of the specimen and the calculated strength.
3.3.6 N—number of plies in laminate under test. 6.2 Geometry—Results are affected by the ratio of specimen
3.3.7 FxOHTu—ultimate open hole (notched) tensile strength width to hole diameter; this ratio should be maintained at 6,
in the test direction. unless the experiment is investigating the influence of this
3.3.8 Pmax—maximum load carried by test specimen prior ratio. Results may also be affected by the ratio of hole diameter
to failure. to thickness; the preferred ratio is the range from 1.5 to 3.0
3.3.9 sn−1—standard deviation statistic of a sample popula- unless the experiment is investigating the influence of this
tion for a given property. ratio.
3.3.10 w—specimen width.
6.3 Material Orthotropy—The degree of laminate orthot-
3.3.11 xi—test result for an individual specimen from the
ropy strongly affects the failure mode and measured OHT
sample population for a given property.
strength. Valid OHT strength results should only be reported
3.3.12 x̄—mean or average (estimate of mean) of a sample
when appropriate failure modes are observed, in accordance
population for a given property.
with 11.4.
3.3.13 s—normal stress.
6.4 Thickness Scaling—Thick composite structures do not
4. Summary of Test Method necessarily fail at the same strengths as thin structures with the
4.1 A uniaxial tension test of a balanced, symmetric lami- same laminate orientation (that is, strength does not always
nate is performed in accordance with Test Method D 3039/ scale linearly with thickness). Thus, data gathered using this
D 3039M, although with a centrally located hole. Edge- test method may not translate directly into equivalent thick-
mounted extensometer displacement transducers are optional. structure properties.
Ultimate strength is calculated based on the gross cross- 6.5 Other—Additional sources of potential data scatter in
sectional area, disregarding the presence of the hole. While the testing of composite materials are described in Test Method
hole causes a stress concentration and reduced net section, it is D 3039/D 3039M.

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 D 5766/D 5766M – 02a
7. Apparatus 8.2.2 Dimensions—The width of the specimen is 36 6 1
7.1 Apparatus shall be in accordance with Test Method mm [1.50 6 0.05 in.] and the length range is 200 to 300 mm
D 3039/D 3039M. Additionally, a micrometer or gage capable [8.0 to 12.0 in.]. The notch consists of a centrally located hole,
of determining the hole diameter to 60.025 mm [60.001 in.] 6 6 0.06 mm [0.250 6 0.003 in.] in diameter, centered by
is required. length to within 0.12 mm [0.005 in.] and by width to within
0.05 mm [0.002 in.]. While tabs may be used, they are not
8. Sampling and Test Specimens required and generally not needed, since the open hole acts as
8.1 Sampling—Sampling shall be in accordance with Test sufficient stress riser to force failure in the notched region.
Method D 3039/D 3039M. 8.3 Specimen Preparation—Special care shall be taken to
8.2 Geometry—The specimen geometry shall be in accor- ensure that creation of the specimen hole does not delaminate
dance with Test Method D 3039/D 3039M, as modified by the or otherwise damage the material surrounding the hole. Holes
following, and illustrated by the schematic of Fig. 1. Any should be drilled undersized and reamed to final dimensions.
variation of the stacking sequence, specimen width or length, Record and report the specimen hole preparation methods.
or hole diameter from that specified shall be clearly noted in Other specimen preparation techniques and requirements are
the report. noted in Test Method D 3039/D 3039M.
8.2.1 Stacking Sequence—The standard tape and fabric 9. Calibration
laminates shall have multidirectional fiber orientations (fibers
shall be oriented in a minimum of two directions), and 9.1 Calibration shall be in accordance with Test Method
balanced and symmetric stacking sequences. Nominal thick- D 3039/D 3039M.
ness shall be 2.5 mm [0.10 in.], with a permissible range of 2 10. Conditioning
to 4 mm [0.080 to 0.160 in.], inclusive. Fabric laminates
10.1 Conditioning shall be in accordance with Test Method
containing satin-type weaves shall have symmetric warp sur-
D 3039/D 3039M.
faces, unless otherwise noted in the report.
NOTE 2—Typically a [45i/-45i/0j/90k]ms tape or [45i/0j]ms fabric lami- 11. Procedure
nate should be selected such that a minimum of 5 % of the fibers lay in 11.1 Parameters To Be Specified Prior to Test:
each of the four principal orientations. This laminate design has been 11.1.1 The tension specimen sampling method, specimen
found to yield the highest likelihood of acceptable failure modes. type and geometry, and conditioning travelers (if required).
11.1.2 The tensile properties and data reporting format
desired.
NOTE 3—Determine specific material property, accuracy, and data
reporting requirements prior to test for proper selection of instrumentation
and data recording equipment. Estimate the specimen strength to aid in
transducer selection, calibration of equipment, and determination of
equipment settings.
11.1.3 The environmental conditioning test parameters.
11.1.4 If performed, extensometry requirements and related
calculations.
11.1.5 If performed, the sampling method, specimen geom-
etry, and test parameters used to determine density and
reinforcement volume.
11.2 General Instructions:
11.2.1 Report any deviations from this test method, whether
intentional or inadvertent.
11.2.2 If specific gravity, density, reinforcement volume or
void volume are to be reported then obtain these samples from
the same panels being tension tested. Specific gravity and
density may be evaluated by means of Test Methods D 792.
Volume percent of the constituents may be evaluated by one of
the matrix digestion procedures of Test Method D 3171, or, for
certain reinforcement materials such as glass and ceramics, by
the matrix burn-off technique of Test Method D 2584. The void
content equations of Test Methods D 2734 are applicable to
both Test Method D 2584 and the matrix digestion procedures.
11.2.3 Condition the specimens as required. Store the speci-
mens in the conditioned environment until test time, if the test
environment is different than the conditioning environment.
11.2.4 Following any conditioning, but before the tensile
FIG. 1 Schematic of Open Hole Tension Test Specimen testing, measure and report the specimen hole diameter to the

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 D 5766/D 5766M – 02a
nearest 0.025 mm [0.001 in.]. Inspect the hole and areas where:
adjacent to the hole for delaminations. Report the location and FOHTu
x = ultimate open hole tensile strength, MPa [psi],
size of any delaminations found. Perform other measurements Pmax = maximum load prior to failure, N [lbf], and
in accordance with Test Method D 3039/D 3039M. A = gross cross-sectional area (disregarding hole)
11.3 Tensile Testing—Perform other measurements, and the from Test Method D 3039/D 3039M, mm2
tension test of the laminate specimen, in accordance with the [in.2].
Procedure section of Test Method D 3039/D 3039M. If strain NOTE 4—The hole diameter is ignored in the strength calculation; the
response local to the hole is to be determined, attach either one gross cross-sectional area is used.
or two extensometers to the specimen edge(s) ensuring the hole
13.2 Width to Diameter Ratio—Calculate the actual width
is located within the extensometer gage section.
to diameter ratio, as shown in Eq 2. Report both the nominal
11.4 Failure Modes—Failures that do not occur at the hole ratio calculated using nominal values and the actual ratio
are not acceptable failure modes and the data shall be noted as calculated with measured dimensions.
invalid. The failure is often heavily influenced by delamination
w
and the failure mode may exhibit much delamination. Three- w/D ratio 5 D (2)
place failure mode descriptors for these modes, following those
given in Test Method D 3039/D 3039M and summarized in where:
Table 1, shall be used. This notation uses the first place to w = width of specimen across hole, mm [in.], and
describe failure type, the second to describe failure area, and D = diameter of hole, mm [in.].
the last to describe failure location. Failure mode codes for 13.3 Diameter to Thickness Ratio—Calculate the actual
valid tests for this test method are limited to *GM, where the diameter to thickness ratio, as shown in Eq 3. Report both the
second and third place holders are limited to “Gage Middle.” nominal ratio calculated using nominal values and the actual
The first place holder would normally be either L for Lateral, ratio calculated with measured dimensions.
A for Angled, or M for Multi-mode. Fig. 2 illustrates these D
three acceptable failure modes. The mode of failure may be D/h ratio 5 h (3)
found to vary on different sides of the hole.
where:
12. Validation D = diameter of hole, mm [in.], and
h = specimen thickness near hole, mm [in.].
12.1 Values for ultimate properties shall not be calculated 13.4 Percent Bending—If two edge-mounted extensometers
for any specimen that breaks at some obvious flaw, unless such are used, edgewise percent bending may be calculated in
flaw constitutes a variable being studied. Retests shall be accordance with Test Method D 3039/D 3039M.
performed for any specimen on which values are not calcu- 13.5 Statistics—For each series of tests calculate the aver-
lated. age value, standard deviation, and coefficient of variation (in
12.2 A significant fraction of failures in a sample population percent) for each property determined:
occurring away from the center hole shall be cause to re- n
examine the means of load introduction into the material. x̄ 5 ~ ( xi!/n (4)
i51
Factors considered should include the grip pressure, grip
alignment, and specimen thickness taper.
sn21 5 Œ(
~
n

i51
x2i 2 nx̄2!/~n 2 1! (5)

13. Calculation CV 5 100 3 sn 2 1/ x̄ (6)

13.1 Ultimate Strength—Calculate the ultimate open hole where:
tensile strength using Eq 1 and report the results to three x̄ = sample mean (average),
significant figures. sn−1 = sample standard deviation,
FOHTu 5 Pmax/A (1) CV = sample coefficient of variation, in percent,
x
n = number of specimens, and
xi = measured or derived property.
TABLE 1 Three-Place Failure Mode Codes
14. Report
First Character Second Character Third Character
Failure Failure Failure
14.1 The report shall include all appropriate parameters in
Code Code Code accordance with Test Method D 3039/D 3039M, making use of
Type Area Location
Angled A Inside grip/tab I Bottom B Guides E 1309, E 1471, and E 1434.
edge D At grip/tab A Top T 14.2 In addition, the report shall include the following
Delamination information, or references pointing to other documentation
Grip/tab G <1W from grip/tab W Left L
Lateral L Gage G Right R containing this information, to the maximum extent applicable
Multi-mode M(xyz) Multiple areas M Middle M (reporting of items beyond the control of a given testing
long. Splitting S Various V Various V laboratory, such as might occur with material details or panel
eXplosive X Unknown U Unknown U
Other O fabrication parameters, shall be the responsibility of the re-
questor):

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 D 5766/D 5766M – 02a

FIG. 2 Acceptable Open Hole Tensile Failure Modes

TABLE 2 1989 Round-Robin Data

14.2.1 The revision level or date of issue of this test method. FOHTu
x , MPa [ksi]
14.2.2 Any variations to this test method, anomalies noticed Lab Material A A
Material BB Material CC
during testing, or equipment problems occurring during testing.
Average CV Average CV Average CV
14.2.3 Nominal width to diameter ratio, and actual width to
1 279 [40.5] 2.72 422 [61.2] 1.12 477 [69.2] 1.31
diameter ratio for each specimen. 2 283 [41.1] 7.98 400 [58.0] 2.60 475 [68.9] 1.90
14.2.4 Nominal diameter to thickness ratio and actual diam- 3 276 [40.0] 6.98 412 [59.8] 1.92 465 [67.5] 1.07
eter to thickness ratio for each specimen. 4 272 [39.4] 4.47 422 [61.2] 1.72 472 [68.4] 3.00
5 283 [41.0] 5.51 414 [60.0] 1.52 473 [68.6] 3.41
14.2.5 Individual ultimate open hole tensile strengths and 6 283 [41.0] 3.15 419 [60.8] 2.12 485 [70.4] 3.61
average value, standard deviation, and coefficient of variation 7 280 [40.6] 5.64 416 [60.4] 4.30 470 [68.1] 5.39
(in percent) for the population. 8 273 [39.6] 7.04 414 [60.0] 3.55 482 [69.9] 2.22
9 265 [38.5] 2.75 419 [60.7] 3.31 480 [69.6] 6.70
14.2.6 Extensometer type, stress-strain curves, tabulated
stress versus strain data, or percent bending versus load or head Average 277 [40.2] 5.05 415 [60.2] 2.46 476 [69.0] 3.18
CV 5.31 2.86 3.53
displacement, or combination thereof, for each specimen so A
Carbon/brittle epoxy fabric at [45/0/−45/90]s using 34 Msi modulus carbon
evaluated. fiber.
14.2.7 Failure mode and location of failure for each speci- B
Carbon/toughened epoxy tape at [45/0/−45/90]2s using 42 Msi modulus
men. carbon fiber.
C
Carbon/thermoplastic tape at [45/0/−45/90]2s using 42 Msi modulus carbon
fiber.
15. Precision and Bias
15.1 Round-Robin Results—A round robin for precision TABLE 3 1989 Round-Robin Statistics
data was conducted on this test method in 1989. Nine labora- Between Observation 95 % Confidence Interval
tories participated in the evaluation of three material systems Material System Within Laboratory Between Laboratories
from three different material suppliers, using quasi-isotropic RepeatabilityA 2.8 3 Sr ReproducibilityA 2.8 3 SR
A 15.1 15.1
laminates. Each laboratory tested at ambient laboratory condi- B 7.44 8.09
tions a randomly distributed sample of 5 specimens of each C 10.2 10.2
material type, prepared by the material supplier, using a A
Normalized to mean, in percent.
loading rate of 0.05 in./min. All specimens were untabbed, and
gripping methods among the laboratories varied. The conduct
of the round-robin deviated from this test method in two 15.2 Precision:
respects: thickness was measured via a double-ball micrometer, 15.2.1 The precision is defined as a 95 % confidence inter-
and material moisture content was not controlled. The average val, which can be expressed two ways. Practice E 691 suggests
results for each laboratory are listed in Table 2. that for this degree of confidence the maximum difference

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 D 5766/D 5766M – 02a
between an individual observation and the average should be 15.2.3 The results, summarized in Table 3 indicate that this
within 2.0 standard deviations, while the maximum difference test method is relatively insensitive to minor variations in
between any two observations should be within 2.8 standard testing practices, but is sensitive to material type.
deviations. For brevity, only the magnitude of the latter is 15.3 Bias—Bias cannot be determined for this test method
reported; the former can be derived from the latter. Two types as no acceptable reference standard exists.
of precision can also be defined: within-laboratory (the repeat-
ability) or between-laboratory (the reproducibility); both of 16. Keywords
which are reported.
15.2.2 The within-laboratory conditions were essentially 16.1 composite materials; open hole tensile strength; ten-
single-operator, one-day, same-apparatus conditions, during sion testing
which time neither the apparatus nor environment was likely to
change appreciably.

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