` Cisco IOS (originally Internetwork Operating System)

is a family of software used on most Cisco Systems

routers and current Cisco network switches.
` CLI (command line interface) by which user issues
commands example CMD prompt , MS – DOS are best
examples
l off operating
i system Command
C d line
li interface
i f

` We will perform our lab on Cisco packet tracer to

design and understand network and devices
behavior
 ` A router is a device that forwards data packets
along networks. A router is connected to at least
two networks, commonly two LANs or WANs.

` User Mode : when we access a router it is usually in

user mode where user have only “show
show Commands ”
Rights . For security purposes, only a limited subset
of commands are available in user mode
C
Command
d line{
li { Router>
R t > }
` Privileged mode : In order to have access to all
commands,, yyou must enter pprivileged
g EXEC mode. A is Superset
p of B

privileged EXEC mode is a superset of the user EXEC

mode commands.
Command line{ Router# }
` Configuration Mode : by means of global configuration
mode you can enter a variety of protocol-specific or
feature-specific configuration modes like (interface
configuration
g mode).) The CLI hierarchy
y requires
q that yyou
enter these
h specific
f configuration
f modes
d only l through
h h
global configuration mode Command line { Router(config)# }
Interface Configuration
g mode

Configuration mode

Privileged mode

User Mode

` Interface Configuration Mode : Interface

configuration
g commands modify y the operation
p of
an interface Command line {Router(config-if)# }
` MAC Address: Media Access Control address is
device address that uniquely identify a device.
` It is 48 bit address having three 16 bits hexadecimal
numbers separated by “Dot” for example:
0001.C91E.BE40
` Band width: is also defined as the amount of data
that can be transmitted in a fixed amount of time
` HyperTerminal: is a program that you can use to
connect to other computers, Telnet sites, bulletin
board systems (BBSs),
(BBSs) online services,
services and host
computers.
` Telnet:Telnet command in TCP/IP / protocol
p is used for
accessing computers Remotely.
` Virtual terminal: What if multiplep users want to
work on a single system at A time, for this we will
use virtual terminals.
Examples
p are p physical
y credit card terminal or Point-of-Sale
(POS) machine
` Types Of Communication:
A Simplex: One Way Communication. From sender
A.
to receiver only

B. Duplex:
D l Two
T Way
W Communication
C i ti is
i called
ll d
duplex. Means sender sends and receiver both
sends and receives the data
` Types
yp Off Duplex
p Communication:

A. Half Duplex: At a Time only one sender(A) can

send the data.
data

A B

Time Stamp 1
Time Stamp 2
A. Full Duplex: At a Time Both A and B can send
and receive the data
Tx Ring Limit: Each interface has a pair of rings - a
receive ring for receiving packets and a transmit ring
for transmitting packets. The size of the rings can vary
for different interfaces. In g
general,, the size of the
transmit ring is based on bandwidth of the interface

That’s
all
we
discussed
above
Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) is
a network protocol that enables a server to automatically assign
an IP address to a computer from a defined range of numbers.
The console and auxiliary ports on routers are asynchronous
serial ports. The console port and the auxiliary port are
configured as data terminal equipment (DTE)
Console Port (DTE)

Pin1 Signal Input/Output

1 - -

2 DTR (Data Terminal Ready) Output

3 TxD (output on a DTE device) Output

4 GND -

5 GND -

6 RxD(Input or Received data on DTE Device) Input

7 DSR(Data Set Ready) Input Data Communications

8 - - Equipment.
Auxiliary Port (DTE)
Pin2 Signal Input/Output Data Terminal Equipment
1 RTS(Request To Send) Output

2 DTR(Data Terminal Ready) Output DCE is located at service

3 TXD(output on a DTE device) Output provider end and provide clock
4 GND - to the DTE(device where
5 GND -
service is being
b given))
6 RxD(Input or Received data on DTE Device) Input
7 DSR(Data Set Ready) Input
(will see in detail in lab 05)
8 CTS(Clear To Send) Input
1. Serial link sends one bit at a time over the wires
as far
f as Eth
Ethernett iis concern we can send
d 10 bit
bits
at a time in parallel

2. Ethernet has distance limitation and serial can

send data up to miles. As routers are physically
presentt att di
distance
t so we use serial
i l li
link
k tto
connect them
3. Ethernett is
Eth i now converted
t d iinto
t fib
fiber optics
ti and
d
can cover miles and in gigs of speeds
1. Both commands refer to remotely access to any
computer
t
2. SSH offers security mechanisms that protect the
users against
g malicious attacks while Telnet has
no security measures .
3. Telnet designed for private and ssh designed
for public network
4. Telnet works on Application layer whereas Ssh
works
k on transport llayer(TCP/IP)
(TCP/IP)
Do remember that Config t = configure terminal
are same commands.

CISCO commands are not case sensitive

In privileged mode we can type show commands as:

` “show
show version
version” - shows IOS statistics
` “show startup-config” – shows the configuration during
startup
p
` “show running-config” – shows the run time configuration
` “show flash “ – gives details of flash memory where IOS is
stored
` “show protocols” – shows protocol and interface statistics
` “show
show interface “ – gives detailed statistics on each
interface
` “show interface s0” - Try
y this command with some other
interfaces as well.
In privileged mode we can type show commands as:
` "Fast Ethernet n is up, line protocol is down": - "The
specified
p Fast Ethernet interface has been correctly y
configured and enabled, but the Ethernet cable might be
disconnected from the LAN."
` "F t Eth
"Fast Ethernett n is
i up, line
li protocol
t l iis U
Up":
" - "The
"Th
specified Fast Ethernet interface has been correctly
configured and Ethernet cable is properly connected
` "Fast Ethernet n is down, line Protocol is Down": -
“neither The specified Fast Ethernet interface has been
correctly configured nor Ethernet cable is properly
connected
` improperly
p p y configured
fg interface
f will not make the
interface functional
` S l the
Solve h exercises
i at the
h back
b k off your work
kbbook.
k