Law Enforcement
Law Enforcement
ORGANIZATION
AND
ADMINISTRATION
PROFESSOR
CHAPTER I:
I. THE ORGANIZATION
A. Organization
- A group of persons working together for a common goal or objectives: a form of human association for the attainment of
a goal or objective.
- The process of identifying and grouping the work to be performed, defining and delegating responsibility and authority;
and establishing relationships for the purpose of enabling people to work effectively.
- A system of coordinated activities(All organizations are composed of parts and relationships. The parts of organization
are the activities or functions being performed and they are organized when they assume certain logical relationships) of a
group of people working in a concentrated manner towards a common goal under an authority and leadership. Cooperation
- Organizations are normally structured on a superior- subordinate relationship. Therefore , authority is a universal element
of all organizations. Leadership is a persona quality which exhorts willing collaboration towards a common goal.
B. Police Organization . It is a group of trained personnel in the field of public safety administration engaged in the
achievement of goals and objectives that promotes the maintenance of peace and order, protection of life and property,
C. Administration. It is an organizational process concerned with the implementation of objective and plans and
internal operating efficiency that connotes bureaucratic structure and behavior, relatively routine decisions-making
D. Police Administration. It is the process involved in ensuring strict compliance, proper obedience of laws and
related statutes hat focuses on the policing process or how law enforcement most agencies are the organized and
managed in order to achieve the goals of law enforcement most effectively, efficiently and productively.
A. Primary or Line Functions . These are functions that carry out that major purposes of the organization,
deliver the services and deal directly with the public. Examples of the line functions of the police are patrolling,
B. Staff/Administrative Functions. These are the functions that are designed to support the line functions and .
in the performance of the line functions. Examples of the staff functions of the police are planning, research
C. Auxiliary Functions. These are the functions involving the logical operations of the organization such as
communication, maintenance, and equipment management.
A. Operational Units. Those that perform primary or line functions like patrol, traffic, investigation, and vice
control.
B. Administrative Units. Those that perform the administrative functions like personnel, finance, planning and
training.
C. Service Units. Those that perform auxiliary functions such as communication and records management.
A. Bureau. It is the largest organic unit within a large department. The PNP is a bureau under the Department of
C. Section. It is the functional unit within a particular division. This is necessary for specialization.
V. ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURES
It is the systematic arrangement of the relationship of the members, positions, departments and functions or
work of the organization. It comprises the functions relationships, responsibilities and authorities of individuals
1. Line
- It is defined by its clear chain of command from the highest to the lowest and vice versa.
- Orders or Commands must come from the higher level of authority before it can be carried out.
2. Functional
- Responsibilities are divided among authorities who are all accountable to the authority above.
The Philippine National Police follow the line and staff kind of organizational structure.
a. Tun Policing System. A system of policing that emerged during the Anglo-Saxon period whereby all
male residents were required to guard the town (tun)in order to preserve peace and protect the lives and
properties of the people. Ten families in a town is called tithing. Each tithing elected a leader who was
known as the Tithingman. Since 10 tithings amounted to 100 families, the leader of the 100 families
named Reeve. Both the tithingman and Reeve were elected officials, They possessed judicial power as
b. Hue and Cry. Provided methods of apprehending a criminal by an act of the complainant’s shout in order
c. Trial by Ordeal. A judicial practice wherein the guilt or innocence of the accused is determined by him to
an unpleasant, usually dangerous experience. The word ”ordeal” is derived from the Medieval Latin word “
Judicium Dei ” which means “ Judgmen2. Normal Period of Policing System(1066-1225 Ad)
Ad)
a. Shire-Reeve
- Shire – division of fifty-five(55) military areas in England when it was under the Regime of France.
- Rieve ( the head- man)- the military leader (lieutenants of the army) who was in charge of the Shires.
- Constabuli or The Keeper of the Horse- appointed to each village to aid the Rieve in his duties. It is where
- Shiere-Rieve – A person with absolute powers that no one could questions his or her actions. It is where the
b. Travelling Judge. The Judge selected to hear cases which were formerly being decided by the Shire-Rieve
and tasked to travel through an area and hear and decide criminal cases. This was the first instance
of
c. Leges Henrici Primi or Laws of Henry I. It is an act that was enacted during this period, to wit:
- the police and the citizens have the broad power to arrest, It introduced the system called” citizen’s
arrest” ; and
-d. Magna Carta. The law enacted upon the demand of the knights of the Round Table forcing the King to
- no person shall be tried for murder unless there is a period of the body of the victim.
e. Frankpledge System. It is a system whereby a group of ten(10) neighboring male residents whose ages
are over twelve (12) years old were required to guard the town in order to preserve peace and protect the
a. Statute of 1295. The law that marks the beginning of the curfew hours which demanded the closing of the
b. Justice of the Peace. Three or four men who were learned in the law of the land were given authority to
pursue an arrest, chastise and imprison violators of the law. They handled felonies, misdemeanors and
infractions of cities or villages ordinances. This was later abolished about 75 years later.
c. Courts of the Star-Chamber (1487). It is a special court designed to try offenders against the state. The
room set-up is formed in a shape of a star and judges were given great powers such as the powers to force
testimony from a defendant leading to a great abuse of power or brutality on the part of the judges. no person shall be tried for murder unless
there is a proof of the body of he victim.t of God”
In 1829,Sir Robert Pee introduced the Metropolitan Police Act which was passed by the Parliament of
England. This period was the milestone of England’s police force. Sir Robert Peel became famous and
1. The police are the public and the public are the police.
6. A citizen’s respect for law develops his respect for the police.
The institution of police in the Philippines formally started during the Spanish period. The establishment of the police force
was not entirely intended for crime prevention or peacekeeping, but it was also created as an extension of the Spanish
1. Spanish Period
a. Carabineros. It was organized in 1712 for the purpose of carrying the regulations of the Department of
b. Guadrilleros /Cuadrillo. They were rural police organized in each town and established by the Rural ecree
on January 18, 1836. This decree provided that 5% of the able bodied male inhabitants of each province
c. Guardia Civil. This was created by a Royal Decree issued by the Crown on February 12, 1852 to partially
2. American Period
The Americans established the United States Philippine Commission headed by General Howard Taft as its first
governor-general. On January 9, 1901, the Metropolitan Police Force of Manila was organized pursuant to Act No. 70 of the
Taft Commission. This was the basis for the celebration of the anniversary of the Manila’s Finest every 9th of January.
a. Organic Act No. 175. Vice Governor Luke E. Wright proposed the passage of Organic Act No. 175 which
recommended the creation of an Insular Force. On July 18, 1901, the proposed ordinance was approved by the Second
Philippine Commission. On August 8,1901, the Insular Constabulary was established under the general supervision of the
Civil Governor for maintaining peace, law and order in all the provinces of the Philippines.
b. Capt. Henry Allen. He was the first Chief of the Philippine Constabulary in 1901.
c. Act No. 183. It created the Manila Police Department , enacted on July 31,1901.
d. Capt. George Curry. He was the first Chief of Police of the Manila Police Department in 1901.
e. Act Nr. 255. The act that renamed the Insular Constabulary into the Philippine Constabulary, enacted on October
3, 1901.
f. Executive Order 389. It ordered that the Philippine Constabulary be one of the four services of the Armed Forces
RA 4864. It is otherwise known as the Police Professionalization Act of 1966 which was enacted on September 8, 1966.
It created the Police Commission(POLCOM) that was renamed into the National Police Commission (NAPOLCOM)
PD 765. It is otherwise known as the Integration Act of 1975, enacted on august 8, 1975. It
established the Integrated National Police (INP) composed of the Philippine Constabulary (PC) as the
nucleus and the Integrated Local the Police Forces as components. The authority of the NAPOLCOM over the
INP was transferred to the Office of the President and later to the Ministry of National Defense.
a. Executive Order No. 1012. It transferred to the city and municipal government the operational supervision and
direction over all INP units assigned within their locality. It took effect on July 10, 1985.
b. Executive Order No.1040. It transferred the administrative control and supervision of the INP from the Ministry of
c. R. A.157. It created the National Bureau of Investigation on June 19, 1947 and later reorganized by R.A. 2678.
d. RA 6975. It is otherwise known as the Department of the Interior and Local Government (DILG) Act of 1990, enacted
on December 13, 1990. It reorganized the DILG and established the Philippine National Police, Bureau of Fire
Protection, Bureau of Jail Management and Penology and the Philippine Public Safety College.
On January 29, 1991, the Philippine National Police (PNP) composed of the members of the former Philippine
Constabulary/Integrated National Police and selected members of Philippine Air Force Security Command Philippine
e. Republic Act No. 8551 . It is known as the “ PNP Reform and Reorganization Act of 1998 which was enacted on
February
27,1998 amening certain provisions of Republic Act No. 6975 and allowing the reorganization of the PNP to enable too
cope up and effectively perform its mandate – to enforce the low, prevent and control crimes, maintain peace and order
and ensure public safety and internal security with the active support of the community.
f. RA 9708. It is the law amending the provisions of RA 6975 and RA 8551 on the minimum educational qualification for
appointment to the PNP and adjusting the promotion system. It took effect on August 12, 2009.
- Brig Gen Rafael T. Crame (1917-1927) the first (1st Filipino Chief of the Philippine Constabulary in 1917
- Brig Gen Federico G. Oboza (1945-1946)-The first Provost Marshal General, Chief, PC (January1, 1948-December
20,1948)
- Big Gen Mariano N. Castaneda (1946-1948) – Provost Marshal General, Chief PC (January1, 1948- December 20, 1948).
- Brig Gen Fidel V Ramos (1972-1975) ig Gen Dominador Garcia (January 1, 1963)
VIII. CHIEFS OF THE PHILIPPINE NATIONAL POLICE AND THEIR TRANSFORMATION PROGRAMS
(1992-1993)
- Professionalism, Competence, Integrity
Records Management
P- Prevention and Control of rimes primarily through COPS or Community Oriented Policing System.
C - Coordination with other government Agencies, Non- government Organizations and International Police Community
E - Efficiency and Effectiveness in the Development and Management of Human and Material Resource
- HOPE
H - Honest
O - Orderly
P - Peaceful
E - Election
- DREAM Strategy
D – Dispersal of the police from the Headquarters into the streets – where they most needed.
_1
- “ No-take” policy
_ KA I S A
K - keep the readiness of the Police Units and Personnel to Serve and Protect the People
A - Advocacy of Crime Prevention and Suppression through the development and practice of Community Oriented
- First Chief PNP under Arroyo Administrationada Administrationst serving Chief PNP
- Integrated Transformation Program PNP-ITP – Transforming the PNP into more capable effective and credible police force.
The PNP Integrated Transformation Program (ITP) which had been launched on July 28, 2005 is the organization’s
roadmap for long term and lasting reforms. Capacity-building and operational capability are among the programs priorities.
PNP-ITP
THE PNP ITP had taken into account twelve key result areas to achieve the transformation of the police force.
12 Key Result Areas of the PNP- ITP:
- Improve the functional delineation and coordination between law enforcement agencies and the conventional
police institutions.
I. 9th – 2002 PDG HERMOGENES E. EBDANE JR. ( July 4, 2002 – August 23, 2004)
O –Organizational Reforms in operations and procedures to enhance PNP strengths and address weaknesses that block
performance.
N - Neighborhood Partnership for Community based anti-crime programs. Networks of people and organizations to
E – Education, Training and Benefits improvement is our investment in the police who will do battle to win the streets.
J. 10TH -2004 PDG EDGAR B. AGLIPAY (August 24, 2004- March 13, 2005)
- CARE
C – Courtesy
A - Action
R - Result
E – Examplle - Remove institutional mechanisms that render the PNP vulnerable to politicization and erode its unit of command and internal
management authority.
- Strengthen the NAPOLCOM as body tasked with the formulation of rules and regulations and standards for the entire police
system.
- Adopt mechanisms for institutional continuity and stability, particularly in police leadership.
2. Police Operations
- Provide police stations with the appropriate work tools and strengthen crime research to support more effective crime
management operations.
3. Facilities Development
- Upgrade physical facilities and equipment in support to police field operations, including the updating of police equipment
- Develop and upgrade the facilities, equipment and physical set-up of the PNP Crime Laboratory.
- Provide model infrastructure for police stations and sub-stations. An important component of this program is the
improvement of capacities
- Initiate Policy reforms in human resource development and improve the human resource management systems including
staffing, recruitment
and selection, personnel administration, career development and promotion, police remuneration,, and police education
and training,
Two important components of this program include the reengineering of the institutional framework of police education
and training and particularly strengthening the capacities and organization of the Philippine Public Safety College, Integrating
all police training therein, and strengthening police education and training curricula.
- Streamline and improve the entire financial management system by infusing more appropriate tools that will allow
systematize linkage between strategic and operational plans, budget prioritization and detail formulation.
- Decentralize administrative and financial management to the appropriate enterprise units in the field while strengthening
and integrating
- Develop results- based monitoring and evaluation systems which will be run at the operational and oversight levels of the
PNP organization.
An essential component of this program will be the formulation and implementation of a crime Indicators System that
will identify an appropriate set of indicators that will guide the monitoring and evaluation of the country’s crime situation and its
performance, and then corresponding procedures for data generation and reporting.
- Develop and implement a PNP Integrated Crime Management Information System, or CMIS. The system will be
designed to work as part of the broader criminal justice information system architecture. The PNPCMIS will operate at the police
station level providing transaction processing modules that will feed into a crime database, tracking, and monitoring system that
will enable rime mapping an analysis at station and higher geographical levels.
- Demonstrate the effectiveness of the fundamental institutional and system reforms y combining them with a more
comprehensive locality
community-based peace and order planning and management that will involve various stakeholders.
- Support the implementation of the transformation program from start to finish by providing broad and stakeholder
information education and advocacy strategies and interventions which will engender active cooperation and support.
- Take the lead in implementing the medium term reform program by enhancing the institutional framework and
- Prepare plans and manage the entire change management and day to- day reform development, content
11. Anti-Corruption
- Envisioned to prevent the misuse of power and position in the PNP organization which undermines the integrity of
police personnel along with the promotion of police integrity and morality as primer law enforcers.
- Aimed to promote right as a basic value in the conduct of operations and in accordance with the international standards of
- The four elements of the PNP Quad Concept are interlinked balancing everything making sure that they are
synchronized with the institution’s mission “ to serve and protect.”
- intelligence
- investigation
- Operations
- Police Community
M. 13th – PDG AVELINNO I. RAZON JR. (October 1,2007- September 27, 2008
PDG VERSOZA had made known his vision and projections with the integration of the PNP Medium-Term
Development Plan along with the Performance Governance System (PGS) and the PNP Integrated Transformation Program
(ITP).
Through a Memorandum issued on July 9,2009 by then Executive Secretary Eduardo ERMITA , the PNP was mandated
together with other five (5) national government agencies to participate in the MCC program requiring the institutionalization of
Performance Governance System. The PNP was chosen mainly because it was deemed ready for productive participation in
good governance based on the progress of its ITP which provides a good basis for the adoption of a comprehensive
governance system anchored on the impact that this brings to the community that the PNP directly serves. In compliance to the
said Memorandum, PNP Letter of Instructions (LOI) 53/09 was issued, mandating the initiation and institutionalization of the
PGS in the Philippine National Police, Since then, the PNP has progressed much in cascading PGS in all offices and units
nationwide.
Peace and Order Agenda for Transformation and Upholding of the Rule- of -Law (PNP P.A.T.R.O.L. and upholding Plan
2030). The PNP Peace and Order Agenda for Transformation and upholding of the Rule- of –Law Plan 2030 is the official
transformation and development program of the PNP crafted as along-term, well-defined, integrated and synchronized strategic
plan that utilizes the balanced scorecard system to evaluate the overall performance of the PNP and its progress towards
strategic objectives. I is the product of the Integrated Transformation Program of the PNP and the Performance Governance
System.
The Performance Governance System (PGS) refers to the Philippine adaptation of the balanced Scorecard(BSC)
framework administered by the Institute for solidarity in Asia (ISA) and implemented by the PNP and other organization as part
of the Philippine Government’s commitment with its application for the Millennium Challenge Corporation Grant. The PGS has a
four-stage governance pathway that must be complied ith to institutionalize the system.
1. Initiation. The stage of initiation is for strategy formulation where the PNP has developed its Charter Statement,
strategic change agenda strategy map, the agency governance scorecard and portfolio of strategic initiatives.
2. Compliance. The stage of compliance is for alignment of organization and resources where the PNP has adopted
a strategy –driven budget, second-level scorecards, a multisectoral governance council and a strategic
Communications Plan.
3. Proficiency – The stage of proficiency is for integrating strategy into key management processes where the PNP has
established the score card reports and performance analysis, operations strategy review by an Office of Strategy Management
with the multi-sectoral governance council, strategy refresh with the multi-sectoral governance council and Third Party
Performance.
4. Institutionalization. The stage of institutionalization is for linking strategy to key management process where the
PNP will implement a scorecard infrastructure linked to individual performance, performance –based rewards and incentivvs and
1. Resource Management
The enabling resources in pursuit of its mission should be adequate. Moreover, those resources provided which
are very limited should be used optimally. To help achieve maximum utilization of resources, the PNP must observe high
standards of transparency and accountability in all its financial and logistical transactions.
The PNP has to look forward into the future, in which it does things much better and more efficient through a more
competent capable and disciplined personnel and better core processes than in the past. The PNP shall invest in its human
resources and processes so it can earn its stakeholder’s support and undertake proper, efficient, and effective management of
its resources.
3. Process Excellence
This refers to the different core operational processes and practices the organization uses in carrying out its
mission. The four core processes of “ Intelligence” , “ Investigation”, “ operations” and “Police community relations” are given top
consideration.
4. Community
This refers to the objective of improving further the performance of the PNP, and undertaking a sustained public
information program utilizing its amended Communications Plan, with a view towards strengthening the partnership and
cooperation with the communities best serve it serves. The community is ultimately best served by highly capable and credible
police personnel that effectively uphold the rule of law resulting to a safer place to live, work and do business.
1. Train and re – train our police to his basic job with competence.
2. Review and streamline the procurement system to ensure that equipment and resources serve their process and
4. Implement a more responsive system of rewards and punishment with the Commander on the ground as the main
proponent.
5. Revitalize and institutionalize the partnership between the police and the community, with the local chief executive as
moving force.
6. Review the doctrine manuals and operational systems based on the organization’s 110 years of service from the days
8. Propagate the full appreciation and implementation of the human rights framework .
1. Sustain the Integrated Transformation Program and Performance Governance System (ITP-PGS) set targets that
work results as determine thru a performance governance scorecard in all levels of command.
3. Develop competencies and enhance individual skills and specialization with premium on investigation, resource
4. Deploy one Policeman in every barangay who will act as conduit between the community and his unit for effective
5. Develop human rights Help Desks in all police stations and strict adherence to the basic tenets of human rights with
7. Enhance the procurement, financial and logistics management systems by strengthening the Operations, Plan and
Budget Committee (OPBC) and Operations Performance Index Framework(OPIF) to ensure utmost transparency
and
8. Continuous build build-up of police equipage through a maximized utilization of resources with the initial goal of filing-up
9. Strengthen the reward and disciplinary system a quick giving of rewards to deserving personnel and acknowledgement of t
their good deeds, and decisive in punishing the misfits and the undisciplined.
10. Enhance morale and welfare projects by way of equipping, training, shelter, salary increase and other benefits of
personnel to encourage them to perform their best and win the community over to their side.
1. Competence
2. Organizational Development
3. Discipline
4. Excellence
5. Professionalism
R. 18th – PDG RICARDO C. MARQUEZ
- PNP P. A. T. R.O. L Plan 2030 ( Project” DOUBLE BARREL” AND Project “ TOKHANG”)
Double Barrel is the brainchild project of the CNP PDG RONALD M, DE LA ROSA in consonance with the marching
order of President Rodrigo Duterte (upon his assumption to office last June 30,2016to address the worsening illegal
drugs problem in the country. The PNP’s anti- illegal drugs campaign plan which has a two-pronged approach, namely
Project HVT targeting High Value Targets which represents the upper barrel and Project Tokhang, a Visayan term for “
Toktok”-Hangyo” which represents the lower barrel wherein police officers will visit and knock on doors of houses of
FERANIL GAMBOA
- PNP P.A.T.R.O. L. 2030 (Internal Cleansing and Achieving of Ideal Body Mass Index (BMI)
1. Decongestion
2. Facilities Development
3. Delineation of Responsibilities
4. Human Resource /Skills Development
7. Leadership Development
9. Sustain the Gains and Enhance the Implementation of the PNP P.A.T.R.O. L. Plan 2030 Beyond Institutionalization.