TOPIC PAGE

PARTS OF SPEECH 1 – 96
Introduction 1–2

Noun 2–9
Different Types of Noun 2-4

Position of Noun 5-5

Countable Vs. Uncountable Noun 6-9

Pronoun 10 – 15

Adjective 15 – 21

Adverb 21 – 26
Position of Adverb 22 – 24

Forming Adverbs 24 - 26

Conjunction 26 – 28
Uses of Some Conjunction 27 - 28

Interjection 28 – 29

Inter Change of Parts of Speech 29 – 34

Identification of Parts of Speech 34 – 37

Number 38 – 40

Gender 41 – 42

Article 43 – 48

Phrase & Clause 49 – 50

Clause and Its Identification 51 – 53

Kinds of Adverbial Clause 54 - 56

Article 57 – 64

Correction 79 - 96

VERB 97 – 118
Introduction 105 - 108

Gerund, Infinitive, Participle & Verbal Noun 108 – 112

Modals 112 – 115

Conjugation of Verbs 115 – 118

Group Verb 97 - 104

RIGHT FORM OF VERB 119 – 130

Tense 119 – 130
Sequence of Tense 127 - 130

SPELLING MISTAKES 130 – 148

Introduction and Basic 130 – 135

Correct Spelling 135 - 148

SUBJECT VERB AGREEMENT 149 – 161

TRANSLATION 162 – 173

PROVERBS 174 – 176

VOCABULARY 177 – 212
Definition of Words 177 – 178

Expressions 178 – 178

Substitution of Single Words 178 – 185

Synonyms & Antonyms 185 – 203

Idioms & Phrase 204 - 212

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Parts of Speech
Introduction

◉ Parts A_©Ñ Ask mg~n, of A_©-Gi Ges speech A_©-evK¨| myZ ivs parts of speech n‡”Q ev‡K¨i Ask m¤ú~Y|
© ev‡K¨ e¨envi Abyhvqx
A_© cÖ`vbKvix wewfbœ †kÖwYi word ¸‡jv‡K parts of speech e‡j|

◉ Classification of Parts of Speech: The name of Speech in English Grammar is 8. (Bs‡iwR e¨vKi‡Y Parts of
Speech n‡”Q 8 cÖK vi)
◉ 8 cÖKvi Parts of Speech-Gi mswÿß cwiwPwZ:
01. Noun: e¨w³, ¯’vb ev e¯‘i bvg †evSvq|
†hgb: Karim, Dhaka, book BZ¨vw`|
02. Pronoun: Noun-Gi cwie‡Z© e¨eüZ kã †evSvq|
†hgb: He, She, it BZ¨vw`|
03. Adjective: Noun ev Pronoun-Gi †`vl, ¸Y, Ae¯’v, msL¨v, cwigvY eySv‡bvi Rb¨ e¨eüZ kã|
†hgb: good, bad, some, many BZ¨vw`|
04. Verb: †h word †Kvb KvR Kiv‡K eySvq Zv‡K verb e‡j|
†hgb: eat, walk, read BZ¨vw`|
05. Adverb: †h word †Kvb verb, adjective, adverb or sentence †K modify K‡i Zv‡K adverb e‡j|
†hgb: She is very beautiful. He walks fast. GLv‡b very Ges fast n‡”Q adverb.
06. Preposition: †h word †Kvb noun ev Pronoun-Gi c~‡e© e‡m H noun ev pronoun Gi mv‡_ ev‡K¨i Ab¨vb¨ k‡ãi gv‡S
m¤úK© ˆZwi K‡i Zv‡K preposition e‡j|
†hgb: at, in, on, with, by, between BZ¨vw`|
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07. Conjunction: †h word `yB word ev phrase ev clause †K wgj ev cv_©K¨ †`Lv‡bvi Rb¨ mshy³ Kiv nq Zv‡K Conjunction
e‡j|
†hgb: and, or, but, nor, since BZ¨vw`|
08. Interjection: †h word g‡bi AvKw¯§K Av‡eM cÖKvk K‡i Zv‡K Interjection e‡j|
†hgb: Alas! I am undone. Hurrah! we have won the game. GLv‡b Alas Ges Hurrah n‡”Q Interjection.

wb‡¤œ GKwU ev‡K¨B 8 cÖKvi Parts of Speech Gi e¨envi †`Lv‡bv n‡jv:

◉ Example
Hurrah! he ran swiftly to the stage and received the prize from the honorable principal
              
Interjection pronoun verb adverb prep adj noun conj verb adj noun prep adj adj noun
Dc‡ii ev‡K¨i cÖ‡Z¨KwU kãB A_© cÖ`vb K‡i ZvB cÖ‡Z¨KwU GK GKwU Parts of Speech.

Noun
Basics: Noun Gi evsjv nj Ôwe‡kl¨Õ †h‡Kvb wKQzi bvgB Noun| ZvB †h Word Øviv †Kvb wKQzi bvg (‡hgb: e¨w³, e¯‘, ¯’vb, †`k BZ¨vw`)
†evSvq Zv‡K Noun e‡j| GgbwK †Kvb ¸‡Yi bvgI Noun n‡e| Example: Sohel, Jinnia, Gold, Wood, Dhaka, Mymensingh, etc.
Different Types of Noun

◉ Kinds (cÖKvi‡f`): Noun ‡K g~jZ 2 fv‡M wef³ Kiv hvq: (1) Concrete Noun (Bw›`ªq MÖvn¨ we‡kl¨) I (2) Abstract Noun
(¸YevPK we‡kl¨)| Concrete Noun ‡K Avevi 4 fv‡M fvM Kiv hvq: (i) Proper, (ii) Common, (iii) Collective Ges (iv)
Material Noun| myZivs Noun me©‡gvU 5 cÖK vi|

◉ Proper Noun: ‡Kvb wbw`©ó e¨w³ ev ¯’v‡bi wbw`©ó bvg‡K Proper Noun ejv nq|

g‡b ivLyb: Proper Noun ¸‡jvi cÖ_g Aÿi Capital Letter G nq, G‡`i c~‡e© †Kvb Article e‡m bv ev G‡`i‡K Plural Kiv hvq
bv| Z‡e mvMi, gnvmvMi, DcmvMi, b`x, RvnvR, D‡ovRvnvR, msev`cÎ, weL¨vZ AÆvwjKv, ag©MÖš’ ev ce©Zgvjvi bv‡gi c~‡e© The e‡m|
Example: Bashar, Rahim, Rana, The Ittefaq(B‡ËdvK ), Bangladesh, Japan, Sohel, Rahim, Shamim, June BZ¨vw`|

◉ Common Noun: †h Noun †Kvb GKwU wbw`©ó e¨w³ ev ¯’vb‡K bv eywS‡q GKRvZxq mKj‡K eySvq Zv‡K Common Noun e‡j|
mvaviYfv‡e mgMÖ RvwZ‡K wb‡`©k Ki‡Z Common Noun Gi c~‡e© the e‡m, RvwZi GKwU m`m¨‡K wb‡`©k Ki‡Z a/an e‡m Avi K‡qKwU
m`m¨‡K wb‡`©k Ki‡Z Plural nq|
g‡b ivLyb: (i) Common Noun KLbI GKv GKv Singular Form G e‡m bv| A_©vr Cow GKwU Common Noun| ev‡K¨ KLbB ïay
Cow e¨eüZ n‡Z cvi‡e bv; the cow/ a cow/ cows wn‡m‡e e¨eüZ n‡e|
(ii) The + Adjective ev‡K¨ Plural Common Noun Gi KvR K‡i| Example: The rich are not always happy. (abxiv
memgq myLx bq|)
e¨wZµg: deceased I accused Gi c~‡e© the emv‡jI Zviv Plural Common Noun bv n‡q Singular Noun Gi gZ KvR K‡i|
Example: Bank (e¨vsK), Book (eB), Boy (evjK), Child (wkï), Children (‡Q‡j‡g‡q), City (bMix), College (gnvwe`¨vjq),
Doctor (Wv³vi), Envelope (Lvg), Fighter (‡hv×v), Girl (evwjKv), Harbour (‡cvZvkªq), Infant (wkï), Island (AvBj¨vÛ-Øxc),
Man, (gvbyl), Month (gvm), Pirate (cvB‡iU-Rj`my¨), Pupils (QvÎe„›`),Ring (AvswU), River (b`x), Sailor (bvweK ), Soldier
(‡mŠjRvi-‰mwbK)

Proper Noun Mashrafe Sakib

Common Noun Cricketer

Proper Noun Ges Common Noun Gi g‡a¨ cv_©K¨:

Proper Noun Common Noun
Proper Noun Øviv GKwU wbw`©ó bvg eySvq Ges Common Noun Øviv wbw`©ó †Kv‡bv bvg eySvq bv| GKRvZxq
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me©`vB Capital Letter Øviv ïiæ nq| mKj‡K †evSvq e‡j G‡K class noun e‡j|
Dhaka, Rajshahi, Khulna, Chattagram City Giv msL¨vq G‡Ki AwaK nq Ges G‡`i MYbv
The Padma, The Jamuna, The Meghna River Kiv nq|
 Plural Common Noun: †Kv‡bv noun G‡Ki AwaK n‡jB Zv‡K Plural Common Noun e‡j| Avevi, Adjective Gi mv‡_ s
hy³ n‡q plural common noun nq bv wKš‘ The + adjective †Kv‡bv we‡kl †kÖwYi mKj‡K †evSvq e‡j G‡K Plural Common
Noun e‡j Ges Gi cieZ©x verb wU plural nq| †hgbÑ The poor, The rich, The wise.
The wise do not talk much. Ávbxiv †ewk K_v e‡jb bv| [e¨wZµg: The deceased- g„Z e¨w³]
The poor live from hand to mouth. Mix‡eiv w`b Av‡b w`b Lvq| [e¨wZµg: The accused- Avmvwg]

◉ Collective Noun: ‡h mKj Noun ‡Kvb mgRvZxq wKQz e¨w³, e¯‘ ev cÖvYxi mgwó‡K †evSvq Zv‡`i‡K Collective Noun e‡j|
A_©vr Ggb wKQz Noun Av‡Q †h¸‡jv ïb‡jB Avgiv eywS Zvi wfZ‡i m`m¨ Av‡Q Kgc‡ÿ `yB ev `yB Gi †ekx; GB m`m¨iv Common
Noun Avi G‡`i mgwóMZ bvgB Collective Noun e‡j| Example: Family kãwU ïb‡jB Avgiv eywS Gi m`m¨ Kgc‡ÿ `yB -
GKRb Man Avi GKRb Woman| GB `ywU Common Noun n‡jI Zv‡`i mgwóMZ bvg Family (cwievi) GKwU Collective
Noun| GiKg Av‡iv wKQz Collective Noun jÿ¨ Kwi:

Army (‡mbvevwnbx) Audience (†kªvZvgÛjx) Cattle (Mevw` cïi cvj) Crowd (RbZvi wfo) Class (‡kªwY)
Clergy (hvRKgÛjx) Committee (mwgwZ) Crew (µz-bvweK `j) Flock (SuvK) Fleet (‡bŠ-eni)

 Noun of multitude: Collective noun Gi m`m¨‡`i g‡a¨ wefvRb m„wó n‡j Zv‡`i‡K GKKfv‡e bv eywS‡q cÖ‡Z¨K‡K Avjv`vfv‡e
eySvq Ges GB wefvwRZ mgwó‡K Noun of multitude e‡j|
Collective noun n‡”Q Awef³ mgwó Ges Gi verb I pronoun `y‡UvB singular n‡q _v‡K|
e.g. The jury is unanimous in its decision. (wePviKgÛjx wm×v‡šÍi e¨vcv‡i GKgZ|)
wKš‘ Noun of multitude Gi verb Ges pronoun `y‡UvB plural n‡q _v‡K|
e.g. The jury were divided in their opinions. (wePviKgÛjx wfbœ wfbœ gZ w`‡q‡Qb|)

Common Noun Ges Collective Noun Gi g‡a¨ cv_©K¨:

Common Noun Collective Noun
 Common noun Øviv †Kv‡b GKwU †kÖwYi mvaviY bvg wb‡`©k K‡i|  Collective noun Øviv Common noun Gi mgwó wb‡`©k K‡i|
 Common noun Gi mv‡_ s/es hy³ n‡q plural common  Collective noun Gi mv‡_ s/es hy³ n‡q KL‡bvB plural nq
noun nq| Avevi The + adjective AvKv‡iI plural common bv| Z‡e collective noun Gi mv‡_ s/es hy³ n‡j Zv common
noun nq| noun nq|
 Book: eB Gi mvaviY bvg  Library: eB‡qi mgwó
 Player: †L‡jvqvo‡`i mvaviY bvg  Team: KwZcq †L‡jvqvo‡`i mgwói bvg
 Sheep: †fovi mvaviY bvg  Flock: KwZcq †fovi mgwó
◉ Material Noun: †h mKj Noun Øviv †Kvb c`v‡_©i c„w_ex‡Z we`¨gvb m¤ú~Y© Aw¯ÍZ‡¡ K AwefvR¨fv‡e †evSvq Ges hv‡`i‡K msL¨v Øviv
MYbv Kiv hvq bv wKš‘ GKK Øviv cwigvc Kiv hvq Zv‡`i‡K Material Noun e‡j| Material Noun Gi Aci bvg Mass Noun|
Example: Diamond, Iron, Gold, Water, Oil, Rice, Paper, Milk, Salt, Brick BZ¨vw`| †h Material ev Dcv`vb Øviv †Kvb
wRwbm MwVZ nq H Dcv`vbwU Material Noun n‡e| Material Noun ‡_‡K Drcbœ e¯‘‡Z D³ Material AcwiewZ©Z _vK‡j Ges
Drcbœ e¯‘wU MYbv Kiv †M‡j Zv Common Noun n‡e| ‡hgb: This table is made of wood. [j¶Yxq, wood ‡_‡K table ‰Zix
nIqvi ciI G‡Z wood AcwiewZ©Z _v‡K ZvB wood n‡”Q Material Noun wKš‘ Table GKwU Common Noun. wKš‘ hw` The
paper is made from wood. ejv nq ZLb Drcbœ e¯‘ I Dcv`vb wfbœ nIqvq DfqB Material Noun n‡e|]
Example: Water (cvwb), Wood (KvV), Paper (KvMR), Steel (B¯úvZ ), Milk (`ya), Salt (jeY), Iron(‡jŠn)

Common Noun I Material Noun Gi g‡a¨ cv_©K¨:

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Common Noun Material Noun

 Common noun Øviv eySvq Material noun †_‡K Drcbœ  Material noun Øviv Common noun Gi Dcv`vb eySvq hv
wRwb‡mi bvg hv MYbv Kiv hvq| AMYbv‡hvM¨ Ges cwigvYevPK|
 Ring, Necklace: Gold, Diamond, Silver †_‡K Drcbœ  Gold, Diamond, Silver: mvaviY c`v‡_©i bvg ev †Kv‡bv
wRwb‡mi bvg hv MYbv Kiv hvq| wRwb‡mi Dcv`v‡bi bvg hv MYbv Kiv hvq bv|
 Book, Envelope (Lvg): Paper †_‡K Drcbœ  Paper : eB ˆZixi Dcv`vb
 River: b`xi mvaviY bvg  Water: b`xi Dcv`vb
 Sheep: †fov MYbv Kiv hvq  Mutton (†fovi gvsm): Sheep Gi Dcv`vb

◉ Abstract Noun: †h mKj Noun Øviv †`vl, ¸Y, Ae¯’v I Kv‡Ri bvg †evSvq, Zv‡`i‡K Abstract Noun e‡j Ges †k‡l mvaviYZ
-ce, -cy, -th, -ty, -ness, -ment, -hood, -tion, -sion, -ship, -dom, -ry _v‡K|
Example: Agency (G‡RwÝ-cÖwZwbwaZ¡), Childhood (PvBìûW-‰kke), Death (g„Zz¨), Friendship (eÜzZ¡), Height (nvBU-D”PZv),
Honesty (mZZv), Humility (webq,bgªZv), Kindness (`qv), Length (‰`N©¨), Manhood (cyiælZ¡), Poverty (`wi`ªZv), Roguery
(‡iŠMvwi-e`gv‡qkx, `yózgx), Studentship (QvÎZ¡), Truth (mZ¨Zv), Unity (GKZv), Victory (weRq), Youth (Bqy_-‡hŠeb)

Formation of Abstract Nouns

Adjective, Verb Ges Common Noun MwVZ n‡Z cv‡i| (wb‡¤œ †`Lyb)
Adjective Abstract Adjective Abstract Adjective Abstract
Cruel cruelty Long length Proud pride
Honest honesty Broad breadth Hot heat
Humble humility Deep depth Wise wisdom
Sleepy sleepiness True truth Brave (†eªBf) bravery (†eªB‡fwi)

Common Abstract Common Abstract Common Abstract

Boy boyhood Agent agency Friend friendship
Child childhood Infant infancy Owner ownership
Man manhood Regent regency King kingship
Mother motherhood Bankrupt bankruptcy Author authorship

Verb Abstract Verb Abstract Verb Abstract

Defend defence Please pleasure Starve starvation
Hate hatred Judge judgement Act action
Choose choice Protect protection Know knowledge

wb‡¤œv³ k㸇jvi Verb Ges Abstract noun GKB form n‡q _v‡K|
Love, Desire, Hope, Fear, Step, Touch, Regret, Taste, Walk, Run, Cry, Sob, Stay, Stop, Order, Rise, Fall, Ride,
Work BZ¨vw` (Ges Laugh, Move)|
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Position of Noun
◉ ev‡K¨ cÖwZwU Parts of Speech Gi Position wbw`©ó| A_©vr †Kvb& Parts of Speech wU †Kv_vq em‡e Zv mywbw`©ó| ev‡K¨ Noun Gi
wewfbœ Ae¯’vb ¸wj avivevwnK fv‡e ‡`Iqv nj|
◉ Rule-01: Subject Ges Object wn‡m‡e Noun e‡m| A_©vr ev‡K¨i Subject I Object Aek¨B Noun n‡e|
 Communism is considered as the best form of Government in developing countries.
 One of the female students tried her best to acquire confidence.

◉ Rule-02: Gerund / Infinitive / Participle Gi Object wn‡m‡e G‡`i c‡i Noun e‡m| ‡h‡nZz Gerund, Infinitive ev Participle
Verb GiB Form (Non-finite Form) ZvB G‡`i Object wn‡m‡e G‡`i c‡i Noun em‡e|
 Developing strategy needs a lot of knowledge of the environment.
 To mean symbol we mean something accepted by all.

◉ Rule-03: Preposition Gi c‡i GKwU gvÎ Word _vK‡j Zv wbwðZfv‡eB Noun|

wKš‘ GKvwaK Word _vK‡j:
 Pre. + Article/Adj. + N.  Pre. + Article + Adj. + N.
 Pre. + Article + Adv. + Adj. + N.

 She had no faith in imagination

 I'm afraid of cruelty in a battlefield.

◉ Rule-04: Article Gi c‡i GKwU gvÎ Word _vK‡j Zv wbwðZfv‡eB Noun|

wKš‘ GKvwaK Word _vK‡j:
 Article + Adj. + N.  Article + Adv. + Adj. + N.

 At last, she presented an argument to refute my claim in love.

 You should find out the rationality behind such a massacre in Savar.

◉ Rule-05: Adjective Gi c‡i GKwU gvÎ Word _vK‡j Zv wbwðZfv‡eB Noun| A_©vr Adjective I Preposotion/ Verb/
Adverb/ Conjunction Gi gv‡S GKwU Word _vK‡j †mwU Noun|
 I rebuked her for such a bad behavior.
 He was arrested for his affiliation with MAFIA.

◉ Rule-06: The......of Gi gv‡S GKwU Word n‡j Aek¨B Noun|

wKš‘ GKvwaK Word n‡j:
 Adj. + N.  Adv. + Adj. + N.
 The beauty of Marlene Monroe charmed all.
 The kindness of Mohsin will be remembered for ever.

Rule-07: Demonstrative Adjective Gi c‡i mvaviYZ Noun e‡m| A_©vr Demonstrative Ges Preposition ev Verb ev
Conjunction Gi gv‡S GKwUgvÎ Word _vK‡j Zv Aek¨B Noun n‡e|
 I left my bag in this morning.

◉ Rule-08: Possessive Gi c‡i mvaviYZ Noun e‡m|

 This is my pen.
 He fulfilled my needs.
◉ Rule-09: Article Ges verb/Adverb/Preposition/Conjunction Gi gv‡S GKwUgvÎ word _vK‡j †mwU Noun|
 The plot was a round of conflict.
 This is the go of life.
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Countable Vs. Uncountable Noun

◉ Countable Noun: Countable Noun/ Count Noun nj H mKj Noun hv‡`i MYbv Kiv hvq| Count (MYbv) +
able(mÿg/‡hvM¨) = Countable (MYbvi †hvM¨)| Countable Noun ¸wji Singular (GKePb) I Plural Form (eûePb) Av‡Q|
Countable Noun Gi c~‡e© msL¨vevPK kã †hgb: One, two, three, four,.... BZ¨vw` e‡m wKš‘ Uncountable Noun Gi c~‡e© e‡m bv|
Example: Book, Boy, Foe (kÎæ), Pen, Star, Student nj Countable Noun|
wKQz wKQz Countable Noun Gi Plural Form e¨wZµg nq (A_©vr s/es ‡hv‡M nq bv) | G¸wj m¤ú‡K© mZK© _vK‡Z n‡e| wb‡P GKwU †QvU
ZvwjKv †`Iqv nj|
person-people child-children tooth-teeth foot-feet mouse-mice man-men
woman-women Human-Humans

Incorrect : We have twenty dollar left.

Correct : We have twenty dollars left.
Explanation: twenty eûePb evPK msL¨v| ZvB dollar bv n‡q dollars n‡e| Avi mKj g~`ªv Countable noun ZvB Plural n‡e|
ïay gvÎ taka, paisa -i Plural G s/es hy³ nq bv|

◉ Uncountable Noun: Uncountable Noun nj H mKj Noun hv‡`i MYbv Kiv hvq bv| G‡`i †Kvb Plural Form ‡bB| ïay
Singular Form Av‡Q ZvB G‡`i c‡i Singular Verb em‡e| G‡`i c~‡e© †Kvb Article e‡m bv|
Uncountable Noun Verb (Singular) Ext.
Friendship is important
◉ Note: Uncountable Noun Gi c~‡e© KLbB the emv‡bv hv‡e bv| Uncountable Noun Gi c‡i Aek¨B Singular Verb em‡e|

wb‡Pi ZvwjKvwU‡Z wKQz Uncountable Noun ‡`Iqv Av‡Q †h¸wj cixÿvi Rb¨ Aek¨B Rvbv DwPZ|
sand soap physics mathematics homework politics traffic Corn
news mumps air money measles information work Furniture

◉ Count and Non-count Nouns with Similar Meaning: LyeB KvQvKvwQ A_©‡evaK wKQz Word Av‡Q hv‡`i †KD Countable
Avevi †KD Uncountable nq| GB Word ¸wj fvjfv‡e ¯§iY ivL‡Z n‡e| wb‡Pi QKwU jÿ¨ Kwi:
Countable noun Non-countable noun
a climate / climates Weather
a laugh/ laughs Laughter
a human being / human beings Humanity
a job / jobs Work
Incorrect : California has a good weather.
Correct : California has good weather.
or
California has a good climate.

◉ Non-count Nouns that are Count Nouns in Other Languages: Bs‡iwR‡Z wKQz wKQz Uncountable Noun Av‡Q hviv
Ab¨ fvlvq Countable wn‡m‡e e¨eüZ nq| myZ ivs A‡bK †ÿ‡ÎB G ai‡bi Word ¸‡jv Avgv‡`i Rb¨ mgm¨v m„wó K‡i| Gai‡bi mgm¨v
m„wóKvix wKQz Word wb‡Pi ZvwjKvq †`Iqv nj:
advice homework money poetry anger ignorance music poverty fun leisure
courage information news progress damage knowledge patience equipment luck permission
Incorrect : Do you have an information about it?
Correct : Do you have information about it?
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◉ Determiners used only with count or non-count nouns: wKQz wKQz Determiner Av‡Q †h¸‡jv ïay Countable A_ev ïay
Uncountable Gi c~‡e© e‡m|
◉ Countable Gi c~‡e©: Few, a few, the few, only a few, very few, many, several ïaygvÎ Countable Noun Gi Av‡M
e‡m Ges Countable Noun wU Plural Form G nq| Example: They have many books. I have a few books. I have
few friends here.
◉ Uncountable Gi c~‡e©: Much, Little, a little, the little, only a little, less ïaygvÎ Uncountable Gi c~‡e© e‡m|
Example: There is much water in the pond.There is a little water in the pot.
◉ Df‡qi c~‡e©: Some, most, rest, all, more, majority, minority, a lot of Df‡qic~‡e© em‡Z cv‡i| Giv Countable Noun Gi
c~‡e© em‡j H Countable Noun wU Aek¨B Plural n‡e| Uncountable G wKš‘ Giƒc nq bv|
Example: More water is needed. More people are needed.
So you have to remember
Countable Nouns Uncountable Nouns (Always Singular)
A/An/This/That/Some/Any/No/Every/Another/Neither/Ei Little, A Little, Less, The least/
ther +Singular Much/More/Most/ Most of the/
Few/A few/Fewer/ The fewest/ A lot of/Lots of/Plenty of/An amount of/
Many/More/Most/Most of the / The/ No Article/ This/That/Some/
A lot of/Lots of/Plenty of/ A number of Any/ No/Other/The other/ Enough/
/These/Those/Other/Enough/Both/ None of the/ All/All the+Sigular
None of the/All/All the + Plural N.B.:Uncountable Gi mv‡_ memgq Singular Number
No Article/The other+Singular or Plural e‡m|

◉ Singular and Plural Expressions of Non-count Nouns: Uncountable ‡K Singular ev Plural Gi A‡_© cÖKvk Kivi
Rb¨ we‡kl wKQz Expression e¨eüZ nq|
a piece of advice a piece of bread a piece of equipment a piece of furniture
a piece of information a piece of jewellery a piece of luggage a piece of mail
a Singular of noun (noncount)
A folk song is a piece of popular music.
number Plural of noun (noncount)
I ordered twelve bars of soap.
Incorrect : Each furniture in this display is on sale for half price.
Correct : Each piece of furniture in this display is on sale for half price.

◉ Noncount Nouns with Qualifying Phrases-The: mKj –ing Form nj Uncountable Noun ZvB G‡`i c~‡e© KLbB the
em‡e bv| G‡`i c~‡e© ZLbB the em‡e hw` G‡`i c‡i †Kvb Qualifying Phrase (....of + Noun....) _v‡K| GB wbqgwU ïay –ing
Form Gi Rb¨B cÖ‡hvR¨ bq eis mKj Uncountable Noun Gi Rb¨I cÖ‡hvR¨|
Qualifying Phrase
The Count Noun/ -ing/Non-count Noun
of + Noun
The reading of technical material requires knowledge of technical terms
The art of the Middle Ages is on display.
‡Kvb –ing A_ev †Kvb Count ev Non-count Noun Gi c‡i of + Noun _vK‡j Aek¨B H Noun ev –ing Gi c~‡e© The emv‡Z n‡e|
◉ Infinitive Or ing Subject: GKwU Infinitive (to + VB / to + Verb Word) A_ev –ing Form Sentence ev Clause Gi
Subject n‡Z cv‡i|
S (infinitive) V
To read a foreign language is even more difficult.
S(-ing) V
Reading quickly and well requires practice.
 Page 8

➥ Meaning ‘All’: Uncountable Noun ev Plural Countable Noun Gi c~‡e© †Kvb Article bv w`‡j Zv me¸‡jv‡K (All) wb‡`©k K‡i|
All / Ø Noun (non-count) Verb(Singular)
All art
is interesting.
Art

All / Ø Noun (non-count) Verb(Plural)

All trees
prevent erosion.
Trees
Uncountable Noun ev Plural Countable Noun Gi †ÿ‡Î mKj‡K GK‡Î eySv‡Z The e¨envi Kiv hv‡e bv|

◉ ‘No’ Meaning ‘Not Any’: No Gi A_© nj GKwUI bq, GwU Singular/ Plural Ges Countable ev Uncountable Noun Gi
c~‡e© em‡Z cv‡i|
No Noun (Count. Singular)/Noun (Count Plural) Verb (Singular)/Verb (Plural)
No tree grows above the tree line.
No trees grow above the tree line.

No Noun (Noncount. Singular) Verb (Singular)

No art is on display today
◉ ‘One of the’ and ‘Some of the’: One of e‡m GKwU Group Gi GKwU m`m¨‡K wb‡`©k Ki‡Z Avi Some of the e‡m Group
Gi KwZcq m`m¨‡K wb‡`©k Ki‡Z|

One of the Noun (Count Plural) Verb (Singular)

One of the trees is dead.

Some of the Noun (Count Plural) Verb (Plural)

Some of the trees are dead.

Some of the Noun (Noncount) Verb (Singular)

Some of the art is in the museum.
◉ ‘Much’ and ‘Many’ : Much I Many Gi A_© GKB| Giv ev‡K¨ ÔcÖPziÕ ev ÔA‡bKÕ A_©cÖKvk K‡i| ïaygvÎ g‡b ivL‡Z n‡e, Many
e‡m Countable Noun Gi c~‡e© Avi Much e‡m Uncountable Noun Gi c~‡e©|
Many Noun (Count-Plural)
There are many television programs for children on Saturday

much Noun (Noncount)

We don’t have much information
◉ ‘A little’ and ‘little’; ‘A few’ and ‘Few’: Little I Few Gi A_© Not a lot A_©vr Negative Meaning (bv †evaK A_©)|
wKš‘ a little I a few Gi A_© some A_©vr Affirmative Meaning (n¨v †evaK A_©)| g‡b ivL‡Z n‡e, Few/ A few e‡m
Countable Noun Gi c~‡e© Avi Little/ A little e‡m Uncountable Noun Gi c~‡e©|
a little/little Noun (Noncount)
We have a little/little time.

a few/few Noun (Count-Plural)

We made a few/few mistakes.
Only _vK‡j Aek¨B a few w`‡Z n‡e †Kvb g‡ZB ïay Few ‡`Iqv hv‡e bv|
Only a few Noun (Count-Plural)
Only a few dollars have been budgeted for supplies.
 Page 9

Only _vK‡j Aek¨B a little w`‡Z n‡e †Kvb g‡ZB ïay little ‡`Iqv hv‡e bv|
Only a little Nou (Noncount)
We have only a little homework for Monday

◉ ‘A large (Small) number of’ and ‘A large (Small) amount of’ : A large (Small) number of I A large (Small)
amount of Gi A_© GKB| g‡b ivL‡Z n‡e, A large (Small) number of e‡m Countable Noun Gi c~‡e© Avi A large (Small)
amount of e‡m Uncountable Noun Gi c~‡e©|
large Noun (Count-Plural)
A
small
number of
A large number of students from other countries attend State University.

large Noun (Noncount)

A small amount of
A large amount of rain is expected tomorrow.
◉ ‘Almost all of the’ and ‘Most of the’: Almost all of the I Most of the Gi A_© all except a few| wKš‘, Almost all of
the Gi g‡a¨ †ekx msL¨K AšÍf³
©~ _v‡K| g‡b ivLyb, Almost Gi c‡i all/ all of the w`‡Z n‡e Ges Most of Gi c‡i Aek¨B the n‡e|
Almost all (of the)
Noun (Count-Plural) Verb Plural
Most of the
Almost all (of the) trees in our yard are oaks.
Most (of the) trees are

Almost all (of the)

Noun (Noncount) Verb Singular
Most of the
Almost all (of the) expensive.
art by R.C. Gorman is
Most (of the)
◉ Classifications- Kind, Sort & Type: Kind, Sort Ges Type cÖK vi‡f` cÖK vk K‡i| GB kã wZbwU Countable| Giv
Countable n‡jI cÖKvi cÖKv‡k Giv Countable ev Uncountable Df‡qi mv‡_B em‡Z cv‡i|
kinds Plural count noun
Plural number + + of +
types Uncountable noun
Dr. Masud gives several + types + of homework.
We saw several + kinds + of birds.

kind Singular count noun

Singular number + + of +
type Uncountable noun
One + type + of homework is a lab report.
One + kind + of show is news.
➥ Hundred, thousand, million, billion, trillion, dozen, pair G¸‡jvi c~‡e© hLb msL¨v evPK kã (a, an, one, two,
three.....BZ¨vw`) _v‡K ZLb G‡`i mv‡_ KLbB s/es nq bv| hw` AmsL¨ eySvq A_©vr nvRvi nvRvi/ jvL jvL BZ¨vw` †m‡ÿ‡Î s hy³ n‡Z
cv‡i| A_©vr

 msL¨vevPK kã + Hundred / million / billion Gi Sing. form +Noun(Pl.)

 Hundreds / millions / billions Gi Plural form + of + Noun(Pl.)

Incorrect : Fifty thousands people were present.

Correct : Fifty thousand people were present.
Incorrect : Thousand of people were present.
Correct : Thousands of people were present.
 Page 10

Pronoun
◉ Basics: Sentence G Noun Gi cwie‡Z© †h Word e¨eüZ nq Zv‡K Pronoun e‡j| (A pronoun is a word used in a
sentence in the place of a noun)| Pronoun Gi Aci bvg Substituting Word| Pronoun Gi c~‡e© KLbI Article e‡m bv
Example: Sumon is a good boy. Sumon goes to school regularly. Sumon plays in the afternoon. Dc‡ii evK¨ Mywj
jÿ¨ Kwi| ci ci evK¨ Mywj†Z Sumon bvgwU evi evi Avmvq ev‡K¨i kÖæwZgvayh© bó n‡q‡Q| ev‡K¨i kÖæwZgvayh© iÿv‡_© cieZx© evK¨ ¸wj‡Z
Sumon bvgwUi cwie‡Z© Avgiv He kãwU e¨envi Ki‡Z cvwi|
Sumon is a good boy. He goes to school regularly. He plays in the afternoon.
†h‡n‡Zz He kãwU Sumon bvgwUi cwie‡Z© e‡m‡Q ZvB He GKwU Pronoun. Giƒc Av‡iv Pronoun Av‡Q †hgb: she, we, I, you, our,
yours, her, they BZ¨vw`|
◉ Kinds: Pronoun me©‡gvU AvU (08) cÖKvi:
Types Of Pronoun Example
1. Personal pronoun : I, me, my, mine, we,us, ur, ours, he, him, his, she, her, hers,
(including possessive) they, them, their, theris etc.
2. Interrogative pronoun : what, which, who, whom, whose etc.
3. Distributive pronoun : each, either, neither etc.
4. Demonstrative pronoun : this, these, that, those, it, so, such, the same etc.
5. Relative pronoun : what, which, who, whom, whose, that, as, whoever,
whatever, whichever etc.
6. Reciprocal pronoun : each other, one another etc.
7. Reflexive pronoun and : myself, ourselves, ourself, yourselves, himself, herself,
Emphatic pronoun themselves etc. (noun/pronoun Gi c‡i em‡jB Giv Emphatic)
8. Indefinite Pronoun : one, any, some, many, all, none, no one, everyone,
someone, nobody, anybody, somebody etc.

◉ Personal Pronoun: Personal Pronoun Gi KZK¸wj Form Av‡Q hviv English Grammar G Case(KviK) bv‡g cwiwPZ|
Subjective Objective Possessive form Reflexive
Person
Pronoun Pronoun Possessive Adjective Possessive Pronoun Pronoun
st I me My mine myself
1 Parson
We us Our ours ourselves
You you /thee / thou your / thine yours yourself/yourselves
2nd Parson
It it Its its itself
He him His his himself
She her Her hers herself
3rd Parson They them their theirs themselves
One one one's
who whom whose

SPECIAL CHART 1
.........................Avgv‡`i we‡kl fv‡e g‡b
ivLyb...........................
He’s : He is / He has
His : He Gi Possessive Form|
cÖvqB weåvwšÍ m„wó K‡i Ggb wKQz Form GLv‡b
Who’s : Who is / Who has
‡`Iqv nj| mwVK DËi wbY©‡q Aek¨B mwVKwU
Whose : Who Gi Possessive Form|
wbe©vPb Ki‡Z n‡e|
They’re : They are
Their : They Gi Possessive Form|
 Page 11

It’s : It is / It has
Its : It Gi Possessive Form|

◉ Rule 01: Subject wn‡m‡e Pronoun Gi Subjective Case e‡m| ‡Kvb GKwU Sentence Gi Subject hw` †Kvb Pronoun nq
Aek¨B Zv Subjective Case G n‡e| Subject mvaviYZ Verb Gi Av‡M _v‡K|

Pronoun(Sub.) V
If the weather is good Ellen and I will go to the beach

◉ Rule 02: Be Verb Gi c‡i Aek¨B Pronoun Gi Subjective Form n‡e| Be Verb: be, am, is, are, was, were, been Gi
c‡i hw` †Kvb Pronoun e‡m Z‡e Zv wbwðZfv‡eB GKwU Subjective Pronoun n‡e|

It Be Pronoun (Sub.)
It is he whom the committee has named.

◉ Rule 03: Object wn‡m‡e Pronoun Gi Objective Case e‡m| ‡Kvb Pronoun hw` Sentence ev Clause G Verb Gi Object
wn‡m‡e e‡m (A_©vr H Verb wU‡K wK/ Kv‡K Øviv cÖ‡kœi DËi nq †Kvb Pronoun, hv Aek¨B VerbGi c‡i e‡m) ZLb H Pronoun wUi
Objective Form em‡e|
S V Pronoun(Obj.)
They asked us, Jane and me whether we were satisfied.

GB evK¨wU †_‡K mn‡RB eySv hv‡”Q †h, Kv‡K ask (wRÁvmv) Kiv n‡qwQj? DËi nj: ÒAvgv‡`i‡K, †Rwb‡K Ges Avgv‡K,Ó| myZivs GB
AskUzKz Object| Avi ZvB Objective Form n‡e|

jÿ¨ Kiæb: You I It Gi Subjective I Objective Form GKB, evKx ¸wji Subjective I Objective Form wfbœ|
Let Pronoun(Obj.) V
Let us (you and me) try to reach an agreement.
Let Gi c‡i Subjective Pronoun e¨envi †_‡K weiZ _vKzb| Let Gi c‡i Objective Pronoun e¨envi Kiæb|

◉ Rule 04: hw` Preposition Gi c‡i †Kvb Pronoun e‡m Zv Aek¨B Objective Form G n‡e|
Pre. Pronoun(Obj.)
I would be glad to take a message for her.

wb‡Pi Preposition ¸‡jv Objective Pronoun Gi c~‡e© †ekx †ekx e¨eüZ nq|
among of between to
for with from

Preposition Gi c‡i Subjective Pronoun e¨envi bv K‡i Objective Pronoun e¨envi Kiæb|

Special Note: But Gi A_© hw` ÒQvovÓ/ Òe¨wZZÓnq ZLb Zv Preposition Gi KvR K‡i| G‡ÿ‡Î, But Gi c‡i Objective
Pronoun e‡m| ïaygvÎ None but Gi c‡i Subjective Pronoun e‡m (GLv‡b hw`I but Gi A_© Qvov|)| †hgb: He took
everything but me. [‡m mewKQz wb‡q ‡Mj Avgv‡K Qvov] wKš‘ None but he can do this. [‡m Qvov †KD GUv Ki‡Z cv‡i bv|]

◉ Rule 05: Possessive Adjectives Avi Possessive Pronoun wKš‘ GK bv| ‡Kvb Noun Gi cwie‡Z© bv e‡m Possessive
Adjective ¸‡jv we‡kwlZ (Modify) K‡i (Noun Gi c~‡e© e‡m)| Possessive Pronoun- Noun ‡K cÖwZ¯’vwcZ K‡i| mKj
Possessive Form gvwjKvbv cÖKvk K‡i|
 Page 12

gvwjKvbv eySv‡Z Noun Gi c~‡e© Pronoun Gi Possessive Adjective Form e‡m|

‡h‡nZz,Ving- Noun Gi KvR Ki‡Z cv‡i ZvB Ving Gi c~‡e© Possessive Adjective Form e‡m|

It’s Avi its wKš‘ GK bv| It’s gv‡b nj It is/ It has| It Gi Possessive nj Its| Possessive wn‡m‡e KLbB It’s e¨envi Kiv hv‡e bv|
S Verb Phrase/ Verb Possessive -ing form /Noun
We can count on her helping us.
He regretted their misunderstanding him
Verb Ges VingGi gv‡S Subject Ges Object Pronoun e¨envi †_‡K weiZ _vKzb|
◉ Rule 06: kix‡ii A½ cÖZ¨‡½i bv‡gi c~‡e© Possessive Adjective e‡m|

g‡b ivLyb, Possessive Adjective ¸‡jv H mg¯Í Noun Gi c~‡e© e‡m hviv kix‡ii A½ cÖZ¨½ wb‡`©k K‡i|
Possessive Noun (Part of body)
He hurt his arm.
kix‡ii A½ cÖZ¨‡½i bv‡gi c~‡e© Possessive Adjective Gi cwie‡Z© the/a/one e¨envi †_‡K weiZ _vKzb|

◉ Possessive Pronouns/ Double Possessive: Gai‡bi Pronoun ‡Kvb Noun Gi c~‡e© e‡m bv| Giv Pronoun Ges Noun Gi
cybive„wË †iva Ki‡Z e‡m| ev‡K¨i cÖvmw½KZv we‡ePbv K‡i Noun wU eySv hvq Ges GB Noun wUi cybive„wË nq bv| wb‡Pi Pronoun
¸‡jv co–b:
mine =my + noun; my book
yours = your+ noun; your pen
hers = her + noun; her dress

➥ Noun Gi cybive„wË †iva Ki‡Z Possessive Pronouns ev Double Possessive e‡m| G‡`i c‡i KLbB Noun e‡mbv|

◉ Rule 07: hLb Subject-Object GKB e¨w³ ev e¯‘‡K wb‡`©k K‡i ZLb Objective Form Gi RvqMvq Reflexive Form e‡m|

g‡b ivL‡eb, hLb †Kvb ev‡K¨i Subject Ges Object GKB e¨w³ ev e¯‘‡K wb‡`©k K‡i ZLb Reflexive Pronouns e¨envi Kiv hvq|
Reflexive Pronun ¸‡jv †Kvb Sentence/ Clause Gi Verb Gi c‡i Object Gi ¯’v‡b A_ev Preposition Gi c‡i e¨eüZ nq|
hisself Avi theirselves memgqB fzj|

Subject Verb Pronoun(Reflexive)

Some language learners can correct themselves.

Reflexive Pronoun Gi cwie‡Z© Objective/ Possessive Pronouns e¨envi †_‡K weiZ _vKzb|

◉ Rule 08: KZK ¸wj Word Av‡Q [†hgb: avail (my‡hvM Kv‡R jvMv‡bv), exert (cÖ‡qvM Kiv, cÖ`k©b Kiv), absent (Abycw¯’Z _vKv),
enjoy (Dc‡fvM Kiv), pride (Me© Kiv), plume (cvjK gm„Y Kiv),resign (c`Z¨vM Kiv) BZ¨vw`] hv‡`i c‡i †Kvb Pronoun n‡j Zv
Aek¨B Reflexive nq|
Avevi KZK ¸wj Word Gi c‡i (†hgb: feel, keep, worry BZ¨vw`) KLbB Reflexive Form nq bv| Example:
Incorrect : They availed them of the train.
Correct : They availed themselves of the train.
◉ Rule 09: ev‡K¨ hLb †Rvi w`‡q wKQz ejv nq ZLb Suject Gi c‡iB Reflexive Form e‡m| wb‡R wb‡R/ wb‡Ri †P‡q eySv‡j ev‡K¨i
†k‡l Reflexive Form e‡m|
◉ Sequence of Different Persons in Sentence: GKwU Sentence G wfbœ wfbœ Person and/or Øviv hy³ _vK‡j 231 wbqg
cÖ‡hvR¨| GLv‡b 2=2nd Person, 3= 3 rd Person, 1=1 st Person wKš‘ ¯^xKv‡ivw³ g~jK ev‡K¨ 123 wbqg cÖ‡hvR¨| G wel‡q GKUz
 Page 13

weZK© Av‡Q| †Kvb †Kvb ‡jLK †`vl¯^xKvi Kiv eySv‡Z 132 aviv Abymi‡Yi cÿcvZx Avevi mvaviY Kv‡Ri eY©bvq 321 e¨env‡ii
cÿcvZx| Z‡e 123 I 231 wbqgwUB eûj e¨eüZ|
Example:
You, he and I are invited.[Zywg, †m Ges Avwg Avgwš¿Z|]- mvaviY Kv‡Ri eY©bvq|
I, you and he are guilty [Avwg, Zzwg Ges †m †`vlx| ]- †`vl ¯^xKvi-G|

◉ Demonstrative Pronoun : ‡h mKj Pronoun eZ©gvb, AZxZ ev fwel¨‡Zi ‡Kvb Noun wKsev wbKUeZ©x ev `~ieZ©x †Kvb Noun
†K we‡klfv‡e wb‡`©k Ki‡Z e‡m Zv‡`i Demonstrative Pronoun e‡j| †hgb: This, These, That, Those, It, so, such, the
same etc.| G‡`i c‡iB Noun em‡j Giv ZLb Demonstrative Adjective n‡q hvq|
◉ Indefinite Pronoun: ‡h mKj Pronoun ‡Kvb Awbw`©ó e¨w³ ev e¯‘‡K †evSvq| †hgb: One, none, no one, any, anyone,
anybody, some, someone, somebody, everyone, everyboy, another, others, most, everything, something,
nothing, many, all, few, little, much, many, more BZ¨vw`|

◉ Interrogative Pronoun: ‡h mKj Pronoun Øviv cÖkœ Kiv nq Zviv nj Interrogative Pronoun| †hgb: Who, Whom,
Whose, Which, What BZ¨vw`|

◉ Distributive Pronoun: ‡h mKj pronoun GKRvZxq GKvwaK noun Gi g‡a¨ cÖ‡Z¨KwU‡K Avjv`vfv‡e wb‡`©k K‡i Zv‡`i‡K
Distributive Pronoun e‡j| †hgb: each, either, neither etc. Each Øviv cÖ‡Z¨‡K, None gv‡b GKwUI bv, Either Øviv `yB‡qi
†h‡Kvb GKwU Ges Neither Øviv `yB‡qi †KvbwUB bq eySv‡bv nq|

◉ Reciprocal Pronoun: Reciprocal Pronoun cvi®úwiK wµqv cÖwZwµqv cÖKvk K‡i| Plural Subject cvi¯úwiKfv‡e †Kvb KvR
m¤úv`b Ki‡j ZLb Each other ev One another e¨eüZ nq hv Reciprocal Pronoun|
➥ g‡b ivL‡Z n‡e, `yB‡qi g‡a¨ wµqv-cÖwZwµqv eySv‡j each other, `yB‡qi †ekxi g‡a¨ eySv‡j one another e‡m|

➥ Special Note: hw` `yB R‡bi K_v mivmwi D‡jøL bv _v‡K/ `yBRb ‡evSv bv hvq Z‡e one another w`‡Z n‡e| wKš‘ Option G one
another D‡jøL bv _vK‡j each other-I †`Iqv hv‡e|

S V Pronoun (Reciprocal)
My sister and I visit each other about once a week.

◉ Relative Pronoun: ‡h mKj Pronoun `ywU Sentence/Clause Gi g‡a¨ m¤úK© ¯’vcb K‡i Zv‡`i Relative Pronoun ejv nq|
Giv Complex Sentence G e‡m| Example: Who, Whom, Whose, Which, What, that BZ¨vw`|

◉ Rule 10: Relative Pronun ¸wj Zv‡`i wbR¯^ A_© Abyhvqx e‡m| ev‡K¨ cÖwZwU Relative Pronoun Gi RvqMv wbw`ó; A_©vr †KD
e¨w³‡K wb‡`©k Ki‡Z e‡m, †KD e¯‘‡K| ZvB Relative Pronoun Gi cÖ_g K_v nj: evK¨ c‡o eyS‡Z n‡e wK A_© w`‡”Q Ges ‡mB
Abyhvqx e¨e¯’v wb‡Z n‡e|
wK eySvq? Relative Pronoun Meaning wK eySvq?
Who/ Whoever ‡K/ †h ev hviv/Kviv ??
e¨w³ Whom/ Whomever Kv‡K/ hv‡K ev hv‡`i‡K ¯’vb
Whose Kvi/ hvi ev hv‡`i mgq
e¯‘ Which ‡KvbwU/ †hwU; ‡KvbwU‡Z/ †hwU‡Z KviY
welq What wK/ hv Dcvq
That ‡h
➥ Special Note: g‡b ivL‡Z n‡e hLb Relative Pronoun ¸‡jv e¨envi nq ZLb evK¨wU Complex nq| Complex Sentence G
Kgc‡ÿ `ywU Finite Verb _v‡K| `ywU Verb bv cvIqv †M‡j evK¨wU fzj nq| we¯ÍvwiZ Clause As‡k Av‡jvwPZ n‡e|

➥ GB Rule wUi g~j K_v nj: Relative Pronoun-wU wK eySv‡”Q †mwU ey‡S DËi Ki‡Z n‡e|
 Page 14

g‡b ivL‡Z n‡e, e¨w³ eySv‡Z Who Avi e¯‘ eySv‡Z Which n‡e|
someone who
She is the secretary who works in the international office.

something which
This is the new typewriter which you ordered.
◉ Rule 11: e¨w³ eySvq Ggb Relative Pronnoun Av‡Q wZbwU| Who-Subject Form, Whom- Object Form, Whose-
Possessive Form|

g‡b ivL‡eb, e¨w³ eySv‡j wZbwUB (Who, Whom, Whose) wZbwUB n‡Z cv‡i| †KvbwU em‡e Zv wbwðZ n‡q e¨envi Kiæb| Subject
wn‡m‡e Who, Object wn‡m‡e Whom Avi Possessive Adjective wn‡m‡e Whose e‡m|
◉ Who/Whom?: Who ‡Kvb ev‡K¨i Subject †K Demand K‡i| A_©vr †Kvb Subordinate Clause G hw` Subject Lacking
(NvUwZ) _v‡K †m †ÿ‡Î H Clause wUi Clause Marker “Who” n‡e| Ab¨w`‡K Whom ‡Kvb ev‡K¨i Object †K Demand K‡i|
A_©vr †Kvb Subordinate Clause G hw` Object Lacking _v‡K †m †ÿ‡Î H Clause wUi Clause Marker “Whom” n‡e|
Who V
Everyone who took the tour was impressed by the paintings.

Whom S V
He was the only American whom I saw at the conference.

◉ Whoever/Whomever?: Awbw`óZv eySv‡Z Who Gi ¯’‡j Whoever Ges Whom Gi ¯’‡j Whomever e‡m| A_©vr hw`
Clause marker wU (Who/Whoever/Whom/ Whomever) hv‡K wb‡`©k Ki‡Q (Reference) †m hw` D‡jøL _v‡K Z‡e wbwðZ
fv‡e †mLv‡b Who/Whom n‡e| Avi Reference D‡jøL bv _vK‡j Whoever/Whomever n‡e| Example:
This is not a matter whoever (who) did this.
It is not a major pursuit whomever (whom) you called.
◉ Rule 12: Whose?-e¨w³im¤úK©/ gvwjKvbv/ e¨w³i AvPib ev cÖvwß eySvq Ggb Relative Pronnoun nj Whose| Z‡e g‡b
ivL‡Z n‡e Whose Gi c‡i Aek¨B Noun ev Noun Phrase _v‡K Ges evsjv Ki‡j A_© nq ÒhviÓ|

◉ Rule 13: Relative Pronoun Aek¨B Zvi Antecedent Abyhvqx Ges Gi cv‡kB em‡e| Relative Pronoun Gi c‡i Verb
H Relative Pronoun ‡i Antecedent (c~e©eZ©x) Abyhvqx em‡e|
RelativePronoun ev‡K¨i †Kvb GKwU Noun ev Pronoun ‡K wb‡`©k K‡i| †h Noun ev Pronoun ‡K wb‡`©k K‡i Zv‡K H Relative
Pronoun Gi Antecedent ejv nq| wb‡Pi D`vniY ¸wj jÿ¨ Kwi:
➥ The students who are good at English have the possibility to get chance in D.U.
➥ The studentwho is good at English has the possibility to get chance in D.U.
Rule 14: ev‡K¨i Noun Ges Zvi cwie‡Z© e¨eüZ Pronoun Gi g‡a¨ Aek¨B mvgÄm¨ _vK‡Z n‡e|
Number Ges Person-G ‡h Noun ‡K wb‡`©k K‡i Zvi mv‡_ mgÄm¨c~Y© bq Ggb Pronoun e¨envi †_‡K weiZ _vKzb |
Incorrect : If you want to leave a message for Mr. and Mrs. Carlson, I will be glad to take them.
Correct : If you want to leave a message for Mr. and Mrs. Carlson, I will be glad to take it.
Explanation: hw` Zzwg Rbve Ges Rbvev Kvj©m ‡bi Rb¨ †Kvb evZ©v †i‡L †h‡Z PvI, Avwg Lywk ne ‡mwU wb‡Z| GLv‡b ‡mwU ej‡Z a
massage ‡K eySv‡bv n‡q‡Q| ZvB them bv n‡q itn‡‡q‡Q||

◉ Rule 15: ev‡K¨i Subject Gi mv‡_ mvgÄm¨ †i‡L Possessive ‡K wba©viY Ki‡Z n‡e hw` Zv Subject ‡K wb‡`©k K‡i|
hLb Possessive Adjective/ Possessive Pronoun ev‡K¨i Subject ‡K wb‡`©k K‡i ZLb mKj †ÿ‡ÎB Subject Gi mv‡_ H
Possessive Adjective/ Possessive Pronoun Gi GKwU mvgÄm¨ _v‡K|
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◉ Rule 16: ev‡K¨i Impersonal Pronoun-One _vK‡j ciewZ©‡Z One/One’s e¨envi Ki‡Z n‡e| One/One’s hw` Option-G bv
_v‡K Z‡e he/she/his/ her-I †`Iqv hv‡e|
➥ One Gi c‡i of w`‡q hw` wKQz kã ¸”Q (Noun/Noun Phrase) †hvM Kiv nq, †m‡ÿ‡Î H k㸇”Qi Gender Abymv‡i
Possessive Form (his/her) n‡e|
➥ No one, Someone, Anyone, Everyone.....BZ¨vw` _vK‡j Aek¨B Possessive form-His/Her n‡e|
ev‡K¨ One _vK‡j you, your, they, A_ev their e¨envi †_‡K weiZ _vKzb|

Incorrect : If one knew the facts, you would not be so quick to criticize.
Correct : If one knew the facts, one would not be so quick to criticize.

Adjective

◉ Basics: ‡h Word ev‡K¨ Noun ev Pronoun †K we‡kwlZ K‡i A_©vr Noun ev Pronoun Gi †`vl, ¸Y, Ae¯’v, AvKvi, cwigvY,
msL¨v cÖf„wZ cÖK vk K‡i Zv‡`i Adjective e‡j| (An adjective is a word that is used in a sentence and
qualifies/modifies a noun or pronoun)
Example: Shamim is a good boy.
He wears a blue shirt.
Dc‡ii evK¨ wZbwU jÿ¨ Kwi| 1g ev‡K¨ ‘Boy’ kãwU Noun Ges Gi ¸Y cÖK vk Ki‡Q Good kãwU Øviv| A_©vr kvgxg GKRb evjK: †Kgb
evjK? fvj evjK| myZ ivs evj‡Ki GKwU ¸Y nj fvj (Good) Abyiƒc fv‡e, 2q ev‡K¨ ‡m bxj kvU© cwiavb K‡i| ‘Shirt’ kãwU Noun Ges
Gi ‰ewkó¨ cÖKvk Ki‡Q ‘Blue’ kãwU Øviv| A_©vr kvU©wU †Kgb? bxj| myZ ivs Dc‡i `yBwU ev‡K¨ kã `yBwU ‘Good’ I ‘Blue’ Adjective.

◉ Kinds: ev‡K¨ Ae¯’v‡bi Dci wfwË K‡i Adjective `yB (02) cÖKvi:

◉ Attributive Adjective (¸YevPK): Adjective hLb Noun Gi c~‡e© e‡m H Noun-Gi Attribute ev †`vl¸Y cÖKvk K‡i ZLb
Zv‡K Attributive Adjective e‡j| A_©vr Adj. + Noun nq| Example: He is a good (Adj.) boy (Noun).GB ev‡K¨
Adjective (Good) GKwU Noun (Boy) Gi c~‡e© e‡m Zv‡K Modify Ki‡Q|

◉ Predicative Adjective (fwel¨ØvYxg~jK): Adjective hLb Verb Gi c‡i Predicate wn‡m‡e Subject wn‡m‡e emv Noun ev
Pronoun Gi †`vl¸Y cÖKvk K‡i ZLb Zv‡K Predicative Adjective e‡j| Gai‡bi Verb ¸wj Linking Verb wn‡m‡e cwiwPZ|
A_©vr Subject + Linking Verb + Adjective Ggb nq| Example: She is beautiful (Adj.)GB ev‡K¨ Adjective
(Beautiful) c~‡e© Subject wn‡m‡e e¨eüZ Pronoun (She) †K Modify Ki‡Q|

◉ Special Note: mvavibfv‡e GKB Adjective ev‡K¨ Attributive Ges Predicative DfqwU wn‡meB e¨eüZ n‡Z cv‡i| wKš‘
KZ¸‡jv Adjective Av‡Q hviv KLbB Attributive n‡Z cv‡i bv, ïaygvÎ Predicative n‡Z cv‡i| ‡hgb: Content, Afraid,Alike,
Alive, Aloof, Alone, Ashamed, Asleep, Awake, Aware, BZ¨vw`| Example: I am aware (Adj.) of the matter.

➥ A_©MZfv‡e Adjective ‡K wb‡¤œv³ K‡qKwU fv‡MI fvM Kiv hvq:

Types Explanation Example
1. Adjective of quality/ Descriptive Noun ev Pronoun-Gi †`vl-¸Y ev Good, bad, weak
Adjective: Ae¯’v cÖKvk K‡i|
2. Adjective of quantity/Quantitative Noun-Gi Quantity ev cwigvY wb‡`©k Much, little, sufficient, enough
Adjective: K‡i|
3. Adjective of I. Definite Numeral: NounGi wbw`©ó msL¨v ev µg ev ¸wYZK eySvq| GwU wZb cÖKvi, h_v:
Number/ a. Cardinal Number: Noun ev Pronoun-Gi msL¨v eySvq| One, two, three...
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Numeral b. Ordinal Number: Noun ev Pronoun-Gi µg eySvq| First, second, third...

Adjective c. Multiplicative: Noun ev Pronoun-Gi ¸wYZK eySvq| Single, twofold, double, triple
II. Indefinite Numeral: Noun-Gi Awbw`©ó msL¨v eySvq| some, several, many, few, no
4. Pronominal Adjective: Pronoun hLb †Kvb Noun-Gi c~‡e© e‡m Adjective-Gi gZ KvR K‡i| GwU K‡qK cÖKv‡ii n‡Z cv‡i:
a. Possessive Adjective: my, our, your, his, her, its, their Giv Noun Gi my pen, our school, your shoe
c~‡e© e‡m Adjective Gi gZ KvR K‡i|
b. Interrogative Adjective: Interrogative Pronoun- What, Which Ges Whose book is this?
Whose hLb Noun Gi c~‡e© e‡m cÖkœ K‡i|
c. Relative Adjective: What, Which Ges Whose hLb ev‡K¨i g‡a¨ Clause I don’t know whose bike is this.
Marker wn‡m‡e Noun-Gi c~‡e© e‡m Adjective-Gi
gZ KvR K‡i|
d. Demonstrative Adjective: Demonstrative Pronoun - This, That, These, This book is mine.
Those, The same, Such hLb Noun Gi c~‡e© e‡m I know this man.
Adjective Gi gZ KvR K‡i|
e. Distributive Adjective: Distributive Pronoun-each, every, either, Neither apple was fresh.
neither hLb Noun Gi c~‡e© e‡m Adjective Gi KvR
K‡i|
f. Emphasizing Adjective: Own Avi Very hw` Noun Gi c~‡e© e‡m| This is my own business.
Position of Adjective: g‡b ivL‡eb, Sentence G Adjective Gi RvqMv nj `ywU: GKwU nj Noun Gi Av‡M Av‡iKwU nj Linking
Verb Gi c‡i|
Sub. Verb Article Adj. Noun
He is a good boy.
Sub. Linking Verb Adj.
He is good.

g‡b ivLyb, Article/Preposition/Possessive Avi Noun Gi gv‡S GKwU gvÎ Word _vK‡j †mwU Aek¨B Adjective n‡e| A_©vr,
Article/Preposition/ Possessive + Adjective + Noun
Avi Article/Preposition/Possessive Avi Noun Gi gv‡S G‡Ki †ekx Word _vK‡j †mwU Aek¨B Adverb + Adjective n‡e| A_©vr,
Article/Preposition/ Possessive + Adverb + Adjective + Noun
wKš‘ Noun Gi wVK Av‡M Aek¨B Adjective| A_©vr Adjective + Noun nq|

◉ Rule 01: mvaviYZ Linking Verb Gi c‡i †Kvb Adverb n‡e bv, Aek¨B Adjective n‡e| Z‡e Linking Verb+
Preposition n‡j (A_©vr Group Verb ev Phrasal Verb n‡j) Adverb n‡e|
†hgb: The mango tastes sweet. Rumana looks up happily.
Linking V Adj Linking V preposition

◉ Linking Verbs: Linking Verb nj we‡kl cÖKv‡ii Verb hv Subject Gi mv‡_ Subject Complement ev Predicative
Adjective (Verb Gi c‡i Aew¯’Z Adjective) Gi g‡a¨ m¤úK© ¯’vcb K‡i| Ab¨vb¨ Verb Gi gZ Linking Verbs ¸‡jv †Kvb
KvR/ wµqv cÖKvk K‡i bv| ZvB Aek¨B G‡`i c‡i Adjective w`‡Z n‡e, Adverb bv|
Pjyb Linking Verb ¸‡jv‡K GK cjK †`‡L †bIqv hvK:
Be Become Appear Remain
Seem Taste Look Feel
Sound Stay Smell Turn
Keep Grow Come Go
Mary feels bad about her test grade. [‡gix Zvi cixÿvi b¤^‡i Lvivc Abyfe Ki‡Q ]
Linking V Adj
Children become tired quite easily. [‡Q‡j‡g‡qiv Lye mn‡RB K¬všÍ nq|]
Linking V Adj
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◉ Rule 02: Be, become Ges Remain Giv Adjective Qvov Noun Phrase-†KI MÖnb Ki‡Z cv‡i| †hgb: They remained sad
(Adj.) even though I tried to cheer them up [Zviv `ytwLZ _vKj GgbwK hw`I Zv‡`i cÖdzjø Ki‡Z †Póv K‡iwQjvg|]. Rahman
remained chairman of the board despite (Noun Phrase) the opposition [we‡ivwaZv m‡Ë¡I ingvb †ev‡W©i †Pqvig¨vb _vK‡jb|].
◉ Rule 03: ‡h‡nZz Look, Feel, Smell, Taste Ges Sound GB Verb of Senses ¸‡jv Linking Verb ZvB G‡`i c‡i
Adjective e‡m, Adverb e‡m bv|
S V(Senses) Adjective
I felt bad about the mistake.
Verb of Senses Gi c‡i Adverb bv ewm‡q Adjective e¨envi Kiæb|
◉ Rule 04 : Feel, look, smell, Taste Ges Sound Giv Transitive Verb wn‡m‡e e¨eüZ n‡Z cv‡i| ZLb Giv e¯‘ evPK Object MÖnb
Ki‡Z cv‡i| Giƒc Ae¯’vq G‡`i ci Adjective bv n‡q Adverb n‡e| Giv GB Ae¯’vq Linking Verb bq| †hgb: The doctor felt the
leg carefully to see if there were any broken bones. The lady is smelling the flowers gingerly (mZK©Zvi mv‡_).

◉ Position of Adjective (Special Case): ev‡K¨ †Rvi w`‡q †Kvb wKQz eySv‡j Adjective cÖ_‡g e‡m| Giƒc †ÿ‡Î Adjective +
Verb + Subject + Extention Ggb nq|
Example: Blessed be your tongue. (†Zvgvi gy‡L dzj P›`b co–K) Sweet is the wine but sour is the payment. (ïay wb‡Z Rvwb, w`‡Z Rvwb bv)
Adj V

◉ Rule 05: g‡b ivLyb, Enough gv‡b nj ch©vß/ h‡_ó| Enough memgq Noun Gi Av‡M e‡m| G‡ÿ‡Î Enough GKwU
Adjective|Z‡e †Kvb †Kvb †ÿ‡Î Noun Gi c‡i Enough em‡jI GwU enj cÖPwjZ bq|
Enough Noun
We have enough tickets.
We have enough time.
Enough Gi mv‡_ as Ges the e¨envi †_‡K weiZ _vKzb| Enough Gi c‡i Aek¨B Countable Noun n‡j Plural Form Avi
Uncountable Noun n‡j Singular Form e¨envi Kiæb|
+ ( ) + ( )
◉ Rule 06: g‡b ivLyb, Adjective/Adverb/Verb Gi mv‡_ Enough ch©vßfv‡e/h‡_ófv‡e Ggb A_© †`q| G‡ÿ‡Î Enough
GKwU Adverb n‡e| Adjective/Adverb/Verb Gi c~‡e© KLbB Enough e‡m bv, c‡i e‡m|
wb‡Pi D`vnib `ywU jÿ¨ Kwi:
S V Adjective enough infinitive
It is warm enough to go swimming.

S V not Adjective enough infinitive

It is not warm enough to go swimming.
Adjective ev Adverb Gi c~‡e© Enough e¨envi †_‡K weiZ _vKzb| Enough Ges Infinitive Gi gv‡S as e¨envi †_‡K weiZ _vKzb|
+ + (infinitive)
Are those French fries enough for you? [H †d«b&Pd«vB ¸‡jv wK ‡Zvgvi Rb¨ h‡_ó?]
She speaks Spanish enough to be an interpreter. [‡m Abyev`K nIqvi gZ h‡_ó fvj ¯ú¨vwbk e‡j| ]
It is not enough cold to wear a heavy jacket. [fvix R¨v‡KU civi gZ kxZ †bB|]
◉ Hyphenated Adjective: GKvwaK Word nvB‡db (-) Øviv hy³ n‡q hw` Adjective Gi KvR K‡i ZLb Zv‡K Hyphenated
Adjective ejv nq| g‡b ivLyb, Hyphenated Adjective Gi avivevwnKZvq mvavibZ cÖ_‡g GKwU Number (msL¨v) Av‡m|
Hyphenated Adjective Gi cÖwZwU Word GK GKwU Adjective| Giv Singular-Plural ‡Kvb Form cwieZ©b K‡i bv|
Number (msL¨v) I Noun Gi mshyw³‡Z me©`vB Hyphen e¨eüZ nq|
a Adj. - Adj. noun
Agriculture 420 is a five - hour class.

a Adj. - Adj. - Adj. noun

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A sixty - year - old employee may retire

Hyphen Øviv hy³ Adjective ¸‡jvi Plural Form e¨envi Kiv †_‡K weiZ _vKzb hw`I Hyphenated Adjective Gi c‡ii Noun wU
Plural n‡Z cv‡i|
◉ Nouns that Function as Adjectives: Noun hw` ev‡K¨ Adjective Gi KvR K‡i ZLb Zv Nouns that Function as
Adjective wn‡m‡e wPwýZ Kiv nq| g‡b ivL‡eb, hLb `ywU Noun ci ci e‡m ZLb cÖ_g Noun wU wØZxq Noun Gi eY©bv †`q A_©vr cÖ_g
Noun wØZxq Noun Gi Adjective wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i| Adjective KLbB Singular-Plural Form cwieZ©b K‡i bv| Example:
school bag, money bag, school girl GB italic word ¸wj Avm‡j Noun wKš‘ Gfv‡e wjL‡j Zviv Adjective n‡m‡e KvR K‡i‡Q|
Noun Noun
All of us are foreign language teachers.
wØZxq Noun wU Plural n‡jI cÖ_g Noun wU‡K Plural Kiv †_‡K weiZ _vKzb| cÖ_g Noun wU‡K Possessive Kiv †_‡KI weiZ _vKzb|

◉ Cause-and-Result - So: ‡Kvb Adjective ev Adverb Gi c‡i that-Clause (that + S + V +….) Avm‡j H Adjective ev
Adverb Gi c~‡e© so em‡e| g‡b ivL‡Z n‡e, so hy³ Clause wU KviY cÖKvk K‡i Avi that-Clause wU cÖK vk K‡i djvdj|
CAUSE RESULT
S V so Adv. /Adj. that S V
She got up so late that she missed her bus.
The music was so loud that we couldn’t talk.
c‡i that-Clause _vK‡j too/ as e¨envi †_‡K weiZ _vKzb, so e¨envi Kiæb| GKBfv‡e c~‡e© so _vK‡j c‡i as e¨envi bv K‡i that
e¨envi Kiæb|
Cause-and-Result - Such: g‡b ivL‡eb Such-Clause wU KviY Avi that-Clause wU Zvi djvdj cÖKvk K‡i| G‡ÿ‡Î wb‡¤œi MVb
¸wj n‡Z cv‡i
….such + Noun (Noncount./Plural) + that…..……such + Article + Noun (Count Noun) + that…
….such + Article + Adjective + Noun + that….
wKš‘ ........so + Adjective + Article + Noun + that ........

CAUSE RESULT
S V such a adj CN* (Singular) that S V
It was such a hot day that we went out

S V so Adj a CN (Singular) that S V

It was so hot a day that we went out
a/anGi c~‡e© such em‡e, so e¨envi †_‡K weiZ _vKzb| Countable Noun hw` Plural Number G _v‡K Z‡e Structure Gi a/an ‡K ev` †`Iqv hv‡e bv|
CAUSE RESULT
S V such adj CN* (Plural)/ UCN** (Singular) that S V
These are such long assignments that I can’t finish them.
This is such good news that I will call them.
Such Gi cwie‡Z© so e¨envi ‡_‡K weiZ _vKzb|
*CN= Countable Noun, **UCN= Uncountable Noun

Excess-Too: Too gv‡b nj gvÎvwZwi³fv‡e/AwZwi³/GZB †ekx| Too hy³ Clause-wU KviY cÖKvk K‡i Avi Infinitive AskwU cÖKvk K‡i djvdj|
CAUSE RESULT
Too adjective Infinitive
This tea is too hot to drink

hLb †Kvb Adjective Gi c‡i Infinitive _v‡K ZLb H Adjective Gi c~‡e© so ev such a e¨envi †_‡K weiZ _vKzb, too e¨envi Kiæb|
Av‡iv g‡b ivLyb, A_©MZfv‡e GLv‡b too Gi c‡ii Adjective Gi Kvi‡Y Infinitive Gi Verb-wU wKš‘ m¤úv`b Kiv hvq bv|
Incorrect : The top shelf in the cupboard is so high for me to reach.
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Correct : The top shelf in the cupboard is too high for me to reach.
Explanation: ‡h‡nZz GB ev‡K¨ high(adj.) Gi c‡i infinitive (to reach) Av‡Q ZvB Aek¨B so high bv n‡q too high n‡e| GB
evK¨wUi evsjv nj: Kvc‡ev‡W©i Dc‡ii †kj&dwU Avgvi Rb¨ GZB DuPz †h †cuŠQv‡Z cvwibv|

Emphasis-Very: Very e¨eüZ nq †Rvi †`Iqvi Rb¨| Very mvaviYZ djvdj cÖKvkK †Kvb Clause ev Infinitive Gi mv‡_ e‡m bv|
very Adjective ∅
This tea is very hot.
hw` djvdj cÖK vkK †Kvb Clause/ Infinitive bv _v‡K Z‡e so ev such ‡`Iqv hv‡e bv; very w`‡Z n‡e|

Consecutive Order One, another, the Other

wZbwU Singular count noun-†K avivevwnK fv‡e hy³ Ki‡Z one, another Ges the other e‡m| Avi `ywU singular
count noun-†K avivevwnKfv‡e hy³ Ki‡Z one Ges the other e‡m| A_©vr, wZbwU Singular count noun-Gi c~‡e© ev cwie‡Z©
one, another, & the other e‡m| (c~‡e© em‡j Giv adjective nq Avi cwie‡Z© em‡j Giv pronoun nq|)
Structure :
One + (singular count noun) + sing. verb + another +sing. count noun + sing. verb + & + the other + sing.
count noun + verb singular.
Example: Of the three busiest vacation areas in the United States, one area is Disney World,
another area is New York City, and the other area is Washington. D.C.

One + (singular count noun) + sing. verb + another + sing. verb+& + the other+verb singular.
Example: Of the three busiest vacation areas in the United States, one (area) is Disney World,
another is New York City, and the other is Washington. D.C.

One + (singular count noun) + sing. verb + & + the other + verb singular.
Example: Of the two busiest vacation areas in the United States, one (area) is Disney World,
and the other is Washington. D.C.
◉ Rule 10: Some, other /others, the other/the others (the rest)
 Some, other, the other wZbwU plural count noun-Gi c~‡e© e¨eüZ nq| Ges Some, others, the others / the rest,
plural count noun-Gi cwie‡Z© e¨eüZ nq| A_©vr- Other Gi ci noun/ pronoun em‡j other Gi mv‡_ KL‡bvB s/es hy³
n‡ebv| wKš‘ noun/ pronoun bv _vK‡j s/es hy³ n‡e| (c~‡e© em‡j Giv adjective nq Avi cwie‡Z© em‡j Giv pronoun nq|)

Structure:
Some +plural count noun + plural verb + other +plural count noun + plural verb + & + the other + plural
count noun + plural verb.
Example: Some of these T-shirts are red, other T-shirts are blue, and the other T-shirts are white.

Some +plural count noun + plural verb +others + plural verb+& +the others /the rest + plural verb

Example: Some of these T-shirts are red, others are blue, and the others / the rest are white.

Difference between Pronoun & Pronominal adjective

Pronoun Pronominal adjective
Demonstrative Pronoun: GiKg pronoun †Kvb noun Demonstrative Adjective: Demonstrative pronoun hLb
†K we‡klfv‡e wb‡`©k K‡i| †hgbÑ This, that, these, noun Gi c~‡e© e‡m ZLb Zv Demonstrative adjective nq|
those, it. This is a book. These are my pens. MVb: This + noun, These + plural noun, That + noun
BZ¨vw`|
This books is mine. These pens are mine.
Distributive Pronoun: Gi pronoun GKRvZxq GKvwaK Distributive Adjective: Distributive Pronoun hLb
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e¨w³ ev e¯‘i g‡a¨ cÖ‡Z¨KwU‡K c„_Kfv‡e eySvq| adjective wn‡m‡e noun Gi c~‡e© e‡m ZLb Zv Distributive
MVb: Each/either/neither + of + noun Each of us Adjective nq|
sees the world differently. g‡b ivLyb- Every KLbI MVb: Each/every/either/neither + noun Everybody has
pronoun wn‡m‡e e¨eüZ nq bv| arrived.
Incorrect: Every of them has problems. Each book was a different colour.
Correct: Each of them has problems. g‡b ivLyb- every memgq adjective wn‡m‡e e¨eüZ nq, KLbI
pronoun wn‡m‡e e¨eüZ nq bv|
Interrogative Pronoun: GiKg pronoun cÖkœ Kivi Interrogative Adjective: Interrogative Pronoun hLb noun
Rb¨ e¨eüZ nq| G¸wj ev‡K¨i cÖ_g e‡m| who, whose, Gi c~‡e© e‡m Adjective Gi KvR K‡i, ZLb Zv Interrogative
whom, which, what. Adjective nq |
Which is your book? MVb: What+noun, which+noun.
Who are you? Which book do you want?
What books are you reading?
Relative Pronoun: GB pronoun `ywU ev‡K¨i g‡a¨ Relative Adjective: Relative pronoun hLb noun Gi c~‡e© e‡m
relation ev mg„× eywS‡q †`q| G¸wj ev‡K¨i gv‡S e‡m| adjective Gi KvR K‡i, ZLb Zv Relative Adjective nq| We
Who, whose, whom, which, that. saw some people whose car had broken down.
The woman who lives next door is a doctor.
Possessive Pronoun: GB pronoun-Gi Øviv Possessive Adjective: Possessive pronoun ¸‡jvi wbR¯^
possession ev AwaKvi eySv‡bv nq| possessive pronoun adjective form Av‡Q| Giv n‡”Q- my, our, your, their, one’s
mg~‡ni wbR¯^ form i‡q‡Q hviv GKvKx e‡m Ges pronoun Gi BZ¨vw`| Giv memgq noun Gi c~‡e© e‡m Ges possessive adjecive
KvR K‡i| Giv n‡”QÑ mine, ours, theirs, his, hers, its. wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i|
This house is ours. This is our house.
This is my book.

Av‡iv wKQz Adjective

A. Proper Adjective: Proper noun †_‡K †h adjective Rb¥ †bq, ZvB Proper adjective.
†hgbÑAmerican, Indian, Asian, African, Bangladeshi, Shakespearean etc.
1. He is an American boy. 2. He likes a Chinese dish.
B. Emphasizing Adjective: Own Ges Very GB `ywU kã †Rvim~PK Adjective iƒ‡c e¨eüZ nq|
01. He was beaten at his own game. (†m wb‡Ri PvjvwK‡Z wb‡RB civ¯Í wQj|)
02. I saw it with my own eyes. (Avwg wb‡Ri †Pv‡LB GUv †`‡LwQjvg|)
03. He will come this very day. (†m wVK AvRB Avm‡e|)
C. Special forms: ‘-ing’ adjectives: ‘-ing’ adjectives mvaviYfv‡e qualitative adjectives Gi AšÍf~©³| ‘-ing’ adjectives
Gi mv‡_ sub-modifier, comparatives & superlatives em‡Z cv‡i| †hgbÑ ... a very convincing example, .... a very
exciting idea, one of the most boring books I’ve ever read. ‘-ing’ adjective †hgb attributive position G em‡Z
cv‡i, †Zgwb predicative position-G em‡Z cv‡i|

†hgbÑ It is interesting. ‘-ing’ adjectives Gi GKwU list †`qv n‡jv|

amazing challenging disturbing interesting surprising
amusing charming embarrassing inspiring worrying
D. Special forms: ‘-ed’ adjectives: hLb verb-Gi past participle †Kvb noun Gi c~‡e© e‡m adjective Gi KvR K‡i ZLb Zv ‘-
ed’ adjectives eySvq| ‘-ed’ adjectives ej‡Z †h memgq verb Gi past participle Gi †k‡l ed _vK‡Z n‡e Ggb bq| eis
verb Gi past participle wn‡m‡e ed form bv _vKv m‡Ë¡I hw` †mwU adjective Gi KvR K‡i Zvn‡j †mwUI Ôed’ adjectives Gi
AvIZvfz³ n‡e| G‡`i c~‡e© adverb of manner A_ev adverb of degree e‡m G‡`i‡K modifiy Ki‡Z cv‡i|
†hgbÑ .... a well-known novelist, ..... a pleasantly furnished rooms.
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‘-ed’ adjectives Gi GKwU list †`qv n‡jvÑ

amused confused embarrassed pleased worried
bored depressed excited satisfied retired

Two adjectives of the same noun

Nouns Adjective Latin Adj. Noun Adjective Latin Adj.

sanguine corporal
Blood bloody Body bodily
sanguinary corporeal
Body boyish puerile Heart hearty cordial, cardiac
Brother brotherly fraternal Heaven heavenly celestial
Burden burdensome onerous Home homely domestic
Child childish/-like puerile King kingly regal/royal
Cloud cloudy nebular Life lively vital
Day daily diurnal Man manly human, virile
Earth earthly terrestrial Milk milky lacteal
Father fatherly paternal Mother motherly maternal
Fear fearful timid
Fire fiery igneous Night nightly nocturnal
Flesh fleshly carnal Skin skinny cutaneous
Friend friendly amicable Sun sunny solar
Frost frosty glacial War warlike bellicose
God godlike/godly divine Will willful voluntary
Hair Hairy capillary World worldly mundane
Hand handy manual Anger angry enraged
Law lawful legal Year yearly annual
Womanly feminine aqueous,
Woman Water watery
womanish effeminate aquatic

Adverb
◉ Basics: †h Word ev‡K¨ Noun ev Pronoun Ges Interjection wfbœ Ab¨ mKj Parts of Speech †K we‡klvwqZ K‡i A_©vr Ae¯’v,
Dcvq, mgq cÖf…wZ cÖKvk K‡i Zv‡K Adverb e‡j | (An adverb is a word that used in a sentence and qualifies other
parts of speech except noun, pronoun & interjection)|
Example:
I walk slowly.- evK¨wU‡Z slowly Øviv nuvUvi (Walk) cÖK…wZ eySv‡bv n‡q‡Q| wKfv‡e/ †Kgb K‡i nuv‡U?-Slowly (ax‡i)| myZivs Slowly
GKwU Adverb | Giƒc k‡ãi †k‡l mvaviYZ –ly _vK‡j Adverb n‡Z cv‡i| Z‡e wKQz e¨wZµg Av‡Q|
 Uses of Adverbs:
 Adjective †K Modify K‡i→ He is a . .
boy.[‡m Lye fvj †Q‡j|- KZUzKz fv‡jv?-Lye fv‡jv]
 Verb †K Modify K‡i→ He .
.[‡m `ªæZ nuv‡U|-wKfv‡e nuv‡U?- `ªæZ]
.
 Adverb †K Modify K‡i→ He walks . .
.[‡m Lye `ªæZ nuv‡U|- KZUzK z `ªæZ?-Lye `ªæZ ]
Note: myZ ivs Adverb ev fve we‡klY g~jZ Verb, Adjective, Adverb G wZbwU‡K Modify K‡i [Main Function]| Z‡e wKQz
†¶‡Î Preposition, Conjunction Ges Sentence †K Modify Ki‡Z cv‡i Z‡e Zv Adverb Gi g~j KvR ev Function wn‡m‡e
MÖnb‡hvM¨ bq|
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 Classification and Example:

Types Example
A. Simple or Independent Adverbs
1. Adverb of time (When? KLb?) now, then, soon, yesterday, today, tomorrow, daily, always,
seldom, ago, often, never, sometimes, after, already, before, since,
presently, immediately etc.
2. Adverb of place (Where? †Kv_vq?) here, there, upstairs, outside, nearby, far, near, neither, thither,
hence, thence, nearby, away, abroad, ahead, overhead, inland,
locally, universally.
3. Adverb of manner (How? wKfv‡e?) Slowly, suddenly, eagerly, anxiously, carefully, clearly, closely,
correctly, bravely, badly, sadly, softly, soundly, swiftly, simply,
carelessly, easily, quickly, possibly, probably, luckily, fortunately,
naturally, rightly, urgently, wrongly, widely, thus, well.
4. Adverb of frequency (How often? always, often, seldom, usually, sometimes, occasionally, rarely,
KZevi?) never, ever, regularly, once, twice, thrice, again, weekly.
5. Adverb of quantity or degree (How almost, much, nearly, quite, too, very, little, more, enough,
much? KZUzKz?) slightly, somewhat, rather, partly.
6. Adverb Affirmation and negation Really he is an honest man.
7. Adverb of cause and effect Hence (for that reason), therefore, accordingly, consequently.
8. Adverb of order (Why?†Kb?) First, second, secondly, third, last, lastly, etc.
B. Interrogative Adverbs: When, Where, How, How much, Why
C. Relative Adverbs: When, Where, How, How much, Why
Note: g~jZ verb ev wµqv‡K †Kv_vq (Where?), KLb (When?), wKfv‡e (How?), †Kgb (How?), †Kb (Why?) BZ¨vw` cÖ‡kœi DËi
me©`vB Adverb nq|
Position of adverb

◉ Rule 01: Adverb hv‡K Modify K‡i Zvi wVK c~‡e© e‡m| ïaygvÎ Verb ‡K Modify Ki‡Z Adverb mvaviYZ Verb Gic‡i e‡m|
g‡b ivLyb, Verb ‡K Modify Ki‡Z memgq Adverb e¨eüZ nq, Adjective bq| Verb ‡K Ô‡Kb?Õ (Why?), Ô†Kv_vq?Õ
(Where?), ÔKLb?Õ (When), ÔwKfv‡e?Õ (How?) Øviv cÖkœ Ki‡j †h DËi cvIqv hvq Zv GKwU Adverb|
◉ Adverbs of Manner: GKwU Verb wKfv‡e msNwVZ n‡”Q Zv cÖKvk K‡i Adverb of Manner| mvaviYfv‡e Verb ‡K
How?( wKfv‡e?) Øviv cÖkœ Ki‡j Adverb of Manner cvIqv hvq| Adverb of Manner mvaviYZ – ly hy³ _v‡K|

Sub. V Adverb(Manner)
The class listened attentively to the lecture.
g‡b ivLyb, Verb Gi c‡i (Linking Verb Qvov) Adjective e¨envi Kiv hv‡e bv Aek¨B Adverb of Manner e¨envi Ki‡Z n‡e|
Infinitive MwVZ nq to Avi VBw`‡q; GB `ywUi gv‡S Adverb of Manner emv‡bv hv‡e bv Aek¨B to + VB + Adverb of
Manner Gfv‡e emv‡Z n‡e|

◉ Rule-02: wKQz wKQz Adverb Av‡Q hviv memgq Main Verb Gi Av‡M e‡m; Auxiliary Verb _vK‡j Main Verb I Auxiliary
Verb Gi gv‡S e‡m; GKvwaK Auxiliary Verb _vK‡j cÖ_g Auxiliary Verb Gi c‡i e‡m| Have to, Has to, Had to, Used
to Gi c‡i e‡m|
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wb‡Pi Adverb ¸wj jÿ¨ Kwi:

always often almost just quite
also only usually generally probably
occasionally never rarely hardly scarcely
yet barely still

N.B. rarely, barely, hardly, scarcely G¸‡jv Negative evPK kã|

A_©vr Structure ¸wj Ggb nq:

1. Subject +ZvwjKvi Adverb + Main Verb + Ext.
I always remember the holiday I spent in your home.
I hardly go out after dusk.
2. Subject + Auxiliary Verb + ZvwjKvi Adverb + Main Verb + Ext.
Those cars have just had an accident.
N.B.: be verb hw` Main verb Gi KvR K‡i Z‡e be verb Gi ci G mKj Adverb em‡e| Example: He is always late.
3. Subject + Auxiliary Verb + ZvwjKvi Adverb + Auxiliary Verb+Main Verb + Ext.
Real flowers could hardly have smelt better.

◉ Rule-03: mvaviYZ Intransitive Verb ( AKg©K wµqv)Gi c‡i Ges Transitive Verb ( mKg©K wµqv)Gi Object Gi c‡i
Adverb e‡m| Transitive Verb Gi Object bv _vK‡j Verb Gi c‡iB Adverb e‡m|
 He works hard.

◉ Rule-04: ev‡K¨i Dci A_ev Verb Dci †Rvi cÖ`vb Ki‡Z Sentence Gi ïiæ‡ZB Adverb Zvici Verb Ges me©‡k‡l Subject
Av‡m| G welqwU
 Hardly do I go to the New Market.

◉ Rule-05: Group Verb ev Phrasal Verbs Gi †ÿ‡Î Ges †Kvb Preposition Gi c‡i †Kvb Noun/Pronoun bv Avm‡j
Preposition wU Adverb wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i|

adverb preposition
please side down. I ran down the road.
You can go in. He’s in his office.
Put your shirt off. I put off my shirt.

◉ Rule-06: hZ-- ZZ A‡_© Comparative Degree e¨eüZ n‡j Zv Adverb n‡e|

 The more you read, the more you learn.

◉ Rule-07: Adverb GKwU sentence Gi past participle Gi c~‡e© e‡m Zv‡K modify Ki‡Z cv‡i| adverb + past participle.
 This steak is very badly cooked.

◉ Rule-08: Imperative Sentence Gi ïiæ‡Z adverb em‡Z cv‡i|

Adverb + verb + ....
 Please come again.

◉ Rule-09: Adjective or Adverb: wKQz wKQz word Av‡Q, hviv e¨envi‡f‡` KLbI adjective Ges KLbI adverb wn‡m‡e KvR
K‡i| hLb noun ev pronoun †K modify K‡i, ZLb adjective wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i| Avevi hLb verb/adjective †K modify K‡i
ZLb adverb wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i|
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fast late hard well

next near little far
 He is a fast runner. – fast n‡”Q adjective, hv runner noun- †K modify K‡i‡Q|
 I am well now. – GLv‡b well n‡”Q adjective, hv I- †K modify K‡i‡Q| g‡b ivLybÑ am/is/are Gi ci subject-Gi
complement wn‡m‡e adjective/noun e‡m|

◉ Rule-10: wKQz adverb Av‡Q hv‡`i `ywU iƒc Av‡Q|

loud/loudly quick/quickly slow/slowly
 Biren speaks very loud. (GLv‡b loud adverb)
 He sings very loudly. (GLv‡b loudly adverb)

Forming Adverbs

◉ Rule-01: k‡ãi mv‡_ ‘ly’ hy³ _vK‡jB Adverb nq bv, Adjective I n‡Z cv‡i| g‡b ivL‡ebÑ Noun Gi mv‡_ ‘ly’ †hvM Ki‡j
Adj Ges Adj Gi mv‡_ ly †hvM Ki‡j Adverb n‡e|
Noun + -ly =Adjective Adjective + -ly =Adverb
Friend + -ly Friendly Slow + -ly Slowly
Coward + -ly Cowardly Quick + -ly Quickly
Miser + -ly Miserly Beautiful +-ly Beautifully
More Examples: Comely,Costly,Deadly (gvivZ¥K), Disorderly, Special Note: -lly _vK‡j Word wU
Lively, Lovely,Lonely, Likely, Orderly, Silly, Sprightly, wbwðZ fv‡eB Adverb n‡e|
Unlikely, Unruly, Ugly
hw` -ly hy³ Adjective ¸‡jv Adverb Gi gZ Verb ‡K Modify Kivi KvR Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| GB Ac~Y©Z v c~i‡Yi Rb¨ A_©vr -ly hy³
Adjective ¸‡jv w`‡q GKwU Adverb Gi cÖ‡qvRb †gUv‡Z nq ZLb Adverb Phrases: ...in a + -ly hy³ Adjective + way/ manner
Gfv‡e wjL‡Z nq| ‡hgb:
 Jimmy behaved motherly. (x)
 Jimmy behaved in a motherly way (√)
◉ Rule-03: wKQz wKQz Word Av‡Q hviv ev‡K¨ Adjective wn‡m‡e e¨eüZ nIqvi cvkvcvwk ‘ly’hy³ bv n‡q Adverb wn‡m‡eI e¨eüZ
nq| ‡hgb: High, Pretty, Well, Short, Fast, Hard, Straight, Far, Dead, Tight BZ¨vw`|
Adjective Adverb
He is a very fast speaker. He walks very fast.
He is a hard worker. He works hard.
Jane is not well (Health). Jane plays well.

wKQz wKQz Adverb Gi †ÿ‡Î -ly hy³ Ki‡j A‡_©i wfbœZv †`Lv hvq| †hgb:
Adverbs
Late Lately Deep Deeply Short Shortly
Fair (PgrKvi) Fairly (‡gvUvgywU)
(‡`ix) (m¤úªwZ) (Mfx‡i) (AZ¨šÍ) (nVvr) (kxNªB)
Near Nearly Sharp Sharply High Highly Wrong Wrongly
(wbK‡U ) (cÖvq) (wVK wVK) (KK©kfv‡e) (D”P) (LyeB) (fzj) (Ab¨vqfv‡e)
Pretty Prettily Hard Hardly
Dead(Adj./Adv.) (g„Z) Deadly(Adj.) (gvivZ¥K)
(PgrKvi) (‡gvUvgywU) (K‡Vvi) (K`vwPr)

◉ Sequence of Adverbs: GKvwaK Adverb GKmv‡_ em‡j Zviv GKwU Normal Order Follow K‡i: MPT| A_©vr mvaviY
Word Order Abymv‡i GKvwaK Adverb hw` GKB Verb Gi Modifier nq ZLb Verb -wUi c‡iB cÖ_‡g Object em‡e (hw` _v‡K),
Gici Adverb of Manner (M), Zvici Adverb of Place (P) Ges me‡k‡l Adverb of Time (T) em‡e|
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.....VerbObjectManner Place Time

Example:
.
Bob spoke ( ?) ( ?) ( ?)
Incorrect: I looked at a lady driver recently on the way to New Market motionlessly.
Correct: I looked at a lady driver .

◉ Negative Adverbs: Hardly, Rarely, Barely, Scarcely Avi Seldom Gi A_© cÖvq GKB- Almost not/Almost never ev
K`vwPr Avi Never A_© nj KLbB bv|| Giv me©`vB bv- †evaK A_© cÖK vk K‡i| GKwU Sentence G Double Negative Kiv hvq bv|
ZvB Negative Adverb ¸wj ev‡K¨ _vK‡j H ev‡K¨ Avi No/Not e‡m bv ev GKB ev‡K¨ `ywU Negative Adverb e‡m bv|

 He could scarcely hold back his tears when he heard the sad song.

◉ Ever & Never: KL‡bv Kiv n‡q‡Q wKbv Ggb cÖkœ wR‡Ám Ki‡Z Adverb iƒ‡c Ever e¨eüZ nq| †hgbÑ
01. What is the correct translation of ‘Zzwg wK KL‡bv b›`b cv‡K© wM‡qQ?Õ
A. Have you gone to Nandan park? B. Have you never been to Nandan Park?
C. Have you ever gone to Nandan Park? C. Have you ever been to Nandan Park? Ans: D
Never n‡”Q Ever Gi Negative Form| Ever _vK‡j mvaviYfv‡e evK¨wU Present Perfect Tense nq| Ever ev Never ev‡K¨
Main Verb Gi Av‡M e‡m|
Ôbv †evaKÕ ev‡K¨ †Rvi cÖ`vb Ki‡Z ÔKL‡bv bvÕ A‡_© adverb iƒ‡c never e¨envi Kiv nq| †hgbÑ Avwg KL‡bv iv½vgvwU hvBwb (I have
never been to Rangamati.)
be vs go (hvIqv)
 †Kvb ¯’v‡b †KD hw` wM‡q Avevi wd‡i Av‡m A_ev ågY eySv‡j ÔhvIqvÕ A‡_© been to e‡m|
 †Kvb ¯’v‡b †KD hw` wM‡q Avevi wd‡i bv Av‡m eis H RvqMvq Ae¯’vb Ki‡j ÔhvIqvÕ A‡_© gone to e‡m|
Enough kãwU ev‡K¨ e¨envi‡f‡` adjective I adverb wn‡m‡e e¨eüZ nq|
 †Kvb ev‡K¨ adjective/adverb Gi c‡i enough e‡m Ges Zv adverb wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i|
 †Kvb ev‡K¨ noun Gi c~‡e© enough e‡m Ges Zv adjective wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i| †hgbÑ

◉ Sometime and Sometimes: Sometime A_© nj fwel¨‡Zi †Kvb GK mg‡q, some time in the indefinite future|
Sometimes Gi A_© gv‡S gv‡S, Occasionally| Sometime mvaviYZ GKwU Verb Gi c‡i e¨eüZ nq wKš‘ Sometimes e‡m
Sentence/Clause Gi ïiæ‡Z A_ev †k‡l| g‡b ivLyb, Sometime nj When? (KLb?) Øviv cÖ‡kœi DËi Avi Sometimes nj
How often? (KZ NbNb?) Gi DËi|
Sub. V sometime (no specific date in the future)
My family will call me long distance sometime

Sometimes (Occasionally) Sub. V

Sometimes my family calls me long distance
Giƒc Av‡iv GKwU Expression Av‡Q| †mwU nj: Some time – Gi A_© ÒwKQz mgqÓ †hLv‡b time GKwU Uncountable Noun|
fwel¨‡Zi Awbw`©ó mgq eySv‡Z Aek¨B Sometime n‡e| wKš‘ Present Indefinite Tense G Ògv‡S gv‡SÓ A‡_© Aek¨B
Sometimes n‡e|
◉ Introductory Adverbial Modifiers- Once: Once Gi A_© nj ÒAZx‡Zi GK mg‡qÓ| Once nj When? (KLb?) Gi DËi|
Once mvaviYZ ev‡K¨i ïiæ‡Z Adverbial Modifier-G e‡m Ges wVK c‡ii Clause wUi Main Subject ‡K Modify K‡i|

Once Noun/ NP , Sub. V

Once a salesman , Pete has been promoted to district manager.

Once Gi Av‡M A_ev c‡i that emv‡bv hv‡e bv|

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◉ No Longer: No longer A_© nj ÒAvi GKUzI bqÓ not any more| No longer mvaviYZ Main Verb I Auxiliary Verb
Gi gv‡S e‡m| No longer nj When? (KLb?)Gi DËi|

Sub. V(Auxiliary) no longer V(Main)

I can no longer see without my glasses.
GLv‡b no Gi cwie‡Z© not ev none e¨envi Kiv hv‡e bv|

◉ Date: ZvwiL cÖKv‡ki GKwU cÖZ¨vwkZ aib Av‡Q| Date (ZvwiL) nj When? (KLb?) Gi DËi|
the Ordinal Number of Month
Valentine’s Day is on the fourteenth of February.

Month Ordinal Number

Valentine’s Day is on February fourteenth.

◉ Generalization- As a Whole and Wholly: As a whole gv‡b mvgwMÖK fv‡e/¯^vfvweKfv‡e/ Generally| Ab¨w`‡K Wholly
gv‡b Òm¤ú~Y©iƒ‡cÓ(Completely)| As a whole mvaviYZ Sentence ev Clause Gi ïiæ‡Z e‡m| Wholly e‡m mvaviYZ
Auxiliary ev Main Verb Gi c‡i|

As a whole (Generally) Sub. V

As a whole the news is correct.

Sub. V Wholly (Completely)

The news is wholly correct.

Conjunction
Conjunction A_© GKÎ ms‡hvM| myZ ivs †h word `yB ev Z‡ZvwaK word, phrase ev sentence ‡K GK‡Î hy³ K‡i, Zv‡K Conjunction
e‡j| †hgb- and, but, or, till, unless, etc.
Conjunction cÖavbZ wZb (03) cÖKvi| h_v-
Conjunction

Co-ordinating Conjunction Subordinating Conjunction Correlating Conjunction

Copulative/Cumulative ev ms‡hvRK

Alternative Conjunction ev weKíevPK

Adversative Conjunction ev ˆecixZ¨evPK

Illative Conjunction ev wm×všÍevPK

01. Co-ordinating Conjunction
†h me Conjunction `yÕwU mgRvZxq ev mggv‡bi word, clause ev sentence ‡K hy³ K‡i Zv`i‡K Co-ordinating Conjunction ejv
nq| wKQz Co-ordinating Conjunctions- And, but, for, or, nor, so, yet, etc. ‡hgb- Ritu and Ruhi are two sisters;
Muttalib is poor but honest man.
Co-ordinating Conjunction Avevi Pvi (04) cÖK vi| h_v-
 Page 27

a) Copulative/Cumulative (ms‡hvRbK) : And, also, as well as, besides, both ... and, moreover, not only... but
also, etc. †hgbÑ
➥ Ratan as well as his friend has come.
➥ Both Laboni and Saba have done the work.
b) Alternative (weKí evPK): Else, either, or, either... or, neither, nor, neither... nor, otherwise, while, etc. †hgbÑ
➥ Read or you will fail.
➥ The players are either tired or nervous.
c) Adversative (‰ecixZ¨m~PK): But, however, nevertheless, only, still, while, where, whereas, yet, etc. †hgbÑ
➥ Zara is sad but hopeful.
➥ He worked hard, yet he could not pass.
d) Illative (wm×všÍ evPK): As, consequently, for, hence, so, therefore, thus, etc. †hgbÑ
➥ You can drive my car as you drive carefully.
➥ He’s going to work in England, so he is learning English.
02. Subordinating conjunction
†h me Conjunction, Subordinate clause †K Principal clause Gi m‡½ mshy³ K‡i, Zv‡`i‡K Subordinating Conjunction e‡j|
Subordinating Conjunction ¸‡jv wewfbœ A_© Abymv‡i fvM Kiv hvq|
Expressing Example
Time After, before, till, until, since, when, while, etc.
Place Where, wherever, where from etc.
Cause/Reason As, because, since, that, etc
Effect/Result In order that, so... that, that, etc.
Purpose Lest, in order that, so that, that, etc.
03. Correlative conjunction
†h me Conjunction ¸‡jv mvaviYZ †Rvovq †Rvovq e¨eüZ nq, A_©vr GKwU e¨eüZ n‡j AciwU Acwinvh© fv‡e e¨eüZ nq| G ai‡bi
Conjunction ¸‡jv‡K Correlative conjunction e‡j| †hgbÑ
Conjunction Example
As... as Last week was as hot as this week.
Both ... and Aftab Hossain is both rich and pious.
Either ... or The players are either tired or nervous.
Hardly ... when Hardly had I reached the station when the train left.
If ... then If he does not come then inform me.
Neither ... nor He is neither punctual nor efficient.
Not only... but also His reply was not only prompt but also complete.
G‡Ki AwaK Conjunction †hŠ_fv‡e e¨eüZ n‡j Zv‡K Compound Conjunction e‡j|
wKQz Compound Conjunction – As if, as soon as, as though, as well as, even if, in as much as, in order that, on
condition that, provided that, so that, etc. †hgbÑ
➥ I must refuse your request, in as much as I believe it is unreasonable.
➥ You can borrow the book provided that you return it soon.

Usage of some Conjunction

And (Ges): `yÕwU mgRvZxq (Parts of Speech ev clause) †Kv‡bv wKQz‡K hy³ Ki‡Z and e¨eüZ nq|
➥ Kajol and Dola are two sisters.

But (wKš‘): `yÕwU wecixZv_©K welq‡K hy³ Ki‡Z ev e¨wZi‡K/Qvov (except) A‡_© But e¨eüZ nq|
➥ The man is poor but honest.
➥ I had no choice but to sign the contract.
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So (myZ ivs/ †m Rb¨/Kvi‡Y): djkÖæwZ /KviY cÖK v‡k `ywUÕ clause hy³ Ki‡Z Conjunction wn‡m‡e So e¨eüZ nq|
➥ It was still painful so I went to see a doctor.

As/Because/For/Since (KviY/†h‡nZz): †Kv‡bv KviY/ †h‡nZz eySv‡Z mvaviYZ Conjunction wn‡m‡e As/Because/For/Since
e¨eüZ nq |
➥ As he was poor, he could not buy a shirt.
➥ Maya could not attend the party because she was ill.
➥ We listened eagerly, for he brought news of our families.
Although/Though/Even if/Even though (hw`I/Z_vwc): `yÕwU wecixZ A‡_©i clause †K hy³ Ki‡Z although/though/Even
if/Even though, Conjunction wn‡m‡e e¨eüZ nq †hLv‡b GKwU clause †K †ewk ¸iæZ¡ †`qv nq|
➥ Although he has a lot of money, he is dissatisfied.
➥ I’ll get there, even if I have to walk.

Or (A_ev/wKsev): †Kv‡bv wKQzi weKí eySv‡Z `yÕwU clause †K hy³ Ki‡Z Or, Conjunction wU e¨eüZ nq|
➥ She must weep or she will die.

Yet, still, while, whereas, Adversative Conjunction ¸‡jv `yÕwU e³‡e¨i g‡a¨ Zzjbv eySv‡Z e¨eüZ nq|
➥ It’s a small car, yet it’s surprisingly spacious.

As if/As though (†hb): †hb/ †hgb A‡_© As if/As though `ywU Clause †K hy³ Ki‡Z e¨eüZ nq|
➥ He talks as if/as though he knew everything.

As ... as/So... as (g‡Zv/g‡ZvB): mvaviYZ Affirmative sentence G mv`„k¨ Zzjbvi †ÿ‡Î As... as Ges Negative sentence G
ˆemv`„k¨Zv eySv‡Z As... as/so ... as Dfq e¨eüZ nq|
➥ She is as beautiful as her sister.
➥ She is beautiful but she is not as/so beautiful as her mother.
So...as (g‡Zv/g‡ZvB): KvD‡K LyeB f`ª I AvPviwbôvfv‡e †Kv‡bvwKQz Ki‡Z ejvi †ÿ‡Î So ... as e¨eüZ nq |
➥ Would you be so kind as to help me cross the road?

Before/after (c~‡e©/c‡i): c~‡e©/c‡i eySv‡Z `ywU Conjunction wn‡m‡e before/after e¨eüZ nq |

➥ I would die before I lied.
➥ I return home after he had gone.

Interjection

†h mKj kã Øviv g‡bi AvKw¯§K fve ev Av‡eM cÖKvk K‡i, Zv‡`i‡KB Interjection e‡j| Interjection Gi †k‡l Exclamation
mark (!) _v‡K| †hgb- Ah! (Avnv!), Alas! (nvq!), Bravo! (kvevk!) Excellent! (PgrKvi!/kvevk!), Fie! (waK!), Hello! (I‡n!),
Hurrah! (ûi‡i!), Hush! (nvk!, Pzc!), Heaven! (Ck¦i!), Oh! (In!), Shame! (wK j¾v!/wQ! wQ!), Tut! Tut! (wQ! wQ!) BZ¨vw`|

KwZcq Interjection phrase: Well done! (kvevk!), For shame! Oh dear!/ Dear me! (nvq Kcvj! GwK!), Oh my God!
(nvq fMevb!/nvq Ck¦i!), Ah me! Good gracious! Good heavens! BZ¨vw`|
E.G. Hello! What are you doing here?/How do you do?
Oh! What a nice view. (Avnv! wK my›`i `„k¨); Oh! I got such a fright. (Avn! Ggb GKUv fq †c‡qwQjvg)
Hurrah/Hurray! Our team has won the game. (ûi‡i! Avgv‡`i `j U&ªwd wR‡Z‡Q)
Hush! don’t make a noise. (Pzc! †Mvjgvj K‡iv bv); Fie! you are a liar. (waK! Zzwg wg_¨vev`x)
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Interjection Øviv †Kv‡bv Sudden feeling/emotion cÖKvk cvq| †hgb:

1. Joy (Avb›`, Mfxi nl©): Hurrah/Hurray! [Hurrah! Today is holiday. (wK gRv, AvR Avgv‡`i QzwU)]
2. Grief (cÖPÛ `ytL): Alas! [Alas! He is no more/He is dead. (nvq! wZwb Avi †eu‡P †bB)]
3. Surprise (we¯§q): Ah! Ha! What! [What! You don’t mean to say so? Ah! have they gone?]
4. Approval (Drmvn, mg_©b): Bravo! [Bravo! You have saved a nice goal/You have done well.]

Inter Change of Parts of Speech

A. Nouns from Adjectives
3.1 Adjective – Gi †k‡l ant ev ent _vK‡j t Gi ¯’‡j ce ev cy wKsev Zvi c‡i ance †hvM K‡i noun-form MVb Kiv nq|
Adjective Noun Adjective Noun Adjective Noun
absent-Abycw¯’Z absence obedient-AbyMZ obedience abundant-cÖPzi abundance
diligent-cwikÖgx diligence confident-wek¦vmx confidence arrogant-D×Z arrogance

3.2 wKš‘ adjective – Gi †k‡l ate ev et _vK‡j t ev te Gi ¯’‡j cy hy³ K‡i noun-form MVb Kiv nq|
Adjective Noun Adjective Noun Adjective Noun
accurate-h_v_© accuracy literate- AÿiÁvbhy³ literacy private-†Mvcbxq privacy
secret-†Mvcbxq secrecy delicate- †Kvgj, `ye©j delicacy

3.3 Adjective Gi †k‡l ar ev or _vK‡j Gi †k‡l ity †hvM K‡i noun-form MVb Kiv nq|
Adjective Noun Adjective Noun Adjective Noun Adjective Noun
familiar-cwiwPZ familiarity popular- RbwcÖq popularity superior-†kÖô superiority future-fwel¨r futurity
senior-e‡qv‡Rvô seniority prior- c~e©eZx priority

3.4 Adjective Gi †k‡l el, le, re, al, il, ite _vK‡j ty ev ity †hvM K‡i noun form MVb Kiv nq|
Adjective Noun Adjective Noun Adjective Noun Adjective Noun
pure-weï× purity future- fwel¨r futurity obscure-AÜKvigq obscurity able- mg_© ability
noble-gnvb nobility cruel-wbôzi cruelty brutal-cïfvevcbœ brutality casual-AvKw¯§K casualty

3.5 Adjective Gi †k‡l al, ab, il, ite _vK‡j ty ev ity †hvM K‡i noun form MVb Kiv nq|
Adjective Noun Adjective Noun Adjective Noun
obscure-AÜKvigq obscurity able- AÜKvi ability brutal-cïfvevcbœ brutality
noble-mg_© nobility cruel- wbôzi cruelty casual-AvKw¯§K casualty

3.6 Adjective Gi †k‡l ain, ane, in _vK‡j ty ev ity †hvM K‡i noun form MVb Kiv nq|
Adjective Noun Adjective Noun Adjective Noun
certain-wbðq certainty vain- e„_v vanity humane-`qv humanity

3.7 Adjective Gi †k‡l ry _vK‡j H ¯’v‡b er ewm‡q noun form MVb Kiv nq|
Adjective Noun Adjective Noun
angry-ivMvwš^Z anger hungry- ÿzavZ© hunger

3.8 Adjective Gi †k‡l ous _vK‡j ous Gi ¯’v‡b ty, ity ev ety ewm‡q noun form MVb Kiv nq|
Adjective Noun Adjective Noun Adjective Noun
anxious-DwØMœ anxiety audacious- †eqv`e audacity notorious- KzL¨vZ notoriety
ferocious- wns¯ª ferocity curious-AvMÖnvwš^Z curiosity various- A‡bK variety
3.9 Adjective Gi †k‡l ness, hood, dom, th †hvM K‡i noun form MVb Kiv nq|
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Adjective Noun Adjective Noun Adjective Noun Adjective Noun

board-cÖk¯Í broadness dear- gnvN© dearness, dearth deep-Mfxi depth kind-`qvjy kindness
dry-ﮋ dryness false-wg_¨v falsehood fond-wcÖq fondness wide-cÖk¯Í width
3.10 wewea
Adjective Noun Adjective Noun Adjective Noun Adjective Noun
brave-mvnmx bravery brief-mswÿß brevity gay-cÖdzjø gaiety high-D”P height
just-b¨vqevb justice merry-cÖdzjø merriment moist-Av`ª© moisture necessary-cÖ‡qvRbxq necessity
B. Nouns from Verbs
3.1 k‡ãi ga¨¯’ Aÿi cwieZ©b K‡it
Verb Noun Verb Noun Verb Noun Verb Noun
bear-enb Kiv bier bear-Drcv`b Kiv birth bind-euvav bond bless-Avkxe©v` Kiv bliss
3.2 Verb Gi †k‡l t ev te _vK‡j H ¯’v‡b tion †hvM K‡i noun MVb Kiv nq|
Verb Noun Verb Noun Verb Noun
afflict- †K¬k †`Iqv affliction agitate-D‡ËRbv m„wó Kiv agitation cultivate- Pvl Kiv cultivation
aggravate-evovBqv †Zvjv aggravation alleviate-jvNe Kiv alleviation
e¨wZµgt
hate – N„Yv Kiv; hatred – N„Yv
3.3 Verb Gi †k‡l de _vK‡j de Gi ¯’v‡b sion ewm‡q noun form MVb Kiv nq|
Verb Noun Verb Noun Verb Noun Verb Noun
allude-D‡jøL Kiv allusion decide-w¯’i Kiv decision concede-¯^xKvi Kiv concession provide-mÂq Kiv provision
wKš‘ Verb Gi †k‡l d _vK‡j d Gi cwie‡Z© tion †hvM K‡i noun form MVb Kiv nq|
Verb Noun Verb Noun Verb Noun
attend-g‡bv‡hvM †`Iqv attention contend-g‡bv‡hvM contention pretend-fvb Kiv pretention
3.4 Verb Gi †k‡l eed _vK‡j eed Gi cwie‡Z© ess ewm‡q noun form MVb Kiv nq|
Verb Noun Verb Noun Verb Noun
exceed- AwZwi³nIqv excess proceed-AMÖmi nIqv process succeed-K…Z Kvh© nIqv success
3.5 Verb Gi †k‡l end _vK‡j ance ev ence †hvM K‡i noun form MVb Kiv nq|
Verb Noun Verb Noun Verb Noun
attend- Dcw¯’Z nIqv attendance offend-gbt cxov offence pretend-fvb Kiv pretence

3.6 Verb Gi †k‡l ume _vK‡j ption †hvM K‡i noun form MVb Kiv nq|
Verb Noun Verb Noun Verb Noun
consume- e¨q Kiv consumption assume-Abygvb Kiv assumption presume-Abygvb Kiv presumption
resume-c~Y©MÖnY Kiv resumption
3.7 Verb Gi †k‡l tain _vK‡j H ¯’v‡b tenance ev ment ev tion ewm‡q noun form MVb Kiv nq|
Verb Noun Verb Noun Verb Noun
maintain- fiY‡cvlY Kiv maintenance sustain-mn¨ Kiv sustenance attain-DcvR©b Kiv attainment
retain-AvUK Kiv retention

3.8 Verb Gi †k‡l x _vK‡j ture/ation †hvM K‡i noun form MVb Kiv nq|
Verb Noun Verb Noun Verb Noun
mix- wgkvb mixture fix-w¯’i Kiv fixture tax-Ki †`Iqv taxation

3.9 Verb Gi †k‡l se _vK‡j H ¯’v‡b sation †hvM K‡i noun form MVb Kiv nq|
Verb Noun Verb Noun Verb Noun
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realise- Abyaveb Kiv realisation civilise-mf¨ Kiv civilisation utilise-e¨envi Kiv utilisation

3.10 Verb Gi †k‡l suffix ‘fy’ _vK‡j Gi cwie‡Z© fication ewm‡q noun form MVb Kiv nq|
Verb Noun Verb Noun Verb Noun
simplify- mij Kiv simplification pacify-kvšÍ Kiv pacification crucify- µz‡k we× Kiv crucification

wKš‘ fy hLb g~j k‡ãi Ask nq, ZLb action ev ance †hvM K‡i noun form MVb Kiv nq|
Verb Noun Verb Noun
satisfy- mš‘ó Kiv satisfaction defy-Ae‡njv Kiv defiance

3.11 Verb Gi †k‡l it _vK‡j H ¯’v‡b ission ewm‡q noun form MVb Kiv nq|
Verb Noun Verb Noun Verb Noun
omit- Z¨vM Kiv omission commit-Kvh© Kiv commission remit- UvKv †cÖiY Kiv remission

3.12 KZ¸‡jv Verb Gi †k‡l al †hvM K‡i noun form MVb Kiv nq|
Verb Noun Verb Noun Verb Noun Verb Noun
approve-Aby‡gv`b Kiv approval refuse-A¯^xKvi Kiv refusal propose-cÖ¯Íve Kiv proposal remove-AcmviY Kiv removal

3.13 KZ¸‡jv Verb Gi †k‡l y _vK‡j y Gi cwie‡Z© iage ev age ewm‡q noun form MVb Kiv nq|
Verb Noun Verb Noun Verb Noun Verb Noun
carry- enb Kiv carriage marry- weevn Kiv marriage pass-AwZµg Kiv passage break-fv½v breakage
leak- wQ`ªc_ leakage

3.14 KZ¸‡jv Verb Gi †k‡l ment †hvM K‡i noun form MVb Kiv nq|
Verb Noun Verb Noun Verb Noun Verb Noun
conceal- jyKv‡bv concealment argue- ZK© Kiv argument judge- wePvi Kiv judgement punish-kvw¯Í †`Iqv punishment

3.15 wewea
Verb Noun Verb Noun Verb Noun
allow-AbygwZ allowance behave- e¨envi behaviour conquer-Rq Kiv conquest

Verb Noun Verb Noun Verb Noun

deny-A¯^xKvi Kiv denial fail-AK…ZKvh© nIqv failure laugh-nvmv laughter
slay-nZ¨v Kiv slaughter oblige-evwaZ nIqv obligation please-mš‘ó nIqv pleasure
A
Noun Verb Adjective Adverb
Word Meaning Word Meaning Word Meaning Word Meaning
Ability mvg_©¨, mÿgZv Enable mÿg Kiv Able m¶g, mg_© Ably mÿgZvi m‡½
Acceleration ‡eMe„w×, Z¡iY Accelerate ‡eM e„w× Kiv Accelerated †eMe„w×cÖvß - -
Acceptance MÖnY‡hvM¨Zv Accept MÖnY Kiv Acceptable MÖnY‡hvM¨ Acceptably MÖnY‡hvM¨fv‡e
Acquisition/
AR©b Acquire AR©b Kiv Acquired AwR©Z - -
Acquirement
Action Kg© Act Kg© mvab Kiv
Active mwµq, Kg©V Actively mwµqfv‡e
Activity Kvh©µg/mwµqZv Activate mwµq Kiv
B
Noun Verb Adjective Adverb
Word Meaning Word Meaning Word Meaning Word Meaning
Base wfwË, eywbqv` Base wfwËi Dci Basic ‡gŠwjK Basically g~jZ
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wbg©vY Kiv Baseless wfwËnxb Baselessly fyjekZ:

Beauty ‡mŠ›`h© Beautify my›`i Kiv Beautiful my›`i Beautifully my›`ifv‡e
Belief wek¦vm, Av¯’v Believe wek¦vm Kiv Believable wek¦vm‡hvM¨ Believably wek¦vm‡hvM¨fv‡e
Bitterness wZ³Zv Embitter wZ³ Kiv Bitter wZ³ Bitterly wZ³fv‡e
Blessing Avwke©v` Bless Avwk©ev` Kiv Blessed Avwk©ev`cyó _ _
Blood i³ Bleed i³cvZ nIqv Bloody i³v³ _ _
LvZvq †Zvjv,
Book eB Book Bookish eBco–qv _ _
wjwce× Kiv
Brevity msw¶ßZv Abbreviate msw¶ß Kiv Brief msw¶ß Briefly ms‡¶‡c
C
Noun Verb Adjective Adverb
Word Meaning Word Meaning Word Meaning Word Meaning
Careful mZK© Carefully mZK©fv‡e
Care †mev- hZœ Care †mev-hZœ, Kiv
Careless AmZK© Carelessly AmZ©Kfv‡e
Celebration Drme D`hvcb
Celebrate D`hvcb Kiv Celebrated D`hvwcZ Kiv - -
Celebrity cÖwm× e¨w³
D
Noun Verb Adjective Adverb
Word Meaning Word Meaning Word Meaning Word Meaning
Danger wec` Endanger wecbœ Kiv Dangerous wec`RbK Dangerously wec`RbKfv‡e
Darkness AÜKvi Darken AÜKvi nIqv/Kiv Dark AÜKvigq Darkly AÜKv‡i
Debate weZ©K Debate weZ©K Kiv Debatable weZ©K‡hvM¨ Debatably weZ©K‡hvM¨fv‡e
Deception,
cÖZviYv Deceive cÖZviYv Kiv Deceptive cÖZviYv g~jK Deceptively cÖZviYvg~jKfv‡e
Deceit
Duty KZ©e¨ - - Dutiful KZ©e¨ civqY Dutifully KZ©e¨ civqYfv‡e
E
Noun Verb Adjective Adverb
Word Meaning Word Meaning Word Meaning Word Meaning
Ease mnRmva¨Zv Ease Avivg †`Iqv Easy mnR Easily mn‡R
wgZe¨qxZv, wgZe¨qx nIqv, Economical wgZe¨qx) wgZe¨qx fv‡e,
Economy Economize Economically
A_©bxwZ wn‡me K‡i Pjv Economic A_©‰bwZK A_©‰bwZKfv‡e
Edition m¤ú`vbv, ms¯‹iY Edit ms¯‹iY Kiv Editorial m¤úv`Kxq - -
Education wk¶v Educate wk¶v `vb Kiv Educational wk¶vg~jK Educationally wk¶vg~jKfv‡e
Effect cÖfve Effect Kvh©Ki Kiv Effective Kvh©Ki Effectively Kvh©Kifv‡e
F,G
Noun Verb Adjective Adverb
Word Meaning Word Meaning Word Meaning Word Meaning
Facility my‡hvMmyweav Facilitate my‡hvM-myweav †`Iqv Facilitating myweavAv‡Q Ggb - -
Failure e¨_©Zv Fail e¨_© nIqv Failed e¨_©
wg_¨v wn‡m‡e
Falsehood wg_¨vPvi Falsify False wg_¨v Falsely wg_¨vfv‡e
eY©bv Kiv
Favourite/
Favour AbyMÖn Favour AbyMÖn Kiv cQ›`bxq Favorably cQ‡›`i mv‡_
Favourable
H
Noun Verb Adjective Adverb
Word Meaning Word Meaning Word Meaning Word Meaning
Habit Af¨vm Habituate Af¨¯Í nIqv Habitual Af¨vmMZ Habitually Af¨vmMZ fv‡e)
Hand nvZ Handle wbqš¿Y Kiv Handy myweavRbK - -
Happiness myL - - Happy myLx Happily my‡Li mv‡_
Hardness K‡VviZv, `„pZv Harden k³/gReyZ Kiv Hard k³, KwVb Hard K‡Vvi fv‡e
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I
Noun Verb Adjective Adverb
Word Meaning Word Meaning Word Meaning Word Meaning
Identification mbv³KiY Identify mbv³ Kiv Identified mbv³K…Z - -
Idiot wb‡e©vae¨w³
- - Idiotic wb‡e©va Idiotically wbey©w×Zvi mv‡_
Idiocy wbey©w×Zv
J-L
Noun Verb Adjective Adverb
Word Meaning Word Meaning Word Meaning Word Meaning
Joint ms‡hvM¯’j Join ‡hvM`vb Kiv Joint †hŠ_ Jointly †hŠ_fv‡e
Joyfully
Joy Avb›` Enjoy Dc‡fvM Kiv Joyful/Joyous Drdzjø Drdzjøf‡i
Joyously
Justice mywePvi Just h_vh_
Justify mZ¨Zv wbiƒcY Kiv mZ¨Zv wbiƒcY Kiv hvq Justly h_vh_fv‡e
Justification ‡hŠw³KZv Justifiable
Ggb
King ivRv, kvmK - - Kingly/Royal ivRKxq Royally ivRKxqfv‡e
M-N
Noun Verb Adjective Adverb
Word Meaning Word Meaning Word Meaning Word Meaning
Management e¨e¯’vcbv Manage e¨e¯’v Kiv Manageable cwiPvjbxq - -
Marriage weevn Marry we‡q Kiv Marriageable weevn‡hvM¨ - -
Marvel Avðh© e¨vcvi Marvel Avðh© nIqv/Kiv Marvelous we¯§qKi Marvelously we¯§qKifv‡e
Matter welq Materialize ev¯Íe Kiv Material ev¯ÍweK Materially ev¯ÍweKfv‡e
O
Noun Verb Adjective Adverb
Word Meaning Word Meaning Word Meaning Word Meaning
Obedience AvbyMZ¨ Obey †g‡b Pjv Obedient AbyMZ Obediently AbyMZfv‡e
Objection cÖwZev` Object AvcwË Kiv Objective ˆelwqK Objectively ˆelwqKfv‡e
Oblige Obliging Obligingly/
Obligation eva¨evaKZv eva¨ nIqv eva¨Zvg~jK eva¨Zvg~jKfv‡e
Obligate Obligatory Obligatorily
Observation Observant g‡bv‡hvMx
ch©‡e¶Y Observe ch©‡e¶Y Kiv Observantly g‡bv‡hv‡Mi mv‡_
Observance Observational ch©‡eÿY welqK
P
Noun Verb Adjective Adverb
Package
‡gvoK Pack ‡gvoKRvZ Kiv Packed ‡gvoKRvZK…Z - -
Packet
Pain e¨_v, †e`bv Pain e¨_v †`Iqv Painful †e`bv`vqK Painfully ‡e`bv`vqKfv‡e
we‡klfv‡e GK
Particularity we‡klZ jÿYxq Particularize Particular h_vh_Zv Particularly we‡klfv‡e
GK D‡jøL Kiv
Provision ms¯’vb Provide mieivn Kiv Provisional mvgwqK Provisionally mvgwqKfv‡e

Q-R
Noun Verb Adjective Adverb
Word Meaning Word Meaning Word Meaning Word Meaning
Qualification Qualify Qualified
†hvM¨Zv †hvM¨ Kiv †hvM¨ - -
Quarrel Quarrel Quarrelsome
SMov/weev` SMov/weev` Kiv SMov wcÖq - -
Removal AcmviY Remove AcmviY Kiv Removable Acmvib‡hvM¨ - -
Repetition cybive„wË Repeat cybive„wË Kiv Repetitive cybive„wËcÖeY - -
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Resentment Amš‘wó Resent Amš‘wó Abyfe Kiv Resentful Amš‘wóc~Y© Resentfully Amš‘wóimv‡_
Resolution `„p msKí Resolve `„p msKí Kiv Resolute `„p msKwíZ Resolutely `„pfv‡e
S
Noun Verb Adjective Adverb
Word Meaning Word Meaning Word Meaning Word Meaning
Safety wbivcËv Save i¶v Kiv, euvPv‡bv Safe wbivc` Safely wbivc‡`
Sale weµq Sell weµq Kiv Saleable weµq‡hvM¨ - -
Satisfaction mš‘wó Satisfy mš‘ó Kiv Satisfactory m‡šÍvlRbK Satisfactorily m‡šÍvlRbKfv‡e
Selection evQvB Select evQvB Kiv Selective wbe©vPbx Selectively evQvB K‡i
T-Z
Noun Verb Adjective Adverb
Word Meaning Word Meaning Word Meaning Word Meaning
Tale Mí Tell ejv Telling* Kvh©Ki - -
Thankful K…ZÁ Thankfully K…ZÁwP‡Ë¡
Thanks ab¨ev`, K…ZÁZv Thank ab¨ev` †`Iqv
Thankless AK…ZÁ Thanklessly AK…ZÁZvi mv‡_
Theory ZË¡ Theorize ZË¡ Øviv cÖKvk Theoretical ZvwË¡K Theoretically ZvwË¡Kfv‡e
Toleration mn¨ Tolerant mwnòz Tolerantly mwnòzZvi mv‡_
Tolerate mn¨ Kiv
Tolerance mnbkxjZv tolerable mnb‡hvM¨ Tolerably mnb‡hvM¨fv‡e
Understanding †evSvcov, †eva Understand eyS‡Z cviv Understood Dcjä Understandingly Dcjwäi mv‡_
Unity GKZv, HK¨ Unite GKÎ nIqv United HK¨e×, mw¤§wjZ Unitedly HK¨e×fv‡e
Usefulness cÖ‡qvRbxqZv Useful cÖ‡qvRbxq Usefully cÖ‡qvRbxqZvi mv‡_
Uselessness cÖ‡qvRbnxbZv Use e¨envi Kiv Useless cÖ‡qvRbnxb Uselessly cÖ‡qvRbnxbfv‡e
Usability e¨envh© Usable e¨envi‡hvM¨ Usably e¨envi‡hvM¨fv‡e
Variance Awgj
Vary wfbœ nIqv Various wewfbœ Variously wewfbœ iƒ‡c
Variation wfbœZv
Vacancy kyb¨Zv Vacate Lvwj Kiv Vacant kyb¨, Lvwj, duvKv Vacantly k~b¨`„wó‡Z
Vanity An¼vi - - Vain An¼vix, e¨_© Vainly M‡e©v×Zfv‡e
Validity ‰eaZv Validate ˆea Kiv Valid ˆea Validly ˆeafv‡e

At A Glance

Identification of Parts of Speech

Identification of noun
Verb + (er, or, ar, ee, e, ce, al, th, tion, sion, ment,
age, iour, y, ance, ence) = Noun
Adjective + (ness, cy, y, ship, ism, ity, ety, hood, dom)
A_©vr, Verb Ges Adjective Gi c‡i DcwiD³ Suffix ¸‡jv †hvM Ki‡j, Noun MwVZ nq| Avevi, Noun †_‡K GB Suffix
¸‡jv ev` w`‡j Verb Ges Adjective cvIqv hvq|
Formation of noun from Verb
1. Verb-Gi mv‡_ er/ r (Suffix) †hvM K‡i Noun MVb Kiv hvq t
Keep (VerB. + er = Keeper (Noun)
Make (VerB. + r = Maker (Noun)
2. Verb-Gi mv‡_ ee/ e †hvM K‡i Noun MVb Kiv hvq t
Pay (VerB) + ee = Payee (Noun)
Examine (VerB) + e = Examinee (Noun)
3. Verb I Adjective-Gi mv‡_ ery/ ry †hvM K‡i Noun MVb Kiv hvq t
Brave (Adj.) + ry = Bravery (Noun)
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Hatch (VerB) + ery = Hatchery (Noun)

4. Verb-Gi †k‡l ar †hvM K‡i Noun MVb Kiv hvq t
Beg (VerB) + ar = Beggar (Noun)
5. Verb-Gi †k‡l tion/ ion †hvM K‡i Noun MVb Kiv hvq t
Express (VerB) + ion = Expression (Noun)
Rusticate (VerB) + ion = Rustication (Noun)
6. Verb-Gi †k‡l ment †hvM K‡i Noun MVb Kiv hvq t
Conceal (VerB) + ment = Concealment (Noun)
7. Verb-Gi †k‡l iour †hvM K‡i Noun MVb Kiv hvq t
Behave (VerB) + iour = Behaviour (Noun)
8. Verb-Gi †k‡l age †hvM K‡i Noun MVb Kiv hvq t
Break (VerB) + age = Breakage (Noun)
9. Verb-Gi †k‡l or †hvM K‡i Noun MVb Kiv hvq t
Visit (VerB) + or = Visitor (Noun)
10. Verb Gi †k‡l ce †hvM K‡i Noun MVb Kiv hvq t
Obedient (VerB) + ce = Obedience (Noun)
11. Verb-Gi †k‡l th †hvM K‡i Noun MVb Kiv hvq t
Grow (VerB) + th = Growth (Noun)
12. Verb-Gi †k‡l al †hvM K‡i Noun MVb Kiv hvq t
Remove (VerB) + al = Removal (Noun)
13. Verb-Gi †k‡l y †hvM K‡i Noun MVb Kiv hvq t
Discover (VerB) + y = Discovery (Noun)
14. Verb-Gi †k‡l ance/ ence †hvM K‡i Noun MVb Kiv hvq t
Attend (VerB) + ance = Attendance (Noun)
Exist (VerB) + ence = Existence (Noun)

15. Verb-Gi †k‡l eed _vK‡j Z_vq ess †hvM K‡i Noun form MVb Kiv hvq|
Exceed (VerB) + ess = Excess (Noun)
16. Verb-Gi †k‡l sion/ ion †hvM K‡i Noun MVb Kiv hvq t
Pretend (VerB) + sion = Pretension (Noun)
Allude (VerB) + sion = Allusion (Noun)
Identification of noun from Adjective
01. Adjective-Gi †k‡l ness †hvM K‡i Noun MVb Kiv hvq t
Broad (Adj.) + ness = Broadness (Noun)
02. Adjective-Gi †k‡l cy †hvM K‡i Noun MVb Kiv hvq t
Decent (Adj.) + cy = Decency (Noun)
03. Adjective-Gi †k‡l y †hvM K‡i Noun MVb Kiv hvq t
Honest (Adj.) + y = Honesty (Noun)
04. Adjective-Gi †k‡l ship †hvM K‡i Noun MVb Kiv hvq t
Hard (Adj.) + ship = Hardship (Noun)
05. Adjective/ Noun-Gi †k‡l ism †hvM K‡i Noun MVb Kiv hvq t
Social (Adj.) + ism = Socialism (Noun)
06. Adjective-Gi †k‡l ity †hvM K‡i Noun MVb Kiv hvq t
Prior (Adj.) + ity = Priority (Noun)
07. Adjective-Gi †k‡l ous _vK‡j Gi ¯’‡j ity ev ety †hvM K‡i Noun form MVb Kiv nq|
Anxious (Adj.) + ety = Anxiety (Noun)
Homogenous (Adj.) + ity = Homogeneity (Noun)
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08. Adjective-Gi †k‡l dom †hvM K‡i Noun MVb Kiv hvq t
Free (Adj.) + dom = Freedom (Noun)
Identification of Noun from Noun
23. Noun-Gi †k‡l hood †hvM K‡i Noun MVb Kiv hvq t
Boy (Noun) + hood = Boyhood (Noun)
Identification of Verbs
1. Adjective-Gi †k‡l en †hvM K‡i Verb MVb Kiv hvq t
Light (Adj.) + en = Lighten (VerB)
2. Noun-Gi †k‡l ize/ ise †hvM K‡i Verb MVb Kiv hvq t
Agony (Noun) + ize = Agonize (VerB)
3. Adjective-Gi †k‡l ate/ te †hvM K‡i Verb MVb Kiv hvq t
Captive (Adj.) + ate = Captivate (VerB)
Active (Adj.) + te = Activate (VerB)
4. Noun-Gi †k‡l ify †hvM K‡i Verb MVb Kiv hvq t
Air (Noun) + ify = Aerify (VerB)
5. Adjective-Gi c~‡e© en †hvM K‡i Verb MVb Kiv hvq t
En + able (Adj.) = Enable (VerB)
6. Adjective/ Noun-Gi c~‡e© 'Re' Prefix †hvM K‡i Verb MVb Kiv hvq t
Re + new (Adj.) = Renew (VerB)

7. Noun-Gi c~‡e© 'De' Prefix †hvM K‡i Verb MVb Kiv hvq t
De + frost (Noun) = Defrost (VerB)
8. Noun-Gi c~‡e© 'Em' Prefix †hvM K‡i Verb MVb Kiv hvq t
Em + balm (Noun) = Embalm (VerB)

Identification of Adverbs
1. mvaviYZ, Adjective of Quality-Gi mv‡_ 'ly' Prefix †hvM K‡i AwaKvsk Adverb MVb Kiv hvq t
Swift (Adj. of quality) + ly = Swiftly (Adv.)
Exceptional Rule: Word Gi †k‡l ly _vK‡jB memgq Adverb nq bv| Noun Gi mv‡_ ly †hvM Ki‡j Zv Adjective nq, Adverb
bq| Z‡e Adjective Gi mv‡_ ly †hvM Ki‡j Zv Adverb nq|
Noun + ly = Adjective; Ex: mother+ly = motherly, home+ly = homely, e¨wZµg: namely (h_v, †hgB. n‡”Q adverb
2. Noun/Adjective-Gi ci wards †hvM K‡i Adverb MVb Kiv hvq t
Home (Noun) + Wards = Homewards (Adv.)
3. †Kvb †Kvb Word-Gi †k‡l wise, long, ling, ways, etc. †hvM K‡i Adverb MVb Kiv hvq t
All + ways = Always (Adv.)
Other + wise = Otherwise (Adv.)
Identification of Adjectives

01. Noun-Gi †k‡l like †hvM K‡i Adjective MVb Kiv hvq t
Business (Noun) + like = Businesslike (Adj.)
02. Noun-Gi †k‡l ish †hvM K‡i Adjective MVb Kiv hvq t
Child (Noun) + ish = Childish (Adj.)
03. Noun-Gi †k‡l y †hvM K‡i Adjective MVb Kiv hvq t
Silk (Noun) + y = Silky (Adj.)
04. Noun-Gi †k‡l ful †hvM K‡i Adjective MVb Kiv hvq t
Beauty (Noun) + ful = Beautiful (Adj.)
05. Noun-Gi †k‡l less †hvM K‡i Adjective MVb Kiv hvq t
 Page 37

Help (Noun) + less = Helpless (Adj.)

06. Noun-Gi †k‡l ous †hvM K‡i Adjective MVb Kiv hvq t
Fable (Noun) + ous = Fabulous (Adj.)
07. Noun-Gi †k‡l able †hvM K‡i Adjective MVb Kiv hvq t
Value (Noun) + able = Valuable (Adj. )
08. Noun-Gi †k‡l some †hvM K‡i Adjective MVb Kiv hvq t
Trouble (Noun) + some = Troublesome (Adj.)
09. Noun-Gi †k‡l ic †hvM K‡i Adjective MVb Kiv hvq t
Magnet (Noun) + ic = Magnetic (Adj.)
10. Noun-Gi †k‡l ly †hvM K‡i Adjective MVb Kiv hvq t
Home (Noun) + ly = Homely (Adj.)

11. Verb-Gi †k‡l able †hvM K‡i Adjective MVb Kiv hvq t
Drink (VerB. + able = Drinkable (Adj.)
12. Verb-Gi †k‡l ible †hvM K‡i Adjective MVb Kiv hvq t
Contempt (VerB. + ible = Contemptible (Adj.)
13. Verb-Gi †k‡l ive †hvM K‡i Adjective MVb Kiv hvq t
Act (VerB. + ive = Active (Adj.)
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Number
◉ Foreign plurals: Singular number Gi †k‡l um _vK‡j plural Kivi mgq um Gi cwie‡Z© a em‡e| KLbI KLbI Gi
singular number Gi m‡½ s †hvM K‡i Plural Kiv nq| †hgbÑ
Singular Plural Singular Plural
Spectrum Spectra Agendum Agenda
Alluvium Alluvia Momentum Momenta
Referendum Referenda Datum Data
Curriculum Curricula Erratum Errata
Symposium Symposia Ovum Ova

◉ Singular number Gi †k‡l is _vK‡j plural Kivi mgq is Gi cwie‡Z© es e‡m| †hgbÑ
Singular Plural Singular Plural
Thesis Theses Analysis Analyses
Oasis Oases Synopsis Synopses
Parenthesis Parentheses Hypothesis Hypotheses
◉ Singular number Gi †k‡l ix/ex _vK‡j plural Kivi mgq ix/ex Gi cwie‡Z© ices A_ev Gi mv‡_ es †hvM Ki‡Z nq| †hgbÑ
Singular Plural Singular Plural
Vertex Vertices Radix Radices
Appendix Appendices/ Appendixes Index Indices/
Indexes

◉ Singular number Gi †k‡l us _vK‡j plural Kivi mgq us Gi cwie‡Z© i A_ev Gi mv‡_ es †hvM Ki‡Z nq| †hgbÑ
Singular Plural Singular Plural
Syllabus Syllabi/ Syllabuses Radius Radii/ Radiuses
Terminus Termini/ Terminuses Focus Foci/ Focuses
◉ Singular number Gi †k‡l on _vK‡j plural Kivi mgq on Gi cwie‡Z© a e‡m| †hgbÑ
Singular Plural Singular Plural
Phenomenon Phenomena Criterion Criteria

◉ Singular number Gi †k‡l a _vK‡j plural Kivi mgq s, e ev ta hy³ K‡i plural Ki‡Z nq| †hgbÑ
Singular Plural Singular Plural
Dogma Dogmata/ Dogmas Stigma Stigmata/ Stigmas
Alumna Alumnae Formula Formulas/ Formulae
◉ Singular number †_‡K plural number
Singular Plural Singular Plural
Madam Mesdames Seraph Seraphim/ Seraphs
Monsi Messieurs Mr Messrs
◉ English Plurals
Rule: Noun Gi Singular form-Gi †k‡l s †hvM K‡i Plural form MVb Kiv nqÑ
Singular Plural Singular Plural
Book Books Chair Chairs
Journey Journeys Tree Trees
◉ Noun Gi †k‡l s, ss, sh, ch, x I z _vK‡j Zv‡`i c‡i ‘es’ †hvM K‡i plural Kiv nq|
 Page 39

Singular Plural Singular Plural

Class Classes Ass Asses
Glass Glasses Bush Bushes
◉ Singular number Gi †k‡l f _vK‡j plural Kivi mgq f ev fe Gi RvqMvq v e‡m, Zvici es †hvM K‡i plural Kiv nq|
Singular Plural Singular Plural
Calf Calves Knife Knives
Life Lives Shelf Shelves
◉ wKQz Noun Gi †k‡l f _vK‡j ïay s †hvM K‡i plural Ki‡Z nq|
Singular Plural Singular Plural
Proof Proofs Gulf Gulfs
Dwarf Gi plural Dwarfs Ges Dwarves DfqBï×|
◉ †h mg¯Í Noun Gi †k‡l ‘o’ _v‡K †mB Singular ¸wjI es †hvM K‡i plural Kiv nq|
Singular Plural Singular Plural
Echo Echoes Buffalo Buffaloes
Volcano Volcanoes Mango Mangoes
Negro Negroes Cargo Cargoes

◉ mvgvb¨ wKQz Noun Av‡Q hv‡`i †k‡l ‘o’ _vK‡j †Kej s †hvM K‡i plural Kiv nq|
Singular Plural Singular Plural
Piano Pianos Photo Photos
Studio Studios Commando Commandos
◉ hw` Noun wUi †k‡l Y _v‡K Ges Zvi Av‡M consonant _v‡K ZLb Y ¯’v‡b i Ges c‡i es †hvM nq|
Singular Plural Singular Plural
Country Countries Army Armies
Lady Ladies Duty Duties
◉ Noun Gi †k‡l Y _v‡K Ges ‘y’ Gi Av‡M hw` vowel _v‡K Zvn‡j s †hvM K‡i plural Kiv nq|
Singular Plural Singular Plural
Day Days Play Plays
◉ gvÎ AvUwU Noun Av‡Q hv‡`i wfZ‡ii Vowel cwieZ©b K‡i plural Kiv nq|
Singular Plural Singular Plural
Woman Women Man Men
Dormouse Dormice Louce Lice
◉ PviwU Noun Av‡Q hv‡`i en, ren ev ne †hvM K‡i plural Kiv nq|
Singular Plural Singular Plural
Ox Oxen Cow Kine (cows)
Child Children Brother Brethren

◉ msL¨v, eY© ev cÖZx‡Ki †k‡l Apostrophe ( s) †hvM K‡i plural Kiv nq|
Singular Plural Singular Plural
M.A. M.A’s 5 5’s
Seven Seven’s y y’s
◉ Noun Gi †k‡l ‘man’ gbyl¨ A_© bv eywS‡q hw` Dnvi Askiƒ‡c we‡ewPZ nq Zvn‡j ïiæ S †hvM Kiv nq|
Singular Plural Singular Plural
German Germans Brahman Brahmans
 Page 40

Roman Romans Mussalman Mussalmans

Norman Normans
◉ Noun Gi †k‡l ‘man’ _vK‡j Ges Zv gbyl¨ A‡_© e¨eüZ n‡j men ewm‡q plural Ki‡Z nq|
Singular Plural Singular Plural
Workman Workmen Coachman Coachmen
Englishman Englishmen Clergyman Clegymen
◉ KZ¸wj Noun Gi Singular I Plural iƒ‡ci †Kvb cwieZ©b nq bv|
Singular Plural Singular Plural
One deer Three deer One dozen Two dozen
A swine Many swine An aircraft Two aircraft
◉ `yB ev Z‡ZvwaK kã Øviv MwVZ Compound Noun Gi Plural Ki‡Z n‡j mvaviYZ cÖavb kãwUi †k‡l S †hvM Ki‡Z nq|
Singular Plural Singular Plural
Father-in-law Fathers-in-law Brother-in-law Brothers-in-law
Commander-in-chief Commanders-in- chief Maid servant Maid servants
 Page 41

Gender
◉ Noun cysevPK ev ¯¿xevPK Dfq eySv‡bv‡K Common Gender e‡j| †hgbt Student, Parents, Baby, Driver, Singer, Child.
◉ Rule 01: †ewki fvM †ÿ‡Î m¤ú~Y© wfbœ kã e¨envi K‡i Masculine †_‡K Feminine Gender MVb Kiv nq| †hgbÑ
Masculine Meaning Feminine Meaning Masculine Meaning Feminine Meaning
AweevwnZ Maid AweevwnZ
Bachelor Gay mgKvgx cyiæl Lesbian mgKvgx bvix
cyiæl Spinster gwnjv
Lady
Beau my›`i cyiæl Belle my›`i gwnjv Gentleman f`ª‡jvK f`ªgwnjv
Gentlewoman
Boar ïKi Sow ïKix Hart nwiY Roe nwiYx
Boy Girl Horse
evjK evwjKv †Nvov Mare †NvUKx
Lad Lass Stallion
◉ Rule 02: KZK¸‡jv Masculine Form Av‡Q hv‡`i †k‡l ‘ess’ †hvM K‡i Feminine Form MVb Ki‡Z nq| †hgbÑ
Masculine Feminine Masculine Feminine Masculine Feminine
Author Authoress Prophet Prophetess Lion Lioness
Baron Baroness Steward Stewardess Poet Poetess
Count Countess Manager Manageress Shepherd Shepherdess

◉ Rule 03: KZ¸‡jv Masculine Form Gi †kl Syllable Gi Vowel ev` w`‡q Ges †k‡l ‘ess’ †hvM K‡i Feminine Form MVb
Ki‡Z nq| †hgbÑ
Masculine Feminine Masculine Feminine Masculine Feminine
Actor Actress Enchanter Enchantress Songster Songstress
Benefactor Benefactress Hunter Huntress Tiger Tigress

◉ Rule 04: KZ¸‡jv Masculine Form Av‡Q hv‡`i †k‡l ‘ess’ †hvM K‡i Feminine Form MVb Ki‡Z evbv‡bi wKQz cwieZ©b nq|
†hgbÑ
Masculine Feminine Masculine Feminine Masculine Feminine
Abbot Abbess Duke Duchess Emperor Emperess
Governor Governess Master Mistess/Miss Murderer Murderess

◉ Rule 05: KZ¸‡jv Compound Masculine Gi ïiæi ev †k‡li cysevPK kãwU‡K cwieZ©b K‡i Feminine Form MVb Kiv nq|
†hgbÑ
◉ ïiæi cyiælevPK Ask cwieZ©b K‡iÑ
Masculine Feminine Masculine Feminine Masculine Feminine
Man-servant Maid-servant Billy-goat Nanny-goat (cvVx) Son-in-law Daughter-in-law
Bull-calf Cow-calf Male-child Female-child He-goat (QvM) She-goat (QvMx)
She-ass,
Brother-in-law Sister-in-law Jack-ass
Jenny-ass
◉ 2. †k‡l cyiælevPK Ask cwieZ©b K‡iÑ
Masculine Feminine Masculine Feminine Masculine Feminine
Fisherman Fisherwoman Grandfather Grandmother Godfather Godmother
Pea-cock Pea-hen Bridegroom Bride Stepson Stepdaughter
* Doctor Gi Feminine Lady doctor.
◉ Rule 06: we‡`kx fvlv n‡Z AvMZ Masculine Noun Gi †k‡l ‘a’, ‘trix’, ‘ine’ BZ¨vw` †hvM K‡i Feminine Form MVb Kiv nq|
mvaviYfv‡e we‡`kx Word wUi †k‡l ‘tor’ _vK‡j Zv cwiewZ©Z n‡q ‘tric’ nq| †hgbÑ
◉ ïiæi cyiælevPK Ask cwieZ©b K‡iÑ
 Page 42

Masculine Feminine Masculine Feminine Masculine Feminine

Administrator Administratrix Czar (Rvi-ivwkqvi m¤ªvU) Czarina Executor Executrix
Henry Henrietta/Herriet Hero Heroine Sultan Sultana
◉ Rule 07: KZ¸‡jv Masculine Gender Gi †Kvb Feminine Form †bB| †hgb: Captain (`j cwZ), Judge (wePviK), Knight
(exi), Squire (m¤£všÍ cyiæl, Parson (cv`ªx), Coward (Kvcyiæl), Chairman (mfvcwZ) [†Kvb gwnjvI GB c‡` Avmxb n‡Z cv‡i e‡j
GLb Chairperson kãwU e¨eüZ nq|
GKBfv‡e KZ¸‡jv Feminine Noun Gi †Kvb Masculine Form †bB| †hgb: Amazon (cyiælvjx ¯^fv‡ei bvix), Shrew (kÖæ-SMov‡U
gwnjv), Nurse (†mweK), Virgin (fviwRb-AweevwnZ cweÎ hyeZx), Brunette (Kv‡jv Pzj I †PvLwewkó gwnjv), Laundress ( †avcvbx),
Blonde ( †mvbvjx Pzj I eY©wewkó gwnjv), Termagant (KjnwcÖq gwnjv), Siren (KznwKYx), Coquette (wQbvj gwnjv), Flirt (wQbvj),
Prude (K…wÎg j¾veZx) BZ¨vw`|
◉ Rule 08: Sun, Death, Summer, Winter, War, Thunder, Anger, Fear, Love, Time, Day, June, Revenge- G‡`i
†ZR, kw³ ev cyiæ‡lvwPZ ¸Y _vKvi Kvi‡Y G‡`i‡K Masculine Gender wn‡m‡e MY¨ Kiv nq|
Ab¨w`‡K Moon, Peace, Hope, Liberty, Earth, Modesty, Nature, Mercy, Religion, Justice, Church, Truth, Night,
Spring, Autumn- G‡`i †mŠ›`h©, bgbxqZv, †KvgjZv, cweÎZv BZ¨vw` bvixmyjf ¸Y _vKvi Kvi‡Y G‡`i‡K- Feminine Gender wn‡m‡e
MY¨ Kiv nq|

◉ Rule 09: Masculine & Feminine Form of Some Common Nouns: Noun cysevPK ev ¯¿xevPK Dfq‡K eySv‡j Common
Gender nq| †hgb: Friend, Student, Cousin, Doctor, Neighbour, Infant, People, Enemy, Thief, Orphan
(Abv_/Abv_v)| wb‡P KwZcq Common Gender Gi Masculine Ges Feminine Form †`Iqv nj:
Common Masculine Feminine Common Masculine Feminine
Calf Bullock Heifer Spouse Husband Wife
Servant Man-servant Maid-servant Pig Boar Sow
Hart Roe Son Daughter
Deer Stag Hind Child, baby
Buck Doe Boy Girl
◉ Rule 10: AeyR wkï (child, baby) Ges BZicÖvYx (†hgb: Dog, Cat, Bird, Mouse etc.) †m me©`vB Neuter Gender e‡j MY¨
K‡i Pronoun e¨envi Ki‡Z nq| A_©vr G‡`i Singular Pronoun wn‡m‡e it, its e¨eüZ nq| Plural-G †Zv they/their/them-B
e¨eüZ n‡e|
◉ Rule 11: Collective Noun cÖvYxevPK n‡jI Neuter Gender G Pronoun e¨eüZ nq| A_©vr G‡`i Singular G Pronoun nq
it, its|
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Article

Rules of Indefinite Article

◉ Basic Principle: Sound Gi wfwˇZ A, An e¨eüZ nq e‡jB avibv Kiv nq| Word Gi cÖ_‡g Consonant Sound _vK‡j A
Ges Vowel Sound _vK‡j An e‡m| wKš‘ Vowel Gi D”PviY (Pronunciation) you (BD) ev wa (Iqv) Gi gZ n‡j A Ges
Consonant Gi D”PviY Vowel Gi gZ n‡j An e‡m| ZvB ejv hvq Sound bq, Pronunciation Dci wfwË K‡iB ev wbf©i K‡i
Article e¨eüZ nq| One (Iqvb), Uniform (BDwbdg©) Gi Vowel Sound Av‡Q weavq G‡`i c~‡e© An emvi K_v _vK‡jI D”Pvi‡Yi
Dci wfwË K‡iB G‡`i c~‡e© A e‡m|

◉ Rule 01: †Kvb Word Gi cÖ_‡g Consonant _vK‡j A e‡m| Example: a word, a quarter, a B.A wKš‘ cÖ_‡g Consonant
_vK‡jI D”PviY hw` Vowel Gi gZ n‡j An e‡m| Abbreviation Gi cÖ_g AÿiwUi D”Pvi‡bi ïiæ‡Z Vowel/Vowel Sound
Avm&‡j Zvi c~‡e© An em‡e| Example: an L.L.B. †h‡nZz L (Gj&) D”PviY ïiæ‡Z G (a) ZvB Gi c~‡e© An e‡m‡Q| myZivs A, E, F,
H, I, L, M, N, O, R, S, X, Øviv ïiæ mKj Abbreviation (mswÿß iƒc) Gi c~‡e© An em‡e|
Example:
an honest boy (A‡b÷) an heir (Gqvi) an hour (AvIqvi)
an M.Ed. (Gg.GW.) an S.D.O.(Gm.wW.I.) an O.C. (I.wm)
 He is an M.B.B.S.
 My elder brother/He is an M.A. in English.

◉ Rule 02: †Kvb Word Gi cÖ_‡g Vowel (a, e, i, o, u) _vK‡j An e‡m| Example: An apple, An ass, An ugly (AvMwj)
wKš‘ cÖ_‡g Vowel _vK‡jI D”PviY You (BD) Gi gZ n‡j a e‡m| Example:
Eulogy (BD‡jvwR) Euphemism (BD‡dwgRg) European (BD‡ivwcqvb)
Union (BDwbqb) University (BDwbfvwm©wU) Uniform (BDwbdg©)
 He is a European.
 Denmark is a European nation.
 Gold is a useful metal.

◉ Rule 03: k‡ãi ïiæ‡Z _vKv h Gi D”PviY ÔnÕ n‡j Z‡e A e‡m| wKš‘ k‡ãi ïiæ‡Z h _vK‡jI hw` D”PvwiZ bv nq Zvn‡j an e‡m|
Example:

half (nvd)-A‡a©K horse (nm©)- †Nvov heroic (wn‡ivwqK)-bvq‡KvwPZ

hero (wn‡iv) bvqK heir (Gqvi)-DËivwaKvix honours (Abvim&)-m¤§vb
 I am standing here for an hour.
 He is an honours graduate.
 Sunday is not a holiday for us.
 They will do it in an hour and a half.
 Benares is a holy city. (cweÎ bMix)
 He was an honourary Magistrate. (wZwb GKRb A‰eZwbK g¨vwR‡UªU wQ‡jb)
◉ Rule 04: O Øviv ïiæ mKj k‡ãi c~‡e© An e‡m| ïay One Gi c~‡e© A e‡m|
 This is an oasis. (I‡qwmm&)
 I saw a one-eyed man.
◉ Rule 05: mvaviYZ Singular Common Noun Gi c~‡e© a/an e¨eüZ n‡j H †kÖwYi †h‡Kvb GKwU‡K eySvq Ges mvaviYfv‡e Ggb
ˆewkó¨ eY©bv Kiv nq hv H Noun wUi mvaviY ˆewkó¨| †hgb: An orange is round (Kgjv †MvjvKvi)| A_©vr GKwU Kgjv †MvjvKvi
gv‡b c„w_exi mKj KgjvB mvaviYZ †MvjvKvi n‡q _v‡K|
 Page 44

 A mirror is a reflection of one’s own self. Here “A mirror” means any one mirror.
 A child needs love. (wkï Av`i-hZœ cÖ‡qvRb)
◉ Rule 06: mvaviY Singular Countable Noun †K cÖ_gevi D‡jøL Ki‡j A_ev A‡bK ¸‡jvi g‡a¨ Awbw`©ófv‡e †h‡Kvb GKwU‡K
wb‡`©k Ki‡j Gi c~‡e© a/an e‡m|
 I am awarded a gold metal.
 It is a quarter to six. (†cŠ‡b QqUv ev‡R/QqUv evR‡Z c‡bi wgwbU euvwK)
 The English are a nation. (Bs‡iRiv GK RvwZ)

◉ Rule 07: AcwiwPZ ev m¤§vwbZ e¨w³ †evSv‡Z Mr/Mrs/Miss ev †Kvb Noun Gi c~‡e© a/an e‡m| Avevi H iKg GKRb/KviI gZ
GKRb †evSv‡Z Proper Noun Gi c~‡e© a ev an e¨eüZ nq| G‡ÿ‡Î Proper Noun wU Common Noun n‡q hvq|
Example: A Newton is not born every year. (wbDUb eQi eQi R‡b¥ bv)|
 I talked to a Dalai Lama. (Avwg GKRb `vjvB jvgvi mv‡_ K_v ejjvg)
 A Mr. Karim has been arrested. (Kwig bv‡g GKRb †MÖßvi n‡q‡Q)

◉ Rule 08: Superlative ‘most’ hLb Zzjbv bv eywS‡q †Kvb we‡kl Ae¯’v ev ¸‡Yi Lye †ewk cwigvY †evSvq A_©vr Very A‡_© e¨eüZ
nq ZLb ‘most’ Gi c~‡e© the Gi cwie‡Z© a e‡m|
Example:
 He leads a most unhappy life. (†m Lye AmyLx Rxebhvcb K‡i)
 He saw a most wonderful sight (†m Lye PgrKvi GKwU `„k¨ †`L‡jv)

◉ Rule 09: KL‡bv KL‡bv Preposition A‡_© a e¨eüZ nq, ZLb †mB a †K Disguised Preposition e‡j|
 The king went a hunting. (ivRv wkKv‡i wM‡qwQj)

◉ Rule 10: few, little, lot of, good deal, good many, great many BZ¨vw`i c~‡e© a e‡m| Aí msL¨K A‡_© Countable Noun
Gi c~‡e© a few Aí cwigvY A‡_© Uncountable Noun Gi c~‡e© a little e‡m| m¤ú~Y©UzKz eySv‡j the em‡e|
Example:
 He made a few mistakes. (†m Aí wKQz fzj Ki‡jv)
 A great many students attended the test.

◉ Rule 11: Many Gi c‡i a/an e‡m| A_©vr many Ges singular common noun Gi gv‡S a/an e‡m|
 Many a man was present. (KZ †jvKB †Zv Dcw¯’Z wQj)

◉ Rule 12: wKQz wKQz Phrase G a/an e‡m| †hgb: In a body, in a hurry, in a nutshell, in a fix, in a temper, to take an
interest|
Example: He is in a temper now. GLb Zvi †gRvR Mig|
 He is in a hurry.
Omission of A/An
 Meals (Lvevi) Gi c~‡e© a/an e‡m bv| Z‡e Lvev‡i (meals) c~‡e© adjective em‡j a/an e‡m| †hgb: Breakfast, dinner, lunch
etc.
Ex: I ate my breakfast at 8 am. wKš‘,
We had a good breakfast yesterday.
 Uncountable noun Gi c~‡e© a/an e‡m bv| †hgb: news, information, advice, money, time etc.
Ex: He gives me good news.
 Material noun Gi c~‡e© a/an e‡m bv| †hgb:
I need water. He drinks milk.
Z‡e cwigvcK kã _vK‡j Zvi c~‡e© a/an e‡m| †hgbÑ
I drink a glass of water.
 Page 45

 Abstract noun Gi c~‡e© a/an e‡m bv| †hgb:

Honesty is the best policy.
wKš‘ wbw`©ó K‡i †evSv‡j Abstract noun Gi c~‡e© The e‡m| Ex: The kindness of Omar teaches all.

Rules of Definite Article

◉ Different Types of “The”:
 Generalizing “The”: GKRvZxq mKj‡K †evSv‡Z Singular Common Noun Gi c~‡e© the e‡m G‡K Generalizing ‘the’
e‡j| †hgb: The cow is a useful animal.
 Defining “The”: wbw`©ó K‡i †evSv‡Z the e‡m G‡K Defining ‘the’ e‡j| †hgb: The book is mine.
 Instrumental “The”: hZ ZZ †evSv‡Z Dfq Comperative Gi c~‡e© the e‡m| GB Dfq the †K Instrumental ‘the’ e‡j|
†hgb: The more you read, the more you learn.
The earlier, the better. (hZ Av‡M, ZZ fv‡jv)
The more, the merrier.
 Familiar “The”: GKK e¯‘ (hv gnvwe‡k¦ GKwUB) †hgb: c„w_ex, m~h© P›`ª BZ¨vw`i c~‡e© the e‡m G‡K Familiar ‘the’ e‡j| †hgb:
The earth moves around the sun.
 Possessive “The”: A½cÖZ‡½i bv‡gi c~‡e© Possessive Gi cwie‡Z© the e‡m G‡K Possessive ‘the’ e‡j| †hgb: He struck
me on the cheek.
 He struck me on the head.

◉ Rule 01: †Kvb Noun †K wbw`©ó K‡i eySv‡j Zvi c~‡e© the e‡m|
 The charge for the excess luggage is Tk. 600 per kilo.
 The soup is horrible; I am going to complain to the restaurant’s owner.

◉ Rule 02: cÖ_gevi †Kvb Noun D‡jøL Ki‡j Zvi c~‡e© a/an e‡m| wKš‘ wØZxq evi GKB Noun Gi D‡jøL Ki‡j The e‡m|
 The house has a beautiful garden. Let us sit in the garden.

◉ Rule 03: mgMÖ RvwZ †evSv‡Z Singular Common Noun Gi c~‡e© the e‡m|
 The ant is an intelligent insect.
 Do you prefer the town or the country?

◉ Rule 04: mgMÖ gvbeRvwZ †evSv‡Z Man Ges Woman Gi c~‡e© †Kvb article e¨eüZ nq bv|
 Man is mortal

◉ Rule 05: cÖK…wZ‡Z hv GKwUgvÎ Av‡Q Zvi c~‡e© the e‡m| A_©vr GKK e¯‘ †hgb: P›`ª (Moon), m~h© (Sun), AvKvk (Sky), c„w_ex
(Earth), wek¦ (World), `ywbqv (Universe), †h‡Kvb w`‡Ki bvg c~e© (East), cwðg (West), DËi (North), `wÿY (South) BZ¨vw`
bv‡gi c~‡e© the e‡m|
 Do you see the blue sky?
 The earth moves around the sun.
 He is tired of the world.

◉ Rule 06: †Kvb RvZxqZvevPK kã Øviv †h RvwZi mKj †jvKRb‡K eySv‡j Zvi c~‡e© The e‡m| wKš‘ RvZxqZvevPK kã Øviv †m RvwZi
fvlvi bvg eySv‡j Zvi c~‡e© the e‡m bv| A_©vr RvZxi bv‡gi c~‡e© the e‡m wKš‘ fvlvi bv‡gi c~‡e© the e‡m bv|
 The French people.
 The Bangladeshis are proud of their glorious past.

◉ Rule 07: †Kvb Noun Øviv hw` †ckv eySvq (hw`I cÖK…Z A‡_© Zv †ckv bq) ZLb Zvi c~‡e© the e‡m| †hgb: He joined the Bar
(g~jZ wePvivjq, GLv‡b-AvBbRxwei †ckv)/ the Church (g~jZ Dcvmbvjq, GLv‡b-hvR‡Ki †ckv)
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 He joined the Army.

◉ Rule 08: Avgiv Pronoun Chapter-G †R‡bwQ Subject ev Object wn‡m‡e A½ cÖZ‡½i (Limb) bvg ( †hgb leg, ear, head,
tail, horn, neck _vK‡j Zvi c~‡e© Possessive Adjective (my, his, her, etc) e‡m| He shook my hand.
wKš‘ Object+Preposition Gi c‡i †Kvb A½ cÖZ¨½ bvg _vK‡j Ges H Object wUi A½ hw` Preposition wUi c‡i Av‡m Z‡e †mLv‡b
Possessive Adjective+ kix‡ii A½ bv n‡q the+ kix‡ii A½ e‡m| G ai‡bi the †K Possessive ‘the’ e‡j| e.g.I struck him on
the head. jÿ¨ Kwi head wU wKš‘ him Gi| A_©vr,
Subject+ verb+ Possessive + Part of body + Extension. Example: He hurt his arm.
Subject + Verb + Object + Preposition + The + Part of body. Example: He shook me by the hand.
 He caught me by the neck.
 I pulled the cat by the tail.

◉ Rule 09: Adjective we‡kl ¸Ywewkó †kÖYxi mKj‡K GK‡Î wb‡`©k Ki‡j Zvi The+Adjective (H ¸Y) e‡m hv Plural Number
nq| Example: The pious (avwg©‡Kiv), The rich (abxiv), The poor (Mix‡eiv)
 The virtuous are always happy.

◉ Rule 10: mshy³ †`‡ki bvg [†hgb: the U.S.A (The United States of America., the U.K. (The United Kingdom) The
U.A.E. (The United Arab Emirates) Gi c~‡e© the e‡m| Z‡e GKK †Kvb †`k †hgb: India, England, Canada, Great
Britain, America BZ¨vw`i bv‡gi c~‡e© the e‡m bv|
 He visited the U.S.A.

◉ Rule 11: †Kvb cÖ‡`‡ki Ò†fŠ‡MvwjK eY©bvg~jK A_©Ó _vK‡j H cÖ‡`‡ki bv‡gi c~‡e© the e‡m| Example: the Deccan, the
Punjub.
 The Punjub is a province of Pakistan.

◉ Rule 12: Adjective-Gi Superlative Degree- Gi c~‡e© the e‡m|

 Honesty is the best policy.
 Rakib is the finest young player now.

◉ Rule 13: mvaviYZ Proper Noun Gi c~‡e© Article e‡m bv| wKš‘ wb‡Pi Proper Noun ¸‡jvi c~‡e© me©`vB The e‡m|
Before the name of archipelago Øxccy‡Äi bv‡gi c~‡e© The Andamans, The West Indies, The
Philippines, The Netherlands
Before the name of desert giæf~wgi bv‡gi c~‡e© The Sahara, The Gobi.
Before the name of directions w`‡Ki bv‡gi c~‡e© The North, The south
Before the name of famous weL¨vZ AÆvwjKvi bv‡gi c~‡e© The Tajmahal, The world Trade Center.
buildings
Before the name of holy books cweÎ MÖš’/ ag©M‡Ö š’i bv‡gi The Quran/Koran, The Bible, The Ramayana etc.
c~‡e©

 I lived in the Netherlands for two years.

 I read the Prothom Alo, which is a very popular newspaper in our country.

◉ Rule 14: †Kvb Noun Gi c‡i Clause ewm‡q Noun Gi w`‡K wbw`©ó Kiv n‡j Noun wUi c‡e© the e‡m| Clause gv‡b nj
Subject + Finite Verb] Clause m¤ú‡K© cieZ©x †Z Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡q‡Q|
 The lunch my mother served was excellent.
 The apple you ate was rotten. (Zzwg †h Av‡cj †L‡qwQ‡j Zv cPv wQj)
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◉ Rule 15: Common Noun hLb Abstract Idea ev Kv‡iv †`vl, ¸‡Yi bvg eySvq ZLb Zv Common Noun nq Ges Gi c~‡e© the
e‡m| †hgb: Mother Øviv ÔgvÕ bv eywS‡q ÔgvZ…‡¯œnÕ ev ÔgvZ…Z¡Õ, Father Øviv ÕwcZ…Z¡Õ Beast Øviv ÔcïZ¡Õ, Fox Øviv ‘a~Z©ZvÕ eySvq ZLb
Mother, Father, Beast, Fox BZ¨vw` Gi c~‡e© The e‡m|
 The father in him arose to see a child.

◉ Rule 16: Ordinal (µgevPK) Numeral Adjective (First, Second, Third, Fourth etc Gi Av‡M the e‡m|
 Louis the fourteen was a benevolent king.

◉ Rule 17: ev`¨hš¿ evRv‡bv †evSv‡Z ev`¨h‡š¿i bv‡gi c~‡e© the e‡m| evRv‡bv †evSv‡Z ‘play on’ e¨eüZ n‡j †Kvb Article e‡m bv|
Avevi KviI ev`¨hš¿ _vKv †evSv‡Z ev`¨h‡š¿i bv‡gi c~‡e© a/an e‡m|
 I can play the flute. (Avwg euvwk evRv‡Z cvwi)

◉ Rule 18: †iv‡Mi bv‡gi c~‡e© the e‡m bv| e¨wZµg: The gout ( †Mu‡UevZ), the measles (nvg), the mumps (KY©MÖwš’i cÖ`vnc~Y©
†Quvqv‡P †ivMwe‡kl)| Z‡e AwZ mvaviY †iv‡Mi c~‡e© a e‡m| Example: a headache, a cold and a fever BZ¨vw`|
 AIDS virus infection is incurable. (GBWm fvBiv‡mi msµgY Abv‡ivM¨)

◉ Rule 19: mvaviYZ Material Noun Gi c~‡e© Article e‡m bv| Example: Gold is a precious metal, Z‡e G‡`i wbw`©ó K‡i
eySv‡j Article e‡m| Example: The gold of Saudi is a good quality.
 I paid a one taka note for old paper.
 Salt tastes salty, and pepper (†Mvj gwi‡Pi ¸ov) tastes hot.

◉ Rule 20: mvaviYZ Abstract Noun Gi c~‡e© Article e‡m bv| wKš‘ Abstract Noun †K wbw`©ó K‡i eySv‡j Zvi c~‡e© the e‡m|
 I can’t forget the kindness with which he treated me.
 Agriculture is an important activity in Bangladesh.

◉ Rule 21: †Kvb wKQzi we‡kl Ask †evSv‡Z Adjective Gi c~‡e© the e‡m|
 The child likes the yellow of an egg. (ev”PvwU wW‡gi Kzmyg cQ›` K‡i|)

◉ Rule 22: MÖ‡š’i bv‡gi c~‡e© †jL‡Ki bvg _vK‡j A_ev †jL‡Ki bvg Øviv eB‡qi bvg †evSv‡j †Kvb Article e‡m bv|
 I have read Shakespeare’s Hamlet.
 She reads Nazrul’s Agnibina.

◉ Rule 23: mvaviYZ Telephone, Television BZ¨vw` Gi c~‡e© †Kvb Article e‡m bv| Z‡e we‡klv‡_©/ †dv‡b K_v ejv eySv‡Z over
the telephone e‡m|
 Telephone has had bought an enormous impact on how we communicate.

◉ Rule 24: Lvevi mgq †hgb: Breakfast, Lunch cÖf…wZi c~‡e© The e‡m bv| †hgb: We have dinner as usual time. wKš‘ wbqš¿Y
eySv‡j The em‡e| †hgb: We took the dinner with his family.
 What did you eat for breakfast this morning?

◉ Rule 25: wKQz wKQz Idiomatic Expression Av‡Q †h¸‡jv‡Z ¯^fveZB the e‡m| we¯ÍvwiZ Idioms & Phrases As‡k Av‡jvwPZ
n‡q‡Q|

 I am not in the know of the thinks. (In the know of the something- †Kvb wKQzi †Mvcb Z_¨ Rvbv Av‡Q Ggb)
 He is in the wrong. (In the wrong-fzj aviYv ev Ab¨vq Kiv)
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◉ Rule 26: Transitive Verb Gi Subject I Object hw` GKB e¨w³ ev e¯‘ nq ZLb H Object Gi c~‡e© †Kvb Article e‡m bv|
Mr. Sen became Principal of the college.
Exception: We called him a fool. –Fool Gi c~‡e© a em‡e|
 Draw the picture of an owl.
 I heard a knock on the door.

Omission of ‘the’ Article

¯‹qvi, iv¯Ív, A¨vwfwbD, cvK© BZ¨vw`i bv‡gi c~‡e© the e‡m bv| wKš‘ Ex:  He walks Ramna park.
Road kãwU _vK‡j Zvi c~‡e© the e‡m|  He drives a car on the Fuller Road.
fvlvi c~‡e© the e‡m bv| Ex:  He speaks Bengali.
Day /Month Gi bv‡gi c~‡e© the e‡m bv| Ex:  January, Sunday.
gvby‡li †iv‡Mi bv‡gi c~‡e© the e‡m bv| Ex:  the mumps, the goal, the measles
Abstract noun Gi c~‡e© †Kv‡bv Article e‡m bv Ex:  Honesty is the best policy.
 Beauty is truth; truth is beauty.
¯^vfvweK A‡_© Material/Proper Noun Gi c~‡e© †Kv‡bv Article Ex:  Iron is a useful metal.
e‡m bv|  Newyork is the capital of the United States of
America.
mgMÖ RvwZ eySv‡Z Plural Noun- Gi c~‡e© †Kv‡bv Article e‡m bv| Ex:  Dogs are faithful animals.
e³vi wb‡Ri ev hv‡K ejv n‡”Q Zvi wb‡Ri evwo n‡j, Zvi c~‡e© †Kv‡bv Ex:  Go home.
Article e‡m bv|  Come home.
†jL‡Ki bv‡gi Øviv eB †evSv‡bv A_ev eB‡qi bv‡gi Av‡M †jL‡Ki Ex:  I have read Jonathan Swift’s ‘Gulliver’s Travels’.
bvg _vK‡j, †Kv‡bv Article e‡m bv|
cÖk‡œ evaK ev‡K¨ Kind of, sort of, species (cÖRvwZ) of _vK‡j, Ex:  What kind of flower is it?
Zvi c~‡e© Article e‡m bv|  What sort of man is he? (†m †Kvb ai‡bi gvbyl?)
†Ljv Ges Lvevi Gi bv‡gi c~‡e© Article e‡m bv| Ex:  We like to play cricket/football/hockey/ tennis/
batminton etc.
 We have dinner/breakfast as usual time.
FZz I Drm‡ei bv‡gi c~‡e© mvaviYZt Article e‡m bv| Ex:  Summar, winter, spring, autumn etc. wKš‘ rainy
season- Gi Av‡M ‘The’ e‡m|
 The rainy season.
ågY msµvšÍ hvb I c_ Gi c~‡e© Article e‡m bv| Ex:  By car/By bus/By train/ By boat/By air/By sea
etc.
Preposition Ges Zvi object wb‡q MwVZ wKQz wKQz phrase G Ex:  At home, at dinner, at ease, at dawn, at sun-set,
article e‡m bv| by night, by home, under ground, above ground, from
hand to mouth etc.
 Page 49

Phrase & Clause

Phrase
◉ Phrase gv‡b nj kã ¸”Q †hLv‡b †Kvb SubjectGes Finite verb _v‡K bv| GwU Sentence- G e¨eüZ n‡q †Kvb GKwU Part of
Speech Gi KvR K‡i|
➥ Hasan wants something. (Noun)
➥ Hasan wants to go to America. (Phrase)
➥ Phrase mvZ cÖKvi| h_v t

◉ Noun Phrase: Noun Phrase nj KZ¸‡jv k㸔Q hv Noun Gi gZ KvR K‡i| GwU ev‡K¨-
A. Subject wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i-
The home of little family was a pleasant place
near a lake in Chittagong city.
B. Object wn‡m‡e- I like singing in the bath.
C. Subject Gi Complement wn‡m‡e- Dr. Shahidullah was a man of letters.
D. Preposition Gi Object wn‡m‡e-He is proud of his excellent result.
E. Noun in apposition wn‡m‡e -Sumon, my best friend, is no more.

◉ †Pbvi mnR Dcvq: mvaviYZ evK¨‡K, Kx Kv‡K Øviv cÖkœ Ki‡j hw` †Kv‡bv Phrase DËi †`q Zvn‡j †mwU Noun Phrase n‡e| Noun
Phrase mvaviYZ ev‡K¨i Subject A_ev Object nq|
➥ The rivers of Bangladesh are beautiful. (evsjv‡`‡ki b`x A‡bK my›`i)
➥ e¨vL¨v: GLv‡b ev‡K¨i Subject wn‡m‡e ‘are’ Verb Gi Av‡M The rivers of Bangladesh e‡m‡Q| GLv‡b hw` evK¨‡K cÖkœ Kiv
nq, ÔKx my›`i?Õ ZLb DËi w`‡eÑ Ôevsjv‡`‡ki b`xÕ A_©vr, ‘The rivers of Bangladesh’.
➥ The blue sky looks very nice. (bxj AvKvkwU A‡bK my›`i|)
◉ Adjective Phrase: ‡Kvb Phrase ev kã mgwó hLb Zvi c~e©eZ©x †Kvb Noun ev Pronon †K Qualify K‡i A_©vr Zv‡`i †`vl,
¸Y, Ae¯’v BZ¨vw` cÖKvk K‡i Zv‡K Adjective Phrase e‡j|
➥ Tanisha has got dark hair. (Adjective)
➥ Shompa lost her dark brown briefcase. (Adjective Phrase)
◉ More Example-
The man in the street knows it.
◉ †Pbvi mnR Dcvq: mvaviYZ evK¨‡K †Kgb, Kx iKg Øviv cÖkœ Ki‡j hw` †Kv‡bv Phrase DËi †`q Zvn‡j †mwU Adjective Phrase
n‡e| Adjective Phrase ev‡K¨i Noun ev Pronoun-Gi Av‡M ev c‡i e‡m| g‡b ivL‡Z n‡e †h, Adjective Phrase- I
Adjective Gi g‡Zv Noun ev Pronoun e¨ZxZ Ab¨ †Kv‡bv kã‡K Modify K‡i bv|
➥ He is a man of noble principles. (†m GKRb gnr ¸Yvewji AwaKvix e¨w³|)
➥ There is no hard and fast rule in the film making. (Qwe ˆZwii wfZ‡i †Kv‡bv aiveuvav wbqg †bB|)
➥ e¨vL¨v: GLv‡b ‘rule’ kãwU Noun. ‘rule’-Gi Av‡M ‘hard and fast’ e‡m ‘rule’ †K Modify K‡i‡Q| GLv‡b hw` evK¨‡K cÖkœ
Kiv nq, ÔKx iKg wbqg †bB?Õ ZLb DËi w`‡eÑ ÔaiveuvavÕ A_©vr, ‘hard and fast’.
◉ Adverbial Phrase: Sentence- G Verb -†K KLb, †Kv_vq, ‡Kb, wKfv‡e Gme w`‡q cÖkœ Ki‡j †h DËi cvIqv hvq Zv‡K
Adverbial Phrase e‡j|
Example: The train was running at high speed (wKfv‡e cÖ‡kœi DËi)
He went to University in time (KLb cÖ‡kœi DËi)
We went to the National park. (†Kv_vq cÖ‡kœi DËi)
◉ †Pbvi mnR Dcvq: mvaviYZ evK¨‡K KLb, †Kv_vq, †Kb, Kxfv‡e Øviv cÖkœ Ki‡j hw` †Kv‡bv Phrase DËi †`q Zvn‡j †mwU Adverbial
Phrase n‡e| g‡b ivL‡Z n‡e †h, Adverbial Phrase- I Adverb Gi g‡Zv Noun ev Pronoun e¨ZxZ Ab¨ †h †Kv‡bv kã‡K
Modify Ki‡Z cv‡i|
 Page 50

➥ He worked with all sincerity. (†m c~Y© AvšÍwiKZvi mv‡_ KvRwU K‡iwQj|)
➥ e¨vL¨v: D³ ev‡K¨ ‘worked’ kãwU Verb ‘worked’- Gi c‡i ‘with all sincerity’ e‡m ‘worked’ †K Modify K‡i‡Q|
GLv‡b hw` evK¨‡K cÖkœ Kiv nq, Ô†m KvRwU Kxfv‡e K‡iwQj?Õ ZLb DËi w`‡eÑ Ôc~Y© AvšÍwiKZvi mv‡_Õ A_©vr ‘with all sincerity’.
◉ Verb Phrase/ Verbal Phrase: Auxiliary Verb mn Sentence Gi g~j Verb ‡K Verb Phrase e‡j|
Example: Arefin is waiting for you.
Jusita had been speaking over the mobile for two hours.
◉ †Pbvi mnR Dcvq: Verb Øviv hw` †Kv‡bv Phrase ïiæ nq, Z‡e †`Lv gvÎB †PvL eÜ K‡i Verbal Phrase wn‡m‡e DËi Ki‡eb|
➥ He would make a noice.
➥ We are going to see our parents.
◉ Prepositional Phrase: ‡Kvb Phrase hLb preposition Gi KvR K‡i, ZLb Zv‡K Prepositional Phrase e‡j|
Example: He succeeded by dint of hard labour.
She is at the point of death.
He was going across the road.
◉ †Pbvi mnR Dcvq: †Kv‡bv Phrase hw` Preposition Øviv ïiæ nq Ges Preposition ØvivB †kl nq, Z‡e †`Lv gvÎB †PvL eÜ K‡i
Prepositional Phrase wn‡m‡e DËi Ki‡eb| †hgbÑ
➥ He was absent on account of illness.
➥ Rahim stood in front of me.
◉ Conjunctional Phrase: †Kvb Phrase hLb Conjunction Gi KvR K‡i, Zv‡K Conjunctional Phrase e‡j|
Example: You should not go out as long as it rains.
I have a book as well as a pen.
He talks as if he were a mad.
◉ †Pbvi mnR Dcvq: Conjunctional Phrase GKB ev‡K¨i `ywU Clause ev `ywU Phrase- †K hy³ K‡i| Conjunctional Phrase
¸‡jv n‡jv as, soon as, as far as, as much as, as early as, as quickly as, as well as, as long as, along with, not
only.... but also, No sooner... than BZ¨vw` GB RvZxq k㸇jv| †hgbÑ
➥ Complete your study as quickly as you can.
➥ Fahim as well as his friends has decided to leave London.
 Page 51

Clause & Its Idendification

Clause cªa vbZ wZb cÖKvi
Clause

  
Principal Clause/ Sub-ordinate clause/ Co-ordinate Clause
Independent/ Main Dependent Clause (†Kvb cÖK vi‡f` bvB)
Clause
(†Kvb cÖK vi‡f` bvB)

  
Noun Clause Adjective Clause Adverb Clause

†h mKj Word ev kã mgwói wbR¯^ Subject Ges Finite Verb _vKv m‡Ë¡I Zviv GKwU eo ev‡K¨i Ask wn‡m‡e e¨eüZ nq, ZLb
Zv‡K Clause e‡j|

Example: The book that I bought yesterday is very interesting.

Clause cÖavbZ wZb cÖKvi| h_v:
1. Principal Clause ev Independent Clause ev Main Clause
2. Subordinate clause ev Dependent clause
3. Co-ordinate clause
A. Principal Clause
◉ Principal Clause †h Clause Zvi A_© cÖKv‡ki Rb¨ Ab¨ ‡Kvb Clause Gi Dci wbf©ikxj bq A_©vr wb‡RB wb‡Ri A_© cÖKvk Ki‡Z
cv‡i Zv‡K Principal Clausee‡j|
Example: He gave me a book that I lost.
I have a ring which is made of gold.
B. Subordinate Clause
Subordinate Clause †h Clause GKwU Sentence Gi gZ m¤ú~Y© A_© cÖK vk Ki‡Z cv‡i bv A_©vr Principal Clause Gi Dci
wbf©ikxj n‡q A_© cÖKvk Ki‡Z nq, Zv‡K Subordinate Clause e‡j|

◉ †hfv‡e wPb‡e Subordinate Clause:

➥ Subordinate clause Gi c~‡e© wbgœwjwLZ Clause Marker ¸‡jv _vK‡et that, which, what, when, How, where,
why, who, whom, whose, if, whether, how many, how much,unless, as, than, because, since, so that, in
order that, though, a through, even though, before, after, until, till.
Example: If you dial a wrong number, it is important to apologize before hanging up.
I do not know when he will come.

➥ Co-ordinate Clause: `yB ev Z‡ZvwaK mg‡kªYxi mg¸iæZ¡wewkó Independent Clause hLb Co-ordinating Conjunction
Øviv hy³ n‡q GKwU Compound Sentence MVb K‡i, ZLb Zv‡K Co-ordinate Clausee‡j|
Example: I went to his room and I found him using Twitter.
The man is poor but he is honest.

➥ Subordinate Clause ‡K Avevi wZbfv‡M fvM Kiv hvq| h_v:

(i) Noun Clause
(ii) Adjective Clause
(iii) Adverbial Clause
 Page 52

◉ Noun Clause
Clause Definition Noun Clause †Pbvi Dcvq Examples
Noun Sentence-G ‡h mKj Sub-ordinate that, which, what, when, Whoever did the crime will be
Clause Clause Noun Gi gZ KvR K‡i Zviv-B How, where, why, who, punished.
Noun Clause| G¸‡jv Sentence-G whom, whose, if, whether, What Elman says is very funny.
Subject, Object, Complement I how many, how much, I know that Latin is no longer
Preposition Gi Object wn‡m‡e KvR however, whoever, spoken to be a native language.
wherever, whenever, He said that he would go.
K‡i| mvaviYZ Verb ‡K what Øviv cÖkœ
whichever,whomever, It is not known when he will
Ki‡j Noun Clause cvIqv hvq| arrive.
whatever, etc. Øviv ïiæ nq|
◉ Setence –G noun clause- Gi Ae¯’vbmg~n wb¤œiƒc:
(i) As the subject of the verb.
Ex: That Shakib is a good cricketer is known to all (mvwKe †h GKRb fv‡jv wµ‡KU ‡L‡jvqvi GUv mK‡j Rv‡b|)
 What Charles Darwin said is not true.
(ii) As the object of the verb:
Ex: I know that he is right.
 They know that you are dishonest.
(iii) As the complement of subject: Ex: The reality (ev¯ÍeZv) is that they were innocent.
(iv) As the complement of the object. Ex: Pinki told me what I wanted to get.
(v) As the object of the preposition. Ex: It depends on how the girl behaves.
(vi) As the apposition of noun/pronoun (It): Ex: It is true that they were guilty.
◉ Appositive
Definition `ywU Noun cvkvcvwk e‡m, hLb GKB e¨w³ ev e¯‘‡K wb‡`©k K‡i Ges 2q Noun-wU 1g Noun m¤ú‡K© AwZwi³ Z_¨ cÖ`vb
K‡i ZLb 2q Noun wU‡K 1g Noun wU‡K 1g Noun-Gi Appositive ejv nq|
Exaple Sumon, my cousin, is a doctor. A_ev, My cousin, Sumon is a doctor.

Features Examples
 GwU mvaviY †h Noun-Gi e¨vL¨v †`q, Zvi c‡i e‡m Ges Gi `yB The books, an English dictionary and a chemistry,
cv‡kB Kgv _v‡K| text, were on the shelf yesterday.
 Appositive, sentence- Gi cÖ_‡gI em‡Z cv‡i| Economist, Amartya Sen visited Dhaka in 1980.
 D‡jøL¨ Appositive hv‡K wb‡`©k K‡i †mB Noun Gi mv‡_ Playing football, his only interest in life, has brought
Number Gi wgj _vK‡Z n‡e| him many friends.
◉ a. Appositive 3 ai‡bi n‡Z cv‡i h_v:
i. Nominative ev Subjective Appositive: Nominative Appositive wU subject Gi c‡iB e‡m subject m¤ú‡K© AwZwi³
Z_¨ cÖ`vb K‡i
Example: Mr. Rahim, the headmaster of our school, is an honestman.
ii. Object Appositive: Objective Appositive-wU object- Gi c‡i e‡m object m¤ú‡K© AwZwi³ Z_¨ cÖ`vb K‡i|
Example: We invited Mr karim, chairman of our village, is a very honest man.
iii. Possessive Appositive: Possessive Appositive-Gi †ÿ‡Î Appositive wU Possessive nq Ges Zv c~e©eZ©x Noun- Gi
AwaKvi‡K wb‡`©k K‡i:
Example: We have read shakespeare, the poet’s work.
I wrecked my best friend, Bobi’s car.
◉ b. Nominal That Clause
Definition  That clause hw` †Kv‡bv Sentence-G Subject wn‡m‡e e¨eüZ nq, Zvn‡j Zv‡K Nominal that clause e‡j|
†Pbvi Dcvq  Nominal that clause- G wbR¯^ Subject Ges verb _vKv m‡Ë¡I Sentence –G GwU Principal verb-Gi
Subject wn‡m‡e e¨eüZ nq|
 †h Sentence – G Nominal that clause e¨eüZ nq, †mB Sentence – G Aek¨B `ywU Verb _v‡K Ges wØZxq
Verb-wU memgq Singular nq|
 Page 53

Exaple  That vitamin C prevents the cold (VvÛv cÖwZ‡iva K‡i) is well known.
 That we need to move is sure.

◉ Adjective Clause
Clause Definition Adjective Examples
Clause †Pbvi Dcvq
Adjective mvaviYZ †h Clause wU Adjective Gi b¨vq KvR K‡i Zv‡K Adjective GUv mvaviYZ The man who
Clause clause e‡j| Z‡e GLv‡b cv_©K ¨ GB †h ïay Adjective Noun Gi Av‡M e‡m where, whose, came here is my
H Noun mg‡Ü Z_¨ †`q wKš‘ Adjective clause ïay H Noun Gi c‡i which, whom, brother.
e‡m Z_¨ †`q| GLv‡b g‡b ivL‡Z n‡e †h, Adjective Clause n‡Z n‡j what, whoever
Aek¨B H Clause wU†K Zvi c~‡e©i Noun wU‡K Qualify Ki‡Z n‡e| BZ¨vw` w`‡q ïiæ nq|
Qualify bv Ki‡j †m‡ÿ‡Î †mwU Adverb Clause n‡q hv‡e| ‡hgbt She
gave me the both that I wanted. GLv‡b ejv n‡”Q H eBwUB Avgv‡K
†`qv nj ‡hwU Avwg †P‡qwQjvg| A_©vr eBwU‡K Quality Ki‡jv| myZivs GwU
Adjective clause wKš‘ wb‡Pi D`vniYwU jÿ¨ Ki: She gave me the
book when I was at New Market GLv‡b hLb New Market-G
wQjvg Clause wU eBwU‡K Qualify K‡iwb| ZvB GwU n‡e Adverb Clause.
◉ Sentence G adjective clause Gi Ae¯’vbmg~n wb¤œiƒc:
i. As the subject: Ex: Mary is a beautiful lady who is very pious.
ii. As the object: Ex: That was a mobile phone which I gifted her yesterday.
iii. As the object of the preposition: Ex: The girl to whom (hv‡K) I offered my love was beautiful.
iv. As the relative adverb: Ex: Jannat knows the place where I like to visit.
v. As the possessive: Ex: I have a cow whose colour (hvi eY©) is black and white.
Noun clause Adjective clause
I know where he lives. I know the place where he lives.
Only she knows why she lvoes me. Only she knows the reason why she lvoes me.
I know when he will come. I know the time when he will come.
I can remember how he made the cake. I can remember the way how he made the cake.
◉ Adverb Clause:
Clause Definition Adverb Clause †Pbvi Dcvq
Adverb Sub-ordinate Clause wU hLb ev‡K¨ where, why, when, how, because BZ¨vw` Øviv Adverbial Clause wU
Clause Adverb wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i, A_©vr Verb †K ïiæ nq|
eY©bv K‡i ZLb Zv‡K Adverb Clause Who Ges which ‰ewkó¨ clause Øviv KviY (cause) ev D‡Ïk¨ (purpose)
e‡j| G‡K Adverbial clause I e‡j| eySv‡j Zv adverbial clause.
Example: GQvovI, Though, Although, As, Since, If, So that, Till, Until,
 His mother died Unless, Lest BZ¨vw` conjunction Øviv †Kvb Clause MwVZ n‡j Zv Adverb
when he was ten years old. Clause wn‡m‡e MY¨ n‡e|
Adv. clause  GK K_vq: Sub-ordinate Clause wU noun m¤ú‡K© n‡j Adjective
 As he is ill he cannot walk fast.
Adv. clause
Clause Avi verb m¤ú‡K© n‡j Adverb Clause Ges Subject ev Object
n‡j Zv Noun Clause.
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Kinds of Adverbial Clause

Adverbial Clause
Adverbial Adverbial Clause †Pbvi Dcvq Examples
Clause
Adverbial Subordinate clause wU Principal clause Gi Kvh© m¤úv`‡bi mgq wb‡`©k She had come before I
Clause of time Ki‡j Zv Adverbial Clause of time nq| GBwU mvaviYZ while, came.
whenever, when, before, after, till, until, since BZ¨vw` Øviv ïiæ nq|
Adverbial Subordinate clause wU Principal clause Gi Kvh© m¤úv`‡bi mgq wb‡`©k I will go where she
Clause of place Ki‡j Zv Adverbial Clause of place nq| GBwU mvaviYZ where, lives.
wherever, whence BZ¨vw` Øviv ïiæ nq|
Adverbial Subordinate clause wU Principal clause Gi Kvh© m¤úv`‡bi mgq wb‡`©k He is absent because
Clause of reason Ki‡j Zv Adverbial Clause of reason nq| GBwU mvaviYZ as, since, he is ill.
sothat, because BZ¨vw` Øviv ïiæ nq|
Adverbial Subordinate clause wU Principal clause Gi Kvh© m¤úv`‡bi cÖwµqv wb‡`©k He talked as if he
Clause of Ki‡j Zv Adverbial Clause of manner nq| GBwU mvaviYZ how, knew all.
manner however, as, as if, as though BZ¨vw` Øviv ïiæ nq|
Adverbial Subordinate clause wU Principal clause Gi Kvh© m¤úv`‡bi D‡Ïk¨ cÖKvk He learn English
Clause of Ki‡j Zv Adverbial Clause of purpose nq| GBwU mvaviYZ that, in sothat he can pass in
purpose order that, sothat, lest BZ¨vw` Øviv ïiæ nq| the exam.
Adverbial Subordinate clause wU Principal clause Gi Kvh© m¤úv`‡bi kZ© cÖKvk Ki‡j I will help you if you
Clause of Zv Adverbial Clause of condition nq| GBwU mvaviYZ unless, if, in case, want.
condition whether, on condition, provided, supposing that BZ¨vw` Øviv ïiæ nq|
Adverbial Clause Though, although Øviv ïiæ nq| Although he is poor,
of Concession he is honest.
Adverbial Clause G‡Z than _v‡K| He is wiser than I
of Comparison thought.
Adverbial Clause as Øviv ïiæ nq| He is as intelligent as
of Degree you are.
Adverbial Clause so.... that Øviv ïiæ nq| He is so weak that he
of Result cannot walk.

Clause Identify Kivi Special †UKwbK

◉ Special †UKwbKÑ01:
cixÿvi cÖk‡œ Z Avmv Underlined K…Z Clause-Gi wfZi hv B‡”Q _vKzK bv †Kb Avcwb Clause-wU nvZ w`‡q †mwU †X‡K †djyb|
Gici †`Lyb Underlined K…Z Clause-wU Qvov ev‡K¨i evwK AskwU Øviv c~Y©v½ A_© cÖKvk K‡i wKbv| hw` ev‡K¨i evwK AskwU Øviv
c~Y©v½ A_© cÖKvk K‡i Zvn‡j Z‡e Zv Adverbial Clause n‡e|
➥ They will go out to play when they complete their study. (Adverbial Clause)
➥ I shall go where he lives. (Adverbial Clause)
◉ Special †UKwbKÑ02:
Avi hw` ev‡K¨i evwK AskwU Øviv c~Y© A_© cÖKvk bv K‡i Zvn‡j †`Lyb Clause-marker-Gi c~e©eZ©x As‡k Kx Av‡Q| Clause
marker-Gi c~e©eZ©x Ask hw` Noun _v‡K Zvn‡j †mwU Adjective Clause n‡e|
➥ I saw the person who stole my book. (Adjective Clause)
➥ This is the boy whose pocket was picked fell into trouble. (Adjective Clause)
 Page 55

◉ Special †UKwbKÑ03:
Avi hw` Clause marker-Gi c~e©eZ©x As‡k Verb (am/is/are/was/were Qvov) _v‡K Zvn‡j †m‡ÿ‡Î cÖ_‡g Avcwb Underline
K…Z Clause-wUi e`‡j It e¨envi Kiæb| It Øviv hw` evK¨wU c~Y©v½ A_© cÖK vk K‡i Z‡e Zv Noun Clause n‡e| It Øviv hw` evK¨wU
c~Y©v½ A_© cÖKvk bv K‡i Z‡e Zv Adverbial Clause n‡e|
➥ I know that he was passed. (I know it. GLv‡b Clause-wUi e`‡j ‘it’ emv‡j evK¨wU c~Y©v½ A_© cÖK vk K‡i| AZGe GwU
GKwU Noun Clause|
➥ You may go where you want. (You may go it. GLv‡b Clause-wUi e`‡j ‘it’ emv‡j evK¨wU c~Y©v½ A_© cÖK vk K‡i
bv| AZGe GwU GKwU Adverbial Clause|
◉ Preposition-Gi c‡i †h Clause- B AvmyK bv †Kb, †`Lv gvÎB †PvL eÜ K‡i Noun Clause wn‡m‡e DËi Ki‡eb| †hgbÑ
It depends on what you really want|
GLv‡b ‘on’ Preposition- Gi c‡i ‘What you really want’ Clause- wU G‡m‡Q| AZGe GwU GKwU Noun Clause.
Av‡iKwU D`vniY †`‡L †bqv hvK- Please, listen to what I say.
◉ Pronoun- Gi Objective Form- Gi ci †Kv‡bv Clause Avm‡j Zv mvaviYZ Noun Clause nq| †hgb-
Tell me where she lives.
GLv‡b, ‘I’ Pronoun- Gi Objective Form wn‡m‡e ‘me’- Gi c‡i ‘Where she lives’ Clause-wU G‡m‡Q| AZGe GwU GKwU
Noun Clause| Av‡iv wKQz GB RvZxq Noun Clause- Gi D`vniY †`‡L †bqv hvK-
He explained me why she did so.
I told him what he wanted to know.
I may show you whatever you like.
◉ As/Since/Though/Although/if BZ¨vw` Adverb Øviv hy³ †Kv‡bv Clause †`L‡j †PvL eÜ K‡i Adverbial Clause wn‡m‡e
DËi Ki‡eb| †hgb-
As he is ill, he cannot walk fast.
Although he is poor, he is honest.
Since he is strong, he can carry the bag.
If you come, I shall go.
C. Reduced Clause
Definition mvaviYZ wbf©ikxj/ Dependent clause hLb †Kv‡bv relative pronoun Øviv marked _v‡K bv ZLb †mB clause wU‡K
reduced clause e‡j|
†Kv‡bv Clause- †K Reduced Ki‡j Zvi c~‡e©i A_©/D‡Ïk¨ eRvq _vK‡e| Noun Clause- †K Reduce Kiv hvq bv, Z‡e
Adjective/Adverb Clause- †K Reduce Kiv hvq|
Reduced Adjective Clause
hw` Principal Clause Ges Subordinate Clause- Gi Subject GKB e¨w³ ev e¯‘ nq, Zvn‡j Adjective Clause- †K Reduced Kiv hvq|

Reduce  Clause marker Ges be verb ev` w`‡Z n‡e|

Kivi wbqg  Sub-ordinate clause- Gi Principal verb- †K Participle-G cwiYZ Ki‡Z n‡e|
 Sentence-wU Active form- G _vK‡j, Principal verb- Gi Present Participle n‡e|
 Sentence-wU Passive form-G _vK‡j, Principal verb- Gi Past participle n‡e|
 be verb- Gi c‡i Principal verb bv _vK‡j, be verb I clause marker ev` w`‡Z n‡e| evwK Ask AcwiewZ©Z
_vK‡e|
Example All of the money that was accepted (M„nxZ) has already been released.
All of the money accepted has already been released.

Important Points:
➥ Clause Marker-wU Sentence- Gi Object n‡j Zv‡K Reduced Kiv hv‡e bv|
Ex: The books that I checked out of the library are due today.
KviY: books-subject-wU check verb Gi subject bq Ges eB wb‡R check Ki‡Z cv‡i bv, checked nq|
➥ Whose w`‡q †Kv‡bv Adjective Clause ïiæ n‡j, Zv Reduced Kiv hvq bv| Reduce Ki‡j A_© cwieZ©b n‡q hvq|
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Ex: The woman whose son is blocking the entrance works upstairs.
➥ †Kv‡bv Adjective Clause hv Sentence G Adverb wn‡m‡e A_© cÖK vk K‡i, Zv‡K Reduce Kiv hv‡e bv|
Ex: The time when Andrew arrived was inconvenient. (AmyweavRbK)

Reduced Adverb Clause

◉ Dfq Clause- Gi Subject hw` GKB e¨w³ ev e¯‘ nq, Zvn‡j Adverb Clause- †K Reduce Kiv hvq, hw` A‡_©i cwieZ©b bv nq|

Reduce Kivi wbqg  Subject Ges be verb ev` w`‡Z n‡e Ges Clause marker _vK‡e|
 Sentence-wU Active form- G _vK‡j Principal verb- Gi mv‡_ ing hy³ n‡e|
 Sentence-wU Passive form- G _vK‡j Principal verb-Gi Past Participle form n‡e|
Example After he had finished the book, he put it on the table.
After having finished the book, he put it on the table.

◉ g‡b ivL‡Z n‡e; mvaviYZ, G‡ÿ‡Î Clause marker wn‡m‡e e¨eüZ nqÑ
after before once
since until when
while although though

Ex: After he had finihsed the book, he put it on the table.

After finishing the book, he put it on the table.
or,
After having finished the book, he put it on the table.

◉ g‡b ivL‡Z n‡e, When/While/Until _vK‡j Gi ciB Present Participle nq Ges evwK As‡k Subject+verb nq|
Ex: We worked on the project until we finished it.
We worked on the project until finishing it.
Important Points:
◉ Because Øviv KviY †evSv‡j, Zv D‡V hv‡e Ges †m Abyhvqx verb Zvi form change Ki‡e:
Ex: Because the house has been remodeled, it will fetch more on the market.
Having been remodeled, the house will fetch (AvKl©Y Kiv) more one the market.
◉ †h mKj Adverb clause Gi ïiæ‡Z as ev as soon as _v‡K, Zv‡`i‡K Reduce Kiv hvq bv|
Ex: As he was walking, he kept stopping to look at the flowers.
As walking, he kept stopping to look at the flowers.

Clause Marker
Definition †h mg¯Í kã w`‡q Clause †K wPwýZ Kiv nq Zv‡`i clause marker e‡j|
Example who, which, hardly, so.... as, etc.

◉ 2 ai‡bi Clause marker i‡q‡Q| Zv wb¤œiƒc:

Sub-ordinate WH word: who, which, whom, whose, where, when, while, what, why, how, how long, how
Clause Marker many, how much, what time, as, if, since, so that, scarcely, barely, no sooner, such, even, the
same, unless, until, though, although, as .... as, so ... as, so ... that etc.
Dc‡ii word ¸‡jv †Kv‡bv sentence- Gi gv‡S _vK‡j Zv wbwðZ Complex sentence.
Co-ordinate Conjunctional: For, and, nor, but, or, yet, so, after all, on the contrary, on the other hand,
Clause Marker moreover etc.
Dc‡ii Conjunction ¸‡jv †Kv‡bv sentence- Gi gv‡S _vK‡j Zv wbwðZ Compound sentence.
Example Though he is rich, he is dishonest GLv‡b ‘though’ n‡jv GKwU clause marker.
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RETINA

Article

Rules of Indefinite Article

◉ Basic Principle: Sound Gi wfwˇZ A, An e¨eüZ nq e‡jB avibv Kiv nq| Word Gi cÖ_‡g Consonant Sound _vK‡j A
Ges Vowel Sound _vK‡j An e‡m| wKš‘ Vowel Gi D”PviY (Pronunciation) you (BD) ev wa (Iqv) Gi gZ n‡j A Ges
Consonant Gi D”PviY Vowel Gi gZ n‡j An e‡m| ZvB ejv hvq Sound bq, Pronunciation Dci wfwË K‡iB ev wbf©i K‡i
Article e¨eüZ nq| One (Iqvb), Uniform (BDwbdg©) Gi Vowel Sound Av‡Q weavq G‡`i c~‡e© An emvi K_v _vK‡jI D”Pvi‡Yi
Dci wfwË K‡iB G‡`i c~‡e© A e‡m|

◉ Rule 01: †Kvb Word Gi cÖ_‡g Consonant _vK‡j A e‡m| Example: a word, a quarter, a B.A wKš‘ cÖ_‡g Consonant
_vK‡jI D”PviY hw` Vowel Gi gZ n‡j An e‡m| Abbreviation Gi cÖ_g AÿiwUi D”Pvi‡bi ïiæ‡Z Vowel/Vowel Sound
Avm&‡j Zvi c~‡e© An em‡e| Example: an L.L.B. †h‡nZz L (Gj&) D”PviY ïiæ‡Z G (a) ZvB Gi c~‡e© An e‡m‡Q| myZivs A, E, F,
H, I, L, M, N, O, R, S, X, Øviv ïiæ mKj Abbreviation (mswÿß iƒc) Gi c~‡e© An em‡e|
Example:
an honest boy (A‡b÷) an heir (Gqvi) an hour (AvIqvi)
an M.A. (Gg.G) a B.Ed. (we.GW) an F.R.C.S. (Gd.Avi.wm.Gm)
an M.Ed. (Gg.GW.) an S.D.O.(Gm.wW.I.) an O.C. (I.wm)
 He is an M.B.B.S.
 My elder brother/He is an M.A. in English.
 This man/ My uncle has an L.L.B degree.
 He is a BBA student.
 He is an M.A. in English

◉ Rule 02: †Kvb Word Gi cÖ_‡g Vowel (a, e, i, o, u) _vK‡j An e‡m| Example: An apple, An ass, An ugly (AvMwj)
wKš‘ cÖ_‡g Vowel _vK‡jI D”PviY You (BD) Gi gZ n‡j a e‡m| Example:
Eulogy (BD‡jvwR) Euphemism (BD‡dwgRg) European (BD‡ivwcqvb)
Union (BDwbqb) University (BDwbfvwm©wU) Uniform (BDwbdg©)
Unique (BDwbK) Universal (BDwbfvm©vj) Useful (BDRdzj)
Unit (BDwbU) Unanimous (BDb¨vwbg¨vP) Ewe (BD)
Exception: The universe
 He is a European.
 Denmark is a European nation.
 Gold is a useful metal.
 This is a unique case
 Meter is a unit of length.
 A needle is a useful thing.
 My younger brother is a university student.
 He prefers a European country for spending his vacation.

◉ Rule 03: k‡ãi ïiæ‡Z _vKv h Gi D”PviY ÔnÕ n‡j Z‡e A e‡m| wKš‘ k‡ãi ïiæ‡Z h _vK‡jI hw` D”PvwiZ bv nq Zvn‡j an e‡m|
Example:

half (nvd)-A‡a©K horse (nm©)- †Nvov heroic (wn‡ivwqK)-bvq‡KvwPZ

hero (wn‡iv) bvqK heir (Gqvi)-DËivwaKvix honours (Abvim&)-m¤§vb
holiday (nwj‡W)-QzwUi w`b holy ( †nvwj)ÑcweÎ honourary (Abvivwi)ÑA‰eZwbK)
honourable (Abvi¨vej) m¤§vwbZ hour (AvIqvi)ÑN›Uv honest (A‡b÷)Ñmr mvay
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 I am standing here for an hour.

 He is an honours graduate.
 Sunday is not a holiday for us.
 They will do it in an hour and a half.
 Benares is a holy city. (cweÎ bMix)
 It was an honour for me when I was made the secretary of our association.
 This is a heroic action.
 Mr. Rahim is an honorable man. (Rbve iwng GKRb m¤§vwbZ e¨w³)
 He is an heir (DËivwaKvix) of the property.
 He was an honourary Magistrate. (wZwb GKRb A‰eZwbK g¨vwR‡UªU wQ‡jb)

◉ Rule 04: O Øviv ïiæ mKj k‡ãi c~‡e© An e‡m| ïay One Gi c~‡e© A e‡m|
 This is an oasis. (I‡qwmm&)
 I saw a one-eyed man.
 I saw a one legged man in the street.
 Give me a one take note.
 He maintains an office.
◉ Rule 05: mvaviYZ Singular Common Noun Gi c~‡e© a/an e¨eüZ n‡j H †kÖwYi †h‡Kvb GKwU‡K eySvq Ges mvaviYfv‡e Ggb
ˆewkó¨ eY©bv Kiv nq hv H Noun wUi mvaviY ˆewkó¨| †hgb: An orange is round (Kgjv †MvjvKvi)| A_©vr GKwU Kgjv †MvjvKvi
gv‡b c„w_exi mKj KgjvB mvaviYZ †MvjvKvi n‡q _v‡K|
 A mirror is a reflection of one’s own self. Here “A mirror” means any one mirror.
 An orange is round – All oranges of the world.
 A child needs love. (wkï Av`i-hZœ cÖ‡qvRb)

◉ Rule 06: mvaviY Singular Countable Noun †K cÖ_gevi D‡jøL Ki‡j A_ev A‡bK ¸‡jvi g‡a¨ Awbw`©ófv‡e †h‡Kvb GKwU‡K
wb‡`©k Ki‡j Gi c~‡e© a/an e‡m|
 I am awarded a gold metal.
 It is a quarter to six. (†cŠ‡b QqUv ev‡R/QqUv evR‡Z c‡bi wgwbU euvwK)
 The English are a nation. (Bs‡iRiv GK RvwZ)
 The English are a wise nation. (Bs‡iRiv weÁ RvwZ)
 He lives a comfortable life. (†m Av‡qwk Rxebhvcb K‡i)
 I’d like to meet Cathy Parker, a novelist.
 The sun is a star. (m~h©¨ nj bÿÎ)
 I need a visa to go abroad. (we‡`k hvIqvi Rb¨ Avgvi wfmv `iKvi)
 Bob Collins has recently become a minister in the new government.
 You will receive an SMS, if you are eligible for a subject in E unit.
 This is an easy task. (GUv mnR KvR)
 We are moved not by the fall of a great man but the elevation to heroism of the what we had taken to be a
little man.
◉ Rule 07: AcwiwPZ ev m¤§vwbZ e¨w³ †evSv‡Z Mr/Mrs/Miss ev †Kvb Noun Gi c~‡e© a/an e‡m| Avevi H iKg GKRb/KviI gZ
GKRb †evSv‡Z Proper Noun Gi c~‡e© a ev an e¨eüZ nq| G‡ÿ‡Î Proper Noun wU Common Noun n‡q hvq|
Example: A Newton is not born every year. (wbDUb eQi eQi R‡b¥ bv)|
 I talked to a Dalai Lama. (Avwg GKRb `vjvB jvgvi mv‡_ K_v ejjvg)
 A Mr. Karim has been arrested. (Kwig bv‡g GKRb †MÖßvi n‡q‡Q)
 He thinks he is a Rabindranath. (†m wb‡R‡K iex›`ªbv_ fv‡e/g‡b K‡i)
 He wants to be a Shakespeare. (†m GKRb †k·wcqvi n‡Z Pvq)
 You are a Nazrul I see. (Zzwg †`LwQ GK bRiæj)
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◉ Rule 08: Superlative ‘most’ hLb Zzjbv bv eywS‡q †Kvb we‡kl Ae¯’v ev ¸‡Yi Lye †ewk cwigvY †evSvq A_©vr Very A‡_© e¨eüZ
nq ZLb ‘most’ Gi c~‡e© the Gi cwie‡Z© a e‡m|
Example:
 He leads a most unhappy life. (†m Lye AmyLx Rxebhvcb K‡i)
 He saw a most wonderful sight (†m Lye PgrKvi GKwU `„k¨ †`L‡jv)

◉ Rule 09: KL‡bv KL‡bv Preposition A‡_© a e¨eüZ nq, ZLb †mB a †K Disguised Preposition e‡j|
 The king went a hunting. (ivRv wkKv‡i wM‡qwQj)

◉ Rule 10: few, little, lot of, good deal, good many, great many BZ¨vw`i c~‡e© a e‡m| Aí msL¨K A‡_© Countable Noun
Gi c~‡e© a few Aí cwigvY A‡_© Uncountable Noun Gi c~‡e© a little e‡m| m¤ú~Y©UzKz eySv‡j the em‡e|
Example:
 He made a few mistakes. (†m Aí wKQz fzj Ki‡jv)
 A great many students attended the test.
 I want only a little sugar in my tea, please.
 He lost the few books he had.

◉ Rule 11: Many Gi c‡i a/an e‡m| A_©vr many Ges singular common noun Gi gv‡S a/an e‡m|
 Many a man was present. (KZ †jvKB †Zv Dcw¯’Z wQj)

◉ Rule 12: wKQz wKQz Phrase G a/an e‡m| †hgb: In a body, in a hurry, in a nutshell, in a fix, in a temper, to take an
interest|
Example: He is in a temper now. GLb Zvi †gRvR Mig|
 He is in a hurry.
Omission of A/An
 Meals (Lvevi) Gi c~‡e© a/an e‡m bv| Z‡e Lvev‡i (meals) c~‡e© adjective em‡j a/an e‡m| †hgb: Breakfast, dinner, lunch
etc.
Ex: I ate my breakfast at 8 am. wKš‘,
We had a good breakfast yesterday.
 Uncountable noun Gi c~‡e© a/an e‡m bv| †hgb: news, information, advice, money, time etc.
Ex: He gives me good news.
 Material noun Gi c~‡e© a/an e‡m bv| †hgb:
I need water. He drinks milk.
Z‡e cwigvcK kã _vK‡j Zvi c~‡e© a/an e‡m| †hgbÑ
I drink a glass of water.
 Abstract noun Gi c~‡e© a/an e‡m bv| †hgb:
Honesty is the best policy.
wKš‘ wbw`©ó K‡i †evSv‡j Abstract noun Gi c~‡e© The e‡m| Ex: The kindness of Omar teaches all.

Rules of Definite Article

◉ Different Types of “The”:
 Generalizing “The”: GKRvZxq mKj‡K †evSv‡Z Singular Common Noun Gi c~‡e© the e‡m G‡K Generalizing ‘the’
e‡j| †hgb: The cow is a useful animal.
 Defining “The”: wbw`©ó K‡i †evSv‡Z the e‡m G‡K Defining ‘the’ e‡j| †hgb: The book is mine.
 Instrumental “The”: hZ ZZ †evSv‡Z Dfq Comperative Gi c~‡e© the e‡m| GB Dfq the †K Instrumental ‘the’ e‡j|
†hgb: The more you read, the more you learn.
The earlier, the better. (hZ Av‡M, ZZ fv‡jv)
The more, the merrier.
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 Familiar “The”: GKK e¯‘ (hv gnvwe‡k¦ GKwUB) †hgb: c„w_ex, m~h© P›`ª BZ¨vw`i c~‡e© the e‡m G‡K Familiar ‘the’ e‡j| †hgb:
The earth moves around the sun.
 Possessive “The”: A½cÖZ‡½i bv‡gi c~‡e© Possessive Gi cwie‡Z© the e‡m G‡K Possessive ‘the’ e‡j| †hgb: He struck
me on the cheek.
 He struck me on the head.

◉ Rule 01: †Kvb Noun †K wbw`©ó K‡i eySv‡j Zvi c~‡e© the e‡m|
 The charge for the excess luggage is Tk. 600 per kilo.
 The soup is horrible; I am going to complain to the restaurant’s owner.
 Where is the boy? He is in the garden.
 He is the man of the match.
 This is the shield donated by the USA.

◉ Rule 02: cÖ_gevi †Kvb Noun D‡jøL Ki‡j Zvi c~‡e© a/an e‡m| wKš‘ wØZxq evi GKB Noun Gi D‡jøL Ki‡j The e‡m|
 The house has a beautiful garden. Let us sit in the garden.

◉ Rule 03: mgMÖ RvwZ †evSv‡Z Singular Common Noun Gi c~‡e© the e‡m|
 The ant is an intelligent insect.
 Do you prefer the town or the country?
 The cow is a useful animal.
 The cat has a tail.
 The Lion is a ferocious animal.
 The ant is an industrious creature.
 The Airport is a busy place.

◉ Rule 04: mgMÖ gvbeRvwZ †evSv‡Z Man Ges Woman Gi c~‡e© †Kvb article e¨eüZ nq bv|
 Man is mortal

◉ Rule 05: cÖK…wZ‡Z hv GKwUgvÎ Av‡Q Zvi c~‡e© the e‡m| A_©vr GKK e¯‘ †hgb: P›`ª (Moon), m~h© (Sun), AvKvk (Sky), c„w_ex
(Earth), wek¦ (World), `ywbqv (Universe), †h‡Kvb w`‡Ki bvg c~e© (East), cwðg (West), DËi (North), `wÿY (South) BZ¨vw`
bv‡gi c~‡e© the e‡m|
 Do you see the blue sky?
 The earth moves around the sun.
 He is tired of the world.
 The sun rises in the east.
 The moon shines at night.
 Education is a must for all human being to know their position in the universe.

◉ Rule 06: †Kvb RvZxqZvevPK kã Øviv †h RvwZi mKj †jvKRb‡K eySv‡j Zvi c~‡e© The e‡m| wKš‘ RvZxqZvevPK kã Øviv †m RvwZi
fvlvi bvg eySv‡j Zvi c~‡e© the e‡m bv| A_©vr RvZxi bv‡gi c~‡e© the e‡m wKš‘ fvlvi bv‡gi c~‡e© the e‡m bv|
 The French people.
 The Bangladeshis are proud of their glorious past.
 He speaks English like the English.
 The Bangladesh are a brave nation.
 The English people.
 English is the language of the people of England.
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◉ Rule 07: †Kvb Noun Øviv hw` †ckv eySvq (hw`I cÖK…Z A‡_© Zv †ckv bq) ZLb Zvi c~‡e© the e‡m| †hgb: He joined the Bar
(g~jZ wePvivjq, GLv‡b-AvBbRxwei †ckv)/ the Church (g~jZ Dcvmbvjq, GLv‡b-hvR‡Ki †ckv)
 He joined the Army.

◉ Rule 08: Avgiv Pronoun Chapter-G †R‡bwQ Subject ev Object wn‡m‡e A½ cÖZ‡½i (Limb) bvg ( †hgb leg, ear, head,
tail, horn, neck _vK‡j Zvi c~‡e© Possessive Adjective (my, his, her, etc) e‡m| He shook my hand.
wKš‘ Object+Preposition Gi c‡i †Kvb A½ cÖZ¨½ bvg _vK‡j Ges H Object wUi A½ hw` Preposition wUi c‡i Av‡m Z‡e †mLv‡b
Possessive Adjective+ kix‡ii A½ bv n‡q the+ kix‡ii A½ e‡m| G ai‡bi the †K Possessive ‘the’ e‡j| e.g.I struck him on
the head. jÿ¨ Kwi head wU wKš‘ him Gi| A_©vr,
Subject+ verb+ Possessive + Part of body + Extension. Example: He hurt his arm.
Subject + Verb + Object + Preposition + The + Part of body. Example: He shook me by the hand.
 He caught me by the neck.
 I pulled the cat by the tail.
 I caught him by the hand.
 Kamal broke his leg in the accident.
 I struck him on the check.

◉ Rule 09: Adjective we‡kl ¸Ywewkó †kÖYxi mKj‡K GK‡Î wb‡`©k Ki‡j Zvi The+Adjective (H ¸Y) e‡m hv Plural Number
nq| Example: The pious (avwg©‡Kiv), The rich (abxiv), The poor (Mix‡eiv)
 The virtuous are always happy.
 There is always discrimination between the rich and the poor.

◉ Rule 10: mshy³ †`‡ki bvg [†hgb: the U.S.A (The United States of America., the U.K. (The United Kingdom) The
U.A.E. (The United Arab Emirates) Gi c~‡e© the e‡m| Z‡e GKK †Kvb †`k †hgb: India, England, Canada, Great
Britain, America BZ¨vw`i bv‡gi c~‡e© the e‡m bv|
 He visited the U.S.A.
 Last summer we visited Canada and the United States.

◉ Rule 11: †Kvb cÖ‡`‡ki Ò†fŠ‡MvwjK eY©bvg~jK A_©Ó _vK‡j H cÖ‡`‡ki bv‡gi c~‡e© the e‡m| Example: the Deccan, the
Punjub.
 The Punjub is a province of Pakistan.

◉ Rule 12: Adjective-Gi Superlative Degree- Gi c~‡e© the e‡m|

 Honesty is the best policy.
 Rakib is the finest young player now.
 Dhaka is the largest city in Bangladesh.
 Which is the largest river in our country?
 The Amazin in Brazil is the longest river in the South America.

◉ Rule 13: mvaviYZ Proper Noun Gi c~‡e© Article e‡m bv| wKš‘ wb‡Pi Proper Noun ¸‡jvi c~‡e© me©`vB The e‡m|
Before the name of archipelago Øxccy‡Äi bv‡gi c~‡e© The Andamans, The West Indies, The
Philippines, The Netherlands
Before the name of desert giæf~wgi bv‡gi c~‡e© The Sahara, The Gobi.
Before the name of directions w`‡Ki bv‡gi c~‡e© The North, The south
Before the name of famous weL¨vZ AÆvwjKvi bv‡gi c~‡ e© The Tajmahal, The world Trade Center.
buildings
Before the name of holy books cweÎ MÖš’/ ag©MÖ‡š’i bv‡gi The Quran/Koran, The Bible, The Ramayana etc.
c~‡e©
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Before the name of mountains ce©Zgvjvi bv‡gi c~‡e© The Himalayas, The Alps, The Bindha
Before the name of news papers msev`c‡Îi bv‡gi c~‡e© The Ittefaq, The Prothom Alo, The Daily Star
Before the name of rivers b`xi bv‡gi c~‡e© The Padma, The Meghna, The Jamuna
Before the name of sea, ocean mvMi/gnvmvM‡ii/ DcmvM‡ii The Red Sea, The Arabian Sea, The Bay of
and bay bv‡gi c~‡e© Bengal, The Atlantic, The Indian Ocean
Before the name of ships, train RvnvR, †Uªb I wegv‡bi bv‡gi The Titanic, The Nelson, The Ulka, The
and airplane c~‡e© Rajdhani Express, The Padma Express, The
Airlines, The Bangladesh Biman.
Note: GKwU gvÎ ce©Z (Mount) (e.g. Everest), Øxc (Island) (e.g. Ceylon), AšÍixc (Cape)(e.g. Cape of Hope-DËgvkv
AšÍixc), ev n«‡`i (Lake) (e.g. Lake Chilka) bv‡gi c~‡e© Article e‡m bv|

 I lived in the Netherlands for two years.

 I read the Prothom Alo, which is a very popular newspaper in our country.
 The Padma is a big river.
 The Alps
 The Andamans are in the Indian ocean.
 Everest is the highest mountain.
 I read the Quran.
 Lake Chilka is in Orissa.
 The Nelson is a British warship.

◉ Rule 14: †Kvb Noun Gi c‡i Clause ewm‡q Noun Gi w`‡K wbw`©ó Kiv n‡j Noun wUi c‡e© the e‡m| Clause gv‡b nj
Subject + Finite Verb] Clause m¤ú‡K© cieZ©x †Z Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡q‡Q|
 The lunch my mother served was excellent.
 The beef we had dinner last night was excellent.
 This book is the one I was looking for.
 The big book on the table is for my history class.
 The apple you ate was rotten. (Zzwg †h Av‡cj †L‡qwQ‡j Zv cPv wQj)

◉ Rule 15: Common Noun hLb Abstract Idea ev Kv‡iv †`vl, ¸‡Yi bvg eySvq ZLb Zv Common Noun nq Ges Gi c~‡e© the
e‡m| †hgb: Mother Øviv ÔgvÕ bv eywS‡q ÔgvZ…‡¯œnÕ ev ÔgvZ…Z¡Õ, Father Øviv ÕwcZ…Z¡Õ Beast Øviv ÔcïZ¡Õ, Fox Øviv ‘a~Z©ZvÕ eySvq ZLb
Mother, Father, Beast, Fox BZ¨vw` Gi c~‡e© The e‡m|
 The father in him arose to see a child.
 The mother rose in him.
 Check the beast in you.

◉ Rule 16: Ordinal (µgevPK) Numeral Adjective (First, Second, Third, Fourth etc Gi Av‡M the e‡m|
 Louis the fourteen was a benevolent king.

◉ Rule 17: ev`¨hš¿ evRv‡bv †evSv‡Z ev`¨h‡š¿i bv‡gi c~‡e© the e‡m| evRv‡bv †evSv‡Z ‘play on’ e¨eüZ n‡j †Kvb Article e‡m bv|
Avevi KviI ev`¨hš¿ _vKv †evSv‡Z ev`¨h‡š¿i bv‡gi c~‡e© a/an e‡m|
 I can play the flute. (Avwg euvwk evRv‡Z cvwi)

◉ Rule 18: †iv‡Mi bv‡gi c~‡e© the e‡m bv| e¨wZµg: The gout ( †Mu‡UevZ), the measles (nvg), the mumps (KY©MÖwš’i cÖ`vnc~Y©
†Quvqv‡P †ivMwe‡kl)| Z‡e AwZ mvaviY †iv‡Mi c~‡e© a e‡m| Example: a headache, a cold and a fever BZ¨vw`|
 AIDS virus infection is incurable. (GBWm fvBiv‡mi msµgY Abv‡ivM¨)
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◉ Rule 19: mvaviYZ Material Noun Gi c~‡e© Article e‡m bv| Example: Gold is a precious metal, Z‡e G‡`i wbw`©ó K‡i
eySv‡j Article e‡m| Example: The gold of Saudi is a good quality.
 I paid a one taka note for old paper.
 Salt tastes salty, and pepper (†Mvj gwi‡Pi ¸ov) tastes hot.
 The water of this pond is clear.

◉ Rule 20: mvaviYZ Abstract Noun Gi c~‡e© Article e‡m bv| wKš‘ Abstract Noun †K wbw`©ó K‡i eySv‡j Zvi c~‡e© the e‡m|
 I can’t forget the kindness with which he treated me.
 Agriculture is an important activity in Bangladesh.
 It is a pleasure to do a business with such an efficient organization.
 My neighbour is a photographer; let’s ask him for the adivce about colour films.
 The honesty of Rahim is enviable.

◉ Rule 21: †Kvb wKQzi we‡kl Ask †evSv‡Z Adjective Gi c~‡e© the e‡m|
 The child likes the yellow of an egg. (ev”PvwU wW‡gi Kzmyg cQ›` K‡i|)

◉ Rule 22: MÖ‡š’i bv‡gi c~‡e© †jL‡Ki bvg _vK‡j A_ev †jL‡Ki bvg Øviv eB‡qi bvg †evSv‡j †Kvb Article e‡m bv|
 I have read Shakespeare’s Hamlet.
 She reads Nazrul’s Agnibina.
 Rina reads Homer’s Illiad.

◉ Rule 23: mvaviYZ Telephone, Television BZ¨vw` Gi c~‡e© †Kvb Article e‡m bv| Z‡e we‡klv‡_©/ †dv‡b K_v ejv eySv‡Z over
the telephone e‡m|
 Telephone has had bought an enormous impact on how we communicate.

◉ Rule 24: Lvevi mgq †hgb: Breakfast, Lunch cÖf…wZi c~‡e© The e‡m bv| †hgb: We have dinner as usual time. wKš‘ wbqš¿Y
eySv‡j The em‡e| †hgb: We took the dinner with his family.
 What did you eat for breakfast this morning?

◉ Rule 25: wKQz wKQz Idiomatic Expression Av‡Q †h¸‡jv‡Z ¯^fveZB the e‡m| we¯ÍvwiZ Idioms & Phrases As‡k Av‡jvwPZ
n‡q‡Q|

 I am not in the know of the thinks. (In the know of the something- †Kvb wKQzi †Mvcb Z_¨ Rvbv Av‡Q Ggb)
 He is in the wrong. (In the wrong-fzj aviYv ev Ab¨vq Kiv)
 Always speak the truth and never tell a lie.
 At last the beast in him got the upper hand (Get the upper hand-Kv‡iv Dci cÖvavb¨ we¯Ívi Kiv)
 He took the bull by the horns. (Take the bull by the horns-mvn‡mi mv‡_ wec` †gvKvwejv Kiv)
 His fame is on the wane. (On the wane-L¨vwZ ev RbwcÖqZv n«vm cvIqv)

◉ Rule 26: Transitive Verb Gi Subject I Object hw` GKB e¨w³ ev e¯‘ nq ZLb H Object Gi c~‡e© †Kvb Article e‡m bv|
Mr. Sen became Principal of the college.
Exception: We called him a fool. –Fool Gi c~‡e© a em‡e|
 Draw the picture of an owl.
 I heard a knock on the door.
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Omission of ‘the’ Article

¯‹qvi, iv¯Ív, A¨vwfwbD, cvK© BZ¨vw`i bv‡gi c~‡e© the e‡m bv| wKš‘ Ex:  He walks Ramna park.
Road kãwU _vK‡j Zvi c~‡e© the e‡m|  He drives a car on the Fuller Road.
fvlvi c~‡e© the e‡m bv| Ex:  He speaks Bengali.
Day /Month Gi bv‡gi c~‡e© the e‡m bv| Ex:  January, Sunday.
gvby‡li †iv‡Mi bv‡gi c~‡e© the e‡m bv| Ex:  the mumps, the goal, the measles
Abstract noun Gi c~‡e© †Kv‡bv Article e‡m bv Ex:  Honesty is the best policy.
 Beauty is truth; truth is beauty.
¯^vfvweK A‡_© Material/Proper Noun Gi c~‡e© †Kv‡bv Article Ex:  Iron is a useful metal.
e‡m bv|  Newyork is the capital of the United States of
America.
mgMÖ RvwZ eySv‡Z Plural Noun- Gi c~‡e© †Kv‡bv Article e‡m bv| Ex:  Dogs are faithful animals.
e³vi wb‡Ri ev hv‡K ejv n‡”Q Zvi wb‡Ri evwo n‡j, Zvi c~‡e© †Kv‡bv Ex:  Go home.
Article e‡m bv|  Come home.
†jL‡Ki bv‡gi Øviv eB †evSv‡bv A_ev eB‡qi bv‡gi Av‡M †jL‡Ki Ex:  I have read Jonathan Swift’s ‘Gulliver’s Travels’.
bvg _vK‡j, †Kv‡bv Article e‡m bv|
cÖkœ‡evaK ev‡K¨ Kind of, sort of, species (cÖRvwZ) of _vK‡j, Ex:  What kind of flower is it?
Zvi c~‡e© Article e‡m bv|  What sort of man is he? (†m †Kvb ai‡bi gvbyl?)
†Ljv Ges Lvevi Gi bv‡gi c~‡e© Article e‡m bv| Ex:  We like to play cricket/football/hockey/ tennis/
batminton etc.
 We have dinner/breakfast as usual time.
FZz I Drm‡ei bv‡gi c~‡e© mvaviYZt Article e‡m bv| Ex:  Summar, winter, spring, autumn etc. wKš‘ rainy
season- Gi Av‡M ‘The’ e‡m|
 The rainy season.
ågY msµvšÍ hvb I c_ Gi c~‡e© Article e‡m bv| Ex:  By car/By bus/By train/ By boat/By air/By sea
etc.
Preposition Ges Zvi object wb‡q MwVZ wKQz wKQz phrase G Ex:  At home, at dinner, at ease, at dawn, at sun-set,
article e‡m bv| by night, by home, under ground, above ground, from
hand to mouth etc.

Practice – 03
Medical & Dental
01. Which one of the following is the correct sentence? [M & D 17-18, M 11-12]
A. Shaon is the actress and singer B. Shaon is both the actress and singer
C. Shaon is both an actress and a singer D. Shaon is a actress and singer Ans: C
02. Which of the following is correct? [D 05-06]
A. The Tajmahal is one of wonders of the world B. Sahara is in Africa
C. The Ganges flows down from the Himalays D. Bay of Bengal lies to the south of Bangladesh.Ans: A+C
DU
B-Unit
03. ___ love is such ___ beautiful thing. [DU: B- 17-18]
A. no article, a B. a, no article C. the, a D. a, the Ans: A
04. Do you know the name of ___ artist who painted this portrait? [DU: B- 16-17]
A. a B. no article C. an D. the Ans: D
05. One of Akbar’s most vigorous opponents during his lifetime had been ___ outstanding scholar Sheikh
Ahmed and, like Akbar, he was also venerated as ___ perfect man by his own disciples. [DU: B- 15-16]
A. the, the B. an, a C. an, the D. the, a Ans: B
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Verb

Introduction

†h Word ev‡K¨ †Kvb KvR cÖKvk K‡i Zv‡K Verb e‡j | (A verb is a word that expresses some action)
Example: I play football. He writes a letter.
Dc‡ii evK¨ `ywU‡Z Play A_© †Ljv Kiv Ges write A_© †jLv GKBfv‡e †Kvb wKQz Kiv, LvIqv, aiv, gviv, †evSv, fvev, †Ljv ev fv½v cÖf…wZ
n‡jv KvR| †h Word w`‡q GBme KvR ev Action eySvq Zv‡K Verb e‡j| Verb n‡jv ev‡K¨i Acwinvh© Ask| cÖwZwU English Sentence
G Aek¨B GKwU Verb _vK‡Z n‡e|
Different Types of Verbs
Verb ‡K wewfbœ `„wó†KvY †_‡K wewfbœ fv‡e †kªwYwefvM Kiv n‡q‡Q| ms‡ÿ‡c wewfbœ cÖKvi Verb wb‡q ms‡ÿ‡c Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡jv|
Principal Verb: †h Verb ev‡K¨i g~j wµqv‡K wb‡`©k K‡i A_©vr †h Verb wb‡R wb‡R ev‡K¨i A_© cÖKvk Ki‡Z mÿg Zv‡K
Principal Verb e‡j| Ab¨fv‡e ejv hvq, ‡h Verb Ab¨ Verb-Gi mvnvh¨ e¨ZxZ ¯^vaxbfv‡e ev‡K¨i A_© m¤úbœ Ki‡Z cv‡i, Zv‡K
Principal Verb ev Mainverb e‡j|
Example: He plays football.
(i) †h‡nZz Main/Principal Verb Qvov †Kvb Sentence MwVZ n‡Z cv‡i bv, ZvB †Kvb ev‡K¨ GKwUgvÎ Verb _vK‡j Zv Aek¨B
Main/ Principal Verb nq|
Example: I am a boy. I did the sum. I am in class twelve
(ii) ïaygvÎ Principal Verb Gi mv‡_B ‘s/es’ hy³ nq| ZvB ev‡K¨ ‘s/es’ hy³ GKwU gvÎ Verb _vK‡j Zv Aek¨B Main/Principal
Verb nq| Example: He goes to school regularly.
(iii) Auxiliary Verb Gi c‡ii Verb wU Principal Verb nq| KviY, Principal Verb ‡K mvnvh¨ Kivi mgq Auxiliary Verb
Zvi Av‡M e‡m| Example: We should obey our parents.

Auxiliary Verb: Principal Verb ‡K Tense, Voice I Mood cÖKv‡ki Rb¨ †h mKj Verb mnvqZv K‡i Zv‡`i Auxiliary
Verb e‡j|
Example: I am waiting here.

◉ Auxiliary Verb Pvi (04) cÖKv‡ii:

 Be Verb: am, is, are, was, were, be, been, being = g~jZ 1 wU Verb Gi wfbœ Form|
 Have Verb: have, has, had = g~jZ 1 wU Verb Gi wfbœ Form|
 Modal Verbs: shall, should, will, can, could, may, might, must, dare, need, used to, ought to = g~jZ 9
wU Verb Ab¨ ¸‡jv G‡`iB Forms|
 Do Verb: do, does, did =g~jZ 1 wU Verb Gi wfbœ Form|
 myZivs ejv hvq English Grammar G Auxiliary Verb g~jZ 12wU|
 ev‡K¨ Principal Verb Gi Abycw¯’wZ‡Z Auxiliary Verb (Modal Verb Qvov Ab¨iv)-Principal Verb Gi KvR Ki‡Z cv‡i|
Example: I am a boy. am GLv‡b Principal Verb|

◉ Transitive Verb: A_© Complete/¯úó/cwic~Y© Kivi Rb¨ ‡h mKj Verb †K Object MÖnY Ki‡Z cv‡i Zv‡`i Transitive Verb
e‡j| Example:
➥ He writes a letter. ➥ Mother loves me.
➥ The boy reads a book. ➥ He took shelter under a tree.
◉ Intransitive Verb: A_© Complete/¯úó/cwic~Y© Kivi Rb¨ ‡h mKj Verb †K Object MÖnY Ki‡Z cv‡i bv A_©vr Object QvovB
A_© m¤ú~Y© n‡q hvq Zv‡`i IntransitiveVerb e‡j| Example:
➥ Fire burns. ➥ The door opened automatically
➥ She sleeps. ➥ Mother laughs
➥ River flows. ➥ He comes here.
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◉ g‡b ivLyb: (i) Verb Gi c‡i †Kvb Noun ev Pronoun ‡c‡j hw` H Verb-‡K ÔwKÕ ev ÔKv‡KÕ Øviv cÖkœ Ki‡j DËi Noun ev
Pronoun wU nq Z‡e H Noun ev Pronoun wU nj H Verb Gi Object|
Example: He took shelter under the tree. ‡m Mv‡Qi wb‡P AvkÖq wbj| hw` took- ‡K cÖkœ Kiv nq wK wbj (took)?- Shelter|
myZivs took GKwU Transitive Verb|
(ii) ‡Kvb Verb-‡K ÔwKÕ ev ÔKv‡KÕ Øviv cÖkœ Kiv bv †M‡j Zv Intransitive Verb n‡e|
Example: Mother laughs. wK nv‡m?- cÖkœ nq bv; †K nv‡m? Ggb n‡e| She sleeps. ‡m Nygvq| wK Nygvq? cÖkœ nq bv; †K Nygvq?
Ggb n‡e| [e¨wZµg: Cognate Verb me©`vB Transitive|]
(iii) ‡Kvb Verb-‡K ÔwKÕ ev ÔKv‡KÕ Øviv cÖkœ Kiv bv †M‡jI hw` DËiwU hw` Subject ¯’vbxq A_©vr Verb Gi Av‡M _v‡K Z‡e Verb wU
Intransitive n‡e|
Example: Fire burns. Av¸b †cvovq| wK †cvovq? cÖkœ nq wKš‘ DËiwU fire hv Verb Gi Av‡M Av‡Q|

Direct & Indirect Object: Direct Object ej‡Z g~jZ e¯‘evPK Object ‡K eySv‡bv nq Avi Indirect Object nj e¨w³evPK
Object| Ab¨fv‡e ejv hvq, Verb ‡K ÕwKÕ (What?) Øviv cÖkœ Ki‡j DËi wn‡m‡e Direct Object cvIqv hvq Avi ÔKv‡KÕ (Whom?)
Øviv cÖkœ Ki‡j cvIqv hvq Indirect Object|
* Whom do you like most? * What did you tell her? * She presented me a book.

mvaviYfv‡e ev‡K¨: S + V + e¨w³evPK Object (Indirect Obj.) + e¯‘evPK Object (Direct Obj.) Giƒc nq|
Example: I gave him a book.
wKš‘ hw` Av‡M e¯‘evPK Object I c‡i e¨w³evPK Object nq †m †ÿ‡Î Indirect Object (e¨w³evPK) Gi c~‡e© Aek¨B to n‡e A_©vr
S + V + e¯‘evPK Object (Direct Obj.) + to+ e¨w³evPK Object (Indirect Obj.) n‡e|
Example: I gave a book to him.

Exception!! S+present/entrust/ provide + Indirect Object + with + Direct Object. Example: I presented her with a rose.

Complement: Verb Gi cieZ©x Noun/Adjective hw` Subject ‡KB †evSvq Z‡e H Noun/ Adjective wU‡K Complement ejv
nq| Example:
➥ He was called a fool. ➥ Honey tastes sweet.
➥ It is difficult to pass this admission test. ➥ Shakespeare is a playwright.

Stative Verb: ‡h Verb evwn¨Kfv‡e KvR Kiv bv eywS‡q eis Ae¯’v eySvq, Zv‡K Stative Verb (Ae¯’vag©x wµqv)e‡j| mvaviYZ GB
Verb ¸‡jvi Continuous Tense nq bv Z‡e Gerund (Ving) wn‡me em‡Z cv‡i| Stative Verb wewfbœ iK‡gi State (Ae¯’v) cÖKvk
K‡i| †hgbt
State of perceiving (Dcjwäg~jK) : See, hear, feel, smell, taste,
State of mind & emotion (gvbwmK Ae¯’v) : love, like, hate, belive, forget, appear
Linking verbs : to be, remain,
State of event (NUbvi Ae¯’v) : have, owe, belong, deserve

Linking Verbs/ Copulative Verbs/ Copula: Subject I Object Awfbœ e¨w³ wel‡q gZvgZ e¨³ K‡i|
Example: He has gone mad. (†m cvMj n‡q‡Q|)-GLv‡b, Subject ‡h, Mad (cvMj) n‡q‡Q ‡m| jÿ¨ Kwi, G‡ÿ‡Î Go gv‡b wKš‘ ÔhvIqvÕ bq|

◉ Common Verbs and Causative Verb (cÖ‡hvRK wµqv): ‡h mKj Verb Øviv Subject wb‡R KvR m¤úbœ K‡i, Zv‡`i‡K
Common Verb e‡j| Example: I write a letter.
‡h mKj Verb Øviv Subject mivmwi wb‡R KvR bv K‡i Ab¨‡K w`‡q KvRwU Kivq Zv‡`i‡K Causative Verb e‡j| †hgb: My mother
feeds me. (Avgvi gv Avgv‡K LvIqvb|)
gv‡S gv‡S †Kvb ‡Kvb Intransitive Verb Causative Verb iƒ‡c e¨eüZ nq ZLb Zv Transitive Verb n‡q hvq| †hgb: ‡NvovwU nuv‡U|
- The horse walks. [Common Verb]
wKš‘ ‡m †NvovwU‡K nuvwU‡q wb‡q hvq| - He walks the horse. (Causative Verb)
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KZK¸‡jv Verb Gi c„_K Causative iƒc i‡q‡Q|

Common Causative Common Causative
Meaning Meaning Meaning Meaning
Verb Form Verb Form
Eat LvIqv Feed LvIqv‡bv See ‡`Lv Show ‡`Lv‡bv
Learn ‡kLv Teach ‡kLv‡bv Rise DVv Raise DVv‡bv
Know Rvbv Inform Rvbv‡bv Suck ¯Íb¨ cvb Kiv Suckle ¯Íb¨cvb Kiv‡bv
Dive Wze †`Iqv Dip Wzev‡bv Remember ¯§iY Kiv Remind ¯§iY Kwi‡q †`Iqv
Fall c‡o hvIqv Fell ‡d‡j †`Iqv Lie ï‡q _vKv Lay ï‡q ivLv
Causative ‘Have’: Causative Verb wn‡m‡e e¨eüZ Have-Verb Gi c‡i e¨w³evPK Object _vK‡j Gi cieZ©x Verb wUi Base Form e‡m|
A_©vr Subject + have (Any Tense) +e¨w³evPK Object + Verb Gi Base Form + Extension
➥ My mother had me drink milk everyday. ➥ Ahis had Rafique clean the floor.
➥ I have Jerry cook my cuisine. ➥ The Principal had his teachers plan their lessons in
➥ Mary had John wash the car. advance.
Have verb Gi c‡i e¯‘evPK object _vK‡j Gi cieZ©x verbwUi past participle e‡m| A_©vr, Subject +have (Any Tense)+
e¯‘evPK Object + V3 +.....{(by + extension)-_vK‡ZI cv‡i, bvI cv‡i}
➥ They had the house painted.
➥ We are going to have our car fixed before we go to New York.
➥ Like humans, zoo animals must have a dentist to have their teeth filled.
➥ Most presidential candidates have their names printed on the ballot in the New Castle primary election.

AwZ ms‡ÿ‡c Rule wU nj: Have + Doer (e¨w³evPK) + VB A_ev.......Have + Receiver (e¯‘evPK)+ V3
Causative ‘Make’: Causative Verb wn‡m‡e e¨eüZ Make Gi c‡i e¨w³evPK Object ev e¯‘evPK Object hv-B _vKzK bv †Kb Gi
cieZ©x Verb wUi Base Form e‡m|
AwZ ms‡ÿ‡c Rule wU nj: .......Make + Doer (e¨w³evPK) + VBA_ev .......Make + Receiver (e¯‘evPK) + VB
➥ He made me laugh. ➥ An irritation in his throat made him cough.
➥ The smell of the food makes my mouth water. ➥ The mother made her baby take the medicine.
Causative ‘Let’: Let Gi c‡i e¨w³evPK ev e¯‘evPK Object hvB _vKzK bv †Kb Gi cieZ©xVerb wUi Base Form e‡m| Z‡e
Passive Voice G be + V3 n‡jI Gi e¨envi ïay Voice Change GB cÖ‡qvM n‡q _v‡K|
AwZ ms‡ÿ‡c Rule wU nj: .......Let + Doer (e¨w³evPK) + VB A_ev.......Let + Receiver (e¯‘evPK) + VB
wKš‘ Passive Voice G. .......Let + (e¯‘evPK) + be + V3
➥ He did not let me play the guitar. ➥ Let me go home
➥ Don't let that bother you. ➥ He did not let us go shopping
Causative ‘Get’: Causative Verb wn‡m‡e e¨eüZ Get Verb Gi c‡i e¨w³evPK Object _vK‡j Gi cieZ©x Verb wU Infinitive (to + VB) e‡m|
➥ I'll get an electrician to mend the heating. ➥ We got our servants to wash our living room.
wKš‘ Get Verb Gi c‡i e¯‘evPK Object _vK‡j Gi cieZ©x Verb wUi V3 Form e‡m|
➥ He got his work done on payment. ➥ My friend gets his car repaired yesterday.
➥ Masuma got her transcripts sent to the university. ➥ I got my bread baked.
Causative ‘Help’: Causative Verb wn‡m‡e e¨eüZ Help Gi c‡i e¨w³evPK Object ev e¯‘evPK Object hv-B _vKzKbv †Kb Gi
cieZ©x Verb wUi Base Form- In‡Z cv‡i, To + VB –GI n‡Z cv‡i|
AwZ ms‡ÿ‡c Rule wU nj: .....Help +Doer (e¨w³evPK) +VB /(to +VB) A_ev ......Help + Receiver (e¯‘evPK)+VB /(to + VB)
➥ My teacher helped me get this job ➥ My teacher helped me to get this job.
Factitive Verb (wØKg©K wµqv): hLb †Kvb Transitive Verb Zvi Object QvovI AwZwi³ Word Gi mvnvh¨ Qvov c~Y© A_© cÖKvk Ki‡Z
cv‡i bv, ZLb H Transitive Verb wU‡K Factitive Verb e‡j| A_© m¤úbœ Ki‡Z AwZwi³ †h Word Gi cÖ‡qvRb nq Zv‡K Factitive
Object ev Complement e‡m| Example: Elect, Select, Nominate, Name, Call, Make, Choose BZ¨vw`|
➥ They elected him captain.
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Cognate Verb (mgavZzR wµqv): hLb ‡Kvb Intransitive Verb Zvi Noun Form-‡KB Object wn‡m‡e MÖnb K‡i ZLb Zv‡K
Cognate Verb ejv nq|
Example: He ran a race.GLv‡b, run g~jZ GKwU Intransitive Verb n‡jI Gi Object Position G run GiB Noun Form
Av‡Q ZvB Run GLv‡b Cognate Verb Ges race nj Cognate Object|
➥ I dreamt a wonderful dream.
➥ Rani sang a song.
◉ Group Verb /Phrasal Verb: ‡Kvb Verb Gi c‡i wewfbœ Preposition e‡m Transitive Verb iƒ‡c e¨eüZ n‡q wfbœ wfbœ A_©
cÖKvk Ki‡j Zv‡K Phrasal Verb ev Prepositional Verb ev Group Verb e‡j| Group Verb-Gi ci Noun/Pronoun
em‡j Zv Transitive Verb wn‡m‡e MY¨ nq|
Finite Verbs: †h mKj Verb ev‡K¨i Expression ev fve m¤ú~Y© Ki‡Z cv‡i Zv‡`i Finite Verb ev mgvwcKv wµqv e‡j | Ab¨ fv‡e ejv
hvq, Subject Gi Number I Person Ges Sentence Gi Tense †f‡` †hmKj Verb Gi cwieZ©b nq Zv‡`i Finite Verb e‡j|
Example: He goes to school. He went to school. They go to school.
myZivs Avgiv †`L‡Z cvw”Q †h, Go- Verb wU Subject Gi Number I Person Ges Sentence Gi Tense †f‡` cwiewZ©Z n‡”Q|
myZivs Go-Finite Verb.
Non-finite Verbs/ Verbals: †h mKj Verb ev‡K¨i Expression ev fve m¤ú~Y© Ki‡Z cv‡i bv Zv‡`i Non-finite Verb ev
AmgvwcKv wµqv e‡j | Ab¨ fv‡e ejv hvq, Subject Gi Number I Person Ges Sentence Gi Tense †f‡` †hmKj Verb Gi cwieZ©b
nq bv Zv‡`i Non-finite Verb e‡j| Right Form of Verb I Sentence Correction Gi Rb¨ GB AskwU LyeB ¸iæZ¡c~Y©|
Example: I saw him coming. I see him coming.
GLv‡b jÿ¨ Kwi, Subject Gi Number I Person Ges Sentence Gi Tense †f‡` “see”- Verb wUi cwieZ©b n‡”Q| wKš‘
“coming”- Verb wUi †Kvb cwieZ©b n‡”Q bv| myZivs “see” - Finite Verb Ges “coming”- Non-finite Verb|

Practice-01
Medical & Dental
01. Which of the following underlined using verb? (M 09-10)
A. He is dependent on us. B. I can relieve you.
C. It gave me trouble. D. We stood silently. Ans: B
02. Which of the following sentence is passive with a complement verb? (D: 10-11)
A. The drums are being beater B. The rose is sweet when it is smelt
C. The trumps are being sounded D. The cows are being milked Ans: B
03. Which of the following sentence has factitive object? (D: 10-11)
A. He was made king by them. B. They were talked of by us.
C. Puffed rice is not liked by me. D. Had he not called by you. Ans: A
04. The speaker failed to make the audience ___ to him patiently. (BCS 15th)
A. to listen B. listening C. listened D. listen Ans: D
05. Which of the following sentence is the correct example of “passive voice of the Intransitive verb”?
A. He must be punished by you. B. Have her lessons been learnt by Nasima?
C. The lame man was laughed at by the boys. D. We are taught grammar by Mr. Omar. Ans: C

Gerund, Infinitive, Participle & Verbal Noun

Types of Non-finite verbs/ Verbals:
1. Gerund (Ving) 2. Infinitive (to + VB) 3. Participle
(a) Present Participle (Ving)
(b) Past Participle (V3)
(c) Perfect Participle (Having + V3)

Gerund (Ving): Gerund n‡”Q VingForm (Verb + ing) hv ev‡K¨ Verb Ges Noun Gi Df‡qi KvR Ki‡Z cv‡i| wKš‘ ev‡K¨ GKwU
mvaviY Noun Gi gZ e¨eüZ nq| KviY Gerund me©`vB Noun Gi ¯’v‡b e‡m| ejv nq: Gerund is related to ‘verb’ but similar to
‘noun’.
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Position of Gerund:
1. Subject of Verb Swimming is good for health.
Ving + Verb + .....n‡j Subject wn‡m‡e Walking in the morning is good for health.
Giving is better than receiving.
2. Object of Verb I enjoy teaching English.
He found parking difficult.
S + Verb + Ving.......n‡j Object wn‡m‡e
He avoided making the same mistakes again.
John likes gardening.
3. Object of Preposition I am fond of singing.
The customer grew tired of waiting.
.......Preposition + Vingn‡j
By working hard, you can prosper.
There is no credit in earning money illegally.
4. Complement of Verb Seeing is believing.
Intransitive Verb + Vingn‡j My favourite activity is reading.
His profession is teaching.
5. As a part of a Ving+ Preposition+.....+Verb n‡j Swimming in the river is good for health.
compound Noun S+Verb+.....Ving+Preposition+....n‡j I like swimming in the river.

◉ Rule 01 : Verb Gici Gerund (Ving) e‡m|

admit anticipate appear appreciate avoid complete consider defer delay deny
detest dislike dread discuss enjoy escape excuse finish fancy forgive
imagine involve keep loathe mean mind mention miss pardon postpone
practice prevent propose quit recollect recall remember resist resent recommend
regret risk save stop suggest tolerate understand involve suggest avoid

➥ I don't mind helping with the cooking but I am not going to wash the dishes.
➥ The people of Quebec have been mentioning considering themselves from the rest of Canada.

◉ Rule 02 : wb‡Pi Verb _vK‡j cieZ©x Verb wUi mv‡_ ing †hvM nq|
With a view to look forward to with an eye to be/get used to be/get accustomed to adhere to
addicted to bar to committed (oneself) to contribute to confess to dedicate to
impediment to object to objection to refer to equal to unequal to
take to resort to aversion to adverse to devote to be given to
➥ We are committed to withdrawing our troops.
➥ Faculty of Agriculture was established with a view to imparting agricultural Education in Bangladesh.

◉ Rule 03 : Busy, Worth BZ¨vw` Adjective Gi cieZ©x Verb Gi mv‡_ ing hy³ nq| GQvovI †Kvb jvf †bB A‡_© It is no use, It
is no good e¨eüZ nq Ges G‡`i cieZ©x Verb Gi mv‡_ ing †hvM nq|
➥ It is worth going shopping now. ➥ It is no good telling me about your lost car.
➥ It is no use talking to him. ➥ It is no use worrying about it.

◉ Rule 03 : See, Hear, Feel, Smell, Watch BZ¨vw` Verb ¸‡jvi Object _vK‡j cieZ©x Verb G Base Form Ges Ving
DfqB ï×| Z‡e Option G Verb Gi Base Form Ges Ving DfqB _vK‡j (Ving) mwVK DËi w`‡Z n‡e| Z‡e Verb ¸‡jvi c‡i
Infinitive form †`Iqv hv‡e bv|
➥ I heard him saying so. ➥ Listen I can hear someone knocking at the door.
➥ He watched the boat floating down the water. ➥ I saw him entering the room.
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◉ Rule 04 : Preposition (of, in, on, up, for, by, without) BZ¨vw` Gi ci Gerund (Ving) e‡m|
➥ He gave up playing football when he got married. ➥ He worked instead of playing.
➥ It has been raining all morning and I am sure it ➥ We are thinking about starting a new project.
will go on raining all afternoon as well.

◉ Rule 05 : KvD‡K wKQz Kiv †_‡K weiZ ivLv (Prevent From) A‡_© Stop Gi Object Gi cieZ©x Verb Gi mv‡_ ing hy³ nq|
➥ You can't stop me doing what I want.

◉ Rule 06 : Passive Voice G found, seen, noticed Gi cieZ©x Verb Gi mv‡_ ing hy³ nq|
➥ He was seen leaving the place hurriedly. ➥ The beggar was found standing at the door.

◉ Rule 07 : Simple Sentence Gi Kgvi (,) c~e©eZ©x As‡k Ving e¨eüZ nq|
➥ Finishing the letter to night, she will post it tomorrow. ➥ The sun having set, we reached home.
➥ The play being over, we left the field.

◉ Infinitive (to+ VB): Infinitive n‡”Q To+Verb Gi Base Form hv ev‡K¨ Verb Ges Noun Gi KvR K‡i| Z‡e KLbI KLbI
Adverb Gi KvRI Ki‡Z cv‡i|

MVbMZfv‡e Avjv`v n‡jI Infinitive Gi Noun wn‡m‡e e¨envi Gerund Gi gZ GKB iKg| Avi Adverb wn‡m‡e e¨envi †Zv i‡q‡QB|
Use of Infinitive Example
1. Subject of a verb To err is human.
2. Object of a verb He likes to play cricket.
She doesn’t want to lose her peace of mind.
As Noun (Simple
3. Complement of a verb To see is to believe.
Infinitive)
To discover is to learn about something that already
exists, but to invent is to create something new.
4. Object of a Preposition He is about to die.
As Adverb 5. As an answer to “why?” We eat to live.

◉ Rule-01: wb‡Pi verb ¸‡jvi c‡i Infinitive e‡mÑ

Agree Advise Claim Decide Fail Happen Prepare Learn Demand
Deserve Forbid Afford Would like Plan Intend Manage Seem Need
Arrange Appear Choose Expect Ask Continue Convince Forget Offer
Pretend Hope Desire Dare Intend Like Refuse Promise Permit
Deserve Know Allow Decline Propose Try Want Learn
➥ I intend to reach there.
➥ Children should learn to take care of their health.

◉ Rule-02: Know, teach, learn, show, explain G mKj Verb Gi c‡i hw` Infinitive emv‡Z nq, Z‡e memgq how + to
+verb Gi base em‡e|
➥ A good student must know how to study effectively.
➥ A bird has to learn how to use its wings.

◉ Rule-03: ‘Want’ Gi e¨envi:

➥ Subject + want + (to +VB) +Extension.
➥ Subject + want + e¨w³evPK Object + (to +VB) +Extension.
➥ wKš‘ Subject + want+ e¯‘evPK Object + V3.
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➥ Fast-food restaurants have become popular in our country ➥ Do you want me to come with you or
because many working people want to eat quickly and cheaply. do you want to go alone?
➥ I want you to be more careful with your homework in future. ➥ Dad wants his egg boiled.

◉ Rule-03: AmgvwcKv wµqv (Non-finite Verb) mgvwcKv wµqv (Finite Verb)-Gi Av‡M m¤úvw`Z n‡j Ving Ges c‡i m¤ú~Y© n‡j ev
D‡Ïk¨ eySv‡j Infinitive (to+VB) e¨eüZ n‡q _v‡K|
➥ I went to shop to buy a newspaper. ➥ I went back to work closing the door.
➥ I came to England to learn English. ➥ Don't let the teacher catch you cheating.

◉ Rule-04: Perfect Infinitive (to + have + V3): A_©vbymv‡i Infinitive Gi Verb wU hw` c~‡e©B/ AZx‡Z N‡U‡Q Ggb eySvq Z‡e
to + VB bv n‡q to + have + V3 nq|
➥ The Parthenon is said to have been ➥ The Taj Mahal is said to have been built by Shahjahan.
erected in the age of Pericles.

◉ Rule-05: c~‡e© N‡U‡Q Ggb wKQz Abygvb Kivi †¶‡Î See, appear, happen, pretend, seem cÖf„wZ Verb Gi c‡i Perfect
Infinitive A_©vr to + have + V3 nq|
➥ He seems to have tried his best for the test. ➥ He seems to have stolen the book.

◉ Rule-06: Say, hear, believe, think, suppose, consider, understand BZ¨vw` Verb Gi Passive Gi c‡i Perfect
Infinitive (to+ have +V3) e¨eüZ nq|
➥ The Parthenon is said to have been erected ➥ He is supposed to have passed the S.S.C. examination.
in the age of Pericles.

 Participle: Participle ev‡K¨ g~jZ Adjective Ges Verb Gi KvR K‡i| wKš‘ cÖv_wgKfv‡e Bnv Adjective Ges ev‡K¨ Noun
‡K Qualify K‡i| Adverbial Phrase Gi Ask wn‡m‡e Participle e‡m| Participle wZb cÖKvi Avgiv Av‡MB †R‡bwQ| h_vt
Present Participle, Past Participle ev‡K¨ Adjective Ges Adverbial Phrase Gi Ask wn‡m‡e e‡m| wKš‘ Perfect
Participle ïaygvÎ Adverbial Phrase Gi Ask wn‡m‡e e‡m|

 Present Participle: Present Participle n‡”Q Ving Form hv ev‡K¨ g~jZ Adjective Ges Verb Gi KvR K‡i| wKš‘ cÖavbZ GwU
Adjective Ges ev‡K¨ Noun ‡K Qualify K‡i|

Position of Present Participle

◉ Rule-01: ‡h‡nZz Present Participle ev‡K¨ Adjective Gi KvR K‡i ZvB Article/ Preposition/ Possessive Ges Noun Gi gv‡S Ving
em‡j Zv Noun ‡K Modify K‡i Ges Zv Present Participle nq| Verb ‡_‡K Drcbœ n‡q Adjective Gi KvR K‡i e‡j Present Participle
‡K Verbal Adjective/ Participle Adjective ejv nq|
➥ A rolling stone gathers no moss. ➥ A barking dog seldom bites.
➥ Education is the most pressing need of time. ➥ I helped a drowning man.

◉ Rule-02: Intransitive Verb (go, come, run etc.) Gi c‡i mvaviYZ Present Participle e‡m| A_©vr ev‡K¨i Finite Verb wU
Intransitive n‡j c‡ii Verb wU Non-finite Ges Present Participle nq|
➥ She went away dancing. ➥ The rain came pouring down in torrents.

◉ Rule-03: Preposition + Possessive Gi c‡i Gerund e‡m| Possessive bv _vK‡j Zvi cieZ©x Ving Word wU Present Participle n‡e|
 I have doubts about this happening at all.
 Please oblige me by all leaving the room.

◉ Rule-04: Adverb Gi c‡iB †Kvb Ving _vK‡j Zv Present Participle n‡e|

 Suddenly finding himself alone, he became frightened
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◉ Rule-05: Simple Sentence G `ywU KvR _vK‡j ev‡K¨i ïiæ‡Z cÖ_g KvRwUi Present Participle nq|
 Riding a horse he went to a distant place.

◉ Rule-05
See, hear, feel, smell, watch BZ¨vw` Verb ¸‡jvi Object Gi c‡i Base Form Ges Present Participle (Ving) Df‡qi Gi
e¨envi _vK‡jI Present Participle Gi e¨envi †ekx cÖPwjZ|
 I saw him entering the room.
 I can hear someone screaming.
Past Participle
◉ Rule-01: Have, has, had, having, being Ges to be Gi c‡i verb Gi past participle nq|
 Significant changes have taken place on the type of entertainment.
 Air and water are being polluted in many ways.

◉ Rule-02: †Kvb sentence Gi ïiæ‡Z hw` verb Ges Gi gvSLv‡b comma _v‡K Ges sentence Gi subject cÖ_‡g bv †_‡K
comma Gic‡i _v‡K Zvn‡j H verb Gi mv‡_ ing hy³ nq A_ev having + verb Gi past participle nq|
 Standing back of his own carelessness, Jerry earned the admiration of the writer.
 Reaching Dhaka, I will phone you. Or, Having reached Dhaka, I will phone you.

N.B.: Imperative sentence Gi verb me©`vB present form nq Ges G‡Z subject Dn¨ _v‡K|
➥ Go home at once.
◉ Rule-03: To be verb (am, is, are, was, were) Gi ci Passive voice G gyj verb Gi past participle nq|
➥ Statistics shows that English is spoken as a first language by 350 million people.

◉ Rule-04: AZxZ m¤¢vebv cÖKvk Ki‡Z verb Gi c~‡e© would have n‡e Ges verb Gi Past participle nq| †hgbt
➥ But for your help she would have failed.

◉ Gerund Vs Participle
A‡bK mgq Compound Noun MV‡bi Rb¨ Gerund Noun Gi c~‡e© e‡m wKš‘ D³ Noun †K modify K‡i bv|
➥ A walking stick (=a stick for walking)
➥ A riding school (=a school for riding)
➥ A sleeping tablet (= a tablet for sleeping)
Ab¨w`‡K Participle Noun Gi c~‡e© e‡m Noun †K modify K‡i|
➥ A drowning man (= a man who is drowning)
➥ A blooming flower (= a flower which is blooming)
➥ A sleeping fox (= a fox which is sleeping)
◉ Gerund Vs Infinitive
‘to’ hLb preposition ZLb to Gi ci gerund e‡m| wKš‘ ‘to’ hLb adverb ZLb ‘to’ Gi ci infinitive e‡m|
to going
➥ I look forward there.
prep gerund
to go
➥ I want there.
adv infinitive

◉ Present Participle VS Past Participle as Adjective

GKwU Ving hLb Adjective Gi KvR K‡i ZLb Zv Cause ev KviY cÖKvk K‡i| GwU Active Verb ‡_‡K D™¢~Z| Aci w`‡K GKwU Ved mvaviYZ
djvdj (Result) cÖKvk K‡i| GwU Passive Verb ‡_‡K D™¢~Z|
➥ I needed something to read in order not to be bored. ➥ The film is really boring
➥ It is always embarrassing when you misunderstand the ➥ She seemed embarrassed and ill at ease,
customs of other countries. and bent her head.
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◉ Perfect Participle : having + V3 nj Perfect Participle| GKB Kv‡Ri ci ciB Av‡iKwU KvR msNwVZ n‡j ‡h KvRwU A‡cÿvK…Z Av‡M
N‡UwQj †mwU Having + V3 Form G e‡m hv Perfect Participle bv‡g cwiwPZ|
➥ Having gained truth, keep truth.
◉ Verbal Noun : the Ges of Gi gv‡S VingAvm‡j H Ving ‡K Verbal Noun ejv nq| GRb¨ Verbal Noun - Gerund-Gi mv‡_B m¤úK©h³
y |
➥ The writing of a good letter is difficult.
➥ We went to see the launching of the ship.

Modals

◉ Modal Auxiliary Verb: Modal Verb nj we‡kl cÖKv‡ii Verb, Giv Auxiliary Verb Gi gZ Principal Verb †K mvnvh¨
K‡i Avevi Principal Verb GigZI ev‡K¨ e¨eüZ nq| Z‡e Gi we‡kl wKQz ˆewkó¨ i‡q‡Q hv Ab¨vb¨ Verb †_‡K G‡`i c„_K K‡i‡Q|
 Modal Verbs m¤úwK©Z ¸iæZ¡c~Y© Z_¨:
➥ Third Person Singular Number Gi †ÿ‡Î Modal Auxiliaries Gi mv‡_ s/es ‡hvM nq bv|
➥ Modal hy³ Interrogative/Negative Sentence G do em‡Z cv‡i bv|
➥ Modal Gi c‡i Verb Gi Base Form e‡m|
➥ Modal hy³ Sentence †K Negative Kivi Rb¨ ïay ‘not’ e¨envi Ki‡Z nq|
◉ Had better: Ôeis fv‡jvÕ/ ÔDwPZÕ A‡_© had better e¨eüZ nq Ges had better Gi c‡i Verb Gi Base Form e‡m| KvD‡K
Dc‡`k (Advice) ev ûgwK (Threat) w`‡Z had better e¨eüZ nq|
➥ To check acidity, one had better use litmus paper.
➥ Travelers had better get their reservations well in advance if they want to fly during the Eid holidays.
◉ Would rather.....(than): Ôeis fv‡jvÕ A‡_© would rather ..... than e¨eüZ nq| would rather Ges than Df‡qi c‡iB Verb
Gi Base Form e‡m| `ywU Kv‡Ri †¶‡Î †hwU‡K cÖvavb¨ †`qv n‡e †mwU than Gi c~‡e© em‡e| A_©MZfv‡e cÖvq KvQvKvwQ n‡jI would
rather Dc‡`k/ ûgwK bv eywS‡q eis GKwU wel‡qi †P‡q Ab¨wU‡K cÖvavb¨ †`Iqvi K_v eySvq| would rather bv cvIqv †M‡j ÔeisÕ A‡_©
ïay rather-I e¨envi Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i|
➥ You rather send him here.
➥ The boy from the village said, “I would rather starve than beg.”
 Note: `yB‡qi g‡a¨ GKvwaK AwaKZi cQ›` Kiv A‡_© mvaviY would rather + verb Gi base form e¨eüZ nq| D‡jøL¨ÑeZ©gvb ev
fwel¨r eySv‡Z we‡klfv‡e ‘would rather (that) + subject + past tense’ GB structure wU e¨eüZ nq| G‡ÿ‡Î Avevi
subjunctive Gi gZ ‘would rather (that) + subject + present tense’ GB structure wUI e¨eüZ nq| wKš‘ British
English G subjunctive Gi e¨envi †Zgb ¯^xK…Z bq weavq ‘would rather (that) + subject + past tense’ Gi e¨envi wUB eûj
cÖPwjZ|
Note: D‡jøL¨ †h AZxZKv‡j †Kv‡bv wKQz Kiv eis fv‡jv wQj eySv‡Z ‘would rather + have + vpp’ GB structure wU e¨eüZ nq|
➥ Ex. I would rather that you bought this book.
➥ Ex. I would rather that she spoke English fluently and impressively.
➥ Ex. I would rather that my sister speak English fluently.

 Would that...... could: Sentence Gi ïiæ‡Z Would that _vK‡j Subject Gi c‡i could +Verb Gi Base Form e‡m|
Aev¯Íe Kíbv †evSv‡Z “Would that + subject + could + base form+ extension!” e¨eüZ nq|
➥ Would that I could be a young man again!
➥ Would that I could enter the palace!
 Will/Would you mind.....: Will/Would you mind (AvcwË Av‡Q wK/Ki‡eb wK) Gi c‡i Gerund (Ving) e‡m|
➥ Would you mind singing a folk song?
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➥ Will you mind checking the accounts one more time?

 Cannot help, could not help.....: Ô†KD †Kvb wKQz bv K‡i cv‡i bvÕGgb A‡_© cannot help Ges Ôbv K‡i cv‡i wbÕGgb A‡_©
couldn’t help e¨eüZ nq| can’t help, couldn’t help Gi cieZ©x Verb Gi mv‡_ ing †hvM nq|
➥ He couldn't help writing the letter.
➥ She tried to be serious but she couldn't help laughing.
 Must have: mvaviYZ must Gi past form ‡bB Z‡e AZx‡Z †Kvb KvR Aek¨B N‡U‡Q Giƒc Abygvb eySv‡Z evK¨wU wb¤œiƒ‡c MwVZ
n‡e|
Subject + must have + V3 + Past Indication.
➥ You must have heard of Helen Killer.
➥ I have lost my money bag. I must have dropped it somewhere.

 Must be : ‡Kvb NUbv †_‡K Abygvb Kiv hvq †h, eZ©gv‡b †Kvb KvR Aek¨B Pj‡Q ZLb Must be + Ving e‡m|
➥ He is taking a walk; he must be feeling better now.
➥ The line is busy; someone must be using the telephone now.

 Should & Ought : (i) Kvi I wKQz Kiv DwPZ ev DwPZ bq A‡_© should (not) +base form e¨eüZ nq| Example: You
should accept this job to cut your teeth on. AwfÁZv jv‡fi Rb¨ †Zvgvi PvKwiwU †bIqv DwPZ|
(ii) Kvi I wKQz Kiv DwPZ wQj ev DwPZ wQj bv ev DwPZ nqwb A‡_© ought (not) to have/should have (not) + V3e¨eüZ nq|
Example: You should have done the work. †Zvgvi KvRwU Kiv DwPZ wQj| You shouldn't have told her. It was a secret.
Zv‡K ejv †Zvgvi DwPZ nqwb| GUv †Mvcbxq e¨vcvi wQj|
➥ That dress doesn't suit you; you should buy another.
➥ My cousins did not help when I was in deep trouble. But they should have helped me then
➥ Before you entered the classroom, you should have sought the teacher’s permission.

 Can/Could: Can Øviv eZ©gvb mg‡qi ÿgZv ev mvg_©¨ cÖKvk Kiv nq| Can AbygwZ cÖv_©bv Ki‡ZI e¨eüZ nq| †hgbÑ
➥ I can do the work. (eZ©gvb mvg_©¨)
➥ Can I use your pen? (AbygwZ)
Can-Gi past form n‡”Q could hv Øviv AZx‡Zi ¯’vqx ÿgZv eySvq| D‡jøL¨, mvg_©¨ A‡_© can/could-Gi cwie‡Z© be able to e¨envi Kiv
hvq| †m‡ÿ‡Î can/could-Gi mv‡_ GK‡Î e¨envi Kiv hv‡e bv|

 Could: eZ©gvb mg‡q webxZ Aby‡iva Ki‡Z could e¨envi Kiv hvq|
➥ I have a headache. Could you buy some aspirin for me?
 Could have + verb Gi past participle form AZx‡Z †Kv‡bv KvR Kivi mvg©_¨ wQj wKš‘ Kiv nqwbÑ Giƒc eySv‡Z could have +
verb-Gi Past Participle e¨eüZ nq|
➥ You could have done the work. – Zzwg KvRwU Ki‡Z cvi‡Z (wKš‘ K‡ivwb)
➥ I could have beaten you. – Avwg †Zvgv‡K gvi‡Z cviZvg (wKš‘ gvwiwb)

 But for.......would have + V3: (...) Qvov, bB‡j, bv + AmgvwcKv wµqv A‡_© But for e¨eüZ nq| But for wb‡Pi MVb AbymiY
K‡i| But for + noun phrase, Subject + would have +V3 A_ev would (not)+be + Extension. Example: But for
his timely assistance, I wouldn't be here-. †Zvgvi mn‡hvwMZv bv †c‡j AvR Avwg GLv‡b _vKZvg bv|
➥ But for your help, I would have failed in my attempt.
➥ But for your help we would have been in trouble.
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◉ Semi-Modal Verb: Need, Dare Ges Used to ‡K Semi-Modal Verb ejv nq| KviY, Giv ev‡K¨ Principal Verb Ges
Modal Auxiliary Verb `ywU wn‡m‡eB e¨eüZ n‡Z cv‡i| Giv Modal wn‡m‡e e¨eüZ n‡j G‡`i mv‡_ s, es ev ing hy³ nq bv Ges
G‡`i c‡i to e‡m bv|

➥ g‡b ivLyb:
(i) Negative Sentence G Need Aek¨B Modal Verb| ZLb do not/ does not/ did not e¨envi bv K‡i need not/ needn’t
e¨envi Ki‡Z n‡e Ges cieZ©x Verb wU VB Form G _vK‡e|
Example: He need not go there.

(ii) Dare mvaviYZ Negative I Interrogative Sentence G Modal wn‡m‡e e¨envi n‡jI Affirmative I Modal wn‡m‡e e¨eüZ
n‡Z cv‡i|
Example: Dare I say this? I dare not say this. I dare say this.

Note: Main verb n‡j don’t /doesn’t +to+ base verb nq: You don’t need (main verb) to mention it.

(iii) Used to: AZx‡Zi Af¨vm eySv‡Z Used to e¨eüZ nq| G‡ÿ‡Î Used to Gi c‡i Verb Gi Base Form e‡m| A_©vr Subject +
used to + VB+......wKš‘ Af¨¯Í A‡_© Subject Gi c‡i be Verb/get/become+ used to n‡j Gi c‡i Verb Gi mv‡_ ing ‡hvM nq|
myZivs
Used to (do) – AZx‡Z wbqwgZ †Kvb KvR Kiv nZ wKš‘ eZ©gv‡b Zv Avi Kiv nq bv|
Be used to (doing) - †Kvb KvR K‡i Af¨¯Í eZ©gv‡b hv Kiv Zvi Kv‡Q A™¢yZ ev KwVb ev bZzb wKQz bq|
➥ Our ancestor used to exchange gifts on Eid day.
➥ Most Bangladeshis are used to eating rice every day.
➥ We went to Rajshahi last month to see the house where we used to live in the 1960s.
Rule-01: need Ges dare hLb Auxiliary Verb wn‡m‡e Negative Ges Interrogative Sentence G e¨eüZ n‡q _v‡K ZLb Giv
Modal Auxiliary wn‡m‡e e¨eüZ nq| ZvB Zv‡`i c‡i to e‡m bv Ges c~‡e© do not, does not, did not BZ¨vw` e‡m bv Ges Gi mv‡_
s/es hy³ nq bv Ges Past Form nq bv|
➥ He dare not do it.
➥ He need not wait for us.
➥ How dare you break the rule?

Rule-02: need, want, require Gi Subject e¯‘evPK n‡j Gi c‡i Gerund (Verb + ing) e‡m A_ev Passive Infinitive (to be
+ Past Participle) e‡m| Example: My car needs fixing./ My car needs to be fixed.
➥ These shoes need mending.
➥ The grass is very long. It needs cutting.

Conjugation of Verbs

◉ Basics: g~j Verb (V1) ‡K Zvi Past Form (V2) I Past Participle Form (V3) G cwieZ©b‡K Conjugation of Verb ev
iƒcMZ cwieZ©‡bi bxwZ e‡j| Conjugation of Verb Abymv‡i Verb ¸‡jv‡K `yBfv‡M fvM Kiv nq| h_vt
1. Strong ev Irregular verb 2. Weak ev Regular verb
 Strong Verb: ‡h mKj Verb Gi Af¨šÍixY Vowel Gi cwieZ©‡bi gva¨‡g A_ev †k‡l n, en, ne BZ¨vw` †hvM K‡i Past Ges Past
Participle MVb Kiv nq Zv‡`i‡K Strong ev Irregular Verb e‡j| Example: Chide (wZi¯‹vi Kiv) – Chid – Chidden;
Cleave (wP‡i †djv)-Clove-Cloven; Cling (‡j‡M _vKv)-Clung-Clung
 Weak Verb: ‡h mKj Verb Gi †k‡l d, ed, t BZ¨vw` †hvM K‡i Past Ges Past Participle MVb Kiv nq Zv‡`i‡K Weak ev
Regular verb e‡j| †hgb: Creep-Crept-Crept; Dream-Dreamt-Dreamt etc.
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Conjugation of Some Important Verbs

A-B
V1 V2 V3 V1 V2 V3
Abide (‡g‡b Pjv) Abode Abode Best (civwRZ Kiv) Bested Bested
Act (KvR Kiv) Acted Acted Bid (Av‡`k Kiv) Bade Bidden
Arise (IVv) Arose Arisen Bind (euvav) Bound Bound
Awake (RvMv‡bv) Awoke Awoken Bite (evBU-Kvgov‡bv) Bit Bitten, Bit
Bear (enb Kiv) Borne/ Blend (wgkv‡bv) Blended Blended
Bore Born
Bear (cÖme Kiv) Bless (Avwke©v` Kiv) Blessed Blessed
Beat (cÖnvi Kiv ) Beat Beaten Bleed (i³ †ei nIqv) Bled Bled
Become (nIqv) Became Become Blow (evZvm evIqv) Blew Blown
Befall (NUv) Befell Befallen Break (fv½v) Broke Broken
Beget (Drcbœ Kiv) Begot Begotten Breed (Rb¥ †`qv) Bred Bred
Begin (ïiæ Kiv) Began Begun Bring (Avbv) Brought Brought
Behold (‡`Lv) Beheld Beheld Build (‰Zix Kiv ) Built Built
Believe (wek¦vm Kiv) Believed Believed Bury(Kei †`qv) Buried Buried
Bend (euvKv‡bv) Bent Bent Buy (µq Kiv) Bought Bought
C-D
V1 V2 V3 V1 V2 V3
Catch (aiv) Caught Caught Deal (e¨envi Kiv) Dealt Dealt
Chew (wPev‡bv) Chewed Chewed Deliberate (we‡ePbv Kiv) Deliberated Deliberated
Chide (wZi¯‹vi Kiv) Chid Chidden Die (giv) Died Died
Choose (cQ›` Kiv) Chose Chosen Dig (Lbb Kiv ) Dug Dug
Clap (nvZZvwj †`qv) Clapped Clapped Draw (A¼b Kiv) Drew Drawn
Cleave (wP‡i †djv) Clove Cloven Dream (¯^cœ †`Lv) Dreamt Dreamt
Cleft Cleft
Cling (‡j‡M _vKv) Clung Clung Drink (cvb Kiv) Drank Drunk
Clothe (Kvco civ) Clothed Clothed Drive (Pvjv‡bv) Drove Driven
Come (Avmv) Came Come Dwell (evm Kiv ) Dwelt Dwelt
Dare (mvnm Kiv) Dared Dared Dye (is Kiv) Dyed Dyed
E-F
V1 V2 V3 V1 V2 V3
Eat (LvIqv) Ate Eaten Forbear (mn¨ Kiv) Forbore Forborne
Fall (c‡o hvIqv) Fell Fallen Forbid (gvb¨ Ki) Forbade Forbidden
Feed (LvIqv‡bv) Fed Fed Foresee (fwel¨r †`Lv) Foresaw Foreseen
Feel (Abyfe Kiv) Felt Felt Forget (fy‡j hvIqv) Forgot Forgotten
Fell (cZb Kiv) Felled Felled Forgive (¶gv Kiv) Forgave Forgiven
Fight (hy× Kiv) Fought Fought Forsake (Z¨vM Kiv) Forsook Forsaken
Find (‡LuvR Kiv) Found Found Found (¯’vcb Ki) Founded Founded
Fling (wb‡¶c Kiv) Flung Flung Freeze (R‡g hvIqv) Froze Frozen
Confusing Verbs “F”
Flee (cjvqb Kiv ) Fled Fled Fly (D‡o Pjv) Flew Flown
Flow (cÖevwnZ nIqv) Flowed Flowed Overflow (Qvwc‡q hvIqv) Overflowed Overflowed
G-L
V1 V2 V3 V1 V2 V3
Get (cvIqv) Got Got Lead (‡bZ…Z¡ †`qv) Led Led
Grow (Drcbœ Kiv) Grew Grown Learn (‡kLv) Learnt Learnt
Hide (jywK‡q ivLv) Hid Hidden Lean (‡njvb †`qv) Leant Leant
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Hold (aiv) Held Held Leave (Z¨vM Kiv) Left Left

Kneel (nuvUz †c‡Z emv) Knelt Knelt Lend (aiv †`qv) Lent Lent
Knit (‡evbv) Knit Knit Light (Av‡jv R¡vjv‡bv) Lighted Lighted
Knock (Kov bvov) Knocked Knocked Load (‡evSvB Kiv) Loaded Loaded
Know (Rvbv/†Pbv) Knew Known Loose (wX‡j Kiv) Loosed Loosed
Leap (jvdv‡bv) Leaped Leaped Lose (nvwi‡q †djv) Lost Lost
Confusing Verbs “H”
V1 V2 V3 V1 V2 V3
Hang (duvwm †`qv) Hanged Hanged Hang (e¯‘ Szjv‡bv) Hung Hung
Confusing Verbs “L”
V1 V2 V3 Ving V1 V2 V3 Ving
Intransitive Transitive
Lie (wg‡_¨ ejv) Lied Lied Lying Lay (‡Kvb wKQz ivLv, ¯’vcb Kiv, Laid Laid Laying
Lie (ï‡q _vKv, wKQz c‡o _vKv, †Kvb Lay Lain Lying KvD‡K ïB‡q ivLv, wWg cvov)
RvqMvq Aew¯’Z nIqv)
Short Technique: Lay em‡j Aek¨B Gi Object _v‡K| A_©vr Lay Gi c‡i mivmwi Noun/Pronoun/ Noun Phrase _vK‡e
(Aek¨B Noun/Pronoun/ Noun Phrase-i c~‡e© †Kvb Preposition _vK‡e bv, hw` _v‡K Z‡e Lie em‡e|)
➥ The post man lays/ laid the mail on the table every day.
➥ He lies/lay on the sofa to rest.
Special Notes:
Incorrect : Her coat was laying on the chair
Correct : Her coat was lying on the chair.
Explanation: ‡h‡nZz ciewZ©‡Z on the chair (Preposition + Noun Phrase)ZvB laying Gi cwie‡Z© lying n‡e|
Preposition _vK‡j Gi c~‡e© Lie n‡e Avi mivmwi Noun/ Noun Phrase Avm‡j Lay n‡e|
Incorrect : I have lain your notebook on the table by the door so that you won’t forget it.
Correct : I have laid your notebook on the table by the door so that you won’t forget it.
Explanation: †h‡nZz GLv‡b your notebook GKwU Noun Phrase hv lain (Lie Gi V3 Form) Gi c‡i †`Lv hv‡”Q, wKš‘ GLv‡b
Lay Gi V3 Form- laid nIqvi K_v| KviY, Lay + Noun/ Noun Phrase, Avi Lie + Preposition + Noun Phrase|
Incorrect : Key West lays off the coast of Florida.
Correct : Key West lies off the coast of Florida.
Incorrect : Why don’t you lay down for a while?
Correct : Why don’t you lie down for a while?
Incorrect : Linda always forgets where she lies her glasses.
Correct : Linda always forgets where she lays her glasses.
R-S
V1 V2 V3 V1 V2 V3
Rive (wQbœ Kiv) Rived Riven Slink (m‡i cov) Slunk Slunk
Ride (Pov) Rode Ridden Slip (cv wcQjv‡bv) Slipped Slipped
Rid (gy³ Kiv) Rid Rid Smell (NÖvY †bqv) Smelt Smelt
Ring (N›Uv evRv‡bv) Rang Rung Sow (ecb Kiv) Sowed Sowed
Rise (Dw`Z nIqv) Rose Risen Speak (K_v ejv) Spoke Spoken
Run (‡`Šov‡bv) Ran Run Speed (`ªæZ Kiv) Sped Sped
See (‡`Lv) Saw Seen Spell (evbvb Kiv) Spelt Spelt
Seek (‡LuvR Kiv) Sought Sought Spill (Dc‡P cov) Spilt Spilt
Sew (‡mjvB Ki) Sewed Sewed /Sewn Shear (wef³ Kiv) Sheared Shorn Sheared
Sell (weµq Kiv) Sold Sold Spoil (bó Kiv) Spoiled Spoiled
Send (cvVv‡bv) Sent Sent Spring (jvd †`qv) Sprang Sprung
Shake (bvov †`qv) Shook Shaken Stand (`uvov‡bv) Stood Stood
Shave (`uvwo KvUv) Shaved Shaved Steal (Pzwi Kiv) Stole Stolen
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Spin (myZv KvUv) Spun Spun Stick (‡j‡M _vKv) Stuck Stuck
Shine (wKiY †`qv) Shone Shone Sting (ûj †dvUv‡bv) Stung Stung
Shrink (msKzwPZ Kiv) Shrank Shrunk Stink (`~M©Ü Qov‡bv) Stunk Stunk
Shoot (¸wj Kiv) Shot Shot Stride (cv †djv) Strode Stridden
Sing (Mvb Kiv) Sang Sung Strive (msMÖvg Kiv) Strove Striven
Sink (Wy‡e hvIqv) Sank Sunk Swell (dz‡j IVv) Swelled Swelled
Sit (emv) Sat Sat Swim (muvZvi KvUv) Swam Swum
Slay (nZ¨v Kiv) Slew Slain Swing (‡`vj LvIqv) Swung Swung
Slide (wcQ‡b hvIqv) Slid Slid Swear (kc_ †bqv) Swore Sworn
Sling (wb‡¶c Kiv) Slung Slung Sweep (SuvU †`Iqv) Swept Swept
Confusing Verbs “R-S”
V1 V2 V3 Ving V1 V2 V3 Ving
Intransitive Transitive
Rise (wb‡R IVv, e„w× cvIqv) Rose Risen Rising Raise (Ab¨‡K DV‡bv, e„wØi KviY nIqv) Raised Raised Raising
Sit (wb‡R emv) Sat Sat Sitting Set (Ab¨‡K emv‡bv, ¯’vcb Kiv) Set Set Setting
Arise (DVv, D™¢~Z nIqv) Arose Arisen Arising Rouse (RvMÖZ Kiv) Roused Roused Rousing
Short Technique: Raise/Set em‡j Aek¨B Gi Object _v‡K| A_©vr Raise/ Set Gi c‡i mivmwi Noun/Pronoun/ Noun Phrase
_vK‡e (Aek¨B Noun/Pronoun/ Noun Phrase-Gi c~‡e© †Kvb Preposition _vK‡e bv, hw` Preposition _v‡K A_ev †Kvb
Noun/Pronoun/ Noun Phrase-B bv _v‡K Z‡e Rise/Sit em‡e|)
➥ Heavy rain raises/raised the water level of reservoir. ➥ The students set the lab equipments on the table.
➥ The water lever rises/ rose when it rains. ➥ The equipment sits/ sat on the table.
T-Z
V1 V2 V3 V1 V2 V3
Tear (wQu‡o †djv) Tore Torn Wear (cwiavb Kiv) Wore Worn
Thrive (mg„× n‡q IVv) Throve Thriven Weave (‡evbv) Wove Woven
Throw (wb‡¶c Kiv) Threw Thrown Weep (Kuv`v) Wept Wept
Tread (cv‡q gvov‡bv) Trod Trodden Welcome (¯^vMZg Rvbv‡bv) Welcomed Welcomed
Understand(eyS‡Z cviv) Understood Understood Win (wR‡Z hvIqv) Won Won
Uphold (Zz‡j aiv) Upheld Upheld Wind (¸Uv‡bv) Wound Wound
Undertake(`vwqZ¡ MÖnb Kiv) Undertook Undertaken Withhold (cÖZ¨vnvi Ki) Withheld Withheld
Wake (‡R‡M IVv) Woke Waken Wring (‡gvPov‡bv) Wrung Wrung
Wait (‡`wi Kiv) Waited Waited
No Change in V1, V2 & V3 Forms
V1 V2 V3 V1 V2 V3
Bet (evwR ivLv) Bet Bet Read (cov) Read Read
Bid (wbjvg WvKv) Bid Bid Rid (gy³ Kiv) Rid Rid
Burst (‡d‡U cov) Burst Burst Set (¯’vcb Kiv) Set Set
Cast (wb‡¶c Kiv) Cast Cast Shed (Siv‡bv) Shed Shed
Cost (`vg) Cost Cost Shut (eÜ Kiv) Shut Shut
Cut (KvUv) Cut Cut Spread (Qwo‡q cov) Spread Spread
Hit (AvNvZ Kiv) Hit Hit Spit (_y_y †djv) Spit Spit
Hurt (AvNvZ †`Iqv) Hurt Hurt Thrust (‡Rvi K‡i Pvcv‡bv) Thrust Thrust
Let (AbygwZ †`Iqv) Let Let Broadcast (m¤cÖPvi Kiv) Broadcast Broadcast
Put (ivLv) Put Put Telecast (wUwf‡Z cÖPvi Kiv) Telecast Telecast
Quit (‡Q‡o †`Iqv) Quit Quit Beset (‡NivI Kiv) Beset Beset
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Correction
Noun wrongly used
Incorrect Correct
There is no place in the bench There is no room in the bench.
He gave false witness. He gave false evidence.
Quote this poem from heart. Quote this poem from memory.
Learn this poem by memory. Learn this poem by heart.
This is a true fact. This is a fact.
I have a private business with you I have a private piece of business with you.
We enjoyed the theatre. We enjoyed the play.
His English knowledge is poor. His knowledge of English is poor.
Error by omission of nouns
Incorrect Correct
I bought some pens, paper, ink and others. I bought some pens, ink and other thing.
Note: Others mvaviYZt e¨w³i †ÿ‡Î e¨eüZ nq, wKš‘ e¯‘ eySv‡Z other kãwU plural noun Gi mv‡_ e¨eüZ nq| Z‡e Av‡M noun
Gi D‡jøL _vK‡j ïay other e¨eüZ n‡Z cv‡i| †hgbÑ I do not like this pen, show me some others.
It is a fine music It is a piece of fine music.
Could I give you an advice? Could I give you a piece of advice?
Note: Music, information, news, advice G¸‡jv uncountable noun G‡`i plural Kiv hv‡e bv Ges G‡`i mv‡_ Indefinite
article (a/an) I e¨envi Kiv hv‡e bv| G‡`i mv‡_ Avgiv some, any, much, little e¨envi K‡i _vwK| uncountable noun †K
countable Ki‡Z n‡j measure words e¨envi Ki‡Z nq|
Error in the using of pronouns
Incorrect Correct
I feel myself hungry I feel hungry
It is I who is to blame. It is I who am to blame.
Note: Relative pronoun Aek¨B Zvi antecedent ev c~e©eZ©x c‡`i mv‡_ number gender Ges person Gi †ÿ‡Î m½wZc~Y© n‡e|
I am older than him I am older than he.
Note: Comparative Degree Gi †ÿ‡Î pronoun Gi (he, I, you, etc Subject iƒc e¨envi Ki‡Z nq; objective iƒc (him,
me, them, etc bq|
He is the best scholar whom I have seen He is the best scholar that I have seen
Note: Superlative degree- Gi c‡i mPivPi Relative that e¨eüZ nq|
This is the man in that I have no confidence. This is the man in whom I have no confidence.
Note: Preposition Gi c‡i Relative that e‡m bv| Z‡e Preposition †k‡l e¨envi Ki‡j G‡ÿ‡Î that Gi e¨envi m¤¢e|
Pronouns wrongly inserted
Incorrect Correct
I feel myself feverish I feel feverish.
I have much work in my hand. I have much work in hand.
Your letter is to my hand Your letter is to hand.
It’s time you got yourself married. It’s time you got married.
He tried his heart and soul. He tried heart and soul.
He is out of his danger. He is out of danger.
Pronouns wrongly omitted
Incorrect Correct
He absented from the meeting. (34th BCS) He absented himself from the meeting.
He prides on his success. He prides himself on his success.
Note: Avail, absent, pride hLb verb wn‡m‡e e¨eüZ nq Ges GLb G‡`i ci preposition h_vµ‡g of, from I on e‡m Ges
G‡`i c~‡e© pronoun Abymv‡i Reflexive pronoun e‡m|
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I am fond of vegetable I am fond of vegetables

He will go to the picture to see Hamlet. He will go to the pictures to see Hamlet.
Note: †cÖÿvM„n eySv‡Z pictures e¨envi Ki‡Z nq|
His circumstance is not good. His circumstances are not good.
Note: Condition ev Ae¯’v eySv‡Z circumstances Ges Plural circumstances Ges Gi c‡i plural verb e¨envi Ki‡Z nq|
He is out of spirit. He is out of spirits.
Note: Mood ev g‡bi Ae¯’v eySv‡Z Sprit Ges plural ‘spirits’ n‡e|
The manner of the boy are not satisfactory The manner of the boy is not satisfactory
He has gone out of door. He has gone out of doors.
Note: ‘Out of doors’ phrase wUi A_© N‡ii evB‡i
He has obtained full mark. He has obtained full marks.
Note: b¤^i eySv‡Z Mark Ges plural marks e¨envi Ki‡Z nq|
Three fourth of the work is done. Three-fourths of the work is done.
Three-fourths of the sums is done. Three-fourths of the sums are done.
Note: fMœvsk mg~n Zv‡`i cwigv‡Yi Dci wbf©i K‡i singular (e.g. one-thirD. ev plural (e.g. two-thirds) wn‡m‡e e¨eüZ nq|
Two-thirds of the book are rubbish. Two-thirds of the book is rubbish.
Note: †Kvb plural noun hw` mywbw`©ó cwigv‡ci GKK mgwó †evSvq Z‡e verb Gi singular number e¨eüZ nq|
Plural for singular
Incorrect Correct
Mathematics are my favourtie subject. Mathematics is my favourite subject.
He gave me his advices. He gave me his advice.
He took some foods for his parents. He took some food for his parents.
They have different kinds of furnitures for sale. They have different kinds of furniture for sale.
Note: Advice, equipment, food, furniture BZ¨vw` uncountable noun Ges G‡`i plural nq bv|
I saw a thirteen-years old boy swimming in the river. I saw a thirteen-year old boy swimming in the river.
We saw a few peoples in the garden. We saw a few people in the garden.
Note: People- †K ZLb peoples Kiv fzj| wKš‘ RvwZ A‡_© people Gi eûePb peoples (RvwZmg~n) e¨envi Kiv m¤¢e|
The house was built of bricks. The house was built of brick.
He gave me many good advice. He gave me much good advice.
Note: msL¨v evPK word Gi many Ges cwigvY evP‡K much n‡e
The scenery of Cox’s Bazar are charming. The scenery of Cox’s Bazar is charming.
Note: Scenery Gi plural nq bv KviY GwU uncountable noun.
Wrong uses of case
Incorrect Correct
Everybody except he was present. Everybody except him was present.
Note: Except Ges for n‡j preposition, Preposition Gi c‡i pronoun Gi objective case (me, him, her, us, them) e‡m
I have no regard for she. I have no regard for her.
Note: Gerund- Gi Av‡M pronoun Gi possessive (his, my, her, our, their, your) iƒc e¨envi Ki‡Z n‡e|
Let you and I go there. Let you and me go there.
There are some men whom I believe are born leaders. There are some men who, I believe are born leaders.
Note: Subordinate clause Gi Aek¨B wbR¯^ subject _vK‡e| Gi g‡a¨ hw` parenthetical expressions, (†hgb I think, I
believe, etC. emv‡bv nq, Z‡e who †K whom Gi cwiewZ©Z Kiv hv‡e bv|
There is no likelihood of that’s coming to pass. There is no likelihood of that coming to pass.
Note: Demonstrative pronoun (this, that these, those etc Gi †Kvb possessive (that’s) nq bv|
I insist on Saiful’s and your reading this useful book. I insist on Saiful and your reading this useful book.
Note: gerund Gi Av‡M hw` GKmv‡_ GKwU noun Ges Av‡iKwU personal pronoun _v‡K Zvn‡j Zv‡`i possessive nq bv|
This is my pen, where is your’s? This is my pen, where is yours?
Note: Pronoun Gi s †hvM K‡i possessive Kiv nq apostrophe Gi cÖ‡qvRb nq bv|
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Comparison of Adjective
Incorrect Correct
He is more senior to you. He is senior to you.
It is the most perfect picture. It is a perfect picture.
Note: Unique, ideal, perfect complete, universal, entire, full, extreme, chief, square, round BZ¨vw` k㸇jvi
comparative I superlative nq bv| KviY w`K †_‡K G¸‡jv ¯^fveZB superlative. Giƒc Av‡iv D`vniYÑ It is a unique
example. This is an ideal place for holiday, He showed extreme patience.
He is comparatively better today He is comparatively well today
I have a strong headache I have a bad headache
This is the most unique case This is a unique case
Note: As, such Ges the same Gi c‡i as e‡m|
Incorrect : Salim is as brave like a lion.
Correct : Salim is as brave as a lion.
Incorrect : Such men who are idle can not prosper in life.
Correct : Such men as are idle can not prosper in life.
Incorrect : This is the same thing, which has been happening for a long time.
Correct : This is the same thing as has been happening for a long time.
Wrong use of verbs
Incorrect Correct
He can talk English well. He can speak English well.
They told me a fool. They called me a fool.
Note: KvD‡K †Kvb bv‡g WvKv eySv‡j call e¨envi Ki‡Z n‡e|
He tells the truth. He speaks the truth.
Note: mZ¨ ejv eySv‡Z speak e¨eüZ nq|
He said a lie. He told a lie.
Note: wg_¨v ejvi †ÿ‡ÎI tell e¨eüZ nq|
Open the knot Untie the knot.
He said a story to us. He told a story to us.
Note: Mí ejv eySv‡j indirect object bv _vK‡j tell e¨eüZ n‡e
Have you told your prayers? Have you said your prayers?
Note: cÖv_©bv eySv‡Z say e¨eüZ nq
The doctor saw my pulse. The doctor felt my pulse.
He saw a bad dream. He dreamt a bad dream.
See my things while I am away. Watch my things while I am away.
He denied to help me. He refused to help me.
Note: Deny A_© mZ¨ A¯^xKvi Kiv; refuse A_© cÖZ¨vL¨vb Kiv|
Cut the line Pen through the line.
He gave two goals. He scored two goals.
He did many mistakes He made many mistakes.
He robbed my pen He stole my pen, or He robbed me of my pen.
Note: e¨w³‡K rob; e¯‘‡K steal.
Adverbs
Incorrect Correct
They are united together. They are united.
He came here on last Friday. He came here last Friday.
He came here Friday last. He came here on Friday last.
He is a highly placed official. He is a high placed official.
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I did the work as good as possible. I did the work as well as possible.
Note: w`‡bi Av‡M hw` last ev next _v‡K preposition em‡e bv| wKš‘ w`‡bi †k‡l hw` last ev next _v‡K Ges preposition _v‡K
Zvn‡j H w`‡bi mv‡_ preposition em‡e|
I regarded him a rogue. I regarded him as a rogue.
I consider him as a honest man. I consider him an honest man.
Note: Regard Gici as em‡e wKš‘ consider Gi ci as em‡e bv
I do not know to swim. I do not know how to swim.
Note: Know Gi c‡i ïay to infinitive bq how to infinitive e¨envi Ki‡Z nq|
We made him as captain. We made him captain.
Note: Appoint, make, select, conider, call, name, nominate, elect BZ¨vw`i c‡i as e¨eüZ nq bv|
They were too glad to see us. They were very glad to see us.
He is very weak to walk. He is too weak to walk.
Note: Too+ adjective + Infinitive bv †evaK A_© cÖKvk K‡i|
This book is very better. This book is much better.
Note: Comparative c~‡e© very bq much emv‡Z nq|
He passed the examination before three years. He passed the examination three years ago.
We will return after a few minutes. We will return in a few minutes.
Note: fwel¨r Kvj lapse of time (mgq AwZµvšÍ) eySv‡j in e¨eüZ nq, after e‡m bv|
I prefer flying to travelling by train.
Note: prefer Gi ci `ywU verb _vK‡j gerund Ges than Gi cwie‡Z© to em‡e|
Narrate the story in short. Narrate the story in brief.
Note: hw` sentence Gi subject one nq, Z‡e sentence Gi cieZ©x As‡k Z`¯’‡j one ev one’s n‡e| he ev his n‡e bv|
One should be careful about his duty. One should be careful about one’s duty.
Prepositions wrongly used
Incorrect Correct
The match starts from 4 p.m. The match starts at 4 p.m.
He sat under the shade of a tree. He sat in the shade of a tree.
I told him this in his face. I told him this to his face.
This is the only remedy of cold. This is the only remedy for cold.
Omission of preposition
Incorrect Correct
Compare your book to mine. Compare your book with mine.
Your conduct admits no excuse. Your conduct admits of no excuse.
They dispensed his services. They dispensed with his services.
He has referred me in his letter. He has referred to me in his letter.
Open page 30 Open at page 30
He competed the prize. He competed for the prize.
You competed the race. You competed in the race.
He does not dispose his land. He does not dispose of his land.
Arithmetic is a study I am not interested. Arithmetic is a study I am not interested in.
What is the time in your watch? What is the time by your watch?
Wrong insertion of prepositions
Incorrect Correct
He has ordered for a cup of tea. He has ordered a cup of tea.
He reached to Chittagong in time. He reached Chittagong in time.
He contemplates on going to England. He contemplates going to England.
The boy resembles to his father. The boy resembles his father.
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He violated against the rule He violated the rule

He resigned from the post. He resigned the post.
The police is investigating into the matter. The police is investigating the matter.
This book will not answer to my purpose. This book will not answer/serve my purpose.
He announced about the results. He announced the results.
They attacked on the enemy. They attacked the enemy.
It does not concern with us. It does not concern us.
You must not confuse between the two issues. You must not confuse the two issues.
He described about the accident. He described the accident.
They treated with us badly. They treated us badly.
Conjunctions
Incorrect Correct
Unless you do not work hard, you succeed. Unless you work hard, you cannot succeed.
I do not doubt whether it will rain. I do not doubt that it will rain.
Wait until I do not return. Wait until I return.
Unless you do not work, you will fail. Unless you work, you will fail.
He worked hard because he might pass. He worked hard so that he might pass.
He can not play football like I can. He cannot play football as I can.
Be careful lest you do not touch the electric wire. Be careful lest you should touch the electric wire.
Note: Lest kãwU A_© ÒGB f‡q †hÓ| Bnv negative A_© enb K‡i weavq Bnv Øviv †h, clause ïiæ nq Zv‡K no ev not e‡m bv Ges
principal verb Gi c~‡e© should ev might e‡m|
No sooner had he heard of his good fortune when he fell No sooner had he heard of his good fortune than he
ill and died. fell ill and died.
Scarcely he had reached the hill-top before the tiger seized him. Scarcely he had reached the hill top when the tiger seized him.
Note: D‡jøwLZ †ÿ‡Î ev‡K¨i MVb n‡jv| No sooner had ... than, Scarcely had... when, Hardly had... when. When I than
Gi c~‡e© past perfect Ges When I than Gi c‡i past Indefinite tense e¨eüZ nq|
Articles
Incorrect Correct
Whole village mourned the loss of the teacher. The whole village mourned the loss of the teacher.
Note: The whole village ej‡Z eySvq MÖv‡g cÖ‡Z¨‡K|
The whole village was washed away by the flood. Whole village was washed away by the flood.
Note: Whole A_© entire (mgMÖ)
He is in temper He is in a temper
He waited for us all week. He waited for us all the week.
He went there by a boat. He went there by boat.
He went there in boat. He went there in a boat.
Note: By boat, by car, by train, by bus, by plane wKš‘ on a train, on a bus, on plane, on ship, on horse etc. Avevi
Taxi/Car Gi †ÿ‡Î e¨envi Kiv nq| †hgbÑ in a taxi, in a car
Last night they went to cinema. Last night they went to the cinema.
Do you often go to circus? Do you often go to the circus?
Note: Cinema, circus, theatre cÖf…wZi Av‡M the e‡m|
He goes to the school everyday. He goes to school everyday.
They go to the church every Sunday. They go to church every Sunday.
Note: School, church, mosque, hospital, college BZ¨vw`‡Z Mgb eySv‡j Zvi Av‡M the e‡m bv|
Can he play piano? Can he play the piano?
Note: Musical instrument, Gi Av‡M the e‡m|
The rice is our staple food. Rice is our staple food.
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Rice of Dinajpur is famous. The rice of Dinajpur is famous.

Note: Material noun Gi Av‡M the e‡m bv wKš‘ hLb material noun particularise Kiv nq ZLb Zvi Av‡M the e‡m|
I have headache. I have a headache.
Sequence of tense
Incorrect Correct
The man did not punish him because he is a kind man. The man did not punish him because he was a kind man.
Note: Principal clause Gi verb hw` past nq Zvn‡j subordinate clause Gi past iƒc n‡e|
They asked me what I have done. They asked me what I had done.
He orders me about as if I am his servant. He orders me about as if I were his servant.
Note: As if /as though Gi c‡i suppositional (AvbygvwbK) past tense e¨eüZ nq (eg. I were, he were, he did, etC.
I wish I can fly. I wish I could fly.
Infinitives
Incorrect Correct
They made me to sign the document. They made me sign the document.
I bade the boy to leave the room. I bade the boy leave the room.
I let him to go. I let him go.
I have never heard Ruby to sing. I have never heard Ruby sing.
Note: Active voice G make, feel, hear, see let, bid, need, behold, watch, dare BZ¨vw` verb Gi c‡i infinitive Gi wPý to Dn¨ _v‡K|
The man was made confess his guild. The man was made to confess his guild.
He was seen leave the room He was seen to leave the room
Infinitive for gerund
Incorrect Correct
He insists to go there. He insists on going there.
He despaired to pass the examination. He despaired of passing the examination.
He prevented me to see the principal. He prevented me from seeing the principal.
Note: Insist, despair, prevent, hinder, prohibit cÖf…wZ verb Gi ci h_vµ‡g preposition on, of, from, e‡m Ges Gi cieZ©x verb e¨eüZ nq|
I could not help to laugh. I could not help laughing.
Note: Can’t help Ges Can’t bear- Gi ci gerund (verb+ing) e¨eüZ nq|
Sportsmen risk to break their limbs. Sportsmen risk breaking their limbs.
Has he finished eat? Has he finished eating?
Would you mind to shut the door? Would you mind shutting the door?
Note: Admit, Appreciate, tolerate, avoide, consider, mind, miss, complete, finish, risk, delay, deny, prevent,
remember, practice, forgive, keep miss, recollect, suggest, understand cÖf…wZ verb Gi ci gerund (verb+ing) e¨eüZ nq
I have avoided talk to him. I have avoided talking to him.
Please stop to write. Please stop writting.
Note: Some common verbs (agree, need, attempt, offer, plan, decide, prepare, demand, pretend, expect, romise,
refuse, want, wish, happen, hope, intend, learn, manager, mean, hesitate) followed by an infinitive.
Birds have to learn using their wings. Birds have to learn to use their wings.
I hesitate saying what I mean. I hesitate to say what I mean.
Wrong uses of the voices
Incorrect Correct
The team is comprised of twelve players. The team comprise twelve players.
We wonder what will be happened. We wonder what will happen.
He has been died of small-pox. He died of small-pox.
Note: happen, issue, belong, comprise, die, appear, despair, cause, allude, occur cÖf…wZ verb Gi passive voice nq bv|
I met an old poor man. I met a poor old man.
I gave him a blue long pencil. I gave him a long blue pencil.
I will speak to the concerned official. I will speak to the official concerned.
It was a such cold morning. It was such a cold morning.
Note: Such Gi c‡i aricle em‡e, Av‡M bq|
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They all were there. They were all there.

They went all there. They all went there.
Note: G‡ÿ‡Î to be verb- Gi c‡i Ges principal verb Gi Av‡M all emv‡Z n‡e|
He is not strong in English but in Bangla. He is strong, not in English but in Bangla.
Miscellaneous errors
Incorrect Correct
Finishng his work, he went out. Having finished his work, he went out.
I hope you must come. I hope you will come.
I went my sister with to the college. I went to the college with my sister.
Who are you talking to? Whom are you talking to?
Let Manik and I go instead. Let Manik and me go instead.
One of her family members is dead. One of her members of her family is dead.
Every body is at their desks. Every body is at his desk.
When five years old, my grand mother died. When I was five years old, my grand mother died.
Media plays an important role. Media play an important role.

Words Commonly Confused

Noun often confused

 Climate and Weather
†Kv‡bv ¯’v‡bi wbqwgZ evqyi Pvc, Av`ª©Zv, e„wócvZ BZ¨vw`i Ae¯’vb‡K H ¯’v‡bi AvenvIqv (weather), Avi †Kv‡bv A‡ji 30-40 eQ‡ii
Mo AvenvIqv‡K Rjevqy (climate) e‡j|
The climate of England is not suitable for many Bangladeshis. (Not weather)
The weather is very changeable at the moment. (Not elimate)
 Error amd Mistake
AÁZvi Rb¨ fzj n‡j error Avi nVvr Rvbv welq fzj Ki‡j mistake e¨eüZ nq|
It is an error of judgement. (Not mistake)
Her home work is full of mistake. (Not error)
 Home and House
My house, his house, her house, your house BZ¨vw` bv e‡j eis home ejv DwPZ|
I went home. (Not to my house)
 Journey and Travel
ågb ev ågb Kiv A‡_© journey I travel e¨eüZ nq| mvaviYZ †Kv‡bv wbw`©ó MšÍ‡e¨ hvIqvi †ÿ‡Î journey, Avi travel Gi †ÿ‡Î
†Kv‡bv wbw`©ó MšÍe¨ _v‡K bv|
His journey to Dhaka was canceled. (Not travel)
 Money and Taka
wbw`©ó msL¨v D‡jøL _vK‡j taka n‡e Avi msL¨v wbw`©ó bv _vK‡j money n‡e|
I have five taka/ten taka. (Not money)
He has no money/little money/some money. (Not taka.)
 Poem and Poetry
Poem (KweZv)Ñ Countable noun.
Poetry (Kve¨)Ñ Uncountable noun.
Z‡e Poetry Gi c~‡e© a piece/line of †hvM Ki‡j Zv Countable n‡q hvq|
It is a piece of poetry. (Not a poetry)
It is a poem. (Not a piece of poem)
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 Place and Room

Room A‡_© place e¨eüZ n‡Z cv‡i bv| mvaviYZ A`LjK…Z ev duvKv RvqMv, Aemi, AeKvk, my‡hvM BZ¨vw` A‡_© room e¨eüZ nq|
we‡kl †ÿ‡Î m¤¢vebv (possibility) A‡_©I room e¨eüZ nq| cÿvšÍ‡i †Kv‡bv wbw`©ó RvqMv eySv‡Z place e¨eüZ nq|
There is no room in my class. (Not place)
There is no room for doubt in it. (Not place)
Could you keep my place in the queue? (Not room)

Adjectives often confused

 Alone and Lone
Lone we‡klKiƒ‡c (attributively) e¨eüZ nq wKš‘ alone we‡aqiƒ‡c (predicatively) e¨eüZ nq|
A lone figure was standing at the bus stop. (Not alone)
Nira lives alone in the house. (Not lone)
 Bare and Open
†Lvjv ev Db¥y³ eySv‡Z open Avi bMœg¯ÍK ev Abve„Zg¯ÍK, Lvwj cv eySv‡Z bare e‡m|
His head was bare. (Not open)
A wasp flew in the open window. (Not bare)
 Famous and Notorious
Kv‡iv ev †Kv‡bv wKQzi fv‡jv ¸‡Yi Kvi‡Y †h cwiwPwZ, L¨vwZ, myL¨vwZ Zv eySv‡Z famous Avi g›` ¸Y ev we‡klZ KzKxwZ©i Rb¨ e¨vcK
cwiwPwZ, KzL¨vwZ eySv‡Z notorious e¨eüZ nq|
Mr. Kabir Rana is a famous English teacher. (Not notorious)
You are a notorious thief. (Not famous/great)
 Hard and Tough
mvaviYZ Lv`¨e¯‘ k³ Giƒc eySv‡Z tough Ges †Kv‡bv wKQz Lye gReyZ ev kw³kvjx GiKg eySv‡Z hard e‡m|
The pan-cake is tough. (Not hard.)
Rubel is a hard working man. (Not tough)
 Ill and Sick
cxwoZ ev †ivMvµvšÍ nIqv A‡_© ill Avi ewg Kivi cÖeYZv ev mvgwqKfv‡e Amy¯’ nIqv A‡_© sick e‡m|
He is ill of fever. (Not sick)
She is sick of it. (Not ill)
 Interesting and Interested
†KD ev †Kv‡bv wKQzi interest Kivi ÿgZv _vK‡j Zv n‡e interesting Avi †KD †Kv‡bv wKQz‡Z interest n‡j n‡e interested|
Mottaleb was an interesting person. (Not interested.)
I am interested in her dance performance. (Not interesting)
 Sad and Sorry
Kv‡iv wb‡Ri `y`©kv, `yM©wZi Rb¨ sad Avi A‡b¨i `y`©kv, `yM©wZi Rb¨ sorry e‡m|
I am very sorry to interrupt you. (Not sad.
I was very sad to hear the news. (Not sorry)
Verbs often confused
 Bring and Fetch
†Kv_vI †_‡K †divi mgq wKQz wb‡q Avmv eySv‡Z bring Avi wM‡q wb‡q Avmv eySv‡Z fetch e‡m|
Bring me a book when you’ll come back from office. (Not fetch)
Fetch some water for me. (Not go and fetch)

 Deny and Refuse

†Kv‡bv wKQz‡Z Am¤§Z ev bv ivwR eySv‡Z refuse Avi A¯^xKvi ev A¯^xK…wZ Rvbv‡bv eySv‡Z deny e‡m|
He refused to help me. (Not deny)
He denied the debt. (Not refuse)
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 Discover and Invent

c~‡e© hvi Aw¯ÍZ¡ wQj bv Ggb wKQz D™¢veb Kiv/ D™¢veb A‡_© invent/invention, Avi c~‡e© hvi Aw¯ÍZ¡ wQj wKš‘ mvavi‡Yi ARvbv wQj Zv
Avwe¯‹vi Kiv/Avwe®‹vi A‡_© discover/discovery e‡m|
Edison invented the gramophone. (Not discovered.)
Columbus discovered America. (Not invented.)
 Do, Commit and Make
†Kv‡bv wKQz Kiv ev †kl/mym¤úbœ Kiv eySv‡Z do; cvc (sin)/Aciva (crime)/ †`vl ev ÎæwU (fault)/AvZ¥nZ¨v (suicide) Kiv A‡_©
commit Ges †Kv‡bv wKQz MVb, cÖ¯‘Z, ˆZwi Kiv, fzj (mistake/error)/ gRv (fun) Kiv A‡_© make e‡m|
Do not make a noise. (Not do)
I could not do justice to it. (Not make)
Women commit fewer crimes than men. (Not do/make)
 Drown and Sink
gvbyl wKsev Ab¨ †Kv‡bv cÖvYx Wz‡e †M‡j drown, Avi RvnvR/ †bŠKv Wz‡e †M‡j sink e‡m|
The ship sank. (Not drowned.
The boy drowned. (Not sank)
 Hanged and Hung
Hang Øviv †Kv‡bv wKQz eySv‡bv eySv‡j hang Gi Past & Past Participle – hung, Avi duvwm †`Iqv eySv‡j Past & Past
Participle – hanged n‡e|
He was hanged for murder. (Not huge)
The picture was hung on the wall. (Not hanged.
 Like and Love
Like I Love G ai‡bi †Kv‡bv cv_©K¨ †bB Z‡e gvÎvi cv_©K¨ Av‡Q| AwaK gvÎvq eySv‡Z love Avi Aí gvÎvq eySv‡Z like e‡m| Aek¨
G‡`i †h †Kv‡bvwUi e¨enviB ï×| Z‡e Zv e³vi Dci wbf©i K‡i| mvaviYZ Country, friends, god, parents, relatives, religion
BZ¨vw` cQ›` Kiv eySv‡Z love Ges music, dress, luxuries BZ¨vw` cQ›` Kiv eySv‡Z like e¨eüZ nq|
Everybody likes polite people. (Not love)
Parents love their children. (Not like)
 Keep and Put
†Kv‡bv wKQz `xN©w`‡bi Rb¨ †i‡L w`‡j keep Avi Aí mg‡qi Rb¨ ivLv eySv‡j put e¨eüZ nq|
Put the book on the table. (Not keep)
Keep it in the shelf. (Not put)
 Recollect, Remember and Remind
†Póv K‡i g‡b Kivi †ÿ‡Î recollect ev recall; ¯^vfvweKfv‡e g‡b Kiv ev g‡b covi †ÿ‡Î remember; Avi KvD‡K †Kv‡bvwKQz g‡b
Kwi‡q †`Iqvi †ÿ‡Î remind e¨eüZ nq|
I do not remember his address. (Not recellect/remind.)
 Say and Tell
Say e¨eüZ nq cÖv_©bv (Prayer) Kiv A‡_© Ges Direct speech G hw` evK¨wU †Kv‡bv Indirect object aviY bv K‡i| Aciw`‡K, tell
e¨eüZ nq Indirect speech G hLb evK¨wU GKwU Indirect object aviY K‡i|
He said to me, “I was ill.” (Not told.
He told me that he had been ill. (Not said.
 Speak and Tell
mZ¨ K_v ejv eySv‡Z speak Avi wg_¨v ejv eySv‡Z tell e‡m|
Speak teh truth. (Not tell)
Never tell a lie. (Not speak)
 Spil and Throw
Zij c`v_© wb‡ÿc Kiv eySv‡Z spill Avi fvix c`v_© wb‡ÿc Kiv eySv‡Z throw e¨eüZ nq|
Do not spill the milk. (Not throw)
Someone threw a stone at the car. (Not spill)
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 Accept for Confess

cvc ev Aciva ¯^xKvi Kiv A‡_© confess nq|
The thief confessed his guilt. (Not accepted.
 Pain for Ache
mvaviY head, heart, stomach, tooth BZ¨vw` e¨_vi †ÿ‡Î ache e¨eüZ nq|
My tooth is aching. (Not paining)
 Refuse for Decline
wbgš¿Y cÖZ¨vL¨vb Kiv A‡_© decline nq|
He declined my invitation. (Not refused.
 Give for Appear at/sit for, take
cixÿv †`Iqv A‡_© appear at/take/sit for e‡m|
Dola appeared at/sat for the examination. (Not gave)
 Give signature for Put signature
¯^vÿi ev `¯ÍLZ Kiv A‡_© put signature e‡m|
Put your signature here. (Not give)
 Go for Commute
†Uªb, evm BZ¨vw`‡Z wbqwgZ Kg©¯’‡j hvZvqvZ Kiv A‡_© commute e¨eüZ nq|
She commutes from Oxford to London every day. (Not go/make)
 Make for Lodge
bvwjk Kiv A‡_© lodge e¨eüZ nq|
I lodged a complaint. (Not made)

 Open for Untie

`wo, myZv ev wdZvi wMuU ev eÜb (tie or knot) D‡b¥vwPZ Kiv ev †Lvjv A‡_© untie nq|
Untie the knot. (Not open)
 Say for Call
KvD‡K wg_¨vev`x ev †evKv ev Kvcyiæl ejv A‡_© call nq|
We call him a liar/fool/coward. (Not say)
 See for Feel
†ivMxi bvwo (pulse) †`Lv A‡_© feel e¨eüZ nq|
He felt her pulse. (Not saw)
Adverbs often confused
 From where and Where
Where ej‡Z cÖvw߯’vb eySvq wKš‘ from where ej‡Z DrcwË ¯’j eySvq|
Where can I buy a good pen? (Not from where)
From where do the tourists come? (Not where)
 So and Very
Zzjbv Ki‡Z so Avi AvwaK¨Zv eySv‡Z Very e¨eüZ nq|
He is not so rich as you are. (Not very)
He is very rich. (Not se)
 Too and Very
Verb mvaviYZ adjective ev adverb †K A‡cÿvK…Z kw³kvjx K‡i, wKš‘ Too A_©-cÖ‡qvR‡bi Zzjbvq †ewk ev AZ¨vwaK hv †Kv‡bv
wKQzi Dciš‘ djvdj wn‡m‡e N‡U|
It is very hot in the summer. (Not too)
It is too hot to play football. (Not very)
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Conjunctions often confused

 If and In case
fwel¨Z m¤¢vebvi †ÿ‡Î `ywU clause †K mshy³ Ki‡Z ‘If’ Ges c~e©mZK©Zv Aej¤^‡bi †ÿ‡Î ‘In case’ e¨eüZ nq|
I always take an umbrella in case it rains. (Not if)
I will go if you come. (Not in case)
 No sooner And Hardly/Scarcely
No sooner Gi mv‡_ than Avi Hardly/Scarcely Gi mv‡_ when e¨eüZ nq|
No sooner had we reached the station than the train left. (Not when)
Hardly/Scarcely had we reached the station when the train left. (Not than)
 Since and When
Since A_© †h‡nZz Avi when A_© hLb, ZvB ev‡K¨i A‡_©i mv‡c‡ÿ Since Ges When Gi e¨eüZ n‡e|
Since you have bought the book, you should read it. (Not when)
I loved history when I was at school. (Not since)
Confusion of Parts of Speech
 Alike and Like
‘Like’ Preposition wn‡m‡e e¨eüZ n‡Z cv‡i wKš‘ alike KLbB Preposition wn‡m‡e e¨eüZ nq bv, GwU Adjective ev Adverb
wn‡m‡e e¨eüZ nq|
She is like her mother. (‘like’ is used as a Preposition)
I will treat all of the alike. (‘alike’ is used as an Adverb)
 Coward and Cowardly
Coward kãwU Noun, G‡K singular form G e¨envi Ki‡j Gi Av‡M GKwU Article em‡e Aci w`‡K Cowardly kãwU
adjective hv GKwU Noun †K modify K‡i|
He called me a coward. (Not tell me cowardly)
His cowardly behaviour astounds us all. (Not coward)
 Due to and Owing to
Preposition ‘because of’ A‡_© ‘due to’ e¨envi Kiv DwPZ bq, KviY GwU adjective| GwU †Kv‡bv Noun Gi c~‡e© ev ‘to be’
verb Gi ci e¨envi Kiv DwPZ| ‘owing to’ because of (Kvi‡Y) A‡_© Preposition wn‡m‡e e¨eüZ nq|
My silence is due to my illness. (Not owing to)
The bus service has been cancelled owing to fog. (Not due to)
 Practice and Practise
mvaviYZ Abykxjb Kiv ev †Kv‡bv †ckvq iZ/wb‡qvwRZ _vKv A‡_© Practicen bv, Practisev e¨eüZ nq|
Practise this exercise until you can do it. (Not practise)
She’s determined to put her new ideas into practice. (Not practise)
 Sweet and Sweetly
‘Sweet’ Adjective wKš‘ sweetly GKwU Adverb| cÖvqkB Linking verb Gi ci GKwU Adjective Complement e‡m, Aci
w`‡K Intransitive Verb Gi ci GKwU Adverb ev Adverbial e‡m|
Honey tastes sweet. (Not sweetly)
The bird sings sweetly. (Not sweet)

Practice
Medical
01. Choose the correct sentence: (M: 17-18)
A. All that glitters is not to be gold. B. All that glitters is not gold.
C. All that glitter is not gold. D. All that glitters are not gold. Ans: B
02. Choose the correct sentence: (M: 16-17)
A. One should obey their parents. B. One should obey one's parent.
C. One should obey one parent. D. One should obey the parent. Ans: B
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03. Choose the correct sentence: (M: 16-17)

A. We have many works to do in summer. B. We have much works to do in summer.
C. We have a lot of work to do in summer. D. We have a lot of works to do in summer. Ans: C
04. Choose the correct sentence: (M&D: 15-16)
A. She believes in ghost. B. She believes of ghost.
C. She believes on ghost. D. She believes at ghost. Ans: A
05. Choose the correct sentence: (M&D: 15-16)
A. Open at page 10 B. Open page 10 C. Open page at 10 D. At open page 10 Ans: A
06. Fill up the blank with appropriate word- "I spent ---- with the patient." (M&D: 15-16)
A. some times B. sometime C. some time D. little times Ans: C
07. Choose the correct form of sentence: (M&D: 14-15)
A. I wait to your decision B. I await for your decision
C. I wait your decision D. I await your decision Ans: D
08. Select the correct sentence: (M&D: 14-15)
A. He resembles as his father B. He resembles like his father
C. He resembles to his father D. He resembles his father Ans: D
09. Which one is the correct sentence? (M&D: 13-14)
A. He is comparatively better today. B. He is good today than before.
C. He is better today. D. He is best today than yesterday. Ans: C
10. Which one is the correct sentence? (M&D: 13-14)
A. Why did they went there yesterday? B. Why had they went there yesterday?
C. Why did they go there yesterday? D. Why they went there yesterday? Ans: C
11. The incorrect sentence is -- [M. 12-13]
A. He prevailed over the enemy. B. I was in want of food
C. He has a zeal for public work. D. The boy is sick for toys. Ans. C
12. Correct adjective of the word "Contempt" is ------[M. 12-13]
A. Contempting B. Contemptible C. Comtemptable D. Contemptation Ans. B
13. The correct sentence is -----[M. 12-13]
A. I saw him and told everything B. You should no pride of your health
C. I shall avail myself of the morning bus D. He took part in the feast and enjoyed Ans : C
14. Complete the sentence by the appropriate word in the gap from the words given below.
"Though bangladesh is a riverine country, — It faces scarcity of flowing water. [M. 11-12]
A. yet B. but C. always D. occasionally Ans. A
15. Which one of the following is the correct sentence? [M 11-12]
A. ‘Shaon’ is the actress and singer B. ‘Shaon’ is both the actress and singer
C. ‘Shaon’ is both an actress and a singer D. ‘Shaon’ is a actress and singer Ans. C
16. Which of the following is the correct English?[M. 10-11]
A. These fruits are eatable but those are poisonous
B. She was badly injured by my unkind words.
C. Mathematics requires reasonable thinking.
D. The chairman was gracious enough to give us a dinner. Ans D
17. Which of the following sentence is correct? [M 09-10]
A. India is trying to eatch up with the advanced countries.
B. A drawing man catches up straw.
C. He cast about his shoes.
D. He is casting off for an opportunity. Ans. A
18. Which one of the following sentence is incorrect? [M. 05-06]
A. The patient has died of cholera. B. She was married with a rich man.
C. I hope he will succced in his work D. The man was cured of his illness. Ans. B
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19. †KvbwU mwVK sentence? [M. 03-04]

A. Karim preferred reading to writing. B. Karim preferred to read than to write.
C. Karim preferred reading than to write. D. Karim preferred to read than writing. Ans. A
20. †KvbwU mwVK sentence? [M. 03-04]
A. Iqbal was the poet and philosopher. B. Iqbal was a poet and philosopher.
C. Iqbal was both the poet and philosopher. D. Iqbal was a poet and a philosopher. Ans. B
21. †KvbwU mwVK sentence? [M. 03-04]
A. He asked me to hold my tongue. B. He said me to hold my tongue.
C. He told me to held my tongue. D. He said me to held my tongue. Ans. A
22. Choose the sentence which is correct? [M 01–02]
A. That so many advances have been made in such short time is the most valid argument for retaining the
research unit.
B. That so many advances have been made in short time is the most valid argument for retaining the research unit.
C. That so many advances have been made in so short time is the most valid argument for retaining the
research unit.
D. That so many advances have been made in so short a time is the most valid argument of retaining the
research unit. Ans. D
23. Which sentence is correct if we want to relate the cameras and the pictures they produce? [M 01–02]
A. Despite small size, these cameras take very good pictures.
B. In spite of their small size, these cameras take very good pictures.
C. In spite of its small size, these cameras take very good pictures.
D. These cameras are small but the pictures are of good quality. Ans: B
24. The most suitable pair of words that can be substituted in the blanks :
Through out Bangladesh, thousands of tube-wells have tested — for Arsenic and have been declared —
for human consumption. [M 00–01]
A. affirmative ...... risky B. containinated ..... precarious
C. new ...... unsuitable D. positive .... unsafe Ans. D
25. Which is the correct sentence? [M 99–00]
A. There is no misunderstanding in it. B. There is no suspension in it.
C. There is no room for doubt in it. D. There is no place for doubt in it. Ans. C
26. Find out the correct sentence.[M. 98–99]
A. We write by ink B. We write with ink C. We write in ink D. We write under ink Ans. C
27. Find out the correct sentence. [M. 98–99]
A. Walking towards the left I found the shop B. While I walked toward the left found the shop
C. I found the shop walking towards the left D. When I turned left, I found the shop Ans. D
28. Find out the correct sentences :[M.97–98]
A. He maintains his family with great difficulty B. Either Karim or his brother has done this work
C. He maintains his family with great hardship D. Either Karim or his brother have done this work Ans. B, C
29. Find out the correct sentence?[M. 97–98]
A. I informed the police of the matter B. I knew the police of the matter
C. I informed the matter of the police D. I informs of the matter to the police Ans. A
30. Which one is the correct sentence? [M. 97–98]
A. I shall look upon the matter B. I shall look into the matter
C. I shall look after the matter D. I shall look for the matter Ans. B
31. Find out the correct sentence. [M. 95-96, 94–95]
A. Rahman is as tall as mine. B. Rahman is tall as mine.
C. Rahman is as tall as I. D. Rahman is as tall as me. Ans. C
32. Choose the correct sentence. [M. 95–96]
A. Rich is not always happy B. Rich are not always happy
C. The rich is not always happy D. The rich are not always happy Ans. D
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33. Which choice correctly completes the sentence—

Unless you try heart and soul you will not — [M. 95–96]
A. Be first in the examination B. Come first at the examination
C. Be first at the examination D. Come first in the examination Ans. A
34. Find out the correct sentence. [M 94–95]
A. She denied that she had been written the letter B. She denied that she had written the letter.
C. She denied that she wrote the letter. D. She denied that she has written Ans. B
35. The right form of verb : I heard him (to say) this—[M. 94–95]
A. I heard him saying this B. I heard him to have said this
C. I heard him said this D. I heard him to say this Ans. A
36. Find out the correct sentence . [M. 94–95]
A. Not less than fifty man were present. B. No less than fifty men was present.
C. No fewer than fifty men were present. D. No fewer than fifty men was present. Ans. C
37. Find out the correct sentence. [M. 94–95]
A. This is the only one of this poems which are worth reading
B. This is the only of his poems that is worth reading
C. This is the only one of his poems that are worth reading
D. This is the only one of his poems that is worth reading Ans. D
38. Find out the correct sentence. [M. 94–95]
A. He is as tall as me B. He is as tall as I C. He is as tall as mine D. He is tall like me Ans. B
39. Fill up the blank with appropriate answer from below to complete the sentence ‘One's finger print
are......’ [M.93-94]
A. Differs from any other person. B. Different to any other person.
C. Different from those of any other person. D. Different from any other person. Ans. C
40. Choose the correct sentences. [M. 93–94]
A. The miscreants fired upon the crowd B. Fired with zeal, he started his work
C. The police fired at the mob D. He fired on the bird Ans. A, B
41. Find out the incorrect sentences. [M. 93–94]
A. He is a zealous social worker B. He is jealous for my wealth
C. He is zealous of my wealth D. He is jealous of my position Ans. B, C
42. Find out the correct sentences :[M.93–94]
A. The picture was different from what I had expected.
B. The picture was different from what I expected.
C. The picture was different to what I had expected.
D. The picture was different to what I expected. Ans. A, C
43. Find out the correct sentences : [M.93–94]
A. Karim resigned from his post. B. Karim resigned his post.
C. Get the picture hanged in your room. D. Get the picture hung in your room. Ans. B, D
44. The following sentence were changed as directed which of them is correct?[M.93–94]
A. Health is wealth (interrogative) Isn't health wealth?
B. I saw him singing a song (passive) He sang a song
C. He is competent for the post (Negative) He is not competent for the post
D. He came at 4 o'clock (Complex) It is 4 o'clock when he came Ans. A
45. Which of the sentences are correct? [M. 92–93]
A. What is the time by your watch? B. What is the time in your watch?
C. My watch is inferior than yours. D.My watch is inferior to your watch. Ans. A, D
46. Which of the sentences are correct? [M. 92–93]
A. He killed two birds in one stone. B. He killed two birds with one stone.
C. I know where he lives. D. I know where does he live. Ans. B+C
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47. Which sentences are correct? [M. 92–93]

A. He prevented from going B. He prevented our going
C. He prevented us going D. He prevented us of our going Ans. A+B
48. Which sentences are correct? [M. 92–93]
A. He said that he will help me. B. He said that he would help me.
C. He asked me if I knew his son. D. He asked me if I know his son. Ans. B, C
49. Which of the following sentences are correct? [M. 92–93]
A. The driver has been accused for theft. B. The driver has been accused of theft.
C. The roads of Dhaka are better than Rajshahi.
D. The roads of Dhaka are better than those of Rajshahi. Ans. B, D
50. Which statements are correct? [M. 92–93]
A. Television is a wonderful discovery of modern science.
B. Television is a wonderful invention of modern science.
C. The weather of this place does not suit me.
D. The climate of this place does not suit me. Ans. B, D
51. Which of the sentences are correct? [M. 92–93]
A. He resembles to his father. B. He resembles his father.
C. Guard from that danger. D. Guard against that danger. Ans. B, D
52. Which are correct sentences ? [M. 92–93]
A. There is no place in the bench. B. There is no room in the bench.
C. The statement is true. D. The fact is true. Ans. B, C
53. Which are correct sentences? [M. 92–93]
A. I could not arrive in time. B. I could not arrive there timely.
C. He was elected as chairman. D. He was elected chairman. Ans. A, D
54. Which are correct sentences? [M. 92–93]
A. Five members constitute the committee. B. The committee comprises five members.
C. Five members comprises the committee. D. Five members comprises of the committee. Ans. A, B
55. Which are correct sentences? [M. 91–92]
A. Swimming is a good exercise. B. He does not know swimming.
C. He does not know how to swim. D. He has swam yesterday. Ans. A, C
56. Which are correct sentences? [M. 91–92]
A. He is junior than me. B. He is junior to me.
C. I was born in 1966. D. I was borne in 1966. Ans. B, C
57. Which are correct sentences? [M. 91–92]
A. I sold my furnitures. B. I sold my furniture.
C. Hasina is sick in body. D.Hasina is sickly in body. Ans. B, D
58. Which one is correct? [M 91–92]
A. Mr. Karim is blind for his son's fault. B. Mr. Karim is blind about his son's fault.
C. Mr. Karim is blind to his son's fault. D. Mr. Karim is blind of his son's fault. Ans. C
59. Which of the following sentence are correct? [M 91–92]
A. The boy was a foolish. B. The boy was a fool.
C. Who do you think is this D. Who you think is this Ans. B
60. Which one is correct? [M 91–92]
A. Vegetables defend us from diseases. B. I like his childish simplicity.
C. I challenged him for a duel. D. He has a test for music. Ans. A
61. Which one is correct? [M 91–92]
A. Either the master or the servants are to blame. B. Either the servants or the master are to blame.
C. Either the servants or the master is to blame. D. Either the master or the servants is to blame. Ans: A, C
62. Which of the following sentences are correct? [M. 91–92]
A. The economical condition of our country is bad.
B. Everybody should be economical in habit.
C. The economic condition of our country is bad.
D. Everybody should be economic in habit. Ans. B, C
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63. Which statement is correct? [M. 91–92]

A. We always get sunlight. B. When our part of the earth faces the sun it is day.
C. When our part of the earth is turned away from the sun it is day.
D. None of the above. Ans: B
64. Which one is the correct sentence given below - [D 17-18]
A. I eat neither mangoes nor bananas B. Neither I eat mangoes or not I eat bananas.
C. I eat mangoes neither banana eats. D. I neither eat mangoes or bananas. Ans. A
65. Which one is the correct sentence given below: [D 16-17]
A. I neither eat mangoes nor bananas. B. I eat mangoes neither bananas nor
C. I eat neither mangoes nor bananas. D. Neither I eat mangoes nor I eat bananas Ans. C
66. Choose correct word to fill in the blank in the sentence ‘Parliamentary democracy demands discipline
to the rules’. [D.13-14]
A. Adherence B. respectful C. Knowledge D. Awareness Ans. A
67. Which of the following is the correct English? [D. 10-11]
A. I helped the afraid boy B. He is liable to shout when he gets angry
C. Everyone likes a notorious actor like him D. We only employ feminine workers Ans. B
68. Which of the following is incorrect? [D 07-08]
A. Read French before you go to France B. She had to take off her visit owing to her illness
C. When he came back from the party, he took off his suit
D. He comes here to know English Ans. C
69. Find out the correct sentence – [D. 97–98]
A. On holidays he is reading detective stories. B. On holidays, he reads detective stories.
C. On holidays he has read detective stories D. On holidays he has been reading detective stories. Ans. B
70. Find out the incorrect sentence – [D. 97–98]
A. Either of the three books will do. B. Any of the three books will do.
C. Both of them did not go. D. Neither of them went Ans. A+C
71. Find out the correct sentence – [D. 97–98]
A. Five deers and ten sheeps are grazing in the field.
B. Five deer and ten sheeps are grazing in the field.
C. Five deers and ten sheep are grazing in the field
D. Five deer and ten sheep are grazing in the field. Ans. D
72. Find out the correct sentence. [D 95-96]
A. The building is lying half B. The building is lying half one
C. The building is lying half done. D. The building is lying completed Ans. C
73. †KvbwU mwVK Sentence? [D 03-04]
A. Iqbal was both the poet and philosopher B. Iqbal was a poet and a philosopher
C. Iqbal was a poet and philosopher D. Iqbal was the poet and phiklosopher Ans. C
74. Which sentence (s) is/are correct?? [D 99–00]
A. Look in the second volume of the Modern Medical Dictionary.
B. Look in volume second of the modern Medical Dictionary.
C. Look in the volume second of the Modern Medical Dictionary.
D. Look in volume two of Modern Medical Dictionary. Ans. A, D
BCS
75. Choose the correct sentence: (38th BCS)
A. He refrained to take any drastic action. B. He refrained on taking any drastic action.
C. He refrained in taking any drastic action. D. He refrained from taking any drastic action. Ans : D
76. Choose the correct sentence: (37th BCS)
A. All of it depend on you B. All of it are depending on you
C. All of it depends on you D. All of it are depended on you Ans: C
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77. Identify the correct sentence: (36th BCS)

A. Yesterday, he has gone home. B. Yesterday, he did gone home.
C. Yesterday, he had gone home. D. Yesterday, he went home. Ans: D
78. Which of the following sentences is correct? (36th BCS)
A. Paper is made of wood. B. Paper is made from wood.
C. Paper is made by wood. D. Paper is made on wood. Ans : B
79. ‘Cricket enjoys a huge ---- in Bangladesh.’ Fill in the gap. (35th BCS)
A. follow on B. fall out C. follow D. following Ans: D
80. Which is the correct sentence? (35th BCS)
A. He insisted on seeing her. B. He insisted for seeing her.
C. He insisted in seeing her. D. He insisted to be seeing her. Ans: A
81. Which one is incorrect? (31st BCS)
A. He was always arguing with his brother B. His failure resulted for lack of attention
C. When will you write to him about your plan? D. Who was the boy you were all laughing at? Ans: B
82. Which one of the following sentences is incorrect? (31st BCS)
A. The land is belonged to an old lady B. They parted from one another suddenly
C. The leader expressed himself forcibly D. Mother bought me an ice-cream Ans: A
83. Choose the incorrect sentence: (30th BCS)
A. Neither you nor I am in a sound position. B. Laziness is detrimental for of my grinning
C. He begged the favour of my granting him leave D. Your action is not in conformity with the law. Ans: B
84. Choose the incorrect sentence: (30th BCS)
A. He has no desire for fame. B. I intend going to Rajshahi.
C. He is too miserly to part with his money. D. He has invited me for dinner. Ans: B
85. Identify the correct sentence – (29th BCS)
A. She had faith in and hopes for the future. B. She had faith and hopes for the future
C. She had faith and hopes in the future D. She had faith and hopes in future. Ans: A
86. Which sentence is correct? (28th BCS)
A. This is an unique case B. This is a unique case
C. This is a very unique case D. This is the most unique case Ans: B
87. Choose the correct sentence: (27th BCS)
A. Why have you done this? B. Why you had done this?
C. Why you have done this? D. Why did you done this? Ans: A
88. Select the correct sentence: (26th BCS)
A. The man was tall who stole my bag. B. The man stole my bag who was tall
C. The man who stole my bag was tall D. The man was tall who is stealing my bag. Ans: C
89. Choose the correct sentence: (26th BCS)
A. I have looked for a good doctor before I met you
B. I had looked for a good doctor before I met you.
C. I looked for a good doctor before I had met you in to.
D. I am looking for a good doctor meeting you. Ans: B
90. Choose the correct sentence: (26th BCS)
A. The train is running in time B. The train is running on time.
C. The train a running with time. D. The train is running to time. Ans: B
91. Which of the following sentence is the correct one? (25th BCS)
A. My father was in hospital during six weeks in summer.
B. In summer during six weeks my father was in hospital.
C. My father was in a hospital for six weeks during the summer.
D. My father was in hospital for six weeks during the summer. Ans: C
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92. “I will have a cup of tea,” my father said, “because I am not hungry.” Which following sentences to the
correct indirect speech? (24th BCS)
A. My father said that he will have a cup of tea because he want hungry.
B. My father said that he would have had and cup of tea because he wants hungry.
C. My father said that he would have a cup of tea because he wasn’t hungry.
D. My father said that he had a cup of tea because he wasn’t hungry. Ans: C
rd
93. Choose the correct sentence: (23 BCS)
A. Rahim ate almost the whole fish. B. Rahim almost ate the whole fish.
C. Almost Rahim ate the whole fish. D. Rahim ate the whole fish almost. Ans: A
94. Choose the correct sentence: (23rd BCS)
A. Javed was so exhausted that he lain down for a sleep.
B. Javed was so exhausted that he had lain down for a sleep.
C. Javed was so exhausted that he was lying down for a sleep.
D. Javed was so exhausted that he will lain down for a sleep. Ans: C
95. The sentences with correct punctuations - (17th BCS)
A. Maria, my student, is on leave today. B. Maria my student, is on leave today.
C. Maria my student is on leave today. D. Maria my student is, on leave today. Ans: A
96. The correct sentence of the following – (17th BCS)
A. The Nile is longest river in Africa. B. The Nile is longest river in the Africa.
C. Nile is longest river in Africa. D. The Nile is the longest river in Africa. Ans: D
97. The correct sentence of the following – (17th BCS)
A. A new cabinet has been sworn in Dhaka B. A new cabinet has been sworn of Dhaka
C. A new cabinet has been sworn by in Dhaka D. New cabinet has worn in Dhaka Ans: A
98. Which of the following sentence is correct? (16th BCS)
A. One of my friends are a lawyer B. One of my friends is a lawyer
C. One of my friend is a lawyer D. One of my friends are lawyers. Ans: B
99. Which of the following sentence is correct? (16th BCS)
A. That shirt which he bought is blue in colour. B. The shirt that which he bought is blue in colour.
C. Which shirt he bought is blue in colour. D. The shirt which he bought is blue in colour. Ans: D
100. Which of the following sentence is correct? (16th BCS)
A. I forbade him from going B. I forbade him to go
C. I forbade him going D. I forbade him not to go Ans: B
101. Which of the following sentence is correct? (15th BCS)
A. He was too clever not to miss the point. B. He was so clever to miss the point.
C. He was too clever to miss the point. D. He was too clever to grasp me point. Ans: C
102. Choose the correct sentence – (12th BCS)
A. The matter was informed to the police B. The matter has been informed of the police
C. The police was informed of the matter D. The police were informed of the matter. Ans: C
[Tips: Inform verb wU sentence-G e¨eüZ nj me©`v of A_ev against †bq| †h‡nZz Option ¸‡jv‡Z against †bB ZvB of n‡e|
Avevi Police Collective noun hv singular verb MÖnY K‡i| AZGe mwVK DËi C]
103. Choose the correct sentence – (11th BCS)
A. He was hunged for murder B. He has been hunged for murder.
C. He was hanged for murder. D. He had been hunged for murder. Ans: C
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Group Verb
 Lesson – 01|| (A to L)
A = Act, Ask
Act on or upon (affect,ÿwZ Kiv, Abymv‡i KvR Kiv ev wbf©i Kiv) – Such hard work will act upon my health, Ali acted on
the writer’s direction, Please Sumaiya, act on your prospective husband’s ability.
Act under (act in obedience to, Av‡`k Abymv‡i KvR Kiv) – He acted under the orders of the Principal.
Act up to (act according to, Abymv‡i KvR Kiv) –Bahadur always acts up to my advice.
Act for (act on behalf of, Kv‡iv n‡q wKQz Kiv) – The Vice-Principal acts for the Principal in his absence.
Appear at (cixÿvq Ask MÖnY Kiv) – I shall not appear at the examination this year.
Ask for (pray for, PvIqv) –He asked for a loan of ten thousand taka.
Ask to (‡Kvb wKQz Kivi Rb¨ Av‡`k) –He was asked me to finish the work.
B = Bear, Blow, Break, Bring, Burst
Bear away or off (win, Rq K‡i ‡bqv) –He bore away (off) two prizes in the Annual sports.
Bear on (relate to, m¤úwK©Z) –His remark does not bear on this subject.
Bear out (support, mg_©b Kiv) –His evidence does not bear out the charge.
Bear up (sustain,g‡bi †Rvi eRvq ivLv) – His patience bore him up in that crisis.
Bear with (tolerate, mn¨ Kiv) – I cannot bear with such insult.
Bear down (crushed by force, ‡V‡j †d‡j Rq Kiv)–He bore down all opposition.
Blow off (emit, wbM©Z)–The engine blows off carbon di-oxide.
Blow out (extinguish, wbfv‡bv)–Blow out the lamp.
Blow up (destroy by explosion, we‡ùvi‡Yi mvnv‡h¨ Dwo‡q †`Iqv)–The soldier blew up the bridge.
Blow away (removed, Dwo‡q wb‡q hvIqv)–The wind blew away the dry leaves.
Blow over (e‡q hvIqv)–A storm blew over the city.
Blow down (f~wgmvr Kiv)–The storm blew down many trees.
Boost up – ewa©Z Kiv/ Dc‡i †Zvjv – Boost up that Box before it falls.
Break away (get away, ‡f‡½ †ei n‡q Avmv) – The thief broke away from the prison.
Break down (decline, ‡f‡½ cov)–Your health broke down for hard work.
Break in, on (interrupt, evav †`Iqv)–Anyone should not break in (on) our conversation.
Break into (enter by force, ‡f‡½ cÖ‡ek Kiv)–The thief broke into the house at midnight.
Break off (stop suddenly, nVvr ‡_‡g hvIqv)–The teacher broke off in the middle of his speech.
Break out (spread suddenly, nVvr Qwo‡q cov)–Diarrhoea broke out in the village.
Break through (get through by force, ‡Rvi K‡i mwi‡q †`qv)–The police broke through the enemy’s line.
Break up (close,eÜ nIqv) –Our school college breaks up at 4. p.m.
Break with (quarrel,SMov Kiv) –He has broken with his friend.
Break forth (nVvr cÖKvk cvIqv) –The tiger broke forth from the bush.
Bring about (cause to happen,NUv‡bv) – He tried to bring about a quarrel between us.
Bring down (reduce,wbgœgyLx Kiv) –The good harvest brought down the price of commodities.
Bring forth (produce,Drcv`b Kiv) –The timely rain brings forth good rice.
Bring in (yield,‡`Iqv) –His property brings him in Tk. 7,000 a year.
Bring off (rescue,iÿv Kiv) –He brought off the passengers of the wrecked ship.
Bring out (publish, Qvwc‡q cÖKvk Kiv) –The publisher has brought out a new novel.
Bring through (cure,Av‡ivM¨ jvf Kiv) – The new medicine has brought the patient through.
Bring up (rear,cÖwZcvjb Kiv) –He is brought up by her elder sister.
Bring on (NUvq) –Smoking brings on various diseases.
Burst into (express emotion, nVvr Av‡eM cÖKvk Kiv) –He burst into tears to see his dead father.
Burst out (begin suddenly,‡d‡U cov) – She burst out laughing.
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C = Call, Carry, Cast, Catch, Clear, Come, Cry, Cut

Call at (visit, ‡Kvb RvqMvq wM‡q †`Lv Kiv) –He called at my office yesterday.
Call for (demand, PvIqv) – The Teacher called for an explanation from me.
Call in (send for,‡W‡K cvVv‡bv) –Please call in a doctor.
Call off (withdraw,cÖZ¨vnvi Kiv) –The workers called off their strike.
Call on (or upon) (meet,Kv‡iv mwnZ †`Lv Kiv) – He called on (upon) me in my office.
Call out (shout,wPrKvi Kiv) –He called out for help.
Call over (bvg a‡i WvKv) – The teacher called over the rolls.
Call up (remember, ¯§iY Kiv) –I cannot call up his name.
Carry away (remove, ¯’vbvšÍwiZ Kiv) –The wounded man was carried away to hospital.
Carry away (cause death to, g„Zz¨ NUv‡bv) –He was carreied away by the current.
Carry off (cause death to,g„Zz¨ NUv‡bv) – Cholera has carried off one hundred people this year.
Carry off (win,wR‡Z ‡bIqv) –He carried off all the prizes.
Carry on (continue, Pvwj‡q hvIqv) –He will carry on the study.
Carry out (obey,gvb¨ Kiv) –You must carry out my order.
Cast aside (throw off, Qz‡u o †djv) –He cast aside (or cast away, or cast off) his old shoes.
Cast up (calculate,MYbv Kiv) –Please cast up the accounts for me.
Cast off (‡d‡j †`Iqv) – He has cast off his old shoes.
Catch at (take the opportunity, my‡hvM †bqv) –A drowning man catches at a straw.
Catch up (come up with, bvMvj cvIqv) –Bangladesh is trying to catch up with the advanced countries.
Clear away (cwi®‹vi nIqv) –The clouds have cleared away.
Clear up (cwi¯‹vi Kiv) –The weather is clearing up.
Call to mind – (g‡b ivLv)Ñ That song call to mind many fond memories of my childhood.
Come about (happen,NUv) –The accident came about.
Come across (meet, ‡`L‡Z cvIqv) – I came across the lame man on the way.
Come at (come up within the reach of, bvMvj cvIqv) –The fox tried to come at the grapes but failed.
Come by (get,cvIqv) – How did you come by this picture?
Come down (decrease,K‡g hvIqv) –The price of rice has come down.
Come of (to be born,Rb¥MÖnb Kiv) –He comes of a respectable Muslim family.
Come off (take place,m¤úbœ nIqv) –Our annual sports came off last Monday.
Come out (be known,cÖKvwkZ nIqv) –The result will come out soon.
Come round (recover,Av‡ivM¨ jvf Kiv) –The patient will come round soon.
Come to (amount to,cwigvY nIqv) –His income comes to Tk. 5000/= a month.
Come up (be equal to, mgvb nIqv) –His result did not come up to our expectation.
Come after (follow,AbymiY Kiv) –The night guard came after the thief with a big stick.
Come along (hurry, ZvovZvwo Kiv) –Come along, it is getting late.
Come away (become detach,Ly‡j hvIqv) –The handle of the umbrella came away.
Come over (KvD‡K Av”Qbœ Kiv) –A change came over him after his father death.
Count on – (Kv‡iv Dci wbf©i Kiv) – The whole team was counting on me, and I let them down.
Cry down (decry,wb›`v Kiv) –Do not cry down anything without considering the pros and cons of it.
Cry for (demand,`vwe Kiv) –They are cried for a master plan for the prevention of cyclone.
Cry out (shout,wPrKvi Kiv) –He carried out for help.
Cry to (beg, cÖv_©bv Kiv) –The beggars cried to the shopkeeper for food.
Cry up (extols, evwo‡q ejv) –A businessman cries up his new goods.
Cul-de-sac – (KvbvMwj) – I live in a quiet cul-de-sac.
Cut down (reduce,Kgv‡bv) –Try to cut down your budget.
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Cut off (dislocate, wew”Qbœ Kiv) –The robbers cut off the telephone connection.
Cut in (to take part suddenly,nVvr AskMÖnb Kiv) – He cut in the middle of our talk.
Cut off (separated,Avjv`v; died, g„Zz¨) –He lives in a foreign country, cut off from his kith and kin, He was cut off in
the prime of life)
Cut up (grieved, gg©vnZ nIqv) –I was cut up by your remark.
Cut out (suitable, Dchy³) –You are cut out for this job.
Cut into (UzK‡iv UzK‡iv K‡i fvM Kiv) –Cut the apple into four pieces.
D = Die, Do, Deal, Draw, Drive, Drop
Depend on – Kv‡iv Dci wbf©i Kiv – I depend on your assistance
Die away (wgjvBqv hvIqv) – The sound died away in the distance.
Die for (‡`‡ki Rb¨ A_ev AvZ¥Z¨vM K‡i gviv hvIqv) – He died for his country.
Die out (wejyß ev A`„k¨ nIqv) – Dianosaurs died out million of years ago. Morality is dying out gradually.
Die from (ÿZ, hLg, AvNvZ n‡Z gviv hvIqv )– The soilder died from wounds/ injury.
Die from (AwZwi³ ‡Kvb Kv‡Ri cwiYwZiƒ‡c gviv hvIqv)–He died from overeating/ overwork/ fatigue. He died from sun stroke)
Die in (hy‡×, `vwi`ªZvq, Ny‡gi g‡a¨, kvwšÍ‡Z, Kg©iZ Ae¯’vq cÖf„wZ‡Z gviv hvIqv) – My uncle died in harness (Kg©iZ) in
Siearaleon. He died in sleep/ in peace/ in poverty./ The captain died in the dreadful battle.
Die of (Amy¯’Zv, ÿzav ev †Kvb ‡iv‡M gviv hvIqv) – He died of diarrhoea/ illness/ hunger/ heart failure.
Die through (Ae‡njvq gviv hvIqv) – My uncle died through negligence of his sons.
Die on (duvwm‡Z gviv hvIqv, we‡kl w`‡b gviv hvIqv)– Finally the murderer died on scaffold. He died on a full moon day.
Die by (`yN©Ubv, AvZ¥nZ¨v A&_ev mwnsm Kv‡h©i Kvi‡Y gviv hvIqv) - He died by an accident. He died by suicide/ poison/ knife/
hanging. Thousands of men died by the violence of the communal riots.
Die off (G‡Ki ci GK gviv hvIqv) – Cattle died off in the village. The sons of the widow died off.
Die down (become weaker, `ye©jZi nIqv) – The storm finally died down.
Do away with (abolish,eÜ nIqv ev Kiv) –We should do away with our bad habits.
Do for (serve the purpose of,Kv‡R jvMv) –This cloth will do for a flag.
Do off (contraction of do off = take off, Ly‡j †djv) –Do off your coat immediately.
Do on (do on, i.e), put on,cwiavb Kiv) –Do on your coat now.
Deal in (carry on business, e¨emv Kiv) –He deals in rice.
Deal with (behave, e¨envi Kiv) –He deals with me very well.
Draw away (divert,Ab¨w`‡K miv‡bv) –His attention was drawn away by the noise.
Draw back (retreat, wcwQ‡q Avmv) –The police in now drawing back.
Draw in (reduce,msKzwPZ Kiv) –Try to draw in your expenditure.
Draw off (pull of, ‡U‡b †djv) –She drew off her gloves.
Draw on (approach, KvQvKvwQ nIqv) –The festival is drawing on.
Draw up (draft,Lmov Kiv) – I drew up a petition.
Drive away (turn out,weZvwoZ Kiv) –He was driven away from the village.
Drop away (become fewer, m‡i cov) – His friends dropped away one by one.
Drop in (pay a causal visit, ‡`Lv Kiv) –On my way back, I shall drop in for a cup of tea.
Drop off (go away,m‡i cov) –My friends dropped off one by one.
Drop out (stop taking part in something, ‡Kvb wel‡q AskMÖn‡Y weiZ nIqv) –Five of the runners dropped out.
F = Fall, Find, Fill
Fall at (show disappointment, ‰biv‡k¨i fve †`Lv‡bv) – His face fell at the news.
Fall back upon (have recourse to, (†kl Aej¤^b iƒ‡c MÖnY Kiv)–Fall in with (agree with,GKgZ nIqv)–Monir cannot fall in with his views.
Fall behind (wcwQ‡q cov) – He has fallen behind the progress.
Fall from (come out,‡ei nIqv) – Not a word fell from his lips.
Fall off (decline, K‡g hvIqv) – The quality of goods has fallen off.
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Fall on (attack,AvµgY Kiv) – The robbers fell on the passer by.

Fall out (quarrel,Kjn Kiv) – Do not fall out with your friend.
Fall through (fail,e¨_© nIqv) – All his plans fell through.
Fall away (m‡i cov) – My friend fell away in my danger.
Find against (Kv‡iv weiæ‡× ivq †`Iqv) – The judge found against the thief.
Fill in (c~iY Kiv) – Fill in the gaps.
Fill out (‡gvUv nIqv) – He is filling out fat day by day.
G = Get, Give, Go
Get at (reach, nv‡Zi Kv‡Q cvIqv) – The books are locked up and I can’t get at them.
Get away (escape, cjvqb Kiv) – The thief could not get away with the necklace.
Get away with – ev` †`Iqv
Get by (pass, cvk w`‡q hvIqv) – Please let me get by.
Get down (descend,bvgv) – He got down from the train.
Get into (ascend, DVv) – I got into the train.
Get off (escape,cvjv‡bv) – The thief got off safely.
Get on (AMÖmi nIqv) – He gets on well with his colleagues.
Get out (go out,evB‡i hvIqv) – Get out of the class.
Get over (overcome,AwZµg Kiv) – He will soon get over the difficulties.
Get through (succeed,mvdj¨ jvf Kiv) – He got through the examination.
Get up (rise, kh¨v Z¨vM Kiv) – He gets up at 5. am. everyday.
Give away (make over,weZiY Kiv) – The prime minister gave away the prizes.
Give in (yield, ek¨Zv ¯^xKvi Kiv, ivwR nIqv) – At last the enemies gave in.
Give into – (†Kvb wKQzi Kv‡Q bwZ ¯^xKvi Kiv) – Don’t give into corruption.
Give forth – (hvi mivmwi †Kv‡bv e¨envi †`Lv hvq bv) – The fields give forth an odor of spring.
Give off (send out, wbtm„Z Kiv) – The cooking coal gives off a lot of smoke.
Give out (disclose, cÖKvk Kiv) – He will never give out the truth.
Give over (make over, n¯ÍvšÍwiZ Kiv) – He will give over charge tomorrow.
Give up (abandon, cwiZ¨vM Kiv) – You should give up your bad habit.
Go about (move about, Ny‡i †eov‡bv) – Bonny goes about canvassing his goods.
Go after (follow, cðv×veb Kiv) – The tiger went after the visitor.
Go back on (withdraw, c‡i Avmv) – He won’t go back on his word.
Go beyond (exceed,AwZµg Kiv) – Minhaz have gone beyond your limit.
Go by (act according to, Abymv‡i Pjv) – You have to go by rules.
Go for (be issued,‡ei nIqv) – The order went for the public yesterday.
Go in for (sit for,cÖwZ‡hvwMZv Kiv) – He is going in for the admission test.
Go off (be fired off be thrown, Qz‡U hvIqv) – The gun went off by accident.
Go out (extinguish,wb‡f hvIqv) – The light has gone out automatically.
Go over (change,cwieZ©b Kiv) – He went over to the other party.
Go through (read, cov) – He has gone through the novel.
Go through (bear,mn¨ Kiv) – He has gone through many hardships.
Go up (increase,e„w× cvIqv) – The cost of living has gone up.
Go with (agree,GKg‡Z Pjv) – He will not go with you in this matter.
Go without (live without, Afv‡e KvUv‡bv) – They have to go without from time to time.
H = Hand, Hang, Hold
Hang for (put to death by hanging, dvuwm †`Iqv) – He was hanged for murder.
Hang on (depend upon,wbf©i Kiv) – What is the use of hanging on others for help?
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Hang up (put up, ‡Svjv‡bv; delay,‡`wi Kiv‡bv) – He hung up his picture on the wall. The plan has been hanging up a
long time
Hang out (live,evm Kiv; offer or promise, evwo‡q †`Iqv ev cÖwZkÖæwZ †`Iqv) – Where did you hang out the previous days?
He hung out a helping hand to me
Hang over (postpone,gyjZwe ivLv) – The meeting has been hung over.
Hang upon (listen attentively to,gb‡hvM mnKv‡i †kvbv) – The students hung upon the teacher’s words.
Hold up (‡`wi Kiv) – The train was held up for three hours.
K = Keep
Keep at/to (stick to, ‡j‡M _vKv) – Tanim kept at her mother in the kitchen.
Keep away (remain at a distance from, `~‡i _vKv ev ivLv) – Keep yourself away from evil company.
Keep off (remain at a distance, `~‡i ivLv) – Keep off the fire
Keep on (continue,eRvq ivLv) – Mr. Nahid always tries to keep on his reputation as a good tutor.
Keep up with (keep pace with,mgvb Zv‡j Pjv) – Try to keep with the changing world
L = Lay, Let, Look
Lay aside (keep apart, mwi‡q ivLv) – Try to lay aside something for your future
Lay before (place,‡ck Kiv) – He laid the facts before the committee
Lay down (sacrifice,wemR©b †`Iqv) – He laid down his life for the sake of his country during the independence war.
Lay in (store,Rwg‡q ivLv) – The potatoes were laid in for the off-season.
Lay off (dismiss temporary,mvgwqKfv‡e Kg©Pz¨Z Kiv) – The workers were laid off for three months.
Lay on (put,ivLv) – He laid his book on my table
Lay out (invest,LvUv‡bv) – He laid out a large amount of money in National Savings Certificates.
Lay up with (be confined to bed, kh¨vkvqx nIqv) – He was laid up with pneumonia
Lay with (cover,‡X‡K †`Iqv) – He laid the floor with a carpet.
Let into (made acquainted with,AeMZ ivLv) – I was let into her secret.
Let off (punished leniently,webv kvw¯Í‡Z †h‡Z †`Iqv) – This being his first offence he was let off with a fine
Live on – (†Kv‡bv gva¨‡gi Dci †eu‡P _vKv) – The cow live on grass.
Look to (gb‡hvMx nIqv)- Piysah, look to your responsibility.
Look up to (Mfxi fv‡e kª×v Kiv)– Mr. Sayem is looked up to by all the family members of Reader Plus Publication.
Look on (g‡b Kiv)- Ali looks on that someday Piysah will do his duty actively.
Look at (gaze,ZvKv‡bv) – He is looking at the picture
Look after (take care of,‡`Lvïbv Kiv) – Mother looks after her child
Look down upon (hate/deride,N„Yv Kiv) – Do not look down upon the poor.
Look for (search,‡LuvRv) – Maksud is looking for a good job
Look forward (expect, eagerly,mvMÖ‡n cÖZxÿv Kiv) – They look forward to receiving your letter.
Look into (examine, Z`šÍ Kiv) – The police look into the matter.
Look on or upon (consider,MY¨ Kiv) – I look on or upon him as my best colleague
Look over (examine,cixÿv Kiv) – I have looked over your documents.
Look through (inspect carefully,fv‡jvfv‡e cixÿv Kiv) – The auditor looked through the account.
Look up (find out,Ly‡u R †ei Kiv) – Look up the word in the dictionary.
Look up (rise in price,`ªe¨g~j¨ e„w× cvIqv) – The price of goods is looking up now a day.

 Lesson – 02|| (M to Z)
M = MAKE
Make after (chase, cðv×veb Kiv) – The police made after the thief.
Make away (kill,nZ¨v Kiv) – He made away with himself.
Make for (move towards,‡Kvb w`‡K hvIqv) – The ship made for London.
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Make of (compose of,‰Zix Kiv) – This ring is made of gold

Make off (escape,cvwj‡q hvIqv) – The thief made off with luggage
Make out (understand,eyS‡Z cviv) – I can’t make out his words.
Make over (transfer, n¯ÍvšÍi Kiv) – He has made over the charge to the secretary.
Make up (complete, cwic~Y© Kiv) – I still need taka one thousand to make up the loss.
Make up of – (KZ¸‡jv Ask we‡kl wb‡q MwVZ) – In the make up of human being, intelligence counts for more than our
hand, and that is our true strength.
Make up one’s mind (resolve,gbw¯’i Kiv) – He made up his mind to go there
Make up for (compensate,ÿwZc~iY Kiv) – I must make up for the lost time
P = PASS, Put, Pick, Pull
Pass away (die,gviv hvIqv) – The patient passed away yesterday.
Pass by (pay no attention to, D‡cÿv Kiv) – He passed by these mistakes.
Pass over (over look,D‡cÿv Kiv) – We may pass over the unnecessary details.
Pass through (to gather experience,AwfÁZv mÂq Kiv) – He had to pass through many difficulties.
Put forward (Dc¯’vcb Kiv)– Mr. Shohel put forward his method of writing the book to the publisher.
Put away (leave,‡Q‡o †`Iqv) – He put away all ideas of being a doctor.
Put by (lay by,mÂq Kiv ev mwi‡q ivLv) – Put by something for your future
Put down (suppress,`wg‡q ivLv) – The king put down the revolt.
Put off (take off,Ly‡j †djv) – Put off your shirt.
Put off (postpone,¯’wMZ ivLv) – The meeting was put off.
Put of (get rid off,gy³ nIqv) – You must put off your doubts.
Put on (wear,cwiavb Kiv; pretend, fvb Kiv) – Put on your dress, He put on an air of innocence
Put out (extinguish,wbwf‡q †`Iqv) – He put out the lamp.
Put up (hang up,Uvbv‡bv) – The Principal put up a notice
Put up with (tolerate,mn¨ Kiv) – I cannot put up with such insults.
Pick at (find fault with, LyuZ aiv) – Why do you always pick at him?
Pick out (play,evRv‡bv) – He picked out Russian tune in the violin.
Pick up (collect,msMÖn Kiv) – Did you pick up the shirt from the laundry?
Pick up (improve in business, ‡ZRxfve nIqv) – Share prices have picked up in business.
Pick up (recover,GKUz GKUz K‡i kw³ jvf Kiv) – He felt ill but soon picked up health.
Pick up (Mvwo‡Z Zz‡j jIqv) – He asked me to pick me up on way to Dhaka.
Pick up with (meet,mvÿvr nIqv) – Where did you pick up with that queer fellow?
Pull at (trying to remove,‡U‡b miv‡bv) – The labourers are pulling at the heavy machine.
Pull apart (criticise unfavourably,wb›`v K‡i †eov‡bv) – Failing to yield me, they started pulling me apart.
Pull down (demolish,‡f‡½ †djv) – It is far easier to pull down than to build up.
Pull in (earning,‡ivRMvi Kiv) – He is pulling in a lot of money, I suppose.
Pull off (remove, Ly‡j †djv) – The children pulled off the cover as soon as the packed was presented to them.
Pull through (overcome,wec` KvwU‡q DVv) – He is in great difficulties but he will pull through if we offer him a little help.
Pull together (work in harmony,wg‡j wg‡k KvR Kiv) – They are pulling together nicely.
Pull up (reprimanded,wZi¯‹…Z nIqv) – He was pulled up for his insubordination.
Put aside – (mÂq K‡i ivLv) – My father wanted me to have some money put aside for rainy day.
Put somebody up – (Kv‡iv fib †cvlb/_vKv LvIqvi e¨e¯’v Kiv) – His friends put him up to (playing) the prank.
R = RUN
Razzmatazz – (†Kvjvnjc~Y© Kvh©) – You may stand to obey your parents.
Run after (chase, cðv×veb Kiv) – The polices run after the thief.
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Run away (flee,cvwj‡q hvIqv) – The boys ran away on seeing the magician.
Run away with (steal,Pzwi K‡i cvjv‡bv) – The thief ran away with all the valuables.
Run down – (K¬všÍ) – Why are looking so run down?
Run into (fall into,cwZZ nIqv; to be involved in, RwoZ nIqv) – He run into danger, He ran into heavy debts.
Run on (continue, Pj‡Z _vKv) – The troubles will run on for a few days.
Run out (become exhausted,‡kl nIqv) – His patience is running out.
Run over (knocked down,Mvwo Pvcv cov) – The man was run over by a car.
Run across (met by chance, nVvr mvÿvr nIqv) – I ran across my old friend in the street after a lapse of five years.
Run against (fighting,hy× Kiv) – He is running heavy odds.
Run at (attacked,AvµgY Kiv) – The dog ran at the hare.
Run down (disparages,wb›`v Kiv) – He always runs down his rivals.
Run off (to flee,‡`Š‡o cvjv‡bv) – The thief saw me and ran off.
Run through (examine quickly,ZvovZvwo cixÿv Kiv) – I ran through the book in an hour.
Run up (hoisted,Dov‡bv) – The boys ran up a flag on the pole.
S = See, Send, Set, Sit, Stand
Stand to - †g‡b Pjv/ †j‡M _vKv
See off (to bid good-bye we`vq Rvbv‡Z hvIqv) – I went to the station to see my friend off.
See through (understand, ez‡S †djv) – I have seen through his plan.
See after (take care of,hZœ †bIqv) – Please see after my shop in my absence.
See over (to examine,cixÿv K‡i †djv) – Please see over the machine.
Send for (summon,‡W‡K cvVv‡bv) – Please send for a doctor.
Set about (begin, Avi¤¢ Kiv) – He set about his work early in the morning.
Set apart or aside (reserve,c„_K ivLv) – He set apart (aside) a part of his income for charity.
Set aside (ignore,Agvb¨ Kiv) – Let us set aside all formalities.
Set against (go against,weiæ‡× hvIqv) – Public opinion is setting against the proposal.
Set-back (stop progress of, AvMÖn Kiv, eÜ Kiv wcQv‡bv) – Public opinion is setting back the programme.
Set in (begin,ïiæ nIqv) – We set in early in the morning.
Set out (start, hvÎv Kiv) – Idrish set out for London.
Sit for (cixÿv †`Iqv) – I will sit for the BCS this year.
Sit up (e‡m _vKv) – Why did you sit up the whole night?
Stand against (evav †`qv, weiæ‡× `vov‡bv)Ñ Do not stand against the force of time.
Stand aside (m‡i `vuov‡bv)Ñ I will not stand aside from the contest.
Stand by (cv‡k `vuov‡bv)Ñ I stood by my old friend.
Stand for (eySv‡bv)Ñ The letter ‘X’ stands for ten.
Stand off (`~‡i _vKv)Ñ He stood off from the quarrel.
Stand up for (cÿ mg_©b Kiv)ÑYou should stand up for your friend.
T = Take, Tell
Take for (gvb¨ Kiv, MY¨ Kiv)– The patient took the nurse for doctor.
Take after (Resemble,m`„k nIqv) – He takes after his father.
Take back (withdraw,wdwi‡q †bqv) – I can not take back what I say.
Take down (wj‡L ivLv) – Please take down what I say.
Take off (AbyKiY Kiv, hvÎv ïiæ Kiv) - The plane took off at 12 am.
Take over (`vwqZ¡ MÖnY Kiv) – A new officer has taken over the office
Tell upon (ÿwZ Kiv) – Smoking tells upon your health.
Yield to (accept,‡g‡b †bIqv) – I requested him to yield to my proposal.
Turn away (keep away,Ab¨w`‡K P‡j hvIqv) – He turned away in disguise
Turn down (reject,AvMÖn Kiv) – He turned down our proposal.
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Turn into (change into,cwieZ©b Kiv) – Turn this passage into English.
Turn off (stop,eÜ Kiv) – Turn off the switch.
Turn on (let it work,Pvjy Kiv) – Turn on the switch.
Turn out (drive out,weZvwoZ Kiv) – He was turned out from the school.
Turn over – (D‡ë hvIqv) – He promised to turn over a new leaf and study harder.
Turn to (engage, wbhy³ nIqv) – I advised him to turn to the study of medicine
Turn up (appear, Dcw¯’Z nIqv) – He has not turned up yet.