ANNA UNIVERSITY APRIL/MAY 2019

AR 6017 - URBAN HOUSING

(Regulation 2013)

PART-A (10*2=20 marks)

1. Distinguish between Housing Demand and supply. (Unit-I)

S.No. Housing Demand Housing Supply

a Relates to the willingness and ability to Relates to the agencies/firms who are offering
purchase a house. houses for sale.
b Refers to the number of houses required to Refers to the number of houses available to be
be owned. sold at a time.

2. List any two impact of traditional lifestyle in housing. (Unit-I)

a. Spatial Planning - Eg: Multiuse spaces, interactive spaces, interaction with streets, etc.
b. Form of Housing - Eg: Courtyard houses, nalukettu houses, etc.
c. Roof forms - Eg: Sloped roofs, conical roofs, etc.
d. Climate responsive spaces - Eg: Plinths as thinnai, smaller openings, etc.
(*There are many other impacts too.)

3. Mention any four factors that impact affordability in housing. (Unit-II)

a. Supply
b. Planning restrictions
c. Population growth
d. Lending
e. Government policy

4. State the advantages of sites and services scheme. (Unit-II)

a. Allow building incrementally.

b. Reduce up-front and future costs.
c. Make building affordable(for homeowners, local governments and service providers)
d. Fit the evolving needs of the low-income communities.
e. Increase density and use of land more efficiently.
f. Provide flexibility.

5. State the need for UDPFI guidelines. (Unit-III)

The study of Urban Development Plan Formulation and Implementation Guidelines (UDPFI) norms and
standards is needed to evolve: System that is dynamic, flexible and efficient.

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 a. System that is dynamic, flexible and efficient.
b. Process that is less time consuming.
c. Innovative ideas of land assembly and fiscal resource mobilization.
d. Simple & effective form of laws, rules and regulations.

6. List any Four factors you consider while selecting the site for housing project. (Unit-IV)

a. Developed area or in the area which has potential of development.

b. Accessibility and transport facilities such as railway, bus service, for going to office, college,
market, etc.
c. Civic services such as water supply, drainage sewers, electric lines, telephone lines, etc should
be very near to the selected site so as to obtain their services with no extra cost.
d. Soil conditions.
e. The building should have abundant light and air to prevent any over dominance by the
neighboring buildings.
f. The ground water table at the site should not be very high.
g. Proximity to schools, hospitals, market, etc.

7. List the advantages and disadvantages of prefabrication in housing. (Unit-IV)

a. Advantages of Prefab homes

i. Faster to build
ii. Building plans can be easily customized.

b. Disadvantages

i. logistics of transportation
ii. Proper preplanning. Post construction changes - expensive and difficult to accommodate.

8. Explain how climate influence design of a housing project? (Unit-IV)

a. Site level - Orientation of blocks, spaces between buildings, etc.

b. Block level - Design of fenestrations, spatial planning - compact/open, etc.
c. Unit level - Material choices, openings, adjacent space planning, day lighting, ventilation, etc.

9. List any five green sustainable practices relevant to housing projects. (Unit-IV)

a. Using daylight
b. Using active solar energy
c. Producing remaining energy efficiently.
d. Reduce, reuse, recycle resources such as water.
e. Waste management - zero waste.

10. List the various stages in housing project development. (Unit-V)

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 a. Concept
b. Predevelopment
c. Construction, and
d. Lease-up/Occupancy
e. Ongoing Operations.

Housing Design Process

1.Project Formulation 6.Implemenation

2.Analysis 5.Maintenance

3.Design Development 4.Evaluation/Alternatives

PART-B (16*5=80 marks)

11. (a) Outline the salient features of National Housing Policy. How will you calculate housing demand
for a future date? (Unit-I)

The Salient Features of National Housing Policy are:

a. Focus of the policy is on affordable urban housing with special emphasis on the urban poor.
b. Role of Housing and provision of basic services to the urban poor has been integrated into the
objectives of the Jawaharlal Nehru Urban Renewal Mission(JNNURM).
c. Special emphasis has been laid on Scheduled castes/Tribes/Backward classes/Minorities,
empowerment of Women within the ambit of the urban poor.
d. The policy focuses on a symbiotic development of rural and urban areas in line with the
objectives of the 74yh Constitution Amendment Act.
e. Within the overarching goal of "Affordable Housing for all", emphasis has been laid on urban
planning, increase supply of land, use of spatial incentives like additional Floor Area Ratio (FAR),
waste management and use of renewable sources of energy.
f. Encouraging Integrated Townships and Special Economic Zones.
g. 10-15% of land in every new public/private housing projects or 20-25% FAR whichever is greater
to be reserved for EWS/LIG Housing through appropriate spatial incentives.
h. Private sector to be permitted land assembly within the purview of Master plans. Action plans
for urban slum dwellers and special package for cooperative housing, labour housing and
employees housing is to be prepared.
i. States to be advised to develop 10 years perspective plan for housing of EWS/LIG.
j. Policy gives primacy to provision of shelter to urban poor at their present location or near their
workplace.
k. Approach will be in-situ slum rehabilitation. Relocation will be considered only in specific cases.

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 l. Micro finance institutions to be promoted at state level to expedite flow of finances to urban
poor.
m. Model municipal laws to be prepared by the Central Government.
n. Detailed city maps to be prepared based on GIS, aerial survey and ground verification.
o. Use of proven cost effective technology and building materials to be encouraged.
p. Development of mass rapid transit system at sub-regional level envisaged.
q. Green cover for cities to be encouraged for balanced ecological development.
r. All States to be encouraged to develop a "Habitat Infrastructure Action Plan" for all cities with
population of over one lakh.

Calculating Housing Demand for a future date:

The Factors to be considered in Analyzing Demand are:

a. Household Growth
b. Units in Pipeline
c. Vacancy rates
d. Substandard Housing Conditions
e. Unit Replacement
f. Absorption levels
g. Market Balance
h. Market Segmentation
i. Number of Potential Income Qualified Households
j. Unit Distribution
k. Turnover
l. Affordability
m. Housing choice
n. Market saturation and
o. Location.

11.(b) Elaborate on any two housing agencies in detail and briefly explain their role in housing
development. (Unit-I)

Housing agencies and their role in housing development:

Housing agencies in India - HUDCO, HDFC, etc

i.HUDCO:
Incorporation
a. Incorporated on 25th April 1970, HUDCO was an expression of the concern of the Central
Government in regard to the deteriorating housing conditions in the country and a desire to
assist various agencies in dealing with it in a positive manner.
b. The principal mandate of HUDCO was to ameliorate the housing conditions of all groups and
with a thrust to meet the needs of the low income group(LIG) and economically weaker
sections(EWS).
Objectives

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 a. To provide long-term finance for construction of houses for residential purposes in urban and
rural areas and finance or undertake Housing and Urban Infrastructure development
programmes in the country.
b. To finance or undertake, wholly or partly, the setting up of the new or satellite towns.
c. To subscribe to the debentures and bonds issued by the State Housing and Urban Development
boards. Improvement trusts, Development authorities etc especially for the purpose of housing
and urban development programmes.
d. To finance or undertake the setting up of industrial enterprise for building material.
e. To administer the funds received from time to time, from the Govt. of India and other sources as
grants or otherwise for the purpose of financing or undertaking housing and urban development
programmes in the country.
f. To promote, establish, assist, collaborate and provide consultancy services for the projects of
designing and planning of works relating to housing and Urban development in India and
abroad.

ii.HDFC
Incorporation
a. HDFC was incorporated in 1977 with the primary objective of meeting a social need - that of
promoting home ownership by providing long-term finance to households for their housing
needs.
b. HDFC was promoted with an initial share capital of Rs.100 million.
Objectives
a. To enhance residential housing stock in the country through the provision of housing finance in
a systematic and professional manner.
b. To promote home ownership.
c. To increase the flow of resources to the housing sector by integrating the housing finance sector
with the overall domestic financial markets.
d. A pioneer and leader in housing finance in India, since inception, HDFC has assisted more than
3.8 million families to own a home of their own, through cumulative housing loan approvals of
over Rs.2.98 trillion and disbursements of over Rs. 2.42 trillion as at March 31,2010.
e. HDFC's wide product range includes loans for purchase and construction of a residential unit,
purchase of land, home improvement loans, home extension loans, non-residential premises
loans for Professionals and loan against property, while its flexible repayment options include
Step Up Repayment Facility (SURF) and Flexible Loan Installment Plan (FLIP).

ROLE OF HOUSING AGENCIES IN HOUSING DEVELOPMENT

Role of Public Sector

a. During the first five year plan(1951-56) government directed various programs such as the
subsidized Housing scheme for Industrial Workers (1952), Housing for Low Income Group (1954)
and Housing Scheme for Plantation workers (1956). The result of this indicated that the poor
benefited the least from this policy.
b. During the second five year plan (1956-61), the government began to pursue the policy of slum
clearance and rehabilitation of housing. The slum clearance scheme was self-defeating in the
sense that it did not take into consideration the situation of acute shortage of housing stock. On
the contrary, it sought to demolish existing stock.
c. National Housing policy 1988
• To promote the interest of higher and middle income groups. Draft National Housing Policy.

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 • To link shelter provision with economic improvement of the poor. National Housing policy 1994.
• To provide affordable housing for all and strengthen the enabling strategies.

Role of private sector

a. The total public-sector contribution to the housing stock is no more than 16% for the country as
a whole, while the majority of the housing stock (84%) is provided through the efforts of the
formal and informal private sector.
b. The formal sector includes direct budgetary allocations and also net financial assistance through
financial agencies like the Housing Development and Finance Corporation (HDFC), the Life
Insurance Corporation (LIC), the Unit Trust of India (UTI), commercial banks, provident funds,
etc.
c. The informal sector includes households themselves as well as public and private sector
employers who extend housing loans to their employees (Govt. Of India, 1992)
d. Another form of informal development is "farmers land subdivisions", where land in urban
development zones is owned and cultivated by farmers. The farmers themselves subdivide the
land without the intervention of middlemen.
e. A substantial proportion of the urban population in India is housed in the informal housing,
ranging from 33% in Delhi to over 52% in Mumbai.
f. The share of the formal private sector in this investment is only about 12%. Indeed, housing
provided by the formal private sector is beyond the reach of the poor. Most of the housing for
the poor is provided by the informal private sector.
g. However, for the poor, most of the housing is provided by the illegal informal private sector. The
illegal informal sector manages to bring the cost of housing within the affordable limits of the
poor, as land is either acquired free of cost or at low cost because of undesirable site conditions.

Role of Housing Cooperatives

a. There are three type of cooperative societies in India:
Building Cooperative societies in India (BCS)
Housing Finance cooperative Societies, and
Tenure Cooperative Housing Societies.
b. In New Delhi, they are known as cooperative Group Housing Societies; they undertake the
planning construction and management of housing.
c. In Mumbai, there are Tenant ownership Housing societies (where land is held by the
cooperative and members lease the unit from the cooperative)
d. In Chennai, housing cooperatives are mainly housing finance cooperatives that serve middle and
to some extent low-income households.

Role of public and private financial institutions

a. From the 1950s onward, the Indian financial market was regulated by government bodies, the
Government of India did not consider housing as a priority sector; housing was seen as a social
welfare sector rather than an economic sector.
b. In the Seventh Five year plan, it was proposed that HUDCO should largely concentrate on EWS
and LIG housing and not on MIG and HIG housing.
c. In 1977, The Housing Development and Finance Corporation (HDFC) entered the Indian finance,
market. Its housing program caters mainly to middle and high-income groups.
d. The guidelines for lending were liberalized by the commercial banks in 1988 and the amounts of
admissible loans were enhanced. The beneficiaries margin was reduced and the interest rate

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 was pushed down for small loans while the period of repayment was increased from 10 years to
15 years.
e. In 1988 Govt. of India set up the National Housing Bank (NHB) to mobilize resources for the
housing sector, particularly to help the low income groups and promote housing finance
institutions at the regional and local level.

12.(a) Elaborate on how Socio economic factors influence housing. (Unit-II)

Social economic factors influencing housing affordability:

a. Affordability is thus conceptualized to be a function of housing demand and supply, which are in
turn influenced by factors related to the macroeconomic environment, property characteristics,
mortgage loan characteristics, demographic and household social-economic factors.
b. Housing is a human right in as much as air and/or water. Like food, even those who cannot
afford it need it perhaps much more than those who can, because the latter could be in it for
the investment returns the demand of housing units is believed to be higher than the supply of
housing units.
c. The shortfall in housing has been met through proliferation of squatter and informal
settlements and overcrowding. Some of the factors that have been argued as contributing to
this status quo include the high costs of constructions, the poverty level in India, inconsistent
legal framework and poor policies in the housing sectors, corruption, inadequate financial
deepening in the housing finance sector, and poor infrastructure among others.

Critical factors affecting the supply of Housing include:

a. The availability and cost of land.

b. Other factors influencing the supply of new housing include: the availability of infrastructure,
including the supply of essential services (roads, sewerage, drinking water, etc).
c. Regional development policies and regulations that address environmental concerns, for
example, the Resource Management Act as well as natural hazards, changes in development
levels imposed by local authorities and government interventions. (eg: those aimed at
improving the sustainability of the housing stock, and regulatory statements in general)
d. The availability of finance at an affordable price and for different ownership structures such as
multiple owned land.
e. The performance and efficiency of the building and construction sector, including the length of
time it takes the building industry to adjust to changing demand for housing. Industry efficiency
can be affected by labour market constraints, industry capability, the costs of construction, and
building techniques.

12.(b) Write short notes on (i) Rajiv Awas Yojana (Unit-II)

Vision

"Slum free India" with inclusive and equitable cities in which every citizen has access to basic civic
infrastructure and social amenities and decent shelter.

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Mission

a. Encourage States/Union territories to tackle slums in a definitive manner, by focusing on:

Bringing all existing slums, notified or non-notified (including recognized and identified) within
the formal system and enabling them to avail the basic amenities that is available for the rest of
city.
b. Readdressing the failures of the formal system that lie behind the creation of slums by planning
for affordable housing stock for the urban poor and initiating crucial policy changes required for
facilitating the same.

Objectives:

a. Improving and provisioning of housing, basic civic infrastructure and social amenities in
intervened slums.
b. Enabling reforms to address some of the causes leading to creation of slums.
c. Facilitating a supportive environment for expanding institutional credit linkages for the urban
poor.
d. Institutionalizing mechanisms for prevention of slums including creation of affordable housing
stock.
e. Strengthening institutional and human resource capacities at the Municipal, City and State levels
through comprehensive capacity building and strengthening of resource networks.
f. Empowering community by ensuring their participation at every stage of decision making
through strengthening and nurturing Slum Dwellers’ Association/Federations.

RAY will also extend financial support States for creation of affordable housing stock through public-
private partnership (PPP) under the Affordable Housing in Partnership (AHP) component of the scheme.

The scheme is applicable to all slums within a city, whether notified or non-notified (including identified
and recognized), whether on lands belonging to Central Government or its Undertakings, Autonomous
bodies created under the Act of Parliament, State Government or its Undertakings, Urban Local Bodies
or any other public agency and private sector. It is also applicable to “urbanized villages” inside the
planning area of the city, urban homeless and pavement dwellers.

Affordable Housing in Partnership (AHP)

The Government has also approved the scheme of Affordable Housing in Partnership (AHP) as part of
Rajiv Awas Yojana (RAY) on 03.9.2013 to increase affordable housing stock, as part of the preventive
strategy. Central support is provided at the rate of Rs. 75,000 per Economically Weaker Sections
(EWS)/Low Income Group (LIG) Dwelling Units (DUs) of size of 21 to 40 sqm. in affordable housing
projects taken up under various kinds of partnerships including private partnership. A project size of
minimum 250 dwelling units is eligible for funding under the scheme. The DUs in the project can be a
mix of EWS/LIG-A/LIG-B/Higher Categories/ Commercial of which at least 60 percent of the FAR/ FSI is
used for dwelling units of carpet area of not more than 60 sq.m.

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The Central assistance under RAY will be contingent upon implementation of reforms as per the
timelines agreed upon. The mandatory reforms include:

(i) Giving long term, mortgage able, renewable leasehold rights to slum dwellers
(ii) Reserving 15% of FAR/FSI or 35% of DU for EWS whichever is higher
(iii) Reserving 25% of municipal budget to provide basic services to the urban poor and
(iv) Establishment of municipal cadre to deal with issues of slums and urban poor.

Two step implementation strategy would be adopted under RAY i.e. preparation of Slum-free City Plans
of Action (SFCPoAs) on ‘whole city’ basis and Detailed Project Reports (DPRs) on ‘whole slum’ basis.
Selected cities will be assisted to draw up their SFCPoA which will be an overall action plan of the ULB
with investment requirements projected and prioritized for improving/developing the existing slums and
providing houses including basic civic infrastructure and social amenities for the urban poor for the next
10-15 years. On the basis of prioritization of slums in SFCPoAs, cities would be required to prepare
Detailed Project Reports (DPRs) following an integrated ‘whole slum’ approach with the provision of
housing, basic civic infrastructure and social amenities in each selected slum.

12.(b) Write short notes on (ii) Community participation in housing project. (Unit-II)

Defining participation:

a. Participation does not necessarily imply self-help home building by undernourished and over-
worked people without credit, with inadequate tools and poor materials . . . The central issue is
that of control and power to decide. (John F.C. Turner in Housing by People)
b. Participation includes people's involvement in decision-making processes, in implementing
programmes, their sharing in benefits of development programmes and their involvement in
efforts to evaluate such programmes. (cohen and uphoff, 1977)
c. Community participation is an active process by which beneficiary or client groups influence the
direction and execution of a development project with a view to enhancing their being interms
of income, personal growth, self-reliance, or other values they cherish. (Paul, 1988)

Results of Participation

a. Efficiency
b. Effectiveness
c. Self-reliance
d. Coverage
e. Sustainability

Stages And Levels

John F.C. Turner divides the process into three basic components; planning, construction and
management (Housing 28). Nabeel Hamdi adds two more stages to the overall process; initiation,
planning, design, implementation and maintenance. Initiation is the first stage of the process where the
project goals and scope are defined. The planning stage involves working out the project details,

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budgeting and resource identification. In the design stage, the details are further developed, with the
actual execution of the project in the implementation or construction phase. The maintenance or
management stage is a long-term process and involves the upkeep of the project (Hamdi, Housing 72).
The involvement of communities at different stages of the project determines the level of participation
in projects.

The best way to explain different levels of participation in terms of community involvement in various
stages of the projects is by understanding what Sherry R. Arnstein calls “A Ladder of Citizen
Participation,” which she introduced in an article published in 1969 in the Journal of the American
Planning Association. Arnstein explains that this classification is necessary to unveil the manipulation of
people in the garb of community participation projects by professionals and policyholders. The ladder
has eight rungs each corresponding to a different level of participation, that is, manipulation, therapy,
informing, consultation, placation, partnership, delegated power and citizen control as shown in fig.1.
The rungs at the bottom of the ladder are the ones with least citizen participation or “nonparticipation”
and include Manipulation and Therapy. Informing, consultation and placation occupy the middle rungs
of the ladder and border between manipulation at the bottom and citizen control at the top and is
termed as “tokenism” where the people are allowed to participate only to the extent of expressing their
views but have no real say that matters. The last three rungs, partnership, delegated power and finally
citizen control at the top of the ladder, are termed equivalent to “citizen power” and this is where true
and meaningful participation takes place. This categorization of the various types of people involvement
is extremely crucial in clarifying the confusion between “non-participation” and true “citizen power” and
to identify the real motives behind participatory projects, which are often used by critics as
shortcomings of the concept of community participation

Fig 1 :Eight Rungs on the Ladder of Citizen Participation, illustration from Sherry R. Arnstein, 1969

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Top-Down Versus Bottom-Up Approaches

Community participation can be of two types; in the form of top-down programs or bottom-up
initiatives (Moser, Community 91). These two processes are the exact opposites of each other and differ
on the basis of whether governments/implementing agencies or the communities have the overall
control of the program. John F.C. Turner elaborates the top-down and bottom-up approaches by
comparing them with the ‘heteronomous housing systems’ and the ‘autonomous housing systems’
respectively (Housing 27). He explains his concept by using the diagrams as shown in fig. 2, where the
difference between the two systems is in the decision-making power of different actors at different
stages of the housing process.

Fig. 2. Autonomous Housing Systems versus Heteronomous Housing Systems, illustration from John
F.C. Turner, 1977: 27.

In the case of the heteronomous system, John F.C. Turner explains that the government decides and
provides housing for the people in a top-down process while the autonomous system follows a bottom-
up approach and has different networks of actors working alongside in different relationships.

The Partnership Approach

G. Narayana Reddy in his book Empowering Communities through Participatory Methods, explains that
in the top-down model of participation, the governments decide and provide for the communities which
develops a sense of dependency and lethargy among the people as shown in the fig. 3. He presents an
alternative to the top-down model in the form of a “partnership model” where the governments and
communities work together in planning and decision-making with long-lasting results as shown in fig. 4
(Reddy 5-6).

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Fig. 3. Top-down Model, illustration by G. Narayana Reddy, 2002.

Fig. 4. Partnership Model from G. Narayana Reddy, 2002.

Moser explains the concept of participation as a ‘means’ and as an ‘end’ in development projects,
Where participation is interpreted as a means it generally becomes a form of mobilization to get things
done . Where participation is identified as an end the objective is not a fixed quantifiable development
goal but a process whose outcome is an increasingly ‘meaningful’ participation in the development
process.

13.(a) Explain the salient features of DCR. (Unit-III)

Development Control Regulation (DCR)

Development Control is the process involving land use control in which the development carried out by
any agencies both private and public is checked in the benefit of whole society. Modern town planning
helps in a systematic regulation to be followed in the use of land.

Factors to be considered in the complex urban system are:

a. Physical factor - based on size and density of population.

b. Functional factor - based on predominance of activities.
c. Administrative factor.

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Certain Issues to be considered are:

a. Sporadic growth of private properties.

b. Sprawl of slums.
c. Major transportation congestion.
d. Crowding of residential and industrial zones.
e. Availability of land for reclamation and thus offering new opportunities for development.

Tools of development control:

The most common tools are

a. Subdivision control
b. Height control
c. Plot coverage control
d. Set back control
e. Floor Area Ratio(FAR) control
f. Density Control
g. Building line Control
h. Architectural control
i. Advertisement control.

13.(b) Briefly explain the performance standards for housing. (Unit-III)

The Housing Standards In India (Recommended by Environmental and Health Committee 1947)

SITE –
a. should be elevated from its surroundings
b. The site independent access to a street.
c. should be away from the breeding places of flies
d. it should be away from nuisances such as smoke, smell, excessive noise and traffic .
e. it should pleasing surroundings
f. the soil should be dry and safe should be well drained.
g. Dumping refuse is very un satisfactory for building purposes for at least 20 to 25 years.
h. The subsoil water should be below 10 feet (3 meters).
Set back :
a. For proper lighting and ventilation, there should be an open space all round the house this is
called "set back".
b. In rural areas it is recommended that the built-up area should not exceed one-third of the total
area; in urban areas where land is costly, the built up area may be up to two thirds.
c. The set back should be such that there is no obstruction to lighting and ventilation
Floor:
a. Impermeable
b. Free from cracks n smooth

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 c. Damp proof
d. Ht. of plinth 2-3 ft
Walls : should be
a. reasonably strong
b. should have a low heat capacity i.e., should not absorb heat and conduct the same
c. weather resistant
d. unsuitable for harborage of rats and vermin
e. not easily damaged and
f. smooth.
These standards can be attained by 9-inch brick wall plastered smooth and colored cream or white.
Roof :
The height of the roof should not be less than 10 feet (3 m) in the absence of air-conditioning.
The roof should have a low heat transmittance coefficient.
Rooms :
The number of living rooms should not be less than two, at least one of which can be closed for
security. The other may be open on one side if that side is a private courtyard. The number and
area of rooms should be increased according to size of family.
• Floor area :
• The floor area of a living room-120 sq. ft. (12 m2) for more than one person
• 100 sq. ft. (10 sq. m.) for a single person
• The floor area in living rooms per person should not be less than 50 sq.ft
• Cubic Space :
• Unless mechanical replacement of air, the height of rooms should be such as to give an
air space of at least 500 c.ft. per capita, preferably 1,000 c.ft.
Windows
• Unless mechanical ventilation and artificial lighting , every living room should be provided with
at least 2 windows, and one of them should open directly on to an open space
• the windows should be placed at a height of not more than 3 feet (1 m) above the ground in
living rooms
• window area should be 1/5th of the floor area
• Doors and windows combined should have 2/5th the floor area.
Lighting :
• The daylight factor should exceed 1 per cent over half the floor area.
Kitchen :
Every dwelling house must have a separate kitchen. The kitchen must be protected against dust and
smoke; adequately lighted; provided with arrangements for storing food, fuel and with water supply
• Privy : A sanitary privy is a MUST in every house belonging exclusively to it and readily
accessible, equipped with water carriage systems.
• Garbage And Refuse : These should be removed at least daily and disposed
• Bathing And Washing : The house should have facilities for bathing and washing and providing
proper privacy.
Water Supply : The house should have safe adequate water supply available at all times.

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14.(a) Traditional settlements have "Low rise high dense" development. Is it relevant for today's housing
context? Discuss and debate. (Unit-IV)

About "Low rise high dense" development:

This type of housing serves two functions:

i) to intensify land use as urban growth escalates by providing higher density; and

ii)to improve living conditions by using suburban housing characteristics such as more open space, more
light, and a closer connection to the ground. These homes offered all the amenities of urban living -
access to public transportation and cultural amenities - with a more open, less claustrophobic
environment.

In Traditional settlements, Example of Elemental, Unit level, Block level or site level, street oriented
developments can be explained. Eg: Courtyard houses, row houses, agraharams, etc.

Relevance in today's housing context

• Uniformity
• Conserve space
• Cheaper
• Children and old people have their interactive spaces
• Knowing neighbors
• Sharing services
• Shared open spaces

Irrelevance

• Parking of 4 wheelers
• Decreased privacy
• Building height restrictions
• Lack of space within the homes
• More people per acre - crowding at junctions
• Lack of open spaces as more building footprint on ground.

14.(b) Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of the following types of housing in Indian context -
Row housing, cluster housing, apartments and high-rise housing. (Unit-IV)

TYPE OF HOUSING ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES

Row housing • Less expensive choice • Similar design of homes
• Share side dividers • Lack of space within the home
• Safety threat.
Cluster housing • Uniformity • Less heat loss
• Conserve space • Decreased privacy

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 • Cheaper • Less windows/light
• Children and old people • Decreased ventilation
have their interactive
spaces.
Apartments • Affordable monthly home • Cramped space providing a
loan payments smaller room to the entire
• Insurance and home family.
maintenance. • Do not have access to a yard,
• Plumbing, Electrical, and balcony or any outdoor area.
other common household • Less privacy.
problems will be taken care • Maintenance rules.
of by the landlord. • Should seek permission before
• The apartment owners updating or adding an extra
needn't worry about the embellishment in an apartment.
repairs like pavement, • The cost per square foot.
ceiling and others. • Children and old people feel
isolated.
High-rise housing • Location • Neighbors
• Door guard • Pets
• Amenities • Outdoor space
• Views • Building restrictions

15.(a) Illustrate with sketches and explain how to integrate all types of services in housing. (Unit-IV)

Social Infrastructure

An integrated township always has the basic social infrastructure Essentials. They are as follows:

a. School: A quality school with education up to at least 10th standard is setup within the
township, reducing the travelling time between home and school and in turn providing the
children with more time for play and studies.
b. Medicare: A good healthcare facility with at least 50-plus beds and an emergency care is set up
within the township, thereby facilitating residents.
c. Recreation: Adequate space for basic sports such as football, cricket, tennis and badminton,
fitness facilities including a gymnasium and swimming pools are set up within the township to
enhance social lifestyle.
d. Community centre: A spacious, well-decorated community centre with a club house and a
function hall is set up within the township.
e. Road network: A well-planned road network both within the township and connecting to the
nearest highway or main road is built, thereby easing communication.
f. Water supply and management: A well-planned and sustainable water management system is
built within the township, providing round the clock water supply to residents as well as treating
the waste water generated within the township and recycling it. This also reduces dependence
on municipal water supply.

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 g. Electricity supply & management: Although an integrated township depends on a public or
private utility supplier for basic power supply, if he has adequate, if not abundant, back-up
power for both homes and common areas during temporary or scheduled power cuts or
disruptions by the utility supplier.
h. Communication infrastructure: Good quality telecom services are also made available within the
township and nearby.
i. Garbage and waste management: Good garbage collection, aggregation, treatment and disposal
system is a must for a healthier and eco-friendly township.
j. Infrastructure maintenance: Proper and regular maintenance of roads, pathways, parks,
electrical, plumbing infrastructure, children play areas and common areas including community
centre is essential for a well-developed integrated township.
k. Security: Superior estate security and safety for all residents is a critical element of an integrated
township.
l. Shopping and entertainment: An integrated township is incomplete without shopping centers
and entertainment areas.
m. Entertainment: Quality cinema or multiplex, popular games and kid entertainment facilities
should be established within the township.
n. Shopping: Well-stocked grocery stores as well as shopping centers including branded garment
stores, electronic goods should be established within the township.

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15.(b) Outline the disaster mitigation measures for flooding in residential area. (Unit-V)

To identify the causes of floods. To describe the overall impact of flooding. To formulate a strategy for
the flood affected areas with reference to - MITIGATION- PREPAREDNES-RESPONSE-RECOVERY. When
more homes, shops and infrastructure are threatened by the effects of flooding, then the benefits of
greater protection are worth the additional cost.

a. Temporary flood defenses can be constructed relatively quickly in certain locations and provide
temporary protection from rising flood waters.
b. Rivers running through large urban developments are often controlled and channeled.
c. Water rising above a canal's full capacity may cause flooding to spread to other waterways and
areas of the community which causes damage.
d. Defenses (both long-term and short-term) can be constructed to minimize damage, which
involves raising the edge of the water with levees, embankments, or walls.
e. The high population and value of infrastructure at risk often justifies the high cost of mitigation
in larger urban areas.
f. Property owners may fit their home to stop water entering by blocking doors and air vents,
waterproofing important areas and sandbagging the edges of the building.
g. The most effective way of reducing the risk to people and property is through the production of
flood risk maps.
h. Most countries have produced maps which show areas prone to flooding based on flood data.
i. The most sustainable way of reducing risk is to prevent further development in flood-prone
areas and old waterways.
j. It is important for at-risk communities to develop a comprehensive Management plan.
k. Evacuating people to highlands after warning information.
l. Cut down power in electric lines to reduce loss due to electricity.

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