SUMMARY

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS

TITLE PAGE

SUMMARY…………………………………………………………………………………………………i

TABLE OF CONTENTS…………………………………………………………………………………..ii

I. INTRODUCTION…………………………………………………………………………………1

1.1 Purpose……………………………………………………………………………………….2

1.2 Objectives…………………………………………………………………………………….2

1.3 Scope…………………………………………………………………………………………2

1.3.1 Safety………………………………………………………………………………2

1.3.2 Environment Impact………………………………………………………………3

1.3.3 Cost……………………………………………………………...…………………3

1.3.4 Accessibility…………………………………………….…………………………3

1.3.5 Community Impact……………………………..…………………………………3

1.3.6 Maintenance………………………………………………………………………3

1.3.7 Sustainability………………………………………………………………………3

1.3.8 Cultural Heritage……………………………….…………………………………3

1.3.9 Economic Impact…………………………………………………………………3

1.3.10 Transparency…………………………………………………………….………4

1.4 Methodology………………………………………………………………………………….4

II. FINDINGS………………………………………………………………………………………...4

2.1 Ethical Issues in Tacoma Narrows Bridge………………………………...………………4

2.2 Quebec Bridge Collapse and Ethical Issues…………………..…………………………6

2.3 Silver Bridge Collapse………………………………………………………………………8

2.4 Case Study: FIU Bridge Collapse………………………………………………..………10

2.5 Collapse of Clarin bridge located at Loay Bohol…………………..……………………12

III. CONCLUSION………………………………………………………………………………….14
IV. RECOMMENDATION………………………………………………………………………….15

REFERENCES…………………………………………………………………………………………..16

APPENDICES…………………………………………………………………………………………

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1. DEFINITION OF WATER DRYING SYSTEM

A drainage system distributes liquids away from areas where they are not needed to ensure
that they can be disposed of in appropriate places. It includes all piping on private or public
property that transports sewage, rainwater, and other liquid waste to a place of disposal. 

If a sufficient drainage system is not in place, flooding of low-lying areas will occur, causing
property damage and health dangers. An effective drainage system is one that eliminates all
excess water without producing design issues. 

The primary goal of a drainage system is to collect and eliminate waste matter in a
systematic manner in order to maintain healthy conditions in a structure. Drainage systems are
designed to dispose of wastewater as fast as feasible and to keep sewage and septic tank
gasses from entering residential areas.

2. IMPORTANCE OF WATER DRAINAGE SYSTEM

1. Flood prevention: One of the primary purposes of a drainage system is to prevent

flooding. Excess water from rainfall, storms, or other sources can accumulate and cause
significant damage to properties, infrastructure, and the environment. An efficient
drainage system collects and diverts this water away from vulnerable areas, reducing
the risk of flooding and the associated property damage.
2. Property protection: A reliable drainage system helps protect buildings and structures
from water-related damage. When water is effectively drained away, it reduces the
likelihood of water seepage, foundation erosion, and moisture-related problems, such as
mold growth. By keeping the surrounding soil properly drained, the stability of the land is
maintained, preventing potential damage to structures.
3. Health and sanitation: Proper drainage is essential for maintaining health and
sanitation. It ensures the efficient removal and disposal of wastewater, sewage, and
other liquid waste. By preventing the accumulation of stagnant water, a drainage system
helps minimize the breeding grounds for mosquitoes and other disease-carrying pests. It
also helps prevent the contamination of water sources, reducing the risk of waterborne
diseases.

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 4. Environmental impact: An effective drainage system contributes to the preservation
and protection of the environment. It helps manage the flow of stormwater and prevents
erosion, sedimentation, and pollution of natural water bodies. By diverting excess water
away from sensitive ecosystems, a drainage system helps maintain the balance of
aquatic environments and supports the health of plants and wildlife.
5. Infrastructure resilience: A well-planned drainage system is an integral part of
infrastructure resilience. It ensures that roads, bridges, and other critical infrastructure
are not compromised by excessive water. By managing water runoff effectively, the risk
of erosion, structural damage, and disruptions to transportation networks is minimized,
leading to improved overall resilience of the built environment.

A water drainage system is essential for flood prevention, property protection, health and
sanitation, environmental preservation, and infrastructure resilience. By managing water
effectively, it safeguards both human well-being and the surrounding ecosystem. Investing in the
design, maintenance, and improvement of drainage systems is crucial for creating safe,
sustainable, and resilient communities.

3. TYPES OF WATER DRAINAGE SYSTEM

 Surface Drainage System
Drainage channels and ditches remove surplus water from the land's surface. Slopes
toward the track may be created by grading or shaping the ground surface. These
include open drains, hollows, levees, and grassed streams on a land surface. 
 Slope Drainage System
Slope drain diverts flowing water from a structure through a slope drainage system.
Pipes are used to move down the hill to accomplish this. Because it is fixed to an
inclination, the installed line directs water away from the structure as quickly as possible.
 Subsurface Drainage system
The soil beneath the top layer is used to implement subsurface drainage systems.
Excess water is channeled away from the foundation via a French drain. To install the
subsurface drainage pipes, excavate trenches. Based on the customer's requirements
and the location of the gutter, Restore Pipe Systems offers several subsurface drainage
solution alternatives.

 Downspout and Gutter System

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 This is the first line of defense against stormwater oversaturation downspouts and gutter
systems. Pour the water down an aluminum pipe into a rain barrel or another container.
The goal is to divert water from the street or sidewalk and send it to other drainage
systems. Gutter drains or underground drains may link water to the underground sewer
system.

Types of sanitary drainage systems in Makati City

 Combination public sewers - designed to collect rainwater runoff, domestic sewage

and industrial wastewater in same pipe
 Storm sewers or storm drains - collect rainwater runoff, and groundwater runoff from
previous surfaces, and release it into waterways.
 Sanitary sewers or foul sewers - these are buried sewer conduits that transport
sewage from houses and other buildings through pipes going to onsite facilities, sewage
treatment facilities or controlled disposal after processing.

4. HOW THE ENGINEERS DESIGN THE WATER DRAINAGE SYSTEM OF MAKATI CITY

Water drainage systems are networks of pipes and drains used to drain off excess
water, these guarantee that soil is being appropriately aerated. To be aerated implies being
supplied with air or oxygen properly. It does help in evading soil erosion and nutrient loss in soil
due to excessive water that the soil cannot absorb, important in crop planting. Also, in slopes or
hills, areas with well-installed drainage systems have low risks of slippage.

In big cities, water drainage systems are being instructed to remove excess water during
construction, and in removing wastewater. Excess water could be from flood, rainwater, and
other runoffs. Aside from water drainage systems aid in wastewater treatment, it could prevent
property damages, soul erosion, and fatalities especially in low-lying areas prone to flooding and
landslides. Hence, installation of water drainage systems is vital.

In designing and developing a water drainage system, there are aspects to be taken into
consideration. These are as follows:

1. Know where the excess surface runoff is coming from;

2. Know the soil type on your land;

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 3. Analyze the terrain of your land;
4. Choose a drain layout; and
5. Get an expert landscape designer involved.

In Makati City, water drainage systems are designed for wastewater treatment. To keep
sanitation and prevent health risks due to dirty water or contaminated water coming from
municipal sources – households, establishments, and industries.

Satellite View of Makati City

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 Overview of the Drainage Infrastructure in Makati City and its Surrounding Cities

Pasig River separates Makati City from Pasig City and Mandaluyong City. Areas that surround
the Pasig River are prone to flooding – when the river overflows due to heavy rains. There are
streams that diverged from the Pasig River which serves as floodways.

Sewerage Treatment Plant of Makati City

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Makati City has an STP (Sewerage Treatment Plant) as part of wastewater treatment located in
Magallanes Village, and  in 2011, Manila Water built a 206-million project of an STP located in
Poblacion, Makati City.   Sewage treatment is a type of wastewater treatment which aims to
remove contaminants from sewage to produce an effluent that is suitable to discharge to the
surrounding environment or an intended reuse application, thereby preventing water pollution
from raw sewage discharges (Water Science School, 2018.).

5. THE LOCATION OF WATER DRAINAGE SYSTEM IN MAKATI

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Pumping Station in Makati

The Makati Pumping Station was constructed in 1980. It is located at S. Osmeña in

Makati. Its drainage area (served) is 151 hectares. It has a current pump capacity of 7
centimeters. According to the plant staff's information, this project has not previously engaged in
any relocation actions. Interviews with barangay officials and a few chosen people resulted in
confirmation that no relocation activities had previously taken place at this pumping station or in
the drainage areas, due to the local authorities' stringent surveillance measures.

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Makati South Sewage Treatment Plant

The only sewage treatment facility that Manila Water acquired from the MWSS was the
Makati South Sewage Treatment Plant, which was constructed in 1964. For the sake of
effectively handling sewage from the Makati Central Business District and neighboring
residential developments, the plant is still undergoing extensive renovations and modifications.

6. ETHICAL ISSUES ENCOUNTERED

Makati City is prone to other hazards. It is vulnerable to typhoons that are frequently
produced in the Pacific Ocean. Both the high wind and high-intensity rainfall cause damage.
The city is also prone to widespread flooding during the rainy season due to an inadequate
drainage system.

One of the main issues that the engineers faced is basically land acquisition for the
drainage system. It is very difficult to find an open area of land especially for sewage treatment.
Pipe-laying is also very difficult. Sewer pipes rely on gravity, which means they have to be laid
at much deeper depths. Trenches should be much wider. Unlike water supply pipes that are
pressurized, sewer pipes need to maximize gravity flow to reduce operational costs.

Apart from this, acquiring customer acceptance and local government support is also a
key challenge in implementing the drainage systems. As such, the engineers endeavored to
have an effective interaction and discourse with the local governments and agencies. They have

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found this to be the key to almost every successful project, which they combine with a good
information-education campaign with the surrounding residents.

From an operational perspective, another challenge is solid waste, which enters the
combined systems through drainage canals. The engineers didn’t actually mandated to haul and
treat solid waste as part of their concession, so they have to rely on cooperation with local
governments to address this issue as well.

7. CONCLUSION
In conclusion, a drainage system plays a crucial role in distributing liquids, such as sewage,
rainwater, and other liquid waste, away from areas where they are not needed. Its primary
purpose is to ensure that these liquids are disposed of in appropriate places to prevent flooding,
property damage, and health hazards.

An effective drainage system is designed to eliminate all excess water without causing any
design issues. By efficiently collecting and eliminating waste matter, the system helps maintain
healthy conditions in a structure or residential area. It is essential for preventing the entry of
sewage and septic tank gases into residential areas, thus ensuring the overall well-being and
safety of the community.

Overall, a well-designed and properly functioning drainage system is vital for managing
liquid waste, preventing flooding, and maintaining a healthy and safe environment.

8. RECOMMENDATIONS
 Prevention through proper maintenance: Regular maintenance of the drainages,
especially in busy areas of the city, is crucial. This includes cleaning, desilting, and
repairing any damaged or clogged pipes. By addressing issues proactively, the risk of
blockages and flooding can be minimized.
 Monthly inspections: Conducting monthly inspections of the drainage system is
essential, particularly before the monsoon season. These inspections should ensure that
the drainages are functioning effectively and identify any potential areas of concern.
Prompt action can then be taken to resolve any issues detected during the inspections.
 Enforcement of city ordinances: Proper waste disposal is vital for maintaining a
healthy drainage system. Makati City should enforce city ordinances related to waste
management, ensuring that residents and businesses dispose of waste properly. This

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 includes encouraging recycling, providing waste bins in strategic locations, and
educating the community about the importance of responsible waste disposal.
 Research and development: Makati City's local government should continue to invest
in research and development efforts for their drainage system. By studying cities around
the world known for their effective drainage systems or resilience against flooding
despite being prone to typhoons, valuable insights and best practices can be gained.
This knowledge can then be applied to improve the drainage infrastructure in Makati
City.
 Building on previous work: Makati City has gained recognition for its efforts in
improving the drainage system. It is essential to continue the work already being done.
This includes ongoing maintenance, infrastructure upgrades, and implementing
innovative solutions to enhance the efficiency and capacity of the drainage system.

By combining these approaches, Makati City can further enhance its drainage system and
minimize the risks associated with flooding. A well-maintained and resilient drainage system
will contribute to a healthier and safer environment for the residents and businesses in the
city.

REFERENCES/BIBLIOGRAPHY

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APPENDICES

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