The Power of Mind

Learning:
➔ Relatively permanent change in behavior brought by experiences.
➔ Any changes brought by Maturity are not learning.
➔ Experiences- various events and activities in your life that you have engaged in.
Do we need to learn how to learn?
➔ Learning is not automatic.
➔ No learning will happen if not Motivated.
➔ Not everyone knows how to learn effectively.
What is the brain and how does it work?
➔ The most powerful human organ is the brain. Among vertebrates, relative to body size,
the human brain is the largest.
➔ The brain makes up about two percent of a human’s body weight.
➔ The brain consists of approximately 100 billion cells with each one connected to 1000
other brain cells, making approximately 100 trillion connections.
➔ A normal brain weighs just about 3.3 pounds or 1.5 kilograms. Neurons are basic
functional units of the nervous system and the key to brain function.

Human Brain
➔ Sponge-like structure-pink-gray in color.
➔ 3lbs- most of the weight is the cerebral cortex.
➔ Cerebral Cortex- thinking functions.
3 Major Parts of the Brain
➢ Brain Stem
➔ The Brain Stem connects the spinal cord and the brain. It controls functions that
keep people alive such as breathing, heart rate, blood pressure, and food
digestion.
➢ Cerebellum
➔ Things are different in the Cerebellum. That region controls voluntary movement.
When you want to lift your fork, wave your hand, brush your hair, or wink at a
cutie, you form the thought and then an area in the cerebellum translates your
will into action.
➢ Cerebrum
➔ The Cerebrum is the Largest of the three brain sections, accounts for 85% of the
brain’s weight, and has 4 lobes.

The Major Divisions of the Brain

➢ Cerebrum (Forebrain)
➔ Processes sensory information, helps with reasoning and problem-solving, and
regulates autonomic, endocrine, and motor functions.
➢ Midbrain
➔ Helps regulate movement and process auditory and visual information.
➢ Cerebellum (Hindbrain)
➔ Helps regulate autonomic functions, relay sensory information, coordinate
movement, and maintain balance and equilibrium.

THE CEREBRUM (FOREBRAIN):

➔ The cerebrum is the largest part of the brain whereas the cerebral cortex is the outer
layer of the cerebrum.
➔ The cerebrum is composed of two hemispheres.
➔ The major function of the cerebrum is to control the voluntary muscular movements of
the body. The cerebral cortex is mainly involved in the consciousness
➔ Largest and Most Complex Part of the Brain.
 ➔ Seat of Complex- responsible for most mental activities.
➔ Largest of the 3 brain sections. It accounts for about 85% of the brain’s weight and it
has 4 lobes.
➔ The Four Lobes of Cerebrum:
➢ Frontal- determines personality and emotions. It plays an integral role in the
following: Memory Formation, Emotions, Decision Making/Reasoning,
Personality.
➢ Parietal- helps people understand what they see and feel. It plays a major role in
the following functions/actions: Senses and Integrates Sensations, Spatial
Awareness, and Perception. (Proprioception- awareness of body/body parts in
space and in relation to each other.)
➢ Temporal- hearing, and word recognition abilities. They play an integral role in
the following functions: Hearing, Taste, and Smell. Organization/Comprehension
of Language. Information Retrieval (Memory and Memory Information).
➢ Occipital- vision functions.

MIDBRAIN:
➔ The midbrain is the area of the brain that connects the forebrain to the hindbrain. The
midbrain and hindbrain together compose the brainstem. The brainstem connects the
spinal cord with the cerebrum. The midbrain regulates movement and aids in the
processing of auditory and visual information. The oculomotor and trochlear cranial
nerves are located in the midbrain. These nerves control eye and eyelid movement.
➔ Emotions and Formation of long term memory:
1. Reticular Formation- allows a person to sleep undisturbed and prepares the body
for urgent stimuli from the environment.
2. Thalamus- sensory information passes through this before reaching and is
processed by the cerebral cortex.
3. Hypothalamus- regulation of basic biological needs like hunger, thirst, sex drive,
and temperature regulation; maintains HOMEOSTASIS.
4. Amygdala- connected with aggression, central role in the learning of fear
responses and processing of other emotional responses.
5. Hippocampus- formation of long-term memory.

HINDBRAIN:
➔ It controls voluntary movement. Ex. When you want to lift your fork, wave your hand,
brush your hair, or wink at a cutie, you form the thought and then an area in the
cerebellum translates your will into action. It happens so quickly.
➔ Referred to as the brain stem contains:
1. Cerebellum- body balance.
2. Pons- join 2 halves of the cerebellum: coordination of muscles and integration of
movement between right and left halves of the body.
3. Medulla- breathing, sneezing, hiccups, coughing, and maintenance of heartbeat.
It connects the spinal cord and the brain. It controls functions that keep people
alive.
BROCA’S AREA:
➔ Controls facial neurons and production of speech.
➔ Located on Left Frontal Lobe.
➔ Paul Broca- studied TAN.
BROCA’S APHASIA:
➔ This results in the ability to comprehend speech, but the decreased motor ability or
inability to speak and form words.
WERNICKE’S AREA:
➔ Language Comprehension.
➔ Located on the Left Temporal Lobe.
WERNICKE’S APHASIA:
➔ A patient may be able to produce speech but can’t understand the speech of others.
CEREBRAL CORTEX:
➔ The cerebral cortex is made up of gray matter (comprises cell bodies and dendrites) that
covers the internal white matter. The cerebrum is made up of both gray and white matter
and comprises both cell bodies and nerve fibers.
➔ The gray matter contains about 86 billion neurons. The white matter contains billions of
nerve fibers – the axons and dendrites. The neurons are connected by trillions of
connections known as synapses.
➔ The Cerebral Cortex is divided into 2 Cerebral Hemispheres:
➢ Left Hemisphere
➢ Right Hemisphere
➔ The Left and Right Hemispheres are connected by Corpus Callosum.
➔ The Left and Right Hemispheres perform a set of specific functions. Most tasks engage
both cerebral hemispheres.

Brain Examination
It is amazing how the human brain develops and changes throughout one’s life. From infancy to
childhood, there are remarkable changes in the brain that influence the development of an
individual. The brain of an adolescent is different from that of an adult, for, during adolescence,
the brain undergoes major transitions as it is a “work in progress”.
Compared to an adult’s brain, that of an adolescent does not grow much in size but it continues
to become more complex until late adolescence. It is going through changes that have
significant effects on the person’s learning and behavior.

● The theory of brain lateralization was developed by Nobel-prize winners:

➢ Robert Ornstein
➢ Roger Sperry
● It states that each side of the brain has different specific functions. While humans use
both sides, each one has a dominant side which, according to the theory, explains much
about his/her behavior, interests, personality, and mode of thinking. This led to the
coined terms left-brained or right-brained individuals.

Brain Lateralization or Brain Dominance Theory:

➔ According to the theory of left and right-brained dominance, each side of the brain
controls different types of thinking. For example, a left-brained person is often said to
be more logical, analytical, and objective. While a right-brained person is said to be
more intuitive, thoughtful, and subjective.
➔ Left-Brained Individuals: People with left-brained dominance are very organized,
logical, and detail-oriented. They process ideas in a methodical step-by-step manner
and this enables them to commit fewer mistakes. They favor rigid schedules and
deadlines. They are more auditory learners and are better at using words to remember
things rather than visual aids.
➔ Right-Brained Individuals: People with right-brained dominance are said to be more
emotional, swayed by feelings, and seem to view things and events through feelings.
They look at visual references as a whole and then go through details. They are intuitive,
believers of imagination and fantasies, risk-takers, creative, and unpredictable. They
tend to be disorganized, unable to make clear their priorities, and lack time
management.

The Differences of Left and Right Thinking:

Left Brain:
➔ Critical Thinkers.
➔ Able to express themselves using art, music, and dance.
➔ Gather information by feelings and intuition.
Right Brain:
➔ Creative Thinkers.
➔ Express themselves with concise words, numerical, and written formulas, and
technological systems.
➔ Collect information using logic and sense.
 These people are: They prefer:

Left-Brained ➔ Organized. ➔ Sequencing.

➔ Logical. ➔ Linear thinking.
➔ Detail-oriented. ➔ Mathematics.
➔ Thinking in words.
➔ Like to set goals.
➔ Can interpret
information well.
➔ Keep a tidy room.
➔ Answer questions
spontaneously.
➔ Follow directions and
read directions.

Right-Brained ➔ Intuitive. ➔ Imagination.

➔ Risk-takers. ➔ Holistic thinking.
➔ Creative. ➔ Rhythm.
➔ Feelings visualization.
➔ Daydreaming.
➔ Adventure.
➔ Writing.
➔ Fantasies.
➔ Expression.
You can grow your intelligence:
➔ The more that you challenge your mind to learn, the more your brain cells grow.
➔ The brain is more like a muscle- it changes and gets stronger when you use it.
➔ Most people don’t know that when they practice and learn new things, parts of their brain
change and get larger a lot like muscles do when they exercise.

Brain Related Disorders:

1. Amnesia- Loss of memory not accompanied by other mental difficulties.
Caused by: Brain Injury and Trauma.
➔ A. Retrograde Amnesia- impaired ability to recall past events and previously
familiar information. Can’t remember anything before the injury.
➔ B. Anterograde Amnesia- loss of memory occurring after the injury. Can’t form
new memories and damaged hippocampus.
2. Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)- is a neurodevelopmental disorder (a
problem related to brain development) that causes hyperactivity, impulsive behavior, and
attention problems.
3. Autism- classified as one of the pervasive developmental disorders of the brain.
3 types of symptoms: Impaired Social Interaction, Problems with Verbal and Nonverbal
Communication, and Unusual or Severely Limited Activities and Interests.
4. Parkinson’s Disease- a progressive, degenerative neurological condition that affects
the control of body movements. Trembling the hands, arms, legs, jaw, and face.
5. Stroke- happens when a blood clot blocks a blood vessel (artery) and interrupts blood
flow to the brain regions or when a blood vessel breaks leading to the bleeding of an
area of the brain.
6. Aneurysm- cerebral aneurysm is a common disorder caused by a weakness in the wall
of a brain artery. Rupture of cerebral aneurysm is very dangerous, sudden death,
recurrent bleeding.

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