Csec Chemistry Chapter 8 - Oxidation-Reduction

Csec Chemistry: Oxidation-Reduction
Objectives:
8.1
 Investigate the action of common oxidizing and reducing substances ineveryday

activities;
 Action of bleach (stain removal, browning of cut fruits and rusting.
 Sodium sulfite or sulfur dioxide used as food preservatives.
8.2
 Define oxidation and reduction;

 Loss and gain of electrons and a change in oxidation number
8.3
 Deduce oxidation number from formulae;
8.4
 Identify oxidation and reduction reactions including reactions at electrodes;
8.5
 Distinguish between oxidizing and reducing agents;

 Equations involving formulae for potassium chromate(VI), potassium manganate(VII)
and household bleach are not required.
 Inclusion of at least one example of a substance, which can behave both as an oxidizing
and a reducing agent.
 Perform reduction and oxidation reactions with potassium manganate (VII)
 iron(II)sulfate, potassium chromate(VI), hydrogen peroxide and potassium iodide.
 Concentrated hydrogen peroxide should be handled with care
8.6
 Perform tests for oxidizing and reducing agents.

 Oxidation is the loss of electrons by an element in its free state or an element in a
compound
 Reduction is the gain of electrons by an element in its free state or an element in a
compound
 Oxidation is the increase in oxidation number of an element in its free state or an
element in a compound
 Reduction is the decrease in oxidation number of an element in its free state or an
element in a compound
Oxidation Number or Oxidation State
An oxidation number can be assigned to each atom or ion in a chemical substance. The
oxidation number indicates the number of electrons lost, gained or shared as a result of
chemical bonding.
Rules to Follow When Determining Oxidation Numbers
1. Elements in their elemental or free state have an oxidation number of 0
2. Monoatomic ions have an oxidation number equal to the change on the polyatomic
3. The oxidation number of the atoms in polyatomic ions add up to the charge on the
polyatomic ion e.g in the nitrate ion (NO3-), the oxidation number of 3 oxygen ions and one
nitrogen ion add up to -1
4. Group 1 metals, in their compounds have an oxidation number of +1. Na in NaCl is +1,
k in KOH is +1
5. Group II metals in their compounds have an oxidation number of +2. Mg in MgCl is +2.
Ca in Ca0 is +2
6. Hydrogen in its compound usually has an oxidation number of +1 except for when it is
the hydride ion in some compounds where it has an oxidation number of -1
H in H20 Is +1. H in NH3 is +1 and H in Nah is -1
7. Oxygen usually has an oxidation number of -2 in its compound except for in peroxides
and superoxide’s and in its free state which is 0
8. In compounds between non-metals, the more electronegative part will have a negative
oxidation number while the less electronegative part will have a positive oxidation number
e.g. hydrofluoric acid HF, the fluorine has an oxidation number that is -1 and the hydrogen
has an oxidation number of +1
9. The oxidation numbers in a neutral compound add up to 0. In NaCl is +1 and Cl -1 and

both add up to 0
Look at these compounds:
NaClO
NaClO₂
NaClO₃
NaClO₄
They are all called sodium chlorate.
But how? That seems weird, right? But in each compound, chlorine has a different
oxidation number.
We can name each compound using the oxidation state to help distinguish among them.
NaClO - Chlorine's oxidation number is +1 here (in the chlorate ion), so this compound can
be called sodium chlorate (I)
NaClO₂ - Chlorine's oxidation number is +3 here, so this compound can be called sodium
chlorate (III)
NaClO₃ - Chlorine's oxidation number is +5 here, so this compound can be called sodium
chlorate (V)
NaClO₄ - Chlorine's oxidation number is +7 here, so this compound can be called sodium
chlorate (VII)
Using Oxidation Numbers to Recognize Redox Reactions
Any redox reaction can be recognized using the following steps:
• Write the balanced chemical equation for the reaction if it has not been given.
• Write the oxidation number of each element below it in brackets.1he oxidation numbers of
elements in polyatomic ions which remain unchanged during a reaction need not be
determined.
• Decide which element shows an increase in oxidation number. This element has been
oxidized.
• Decide which element shows a decrease in oxidation number. This element has been
reduced.
Note If the oxidation numbers of all elements remain unchanged, the reaction is not a redox
reaction
Oxidizing and Reducing Agents
 An oxidizing agent causes an element in its free state or an element in a compound to

lose electrons and causes the oxidation number to increase
 A reducing agent causes an element in its free state or an element in a compound to
gain electrons and causes the oxidation number to decrease
Common Oxidizing and Reducing Agents

Substances That Can Behave as Both Oxidizing and Reducing Agents
Tests for Oxidizing and Reducing Agents
Certain tests can be performed in the laboratory to determine if an unknown substance is

an oxidizing or reducing agent.
Oxidation-Reduction Reactions in Everyday Activities
Conductors
Conductors are substances that have a low resistance to the passage of electricity. They
allow an electric current to pass through them easily. They can be:
 Solids, e.g metals or graphite

 Liquids, e.g molten zinc chloride or molten metals
 Solutions, e.g a solution of sodium chloride in water or solutions in acids
Insulators
Insulators resist the flow of electricity. They are poor conductors of electricity. Most
insulators used to prevent the flow of electricity are solids. E.g plastics or ceramics
We can test to see whether a substance is a conductor or insulator by using one or other of
the circuits
 If the substance placed between crocodile clips is a conductor the lamp (bulb) will light
when the switch is closed. The ammeter will show a reading
 If the substance between the crocodile clips is an insulator, the lamp will not light when
the switch is closed. The ammeter will not show a reading
 The higher the ammeter reading, the better the conductor is
Metallic and Electrolytic Conduction
Metallic conduction is due to the movement of mobile(delocalized) electrons through the

metal lattice when a potential difference is applied. In electrolytic conduction there is often
a change in the molten ionic
Electrolytes
An electrolyte is a molten ionic compound or solution containing ions that conducts

electricity.
Strong electrolyte is a molten ionic compound or a solution containing ions that conducts
electricity.

Csec Chemistry Chapter 8 - Oxidation-Reduction

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Csec Chemistry Chapter 8 - Oxidation-Reduction

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Csec Chemistry Chapter 8 - Oxidation-Reduction

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Csec Chemistry: Oxidation-Reduction

 Investigate the action of common oxidizing and reducing substances ineveryday

 Define oxidation and reduction;

 Deduce oxidation number from formulae;

 Identify oxidation and reduction reactions including reactions at electrodes;

 Distinguish between oxidizing and reducing agents;

 Perform tests for oxidizing and reducing agents.

Oxidation Number or Oxidation State

Rules to Follow When Determining Oxidation Numbers

1. Elements in their elemental or free state have an oxidation number of 0

H in H20 Is +1. H in NH3 is +1 and H in Nah is -1

9. The oxidation numbers in a neutral compound add up to 0. In NaCl is +1 and Cl -1 and

They are all called sodium chlorate.

Any redox reaction can be recognized using the following steps:

 An oxidizing agent causes an element in its free state or an element in a compound to

Common Oxidizing and Reducing Agents

Certain tests can be performed in the laboratory to determine if an unknown substance is

 Solids, e.g metals or graphite

Metallic and Electrolytic Conduction

Metallic conduction is due to the movement of mobile(delocalized) electrons through the

An electrolyte is a molten ionic compound or solution containing ions that conducts

You might also like