WORKS CREDITED

IN THE TEXT

GENERAL GUIDELINES FOR CITATION

American Psychological Association. (2020). Publication manual of the American Psychological

Association (7th ed.). The Official Guide to APA Style. 1(1). 251-278.
 APPROPRIATE LEVEL OF CITATION
• Cite only works that you have read and ideas that you have incorporated into your
writing.
• Cite primary sources when possible and secondary sources sparingly.
• Paraphrases and direct quotations require citations.
• For most papers, cite one or two of the most representative sources for each key point.
• Avoid undercitation and overcitation:
• Undercitation can led to plagiarism, even when sources cannot be retrieved you still
need to credit them in the text (e.g. personal communications / avoid using online
sources that are no longer recoverable).
• Overcitation can be distracting and is unnecessary. It is considered overcitation to
repeat the same citation in every sentence when the source and topic have not
changed.
 PLAGIARISM
• It is the act of presenting the words, ideas or images of another as your own.
• Whether deliberate or unintentional, plagiarism violates ethical standards in
scholarship.
• To avoid plagiarism, provide appropriate credit to the source when you:
• Paraphrase (state in your own words the ideas of others).
• Directly quote the words of others.
• Refer to data or data sets.
• Reprint or adapt a table or figure.
• Reprint a long text passage or commercially copyrighted test item.
• For most works, appropriate credit takes the form of an author-date citation. However
according to the U.S. copyright law, authors must provide a copyright attribution.
 PLAGIARISM
• Publishers and educators may use plagiarism-checking software (iThenticate, Turnitin),
to identify cases in which entire papers have been copied, passages match, or a few
words have been changed, but content is largely the same (patchwriting).
• Human review is necessary to determine whether plagiarism has actually taken place.

SELF - PLAGIARISM
• It is the presentation of your own previously published work as original; like plagiarism,
self-plagiarism is unethical.
• In specific circumstances, authors may wish to duplicate their previously used words
without quotation marks or citation. It is permissible for an acceptable amount of
duplicated material if:
• The core of the new document is an original contribution to knowledge.
• Introduce the duplicated material with a phrase like “as I have previously discussed”.
 CORRESPONDENCE BETWEEN REFERENCE LIST AND TEXT
• APA Style uses author-date citation system, in which a brief in-text citation directs
readers to a full reference list entry.
• Each work cited in the text must appear in the reference list, and each work in the
reference list must be cited in the text.
• The date of a reference list entry may include: year, month/season, day.
• In-text citation includes only the year.
• A few exceptions to these guidelines:
• Personal communications, which are unrecoverable sources, are cited in the text only.
• General mentions of whole websites, common software and apps, in the text, do not
require a citation or reference list entry.
• The source of an epigraph does not usually appear in the reference list.
• Quotations from your research participants in the text, do not need citations or reference
list entry.
 USE OF THE PUBLISHED VERSION OR ARCHIVAL VERSION

• Multiple versions of the same work might coexist on the internet, and you should cite
the version of the work you used.
• Ideally, use and cite the final, published version of a work.
• However, if you used the advance online version, the in-press version, or the final peer-
reviewed manuscript accepted for publication, then cite that version.
• Informally published Works, such as those in a preprint archive or an institutional
repository or database, can also be cited, when these are the version used in your
work.
 PRIMARY AND SECONDARY SOURCES
• In scholarly work, a primary source reports original content; a secondary source refers
to content first reported in another source.
• Cite secondary sources sparingly – for instance, when the original work is out of print,
unavailable, or available only in a language that you do not understand.
• If possible, find the primary source, read it, and cite it directly, rather than citing a
secondary source.
• When citing a secondary source, provide a reference list entry for the secondary source
that you used. In the text, identify the primary source and then write “as cited in” the
secondary source that you used.
• If the year of publication of the primary source is known, also include it in the text.
• E.G. (Rabbit, 1982, as cited in Lyon et al., 2014)
• If the year of the primary source is unknown, omit it from the in-text citation.
• E.G. Allport’s diary (as cited in Nicholson, 2003)
 WORKS REQUIRING
SPECIAL APPROACHES
TO CITATION

American Psychological Association. (2020). Publication manual of the American Psychological

Association (7th ed.). The Official Guide to APA Style. 1(1). 259-261.
 INTERVIEWS
• Interviews used as sources of information can be classified into three categories:
• PUBLISHED INTERVIEWS.- They can appear in a variety of places (magazine, newspaper,
podcast, Youtube video, etc.).
• To cite these interviews follow the format for the reference type. The person being
interviewed will not necessarily appear in the author element of the reference.
• PERSONAL INTERVIEWS.- Are those you conduct as a means of obtaining information to
support a key point in your paper.
• Cite it as a personal communication, because readers cannot recover this type of
interview.
• RESEARCH PARTICIPANT INTERVIEWS.- Are those you conducted as part of your
methodology.
• They do not require a citation in APA Style, because you do not cite your own work in
the paper in which it is being first reported, however the information an be presented
and discussed in your paper.
 PERSONAL COMMUNICATIONS

• Works that cannot be recovered by readers (works without a source element), are cited
in the text as personal communications. It includes emails, text messages, online chats
or direct messages, personal interviews, telephone conversations, live speeches,
unrecorded classroom lectures, memos, letters, and so on.
• Do not use a personal communication citation for quotes or information from
participants whom you interviewed as part of your own original research.
• CITING PERSONAL COMMUNICATIONS IN THE TEXT.- Because readers cannot retrieve
the information in personal communications, they are not included in the reference
list; they are cited in the text only.
• Narrative citation: E. M. Paradis (personal communication, August 8, 2019)
• Parenthetical citation: (T. Nguyen, personal communication, February 24, 2020)
 IN-TEXT CITATIONS

American Psychological Association. (2020). Publication manual of the American Psychological

Association (7th ed.). The Official Guide to APA Style. 1(1). 261-269.
 AUTHOR-DATE CITATION SYSTEM
• Use the author-date citation system to cite references in the text in APA Style. In this
system, each work used in a paper has two parts: an in-text citation and a
corresponding reference list entry. The in-text citation appears within the body of the
paper (or in a table, figure, footnote, or appendix). This citation enables readers to
locate the corresponding entry in the alphabetical reference list at the end of the
paper. Each reference list provides the author, date, title, and source of the work cited
in the paper and enables readers to identify and retrieve the work.
• Reference list entry: Alexander, P. A. (2018). Past as prologue: Educational
phsychology’s legacy and progeny. Journal of Educational
Psychology, 110(2), 147-162.
https://doi.org/10.1037/edu0000200
• Parenthetical citation: (Alexander, 2018)
• Narrative citation: Alexander (2018)
 PARENTHETICAL AND NARRATIVE CITATIONS

• Parenthetical Citation:
• Both the author and the date, separated by a comma, appear in parenthesis for a
parenthetical citation. It can appear within or at the end of a sentence. When it is at
the end of a sentence, put the period after the closing parenthesis.
• Falsely balanced news coverage can distort the public’s perception of expert consensus
on an issue (Koehler, 2016).

• Narrative Citation:
• The author appears in running text and the date appears in parenthesis
immediately after the author name of a narrative citation.
• Koehler (2016) noted the dangers of falsely balanced news coverage.