PDF Elaboracion de Nectar

Download as pdf or txt
Download as pdf or txt
You are on page 1of 12

 

  CI\
CI\OE@
OE@MWX
MWX]\E
]\EC
C U CDEKG@
CDE KG@]OX
]OX E

W@EQG\XEMCM @CHEO@CD MG XC@ CIWX]E@ MG C\GSWEZC


ACHWD]CM MG E@IG@EG\EC MG Z\OHGXOX
GXHWGDC Z\OAGXEO@CD MG E@IG@EG\EC SWEKEHC

CXEI@C]W\C2
CXEI@C]W\C2 DCLO
DCLO\C]O
\C]O\EO
\EO MG CI\OE@MW
CI\OE@MWX]\EC
X]\EC U
CDEKG@]OX 3

Z\OHGXO MG GDCLO\CHEO@ MG @GH]C\ MG A\W]CX


 
E@I2 NC\E@C DERG]]G KO\C@ KGME@C

ZG\]G@GHG2 SWEXZG AEIWG\OC GME XCKWGD

]W\@O2 M

C\GSWEZC ‘ ZG\W
<:<:

G.K.K. K.S.L. N.K.K.


 

  CI\
CI\OE@
OE@MWX
MWX]\E
]\EC
C U CDEKG@
CDE KG@]OX
]OX E

Z\CH]EHC @º3:

Z\OHGXO MG GDCLO\CHEO@ MG @GH]C\ MG A\W]CX


3. OLBG]E
G]EQOX

Ho`ohgr dcs gtcpcs mgd prohgso mg gdclorcheø` mg `åhtcr mg arutcs.
 Gvcducr dc e`ug`hec mg vcrecldgs y pcrãkgtros g` gd prohgso mg gdclorcheø` mg `åhtcr
mg arutcs, chormg ho` dcs gspghehcheo`gs
gspghehcheo`gs tåh`ehcs g` dc gdclorcheø` mg gstos
promuhtos.
 Gvcducr dcs hcrchtgrëshcs sg`sorecdgs y sehoquëkehcs mgd promuhto.
 Ho`ohgr y gvcducr dcs kgmemcs mg sgiuremcm g feieg`g g` gd prohgso mg gdclorcheø` mg
`åhtcrgs.

<. AW
AW@M
@MCK
CKG@]
G@]O
O ]G
]GO\
O\EH
EHO
O

W` `åhtcr gs u`c lglemc prgpcrcmc c pcrr mg pudpc mg arutc, `cturcd o ho`hg`trcmc, tckezcmc ho`
cmeheø` mg czòhcr y ciuc.
Gxestg u`c meagrg`hec g`trg buio y `åhtcr mg arutcs. Xg gspgrc qug gd buio sgc gd rgsudtcmo mg
gxpreker dc arutc, vgrmurcs o fegrlcs cd 3::% gd hucd pugmg
pugmg cprovghfcr dc tg`mg`hec mg scdum.
Keg`trcs qug gd `åhtcr gs promuhto aorkudcmo, gs mgher sg prgpcrc mg chugrmo c u`c rghgtc o
aorkudc prggstcldghemc gd hucd ho`g`g g` mevgrsos ircmos, gd buio o gxtrchto `cturcd mg arutcs g`
au`heø` mg dcs prgagrg`hecs mg dos aclrehc`tgs. Hcmc gkprgsc pugmg posggr su propec aorkudcheø`
mg u` `åhtcr pcrc u` aruto mgtgrke`cmo.
Mg gstg komo gd `åhtcr gs u` cdekg`to `utrevo, qug ho`sgrvc dc kcyor hc`mcm mg vetcke`cs y
ke`grcdgs otros `utreg`tgs `ghgscreos pcrc gd lug` au`heo`ckeg`to mg `ugstro oric`esko.
G` gd kgrhcmo dos `åhtcrgs mg kcyor chgptcheø` hokgrhecd so` dos mg kc`zc`c, murcz`o, pgrc,
kc`io, peóc.
Gd prohgso posgg vcrecs gtcpcs. Ho`sestg g` dc gxtrchheø` mg dc pudpc, dc aorkudcheø` mg u`c kgzhdc
mg pudpc, ciuc y czòhcr, dc cpdehcheø` mg u` trctckeg`to tårkeho (pcstgurezcheø`) y `cdkg`tg gd
g`vcscmo. G` dc aorkudcheø` sg mglg tokcr g` hug`tc dc rgdcheø` g`trg pudpc y ciuc> gd hucd sg
fchg vcrecr `orkcdkg`tg g` dc proporheø` 323> 32<> 328> y 32= mg pudpc2 ciuc, ddgvc`mo tomcs gstcs
kgzhdcs mg 3= c 37ºLrex. Gd ho`tg`emo `cd mg czòhcr gs mgscrroddo mg dc aorkudcheø` propec mg hcmc
gkprgsc, prgveo c`ãdeses oric`odåpho rgcdezcmo c u` irupo mg tåh`ehos o pc`gdestcs mg dc keskc
gkprgsc.

8. G]CZ
G]CZC
C GVZG
GVZG\E
\EKG
KG@]
@]CD
CD

8.3 Kctgre
Kctgrecc Zrekc
Zrekc g E`suk
E`sukos
os

Arutc mg lug`c hcdemcm y hokpdgtckg`tg kcmurc.


 Ciuc potcldg
 Czòhcr

G.K.K. K.S.L. N.K.K.


 

 Ãhemo hëtreho (buio mg dekø`)


 Ãhemo cshørleho (pcsddc mg vetcke`c H)
 Ho`sgrvcmor quëkeho (sorlcto mg potcseo o lg`zocto mg someo).

8.< Kctgrecdgs
Kctgrecdgs y Gquepos
Gquepos..

 Lcdc`zc
 Hodcmor o deg`zo mg dtrcmo
 Hohe`eddc o gstuac
 \ghepeg`tgs mg hcpchemcm
hcpchemcm < dt. (sgiò` hc`mcm c prgpcrcr).
 pF-kgtro
 Qcsos mg prghepetcmo 7:: kd.
 Lciugtcs mg vemreo
 Arcshos mg vemreo pcrc g`vcscmo
 < gspãtudcs o huhfcrcs mg kcmgrc
 ]grkøkgtro
 \garchtøkgtro
 Zudpgcmorc
 

8.8 Mecirckc
Mecirckc mgd
mgd Zrohgso
Zrohgso

\ghgpheø` y Xgdghheø` mg
dc Arutc

Dcvcmo y Mgse`aghheø`

Xgdghheø`

Zgscmo

Zgdcmo

Zudpgcmo

\g`cmo

Gstc`mcrezcheø`
Ciuc Czòhcr Ciuc2 buio 32 V
Ãhemo hëtreho ºLrex pF
Gstcledezc`tg
Fokoig`ezcheø`

Zcstgurezcheø`

G`vcscmo

G`arecmo

Cdkchg`cmo
 

\ghgpheø` y Xgdghheø`
\ghgpheø` Xgdghheø` mg dc arutc2 Dc rghgpheø` mglg fchgrsg g` rghepeg`tgs cmghucmos y
dekpeos. Xg sgdghheo`c`
sgdghheo`c` dcs arutcs g` lug` gstcmo, pudpc rkg y se` sei`os mg pomrgmuklrg. @o
e`tgrgsc gd tckcóo `e dc aorkc.

Dcvcmo y Mgse`aghheø`2 Xg rgcdezc ho` dc `cdemcm mg gdeke`cr dc suhegmcm y/o rgstos mg grrc
cmfgre
cmf gremos
mos g` dc supgrhe
supgrhegg mg dc arutc.
arutc. Zugmg
Zugmg sgr por e`kgrs
e`kgrseø`
eø` mg dc arutc g` `cs, gd
e`ho`vg`eg`tg gs qug sg mglg hcklecr ho`stc`tgkg`tg gd ciuc, pcrc gvetcr dc prodeagrcheø` mg
kehrooric
kehr ooric`esko
`eskoss por gd ciuc gstc`hcmc.
gstc`hcmc. Zor cietcheø`,
cietcheø`, dc arutc gs ddgvcmc c trcvås mg u`c
horreg`tg mg ciuc mg aorkc ho``uc. Cspgrseø`> kuy udezcmo g` pdc`tcs mg irc` hcpchemcm
mg promuhheø`. Xg mglg tokcr g` hug`tc dc prgseø`, gd vodukg`, tgkpgrcturc mgd ciuc, gkpo
mg gxposeheø`, mestc`hec mgd rohecmor c dc arutc. G` cklos hcsos gd ciuc mglg gstcr hdorcmc ho`
ho`hg`trcheo`gs
ho`hg`trcheo` gs mg :.:7 c :.<% mg hdoro.

Xgdghheø`. Dcs arutcs sg sgdghheo`c` ho`semgrc`mo su hcdemcm, sgpcrc`mo cqugddcs e`agstcmcs o


hfc`hcmcs.

Zgscmo. Kgmec`tg gstc opgrcheø` pomgkos mgtgrke`cr gd rg`mekeg`to g` promuhto.

Zgdcmo. Gd pgdcmo mg dc arutc pugmg sgr kc`ucd, kghã`eho o quëkeho, gsto mgpg`mg mgd po mg
Zgdcmo.
hcshcrc qug posgg dc arutc.
Zudpgcmo. Ho`sestg g` oltg`gr pudpc o buio delrg mg hcshcrc y sgkeddcs y lrc. G` dc e`mustrec
sg u
udedezc
zc`
` pu
pudp
dpgc
gcmo
morc
rcs,
s, pc
pcrc
rc du
dugi
gio
o rg`
rg`cr
cr ho`
ho` dc `
`cd
cdem
emcm
cm mg rgmu
rgmuhe
herr mg tc
tckc
kcóo
óo.. Dc
pudpgcmorc e`mustrecd g`g pcrãkgtros rgiudcldgs hoko vgdohemcm, meãkgtro mg oreheo.

\g`cmo. Ho`ses
\g`cmo. Ho`sestg
tg g` rgmuhe
rgmuherr gd tckcóo
tckcóo mg dc pudpc,
pudpc, pcrc otoric
otoricrr u`c cpcreg`h
cpcreg`hec
ec kãs
fokoiå`gc. Xe sg usc dehucmorc pcrc mgspudpcr gs `ghgscreo uscr u` tckez pcrc rg`cr dc
pudpc.

Gstc`mcrezcmo. G` gstc
gstc gtcpc gs ekportc`tg tg`gr g` hug`tc dc aorkudcheø`, gs mgher fchgr
tomos dos hãdhudos pcrc pgscr dos mgkãs e`irgmeg`tgs g` au`heø` mg dc meduheø` qug sg mgsgc
fchgr pcrc oltg`gr gd `åhtcr. Ho`sestg g`2 meduer dc pudpc oltg`emc ho` ciuc g` au`heø` cd sclor
y hcdemcm mgd promuhto c oltg`gr, rgiudcr dc chemgz, rgiudcr dos sødemos soduldgs (ºLrex), cmeheo`cr
prgsgrvc`tg y gstcledezc`tg pcrc qug dc pudpc `o prghepetg. Dos prgsgrvc`tgs quëkehos kãs
hoku`gs so` gd sorlcto mg potcseo y gd lg`zocto mg someo udezcmos fcstc :.:8%. G` dc
rgiudcheø` mg dos ircmos Lrex sg gkpdgc czòhcr ldc`hc rg`cmc o gmudhorc`tgs hoko
cspcrtckg o suhrcdosc. Gd ãhemo hëtreho gs gd e`suko kãs udezcmo pcrc rgiudcr dc chemgz mgd
`åhtcr fcstc 8.6
o kg`os. Hoko gstcledezc`tgs sg pugmg udezcr2 HKH (hcrloxedkgdhgdudosc), iokc crãleic,
iokc xc`tã`, iokc mg tcrc, g`trg otrcs ho` ho`hg`trcheo`gs mg :.:6%.
Fokoig`ezcheø`. Xg u`eaorkezc dc kgzhdc rgkoveg`mo ho`stc`tgkg`tg fcstc doircr dc
hokpdgtc mesoduheø` mg tomos dos e`irgmeg`tgs cócmemos.
Zcstgurezcheø`. Gstc opgrcheø` sg rgcdezc ho` dc `cdemcm mg rgmuher dc hcric kehrolec`c y
Zcstgurezcheø`.
csgiurcr dc e`ohuemcm mgd promuhto.
 

G`vcscmo. G` gstc opgrcheø` sg udezc` lotgddcs mg vemreo o pdãsho g` dc e`mustrec udezc` dcs
hcbetcs tredcke`cmcs, åstg mglg rgcdezcrsg g` hcdeg`tg, c u`c tgkpgrcturc `o kg`or c 67ºH. Gd
ddg`cmo mgd `åhtcr gs fcstc gd topg mgd ho`tg`emo mg dc lotgddc, gvetc`mo dc aorkcheø` mg
gspukc. E`kgmectckg`tg sg hodohc dc tcpc, dc hucd sg rgcdezc mg aorkc kc`ucd. G` dc e`mustrec
sg usc` tcpcs mg`oke`cmcs —tcpc roshc‛, o g` hcso ho`trcreo se sg vc c gkpdgcr dcs hfcpcs
kgtãdehcs sg mglg fchgr uso mg dc sgddcmorc mg lotgddcs.
G`arecmo Gd `åhtcr gs g`arecmo rãpemckg`tg mgspuås mgd g`vcscmo pcrc ig`grcr u` hckleo
G`arecmo
lrusho mg tgkpgrcturc y csë csgiurcr dc aorkcheø` mg vchëo mg`tro mgd arcsho o lotgddc. Gd
g`arecmo pugmg fchgrsg kc`ucdkg`tg kgmec`tg hforros mg ciuc arëc o por gd pcso mg`tro mg
u` tò`gd mg muhfcs mg ciuc arëc g` u`c e`mustrec.

Cdkchg`cmo. Xg rgcdezc pcrc csgiurcr qug gd promuhto sg g`hug`trg g` dc kgbor ho`meheø`


sehc ckleg`tcd fcstc qug ddgiug gd kokg`to mg su vg`tc. Dos rgquesetos qug mglg rgu`er gd
ckleg`tg mgs`cmo cd cdkchå` so` dos seiueg`tgs2 - W` duicr dekpeo, sgho y ho` suheg`tg
vg`dcheø`.

C ho``ucheø`, vgr dos seiueg`tgs de`ns2

fps2//www.yo
fps2//www.youtulg.hok/wcth
utulg.hok/wcthf?v;ms7vig:RXoE
f?v;ms7vig:RXoE  `åhtcr mg kc`io Koro Hfeklotg
fps2//www.youtulg.hok/wcthf?v;]vzdDGzwaZ: zukos y `åhtcrgs Gspcóc
fps2//www.youtulg.hok/wcthf?v;]vzdDGzwaZ:zukos
fps2//www.youtulg.hok/wcthf?v;FBl3RYR7nni hãdhudos buios y `åhtcrgs
fps2//www.youtulg.hok/wcthf?v;FBl3RYR7nnihãdhudos

=. HÃDHW
HÃDHWDOX
DOX MG AO\KW
AO\KWDCHEØ
DCHEØ@
@ U MO
MOXEAEH
XEAEHCHEØ
CHEØ@
@ ZC\C W
W@
@ @ÅH]
@ÅH]C\
C\

Zcrc gxpdehcr gd prohgmekeg`to pcrc dos hãdhudos mg dc aorkudcheø` mgd `åhtcr, sg mglg tokcr g`
hug`tc dcs seiueg`tgs vcrecldgs2

QC\ECLDGX C ]OKC\ G@
HWG@]C
Lrex mg dc arutc Zgso totcd mg czòhcr g` gd promuhto
Lrex mgd czòhcr ; 3:: Lrex mgd promuhto
AZrgcshohemøg`amrugtcczòhcr mg dc arutc AArrcchhhheeø
ø`
`mmgg cczzò
òhhccrr gg`
` ggdd p
czro
òm
hcurht;o3
Zgso mg czòhcr Zgso totcd mg promuhto
Zgso mg czòhcr cportcmo por dc arutc

Zcrc dc gdclorcheø` mg u` `åhtcr sg mglg tokcr g` hug`tc dc aorkudcheø` mg dc kgzhdc, pudpc,


czòhcr y ciuc. Zrekgro sg fchg` pruglcs mg mgiustcheø` pcrc gstcldghgr dc kgbor rgdcheø`. Gs
ekportc`tg lushcr gd gquedelreo mudzor/chemgz.
mudzor/chemgz.

Gd hãdhudo mg dc aorkudcheø` mg u` `åhtcr sg rgcdezc por cproxekcheo`gs suhgsevcs, porqug hcmc


vgz qug sg hcdhudc dc hc`mcm mg czòhcr por cirgicr, gd vodukg` hcklec, por do tc`to, hcklec
dc ho`hg`trcheø`. Dc ho`hg`trcheø`
ho`hg`trcheø` øpkc sg ho`seiug cd hclo mg 8 c = cproxekcheo`gs.
 

HWGX]EO@C\EO

3. E`mehcr
E`mehcr qug rgqueset
rgquesetos
os mg hcdemcm
hcdemcm mglg`
mglg` hukpder
hukpder u` `åhtcr
`åhtcr pcrc sg
sgrr hokgrhecdezcm
hokgrhecdezcmo.
o.

Gd `åhtcr, hoko tomo cdekg`to pcrc ho`suko fukc`o, mglg sgr gdclorcmo ho` dcs kãxekcs
kgmemcs mg feieg`g qug csgiurg` dc hcdemcm y `o po`ic g` regsio, dc scdum mg queg`gs do
ho`sukg`. Zor do tc`to, mglg gdclorcrsg g` lug`cs ho`meheo`gs mg sc`emcm, ho` arutcs kcmurcs,
args
argshc
hcs,
s, dekp
dekpec
ecss y delr
delrgs
gs mg rgst
rgstos
os mg sust
sustc`
c`he
hecs
cs tø
tøxe
xehc
hcs.
s. Zugm
Zugmgg prgp
prgpcr
crcr
crsg
sg ho
ho`` pudp
pudpcs
cs
ho`hg`trc
ho`h g`trcmcs
mcs o ho` arutcs prgveckg`t
prgveckg`tgg gdclorcmc
gdclorcmcss o ho`sgrvcm
ho`sgrvcmcs,
cs, segkprg
segkprg qug rgò`c` dos
rgquesetos kg`heo`cmos.

G` ig`grcd, dos rgquesetos mg u` `åhtcr sg pugmg` rgsuker mg dc seiueg`tg kc`grc2

 Xødemos soduldgs por dghturc (ºLrex) c <:ºH2 Kë`eko 3<%, Kãxeko 36%.

 pF2 8.7 ‘ =.: - Chemgz tudcldg (gxprgscmc g` ãhemo hëtreho c`femro i/3::hk8)2 Kãxeko
:.1, Kë`eko :.=.

 \gdcheø` g`trg sødemos soduldgs / chemgz tudcldg2 8: ‘ 9:.


Xødemos g` suspg`seø` g` %(Q/Q)2 36.
 Ho`tg`emo mg cdhofod gdeho g` %(Q/Q) c 37 ºH/37ºH2 Kãxeko :.7.

 Ho`sgrvc`tg2 Lg`zocto mg Xomeo y/o Xorlcto mg Zotcseo (sodos o g` ho`bu`to) g` i/3::


kd.2 kãxeko :.:7%. @o mglg ho`tg`gr c`såphos.

 Xclor2 Xekedcr cd mgd buio argsho y kcmuro, se` iusto c hohemo, oxemcheø` o sclorgs
olbgtcldgs.

 Hodor y Odor2 Xgkgbc`tg cd mgd buio y pudpc rgheå` oltg`emos mgd aruto argsho y kcmuro mg
dc vcregmcm gdgiemc. Mglg tg`gr u` odor crokãho.

 Cpcreg`hec2 Xg cmketg` trczcs mg pcrhudcs oshurcs.


Mglg gstcr delrg mg lchtgrecs pctøig`cs. Xg pgrketg u` ho`tg`emo kãxeko mg kofo mg
he`ho hckpos posevos por hcmc 3::.

<. ¿Huãd gs gd olbgvo


olbgvo mg
mg cócmer
cócmer ãhemo
ãhemo hëtreh
hëtreho
o c u`
u` `åhtcr?
`åhtcr?

Xg gkpdgc pcrc rgiudcr dc chemgz mgd `åhtcr y mg gstc kc`grc fchgrdo kg`os sushgpldg cd ctcqug
mg kehrooric`eskos, yc qug g` kgmeos ãhemos åstos `o pomrã` mgscrroddcrsg.
]omcs dcs arutcs g`g` su propec chemgz, pgro u`c vgz qug sg e`horporc gd ciuc åstc sg mglg
horrgier. Zcrc sclgr se gd buio o dc pudpc meduemc posgg dc chemgz cpropecmc, sg mglg kgmer su ircmo
mg chemgz kgmec`tg gd uso mg u` potg`heøkgtro o pF-kgtro> tckleå` sg pugmg udezcr pcpgd
e`mehcmor mg chemgz, ho` su rgspghvc tcldc mg ho1 dorgs. Hoko rgagrg`hec solrg gd ircmo mg
chemgz, 9 sg pugmg kg`heo`cr qug gd pF mg dos `åhtcrgs uhtòc g` ig`grcd g`trg 8.7 ‘ 8.6.
 

8. ¿Suå gstcled
gstcledezc`t
ezc`tgs
gs sg udezc
udezc g` gd prohgso
prohgso mg gdclorcheø
gdclorcheø`
` mgd `åhtc
`åhtcr?,
r?, y huãd gs su
olbgvo?
Gs u` e`suko qug sg gkpdgc pcrc gvetcr dc sgmekg`tcheø` g` gd `åhtcr, mg dcs pcrhudcs qug
ho`stuyg` dc pudpc mg dc arutc. Csekesko, gd gstcledezcmor dg ho`grg kcyor ho`sestg`hec cd
`åhtcr. Gd gstcledezcmor kãs gkpdgcmo pcrc dc gdclorcheø` mg `åhtcrgs gs gd Hcrloxe Kgd Hgdudosc
(H.K.H) mglemo c qug `o hcklec dcs hcrchtgrëshcs propecs mgd `åhtcr, soportc tgkpgrcturcs mg
pcstgurezcheø` y chtòc kuy leg` g` kgmeos ãhemos.

=. Zorqug
Zorqug gs ekportc`t
ekportc`tg g dc gtcpc mg dc gstc`mc
gstc`mcrezche
rezcheø`
ø` g` gd proh
prohgso
gso mgd `åhtcr.
`åhtcr. ¿Suå
¿Suå
vcrecldgs sg ho`trodc`?
G` gstc opgrcheø` sg rgcdezc dc kgzhdc mg tomos dos e`irgmeg`tgs qug ho`stuyg` gd `åhtcr. Dc
gstc`mcrezcheø` e`voduhrc dos seiueg`tgs pcsos2
 Meduheø` mg dc pudpc.
 \giudcheø` mgd mudzor.

\giudcheø` mg dc chemgz.
 Cmeheø` mgd gstcledezcmo.
 Cmeheø` mgd ho`sgrvc`tg
 \giudcr dos ºlrex

7. Huãd gs
gs dc rczø`
rczø` mg aorkud
aorkudcr
cr gd `åhtcr
`åhtcr kgmec
kgmec`tg
`tg cproxekch
cproxekcheo`g
eo`gs.
s.

—Dos hãdhudos qug sg rgcdezc` pcrc dc aorkudcheø` mgd `åhtcr, mglg` fchgrsg g` au`heø` cd
pgso mg hcmc u`o mg dos e`irgmeg`tgs. G` tcd sg`mo gd hãdhudo mg pudpc mg arutc y ciuc sg
mglg` gxprgscr g` nedoirckos o sus gquevcdg`hecs‛.

Zcrc gxpdehcr gd prohgmekeg`to pcrc dos hãdhudos mg dc aorkudcheø` mgd `åhtcr, sg uscrã dc
keskc seklodoiëc uscmc g` ho`sgrvcs y kgrkgdcmcs.

Csë2

LA2ºLrex mg dc arutc
LC 2ºLrex mgd czòhcr ; 3::
VCA 2 Archheø` mg czòhcr mg dc arutc
ZA 2 Zgso mg arutc
ZC 2 Zgso mg czòhcr
ZCA 2 Zgso mg czòhcr cportcmo por dc arutc
Z]C 2 Zgso totcd mg czòhcr g` gd promuhto
OLZ 2 ºLrex mgd promuhto
VCZ2 Archheø` mg czòhcr g` gd promuhto
 

VCC2 Archheø` mg czòhcr g` gd czòhcr ; 3


Z]Z 2 Zgso totcd mg promuhto

W` cspghto ekportc`tg qug ho`stuyg gd pu`to mg pcrmc g` dc gdclorcheø` mg u` `åhtcr,


gs dc aorkudcheø` mg dc kgzhdc pudpc, czòhcr y ciuc. Gs `ghgscreo ddgvcr c hclo pruglcs mg
mgiustcheø` pcrc gstcldghgr g` aorkc hdcrc huãd sgrã dc rgdcheø` g`trg pudpc, czòhcr y ciuc
pcrc
pcrc g`t
g`trgi
rgicr
cr u` pro
promu
muhto
hto sg`
sg`sor
sorecd
ecdkg`
kg`tg
tg chg
chgptc
ptcldg
ldg.. G` gst
gstgg sg`
sg`mo
mo gs ekp
ekport
ortc`t
c`tgg
gstcldghgr qug do qug sg lushc gs gd gquedelreo mg sclor y crokcs, kãs qug gd gquedelreo
mudzor/chemgz qug sg doirc u`c vgz cirgicmc gd czòhcr.

G`to`hgs, gd hãdhudo mg dc aorkudcheø` mg u` `åhtcr sg rgcdezc por cproxekcheo`gs suhgsevcs,


porqug hcmc vgz qug sg hcdhudc dc hc`mcm mg czòhcr por cirgicr, sg mglg ho`semgrcr qug,
cd cirgicr gd czòhcr, gd vodukg` hcklec y, por do tc`to, hcklec dc ho`hg`trcheø`. Cd hclo mg
8 c = cproxekcheo`gs sg olg`g dc ho`hg`trcheø` mgsgcmc.

Zcrc edustrcr gd komo mg hãdhudo sg mgscrroddcrã u` gbgkpdo pcso c pcso chgrhc mg høko
aorkudcr u` `åhtcr.

1. \gcdehg
\gcdehg tomos
tomos dos hãdhudos
hãdhudos pcrc
pcrc oltg`gr
oltg`gr dcs cproxekch
cproxekcheo`g
eo`gss mg hc`mcm
hc`mcm czòhcr
czòhcr pcrc
gdclorcr u` `åhtcr mg kc`zc`c. Zcrc 3: ni mg arutc.
Fchgr
Fchgr gd lcdc`h
lcdc`hgg mg kcsc
kcsc horrgs
horrgspo`
po`meg
meg`tg
`tg..
\gvesg gd gbgkpdo edustrcvo g` crhfevo cmbu`to.

Mctos2

Zudpc mg kc`zc`c 68%


Xgkedd
keddc,
c, hcsh
cshcr
crcc y lrc
lrc 3939%
%
Czòhcr g` dc arutc 3:.6 ºLrex
Zr
Zrom
omuuhto
hto tg
tgrke`
rke`cmcmo2
o2 `åhtcr
htcr hho`
o` 38 ºLre
ºLrex.
x.
\gdc
\gdche
heø`
ø` pu
pudp
dpc2
c2 ciuc
ciuc Wm mgtg
mgtgrk
rke`
e`g>
g> pugm
pugmgg ssgr
gr22 32<>
32<> 328>
328> 32=
32=

Czòhcr2 suheg`tg pcrc hokpdgtcr 38 ºLrex g` gd `åhtcr.

Zcrc achedetcr gd pcdpcmo mg dc arutc, sg dc sokgtg c u` gshcdmcmo g` ciuc ferveg`mo por 3: ke`>
dugio sg dcs hortc c do dcrio g` huctro pcrtgs y sg prohgmg cd pcdpcmo ho` cyumc mg u`c
mgspudpcmorc kc`ucd. Cdtgr`cvckg`tg, dos arutos sg pugmg` gshcdmcr hortcmos g` hucrtos, g`
pohc ciuc ferveg`mo por 7 ke`utos.

Gstc pudpc
Gstc pudpc sg hcd
hcdeg`
eg`tc
tc g` gludd
gluddehe
eheø`
ø` y sg g`vcsc
g`vcsc g` hcdhcdeg`
eg`tg
tg g` arcsho
arcshoss mg vemreo
vemreo sgd
sgddcm
dcmos
os
fgrkåhckg`tg y, dugio, sg gstgredezc`, sg g`arëc` y sg gqugtc`. Gsto gs do qug ho`stuyg gd purå
`cturcd mg kc`zc`c.

Dugio sg prohgmg c dc aorkudcheø` mgd `åhtcr, hcdhudc`mo dc rgdcheø` pudpc-ciuc-czòhcr, po`eg`mo


u`c pcrtg mg pudpc
pudpc ho` me meagr
agrg`t
g`tgs
gs pcrtgs
pcrtgs mg ciuc,
ciuc, g` vcsos
vcsos cprope
cpropecmo
cmos,
s, ddgvc`
ddgvc`mo
mo tomcs
tomcs dcs
hokle`cheo`gs c 38 ºLrex ho` czòhcr.

Xg rgcdezc dc pruglc y dc hokle`cheø` oltg`emo ho` kcyor chgptcheø`, servg pcrc rgcdezcr dc kgzhdc
`cd mgd `åhtcr. G` gstg hcso sg usc u`c rgdcheø` 328, pudpc2 ciuc.
 

Xoduheø`2

Mcmcs dcs hcrchtgrëshcs mgd proldgkc, mg dc hc`mcm mg arutc ho` qug sg hug`tc sg oltg`mrã` 6.8
ni mg pudpc delrg mg sgkeddcs. Xg csukerã qug, u`c vgz rgcdezcmcs dcs pruglcs mg mgiustcheø`, sg fc
gstcldghemo qug u`c aørkudc cmghucmc gs mg 328, gs mgher u`c porheø` mg pudpc mg kcrchuyã ho`
trgs porheo`gs mg ciuc. Gsto sei`ehc qug gd vodukg` o pgso totcd mg dc kgzhdc se` czòhcr sgrã mg =
vghgs 6.8, do qug mc 88.< nedoirckos.

Mg dos mctos mgd proldgkc sg g`g2

Lrex mg dc arutc2 3:.6ºLrex

Archheø` mg czòhcr g` dc arutc2 :,39

Zgso mg czòhcr g` tomc dc pudpc2 6.8 x :,37 ; 3.<=7 ni

Lrex mgd promuhto2 38ºLrex

Xoduheø`2 Zrekgrc

cproxekcheø`2 Zgso totcd mgd promuhto (`åhtcr)2 88.7ni

Archheø` mg czòhcr g` gd promuhto2 :,39

Zgso totcd mg czòhcr2 88.7 ni* :,39 ; 7.:<7 ni (pcrc doircr dos 38 ºLrex)

Zgso mgd Czòhcr2 7.:<7 ni ‘ 3.<=7 ni ; 8.96 ni (cirgicr czòhcr c 3)

Mg gstg komo, gd `ugvo pgso mgd promuhto sgrã gd pgso oreie`cd kãs 8.96 ni mg czòhcr, gs mgher2
88.7 ni + 8.96 ni;89.<6 nedoirckos.

Hoko dc hc`mcm mg czòhcr qug fcy g` dc kgzhdc gs mg 7.:<7 ni. dos ircmos Lrex mg gstc prekgrc
cproxekcheø` sgrã`2 LZ32 7.:<7 ni2 89.<6ni ; 33,=5 ºLrex

Xgiu`mc cproxekcheø`2

Z]Z2 89.<6ni

VCZ2 :,39

Z]C2 89.<6 ni x :,39 ; 7.75< ni (pcrc doircr 38 ºLrex)

ZC2 7.75< ni ‘ 7.:<7 ni ; :.719 ni (cirgicr czòhcr c <)

Mg gstg komo, gd `ugvo pgso mgd promuhto sgrã por fokodoiëc ho` gd hcso c`tgreor, 89.<6 ni +
:.719 ni. do qug mc u` vcdor mg 89.6=9 nedoirckos. Gd czòhcr g` dc kgzhdc sgrã mg 7.75< ni.
cukg`tc`mo dc hc`mcm Lrex g` gstc sgiu`mc cproxekcheø` c u` vcdor mg2

LZ<2 7.75< ni2 89.6=9 ni ; 3<,99 ºLrex


 

]grhgrc cproxekcheø`2
Z]Z2 89.6=9 ni

VCZ2 :,39

Z]C2 89.6=9 ni x :,39 ; 1.=8= ni (pcrc doircr 38 ºLrex)

ZC2 1.=8= ni ‘ 1.8891 ni ; :,:51= ni (cirgicr czòhcr c 8)

Mg gstg komo, gd `ugvo pgso mgd promuhto sgrã por fokodoiëc ho` gd hcso c`tgreor, 89,6=9 ni +
:,:51= ni. do qug mc u` vcdor mg 89.5=8=nedoirckos. Gd czòhcr g` dc kgzhdc sgrã mg 1.=8= ni.
cukg`tc`mo dc hc`mcm Lrex c u` vcdor mg2

 LZ82 1.=8= ni2 89.5=8= ni ; 3<,511 ºLrex

Hucrtc cproxekcheø`2

Z]Z2 89.5=8= ni

VCZ2 :,39

Z]C2 89.5=8= ni x :,39 ; 1.=7 ni (pcrc doircr dos 37 ºLrex)

ZC2 1.=7 ‘ 1.=8= ni ; :,:31= i (cirgicr czòhcr c =)

Mg gstg komo gd `ugvo pgso mgd promuhto sgrã por fokodoiëc ho` gd hcso c`tgreor, 89.5=8= ni +
:,:31= ni. do qug mc u` vcdor mg 89.5759 nedoirckos. Gd czòhcr g` dc kgzhdc sgrã mg 1.=7 ni.
ddgvc`mo dos ircmos Lrex g` gstc tgrhgrc cproxekcheø` cd vcdor mg2
LZ=2 1.=7 ni2 89.5759 ni ; 3<,557 ºLrex

Ho` gstc cproxekcheø` sg pugmg tgrke`cr dc aorkudcheø` mgd `åhtcr, pugs sg csukg qug cd g`vcscr
fclrã u`c pgqugóc gvcporcheø` qug mcrã gd vcdor mg 38 ºLrex mgsgcmo o u` vcdor dgvgkg`tg kcyor.
Csë, sg g`g u`c chukudcheø` suhgsevc mg mevgrscs porheo`gs mg czòhcr, dcs hucdgs so` cmevcs, gs
mgher, gd vcdor totcd mgd czòhcr por cirgicr sgrã2 Cprox3 +Cprox< +Cprox8 +Cprox =. Gs mgher, dc
hc`mcm mg czòhcr qug sg fc mg cirgicr c dos oreie`cdgs 88.7 ni mg kgzhdc mg pudpc y ciuc gs mg
=.=759 ni y dc hc`mcm totcd mg `åhtcr prgpcrcmo sgrã mg 89.5759 ni. gs mgher 86 ni. se `o fcy
pårmemcs por gd prohgso. G` gd hcso mgd `åhtcr gs kuy ekportc`tg ho`rkcr dc cprghecheø` e`ehecd mg
dc proporheø` pudpc2 ciuc u`c vgz qug sg fcyc cirgicmo gd czòhcr
 

MEXHWXEO@GX

G` gd kokg`to mg dc pcstgurezcheø` mglgkos mg tg`gr huemcmo, pcrc qug `o sg `os mgrrckg> gs mgher
mglg gstcr g` ho`stc`tg veiedc`hec.
G` huc`to cd g`vcscmo sg g`g qug tg`gr g` hug`tc dc tgkpgrcturc mg gddo, qug sgiò` dc tgorëc crkc
qug sg do mglg mg rgcdezcr c u`c tgkpgrcturc kë`ekc mg 67ºH.
Xe leg` gs hegrto, u`o `o segkprg g`g qug cbustcrsg c do qug —kc`mc‛ dc tgorëc, por gbgkpdo, cd hãdhudo
gd pgso mg HKH qug sg mglg udezcr y/o tckleå` gd czòhcr qug so` `ghgscrecs, pgro g` huc`to cd iusto.
Gddo sg crkc mglemo c qug so` segkprg gs `ghgscreo cbustcrsg c gstcs rgidcs> pgro gso `o quegrg mgher
qug sgc —`u`hc‛.
]g`gr huemcmo g` gd pcso mgd pgdcmo, yc qug cd `o rgcdezcrdo mg kc`grc horrghtc sg pegrmg irc` hc`mcm
mgd buio qug mglgrëc mg sgr.

HO@HDWXEO@GX

\giudcr gd pF gs ekportc`tg mglemo quå `os pgrketg gvetcr gd gxhgso mg ãhemo.


Xe tg`gkos dcs hc`mcmgs cmghucmcs mg dos e`sukos, tg`eg`mo g` hug`tc ZF, dos ²Lrex, y gd HKH>
oltg`mrgkos u` `åhtcr mg `ugstro circmo.
]g`gr g` hug`tc gd po mg hcrcklodc gs mg sukc ekportc`hec, yc qug gsto e`uyg kuhfo g` dc
prgpcrcheø` mgd `åhtcr.

LELDEOI\CAEC

 MGX\OXEG\, C. 355=. E`tromuhheø` c dc ]gh`odoiëc mg dos Cdekg`tos. Gmetorecd HGHXC. Kåxeho


 LC\LOXC ‘ HC@OQCX, I.> QGIC ‘ KG\HCMO, F. <:::. Mgsfemrctcheø` mg Cdekg`tos. Gmetorecd
Chrelec. Rcrciozc. Gspcóc.
 IWGQC\C, C. <:::. E`mustrecdezcheø` mg dc Hcrcklodc. Zudpc, @åhtcr, Kgrkgdcmc y Arutc g`
cdkëlcr. E`stuto @cheo`cd mg E`vgsicheø` Circrec y Ciroe`mustrecd. Dekc ‘ Zgrò.
 HG\GR
HG\GRCD,
CD, Z> MWC\]G
MWC\]G,, I. (<::7)
(<::7).. Wdezc
Wdezcheø
heø`
` mg hã
hãshc
shcrcs
rcs g` dc gd
gdclo
clorch
rcheø`
eø` mg promu
promuhto
htoss
ho`hg`trc
ho`h g`trcmos
mos mg arutcs.
arutcs. Mgpcrtckg`
Mgpcrtckg`toto mg Cdekg`tos
Cdekg`tos mg dc W`evgrsem
W`evgrsemcmcm mg C`toacicstc
C`toacicstc..
Mespo`eldg g`2 ^<:[ KC]XWW\C, A.H.C.W.> AODGIC]]E, K.E.X.> HC\MOXO, \.D.> AG\\GE\C, M.H.
(<::=). Xg`sory chhgptc`hg oa kexgm `ghtcr oa pcpcyc, pcsseo` aruet c`m chgrodc. Mespo`eldg
g`2 fp2//www.shegdo.lr/shegdo.pfp?shrept;she_crgxt&pem;X:3:8- 5:31<::=:::1::::9.

You might also like