Session 2 - SQL Commands
Constraints:
NOT NULL Constraint (for existing ‘employee’ table)
ALTER TABLE employee
MODIFY SALARY DECIMAL (18, 2) NOT NULL;
INSERT INTO employee (ID, NAME, `Location`) VALUES (019, 'Eddie','Brooklyn')
(salary = 0)
Default Constraint (for existing ‘employee’ table)
ALTER TABLE employee
MODIFY SALARY DECIMAL (18, 2) DEFAULT 5000.00;
DELETE FROM employee WHERE ID = 019
INSERT INTO employee (ID, NAME, `Location`) VALUES (019, 'Eddie','Brooklyn')
(#SALARY IS SET TO 5000)
Drop Default Constraint
ALTER TABLE employee
ALTER COLUMN SALARY , DROP DEFAULT;
INSERT INTO employee (ID, NAME, `Location`) VALUES (020, 'Adam','UK') (#SALARY IS SET TO
NULL)
To update the empty cells:
UPDATE employee
SET
AGE = 37
WHERE ID = 019
UPDATE employee
SET AGE = 37 , SALARY = 7250
WHERE ID = 20
Unique Constraint
ALTER TABLE employee
MODIFY AGE INT NOT NULL UNIQUE;
INSERT INTO employee (ID, NAME, `Location`, AGE) VALUES (021, 'Eve','USA', 35) (error
message Duplicate entry '35' for key 'AGE')
Name a Unique constraint in multiple columns
ALTER TABLE employee
ADD CONSTRAINT myUniqueConstraint UNIQUE(AGE, SALARY);
INSERT INTO employee (ID, NAME, CITY, SALARY) VALUES (140, 'Mina','Alex', 2000)
(#error)
Drop Unique Constraint
ALTER TABLE employee DROP INDEX myUniqueConstraint;
Primary Key Constraint
ALTER TABLE employee
ADD PRIMARY KEY (ID);
MULTIBLE COLUMNS:
ALTER TABLE employee
ADD PK_EMPID PRIMARY KEY (ID, NAME);
Delete Primary Key Constraint
ALTER TABLE employee DROP PRIMARY KEY;
Foreign Key Constraint
When create new table
CREATE TABLE ORDERS (
ID INT NOT NULL,
DATE DATETIME,
CUSTOMER_ID INT references employee (ID),
AMOUNT double,
PRIMARY KEY (ID));
When table was already been created:
ALTER TABLE ORDERS
ADD FOREIGN KEY (CUSTOMER_ID) REFERENCES employee (ID);
Drop Foreign Key Constraint
ALTER TABLE ORDERS
DROP FOREIGN KEY;
Check Constraint
ALTER TABLE employee
MODIFY AGE INT NOT NULL,
CHECK AGE >= 20;
INSERT INTO employee (ID, NAME, AGE, CITY, SALARY) VALUES (150, 'Mena', 17, 'Alex', 3850)
(#error)
Drop Check Constraint
ALTER TABLE employee
DROP (CHECK AGE >= 20);
Alias:
To add a column into an existing table
ALTER TABLE employee
ADD COLUMN Dep_ID INT(3);
UPDATE employee
SET Dep_ID = 1
WHERE ID = 1;
UPDATE employee
SET Dep_ID = 3
WHERE ID = 2;
UPDATE employee
SET Dep_ID = 5
WHERE ID = 3;
UPDATE employee
SET Dep_ID = 7
WHERE ID = 4;
UPDATE employee
SET Dep_ID = 9
WHERE ID = 5;
UPDATE employee
SET Dep_ID = 11
WHERE ID = 6;
UPDATE employee
SET Dep_ID = 13
WHERE ID = 7;
UPDATE employee
SET Dep_ID = 15
WHERE ID = 8;
UPDATE employee
SET Dep_ID = 17
WHERE ID = 9;
UPDATE employee
SET Dep_ID = 19
WHERE ID = 10;
Create the department table:
CREATE TABLE department(
D_ID int(3) NOT NULL,
Name varchar(30) NOT NULL,
PRIMARY KEY(D_ID));
Insert data into table:
INSERT INTO department(D_ID, Name) VALUES ( 1, "Head Quarters");
INSERT INTO department(D_ID, Name) VALUES ( 3, "Human Resources");
INSERT INTO department(D_ID, Name) VALUES ( 5, "Public Relations");
INSERT INTO department(D_ID, Name) VALUES ( 7, "Fund Raising");
INSERT INTO department(D_ID, Name) VALUES ( 9, "IT");
INSERT INTO department(D_ID, Name) VALUES ( 11, "Sales");
INSERT INTO department(D_ID, Name) VALUES ( 13, "Complains & Suggestions");
INSERT INTO department(D_ID, Name) VALUES ( 15, "Customer Support");
INSERT INTO department(D_ID, Name) VALUES ( 17, "Natural Resources");
INSERT INTO department(D_ID, Name) VALUES ( 19, "Abroad Relations");
Alias for table:
SELECT [Link], [Link], [Link], emp.Dep_ID, [Link]
FROM employee AS emp, department as dep
WHERE emp.Dep_ID = dep.D_ID
Alias for Columns:
SELECT ID AS employee_ID, Name as emp_name FROM employee
WHERE SALARY >= 8000;
NULL Value Test:
SELECT * FROM employee WHERE dep_ID IS NULL;
SELECT * FROM employee WHERE dep_ID IS NOT NULL;
Group by:
SELECT Name, ID, AGE, Location, SALARY FROM employee
WHERE dep_ID IS NOT null
GROUP BY Name;
