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Lecture 2

The document discusses various types of residential internet access technologies including cable modems, fiber to the home, Ethernet, wireless networks, and home networks. Cable modems use hybrid fiber-coaxial infrastructure to provide asymmetric internet speeds of up to 30 Mbps downstream and 2 Mbps upstream to multiple homes connected to a shared cable network and ISP router. Fiber to the home delivers much higher internet speeds directly to homes using optical fiber and technologies like passive optical networks.

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Ciyene Lekaota
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© © All Rights Reserved
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4 views

Lecture 2

The document discusses various types of residential internet access technologies including cable modems, fiber to the home, Ethernet, wireless networks, and home networks. Cable modems use hybrid fiber-coaxial infrastructure to provide asymmetric internet speeds of up to 30 Mbps downstream and 2 Mbps upstream to multiple homes connected to a shared cable network and ISP router. Fiber to the home delivers much higher internet speeds directly to homes using optical fiber and technologies like passive optical networks.

Uploaded by

Ciyene Lekaota
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 19

CNT122

Lecture 2-overview cont.


Residential access: cable modems

 Does not use telephone infrastructure


 Instead uses cable TV infrastructure
 HFC: hybrid fiber coax
 asymmetric: up to 30Mbps downstream, 2 Mbps upstream
 network of cable and fiber attaches homes to ISP router
 homes share access to router
 unlike DSL, which has dedicated access

CNT122 - Computer Communications and Networks I 2


Residential access: cable modems

CNT122 - Computer Communications and Networks I 3


Cable Network Architecture: Overview

Typically 500 to 5,000 homes

cable headend

home
cable distribution
network (simplified)

CNT122 - Computer Communications and Networks I 4


Cable Network Architecture: Overview
server(s)

cable headend

cable distribution home


network

CNT122 - Computer Communications and Networks I 5


Cable Network Architecture: Overview

cable headend

cable distribution home


network (simplified)

CNT122- Computer Communications and Networks I 6


Cable Network Architecture: Overview

FDM (more shortly):

C
O
V V V V V V N
I I I I I I D D T
D D D D D D A A R
E E E E E E T T O
O O O O O O A A L

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Channels

cable headend

cable distribution home


network

CNT122 - Computer Communications and Networks I 7


Fiber to the Home
ONT

Internet optical
fibers
ONT
optical
fiber
OLT

optical
central office splitter
ONT
 Optical links from central office to the home
 Two competing optical technologies:
 Passive Optical network (PON)
 Active Optical Network (AON)
 Much higher Internet rates; fiber also carries television and phone
services

CNT122 - Computer Communications and Networks I 8


Ethernet Internet access
100 Mbps Institutional
router
Ethernet To Institution’s
switch ISP

100 Mbps

1 Gbps
100 Mbps

server
 Typically used in companies, universities, etc
 10 Mbs, 100Mbps, 1Gbps, 10Gbps Ethernet
 Today, end systems typically connect into Ethernet switch

CNT122 - Computer Communications and Networks I 9


Wireless access networks
 shared wireless access network connects
end system to router
 via base station aka “access
point” router
 wireless LANs:
 802.11b/g (WiFi): 11 or 54 Mbps base
station
 wider-area wireless access
 provided by telco operator
 ~1Mbps over cellular system
(EVDO, HSDPA)
 next up (?): WiMAX (10’s Mbps) mobile
over wide area hosts

CNT122 - Computer Communications and Networks I 10


Home networks
Typical home network components:
 DSL or cable modem
 router/firewall/NAT
 Ethernet
 wireless access
point

wireless
to/from laptops
cable router/
cable
modem firewall
headend
wireless
access
Ethernet point
CNT122 - Computer Communications and Networks I 11
Physical Media
Twisted Pair (TP)
 Bit: propagates between  two insulated copper wires
transmitter/rcvr pairs
 Category 3: traditional
 physical link: what lies between phone wires, 10 Mbps
transmitter & receiver Ethernet
 guided media:
 Category 5:
 signals propagate in solid 100Mbps Ethernet
media: copper, fiber, coax
 unguided media:
 signals propagate freely,
e.g., radio

CNT122 - Computer Communications and Networks I 12


Physical Media: coax, fiber
Coaxial cable: Fiber optic cable:
 glass fiber carrying light pulses,
 two concentric copper
conductors each pulse a bit
 bidirectional  high-speed operation:
 baseband:  high-speed point-to-point
 single channel on cable transmission (e.g., 10’s-
 legacy Ethernet 100’s Gps)
 broadband:  low error rate: repeaters spaced
 multiple channels on far apart ; immune to
cable electromagnetic noise
 HFC

CNT122 - Computer Communications and Networks I 13


Physical media: radio
Radio link types:
 signal carried in
electromagnetic spectrum  terrestrial microwave

 no physical “wire”  e.g. up to 45 Mbps channels


 bidirectional  LAN (e.g., Wifi)

 propagation environment  11Mbps, 54 Mbps


effects:  wide-area (e.g., cellular)
 reflection  3G cellular: ~ 1 Mbps
 obstruction by objects  satellite
 interference  Kbps to 45Mbps channel (or
multiple smaller channels)
 270 msec end-end delay
 geosynchronous versus low
altitude

CNT122 - Computer Communications and Networks I 14


The Network Core
 mesh of interconnected routers
 the fundamental question: how is
data transferred through net?
 circuit switching: dedicated
circuit per call: telephone net
 packet-switching: data sent
thru net in discrete “chunks”

CNT122 - Computer Communications and Networks I 15


Network Core: Circuit Switching

End-to-end resources
reserved for “call”
 link bandwidth, switch
capacity
 dedicated resources: no
sharing
 circuit-like (guaranteed)
performance
 call setup required

CNT122 - Computer Communications and Networks I 16


Network Core: Circuit Switching
network resources  dividing link bandwidth into
“pieces”
(e.g., bandwidth)
 frequency division
divided into “pieces”  time division
 pieces allocated to calls
 resource piece idle if not used
by owning call (no sharing)

CNT122 - Computer Communications and Networks I 17


Circuit Switching: FDM and TDM
FDM Example:

4 users

frequency

time

TDM

frequency

time
CNT122 - Computer Communications and Networks I 18
Numerical example
 How long does it take to send a file of
640,000 bits from host A to host B over a
circuit-switched network?
 All links are 1.536 Mbps
 Each link uses TDM with 24 slots/sec
 500 msec to establish end-to-end circuit

Let’s work it out!

CNT122 - Computer Communications and Networks I 19

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