Material Science And Engineering Department

MSE 222
Material Science Lab
Compression

Summited by:
Youssef Amr Naguib Elassal 120200112
Ahmed Hany 120200108
Mohamed Mahmoud Shabaan 120200158
Anas Mohamed 120200107
Marwan Khalaf 120200116
Omnai Nabil 120200156
to: Dr. Ahmed Hassanin

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Contents
List Of Figures...........................................................................................................................................2
Introduction...............................................................................................................................................2
Materials and Methods.............................................................................................................................5
Equipment:................................................................................................................................................7
Results and Discussion..............................................................................................................................7
Conclusion :.............................................................................................................................................12
References................................................................................................................................................12

List Of Figures
Fig .1 ……………………………………………………………………………..compressive load

Fig.2………………………………………………………………………………stress strain graph

Fig.3 …………………………………………………………………………… stress strain graph exp.

Fig.4 …………………………………………………………………………… compression test machine

Fig.5 …………………………………………………………………………… CU stress strain graph

Fig.6…………………………………………………………………………… CU force – desp graph

Fig.7…………………………………………………………………………… ST.steel stress strain graph

Fig.8………………………………………………………………………….. ST.steel force – desp graph

Fig.9………………………………………………………………………….. Al stress strain graph

Fig.10………………………………………………………………………… Al force – desp graph

Introduction
Materials testing is the study of how materials behave under various stresses. The connection
between the active forces and the resultant deformation, as well as the limit stresses that lead to
component failure, are all taken into account.
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The results of the testing process's characteristic values are applied in the development of
materials, the design of components, and in the field of quality control There are several types of
standardized testing available.
techniques for determining a material's mechanical properties with the greatest accuracy:
Mechanical property Testing method
Elasticity, plasticity Tensile test, compression test, bending
Stiffness, material behavior under test, torsion test
static load
Creep behavior Creep rupture test
Hardness Brinell, Rockwell, Vickers
Toughness Impact test
Fatigue behavior, fatigue strength Wöhler fatigue test

When it comes to evaluating metallic materials, compression tests are less important than tensile
tests. The compression test, on the other hand, is critical for evaluating building materials such as
natural stone, brick, concrete, and wood. A standardized specimen with a known cross section is
loaded evenly in the longitudinal direction with a low growing force.

Theory:

In a compression test, the material is compressed, squashed, crushed, or flattened by opposing

pressures pushing inward on the specimen from opposite sides. The test sample is usually
sandwiched between two firm metal bearing blocks that evenly distribute the applied load across
the whole surface area of two opposed faces of the test sample, and then the plates are pressed
together by a universal testing machine, flattening the sample. A sample shrinks in the direction
of applied forces and grows in the opposite direction.
Young's modulus is denoted by E. This number indicates how much the material will deform
before plastic deformation starts under applied compressive pressure.
The Hooke's Law states that,
E = Stress(s)/Strain(e)

The capacity of a substance to return to its original shape after deformation is referred to as
elasticity.
Permanent or plastic deformation will occur at a specific force, which is known as the
proportional limit.

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The force at which the material begins exhibiting this behavior is called the yield point or yield
strength
The graph's linear behavior comes to an end at this point. A specimen will then behave in one of
two ways: it will either continue to deform until it breaks or it will distort until it is flat. In either
situation, a maximum stress or force will be seen, indicating the maximum load strength of the
material.

Then tangent modulus is the slope of the stress strain curve at any specified stress or strain.
Below the proportional limit the tangent modulus is equivalent to Young's modulus. Above the
proportional limit the tangent modulus varies with strain.
The elastic modulus is the ratio of stress to corresponding strain below the proportional limit of
the material.

Fig.1

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Fig2
Fig.3

Take care that:

• Because long samples are subject to buckling, the length of the specimen should be kept to a
minimum.
• Using tiny samples leads to inconsistencies in findings, whereas using big samples necessitates
large-capacity testing devices.
• Bearing blocks are placed between the specimens and the machine head to provide correct load
distribution since the specimens may be tiny in comparison to the size of the testing machine's
head.
-To avoid buckling, the specimen's length should not exceed 10 times its diameter.
• The specimen must be flat on both ends parallel

Materials and Methods

Materials & Test method for compression:

- Stainless steel

- Copper

- Aluminum

Compression test could be used to obtain the mechanical properties of metals however it is not
preferred, and it is used to obtain the mechanical properties and is the basis acceptance and
refusal of brittle nonmetallic and other materials that have very low strength in tension like
concrete, wood, masonry, etc. Compression Test machines are universal testing machines
specially configured to evaluate static compressive strength characteristics of materials, products,
and components.

What Are the Different Types of Compression Tests?

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In general, a compression test for a material involves at least two opposing forces directed
towards each other applied to the opposite face of the test sample so that the sample is
compressed. However, there are many different variations to this basic test setup that involve any
combination of different variables. The more common compression tests involve forces applied
to more than one axis of the specimen as well as the testing of the sample at elevated and
lowered temperatures. Uniaxial, biaxial, triaxial, cold temperature, elevated temperature, fatigue
and creep are all examples of different compression tests that may be performed upon a material.

What is the Purpose of a Compression Test?

The goal of compression testing is to determine the behavior or response of a material while it
experiences a compressive load by measuring fundamental variables, such as, strain, stress, and
deformation. By testing a material in compression the compressive strength, yield strength,
ultimate strength, elastic limit, and the elastic modulus among other parameters may all be
determined. With the understanding of these different parameters and the values associated with
a specific material it may be determined whether or not the material is suited for specific
applications or if it will fail under the specified stresses.

1- Equipment: Compression test machines (CTM) are

used to determine a material's strength under applied
crushing loads and are usually conducted by applying
compressive pressure to a test specimen with compression
platens or specialized fixtures on a universal testing
machine or a specialized compression only test machine.

• Friction between the machine head and the sample effects the
results causing stresses to have a small inclination
fig.4

Spherical loading heads are used to avoid applying the load at a single point if the loading
surfaces are at a small angle.

Uniform displacement rates in compression are applied in

a manner similar to a tension test, except, of course, for

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the direction of loading. The specimen is most commonly a simple cylinder having a ratio of
length to diameter, L/d, in the range 1 to 3.

The specimen’s deformation is measured by a strain measures the distance between two fixed
points on the test specimen during the test, recording the change in distance caused by the load
exerted on the specimen.

Results and Discussion

The following table identifies the measured dimensions for each sample:

sample Dimension Cross sectional Load, N

area, mm2
L, mm Diameter, mm

(1) Copper 4.5 3 7.125 1

(2) Steel 4.5 3 7.125 1

(3) Aluminum 4.5 3 7.125 1

(4) Aluminum 4.5 3 7.125 2

The following graphs identifies the stress & strain for each sample such that, the strain
represent the X-axis, While the stress represent the Y-axis,

(1) copper
(2) steel
(3) aluminum
(4) aluminum
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First, Copper:
The graph at first was increased constantly after a period of time the graph start to decrease then
the material start to break down at point (45.5 – 790)

Stress vs. Strain (Sample 1)

Sample 1
1000

800
Stress (N/mm2)

600

400

200

0
0
2
4.5
6.9
9
11.1
13.3
15.6
17.8
20
22.2
24.4
26.7
28.9
31.3
33.8
34
36.8
40
43.3
45.5
-200
Strain (%)
fig .5

force - disp
2500

2000

1500
Force

1000

500

0
15 1224 2433 3642 4851 6060 7269 8478 9687 10896121051331414523
-500
DISP
fig .6

Second, Steel:
The graph at first was increased constant

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 2500

2000

1500
Force

1000

500

0
15 1224 2433 3642 4851 6060 7269 8478 9687 10896121051331414523

-500
DISP
fig .7

Stress vs. Strain (Sample 2)

Sample 2
1200

1000

800
Stress (N/mm2)

600

400

200

0
0

4.5

6.9

11.1

13.3

15.6

17.8

20

22.2

24.4

26.7

28.9

31.3

33.8

34

36.8

40

43.3

45.5
-200
Strain (%)

Fig.8

ALUMINUIM

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 350

300

250

200
stress

150

100

50

0
15 1131 2247 3363 4479 5595 6711 7827 8943 1005911175122911340714523

-50
strain
fig .9

2500

2000

1500
Force

1000

500

0
15 1224 2433 3642 4851 6060 7269 8478 9687 10896121051331414523

-500
DISP
fig.10

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Conclusion :
The tensile test is a very important test to know the bearing of the material and therefore the
material suitable for use.
Summary of this experience
The material is compressed between two metal parts, and by using the sensors we know the
amount of expansion in the material, and from the device used in the pressure we know the
amount of force acting
In this experiment we use Compression test machines (CTM) to determine a (copper, Aluminum
, steel) strength

References
1- https://pdfcoffee.com/compression-test-introduction-pdf-free.html
2- https://www.tec-science.com/material-science/material-testing/compression-test/
3- https://www.mecmesin.com/materials-testing
4- https://www.mee-inc.com/hamm/tension-and-compression-testing/
5- https://www.testresources.net/images/applications/compression-foam-4_2.jpg
6- https://www.tec-science.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/en-fatigue-test-
setup.jpg

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