SEE 698A - Electric Vehicles

Dr. Amarendra Edpuganti

Assistant Professor
Department of Sustainable Energy Engineering
IIT Kanpur

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 Module 1 – Basics of EV
Lecture 1

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Outline
➢ Introduction
➢ History of EVs
➢ Why EVs ?
➢ Pros and Cons of EVs
➢ Comparison of EVs and ICEVs
➢ Examples of EVs
➢ Worldwide Scenario of EVs
➢ Conclusion

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 INTRODUCTION

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PRESENT SCENARIO
• At present, sales of EVs are on increasing trend
• 62% increase in sales in the first half of 2022 compared to 2021.
• 43 lakh EVs are sold in first half of 2022 (BEV and PHEV)
• Trend will continue as the prices of EV drop and petrol prices increase

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INTRODUCTION

Two Fundamental Characteristics of Every Car

Energy Storage
Motor
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INTRODUCTION

ICEV EV
Energy Storage

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INTRODUCTION

Two types of car motors : 1) Heat Engine 2) Electric motor

Heat Engines : steam engines, sterling engines, diesel engines and gasoline engines
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INTRODUCTION

Four stroke Internal Combustion Engine

1. Inject Fuel 2. Compress Fuel 3. Ignite Fuel 4. Emit Exhaust
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INTRODUCTION
• Magnetic Field : Reject and attract based on polarity
• Electric current flowing through coil creates magnetic field
• Coil between magnetic fields starts to rotate

Electric Motor
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INTRODUCTION

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INTRODUCTION

Fuel Batteries

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INTRODUCTION
Comparison of Gasoline and Batteries

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INTRODUCTION
Extra weight of Batteries

Lower weight → Cheaper

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 HISTORY OF EVS

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HISTORY OF EVS
➢ Modern rail transport systems first appeared in England in the 1820s.
➢ The first intercity railway between Liverpool and Manchester was built by
Stephenson in 1830. He is known as the father of modern railways.
➢ Steam engine is developed in 1700s but it could not take hold in car until 1870s
➢ Galvanic cell or battery is invented in 1790 by Galvani and 1800 by volta
➢ The first electric motors were simple electrostatic devices described in
experiments by Scottish monk Andrew Gordon and American
experimenter Benjamin Franklin in the 1740s.
➢ 1859 : First rechargeable batteries are developed

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HISTORY OF EVS

1832
1828 - 1835 First Crude EV is 1889 - 1891
First Small-Scale EV Developed First EV Debuts in U.S.
Horse and buggies are the Around 1832, Scottish William Morrison, from Des
primary mode of Robert Anderson develops Moines, Iowa, creates the
transportation, but the first crude electric first successful electric
innovators in Hungary, the vehicle, but it isn't until the vehicle in the U.S (1887).
Netherlands and the U.S. 1870s or later that electric His car is little more than an
think to the future, creating cars become practical. An electrified wagon, but it
some of the first small-scale EV is David Salomons in sparks an interest in electric
electric cars. 1874 and Thomas Parker an vehicles.
English inventor in 1884.

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www.energy.gov
HISTORY OF EVS

1899 1901
EVs Gain Popularity 1900 - 1912 Edison Takes on EV
Compared to the gas- and EVs Reach Their Heyday Batteries
steam-powered automobiles By the turn of the century, Many innovators take note
at the time, electric cars are electric vehicles are all the of the electric car’s high
quiet, easy to drive and rage in the U.S., accounting demand, exploring ways to
didn't emit smelly pollutants for around a third of all improve the technology. For
-- quickly becoming popular vehicles on the road. For example, Thomas Edison
with urban residents, ICEV changing gears is not thought electric vehicles
especially women. Porsche easy and startup required were the superior mode of
developed electric car P1 in hand crank. transportation and worked
1898 to build a better battery.

1900: Among 4200 automobiles sold in USA, 38% were EV, 22% were ICEV and 40% were steam powered vehicles

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www.energy.gov
HISTORY OF EVS
1908 — 1912
1901 Model T Deals a Blow to
World's First Hybrid EV is EVs 1920 — 1935
Invented The mass-produced Ford Decline in Electric Vehicles
Ferdinand Porsche, founder Model T in 1908 makes
Better roads and discovery
of the sports car by the same gasoline-powered cars
of cheap Texas crude oil help
name, creates the Lohner- widely available and
contribute to the decline in
Porsche Mixte -- the world's affordable. In 1912, the
electric vehicles. By 1935,
first hybrid electric car. The electric starter is introduced
they have all but
vehicle is powered by by Charles keetering,
disappeared.
electricity stored in a battery helping to increase gas-
and a gas engine. powered vehicle sales even
more.

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www.energy.gov
HISTORY OF EVS

1973
1968 — 1973
Next Generation of EVs
Gas Prices Soar
1971 Many big and small
Over the next 30 years or so, automakers begin exploring
cheap, abundant gasoline Over the Moon with EVs
options for alternative fuel
and continued improvement Around this same time, the vehicles. For example,
in the internal combustion first manned vehicle drives General Motors develops a
engine created little need for on the moon. NASA's Lunar prototype for an urban
alternative fuel vehicles. But rover runs on electricity, electric car, which the
in the 1960s and 1970s, gas helping to raise the profile company displayed at the
prices soar through the roof, of electric vehicles First Symposium on Low
creating interest in electric Pollution Power Systems
vehicles again. Development in 1973.

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www.energy.gov
HISTORY OF EVS

1990 — 1992
1974 — 1977 1979
New Regulations
Leader in EV Sales Renew EV Interest
Interest in EV Fades 1990 Clean Air Act
One successful electric car Amendment and the 1992
Compared to gas-powered
at this time is Sebring- Energy Policy Act.
cars, electric vehicles at this
Vanguard's CitiCar. The Automakers begin
time have drawbacks,
company produces more modifying popular vehicle
including limited
than 2,000 CitiCars -- a models into electric
performance and range,
wedge-shaped compact car vehicles, enabling them to
causing interest in electric
that had a range of 50-60 achieve speeds and
cars to fade again
miles. performance much closer to
gasoline-powered vehicles.

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www.energy.gov
HISTORY OF EVS

1996 1997
EV1 Gains a Cult First Mass-Produced 1999
Following Hybrid Building a Better
GM releases the EV1, an Toyota introduces the first Electric Car
electric vehicle that was mass-produced hybrid, the No public attention but
designed and developed Prius. In 2000, Toyota behind the scenes,
from the ground up. The releases the Prius scientists and engineers
worldwide, and it becomes
EV1 quickly gains a cult an instant success with work to improve electric
following. It has range of celebrities, increasing its vehicles and their
80 miles and 0 to 50 (and the electric vehicle's) batteries.
mph in 7 sec. profile.

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www.energy.gov
HISTORY OF EVS

2009 — 2013
Developing a Nation- 2010
2006
Wide Charging First Commercially
Silicon Valley Startup Infrastructure Available Plug-In
Takes on EVs To help consumers charge Hybrid for Sale
Tesla Motors, a Silicon Valley their vehicles on the go, the
startup, announces it will GM releases the Chevy Volt,
Energy Department invests
produce a luxury electric making it the first
in a nation-wide charging
sports car with a range of commercially available
infrastructure, installing
200+ miles. Other automakers plug-in hybrid. The Volt
18,000 residential,
take note, accelerating work uses Lithium battery
commercial and public
on their own electric vehicles. technology developed by the
chargers. It is followed by
U.S. Energy Department.
automakers and other
private companies.

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www.energy.gov
HISTORY OF EVS

2010 2017
2013 The Future of EVs
Nissan Launches the LEAF
EV Battery Costs Drop EVs hold a lot of potential for
In December 2010, Nissan
releases the LEAF, an all- The battery is the most helping the nation create a
electric, zero tailpipe expensive part in an electric more sustainable future. If the
emissions car. In January vehicle. Due to investments by nations transitioned all the
2013, Nissan begins the U.S. Energy Department, light-duty vehicles to hybrids
assembling the LEAF in battery costs drop by 50 or plug-in electric vehicles,
Tennessee for the North percent in just four years, they could reduce their
American market to a loan helping make electric vehicles dependence on foreign oil by
from the US Energy more affordable for 30-60%, while lowering the
Department. consumers. carbon pollution from the
transportation sector by 20%.

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www.energy.gov
 WHY EVS ?

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WHY EVS ?
• Growing interest in EV and plug-in hybrid electric vehicle (PHEV) :-
✓ Energy Security
✓ Reduce Oil Usage
✓ Greenhouse emissions
WHY EVS ?
THE GLOBAL CONTEXT

Energy Security:
• India needs to import oil to cover over 80 percent of its transport fuel.
That ratio is set to grow as a rapidly urbanizing population demands
greater intra-city and inter-city mobility.
• Around 98% of the oil consumed in Germany is imported
• France imports 64% of its oil consumption
WHY EVS ?
Reduce Oil Usage:
• Global Population may increase up to 10 billion by 2050.
• Vehicle may increase from 700 million in 2000 to 2.5 billions in 2050.
If all vehicles are ICEV, then cities will be filled with extreme air
pollution.
• ARB report (2011) shows that around 9000 people die per year due to
fine particle matters in California.
WHY EVS ?
Reduce Oil Usage

Fig. World Oil Demand and Production

WHY EVS ?
Various emissions from the internal combustion engines (ICE) such as:
▪ CO, CO2
▪ CH4 Green House Gases
▪ Nitrogen oxides (NOx) – NO, NO2, N2O
▪ Volatile organic Compounds (VOC) Forms ground level ozone
▪ Particulate matter (PMx)
▪ Total Hydrocarbon
▪ SOx
Harmful for the people’s health and environment
WHY EVS ?

‘‘Most of the observed increase in globally averaged temperatures since the

mid-twentieth century is very likely due to the observed increase in
anthropogenic greenhouse gas concentrations.’’ -The Intergovernmental
Panel on Climate Change (IPCC),2007
WHY EVS ?

Fig. Global fossil Carbon Emission. From top to bottom: total CO2;
CO2 from oil; coal; cement production; and other
WHY EVS ?

Fig. Global air temperature since the year of 1850.

Courtesy NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies
WHY EVS ?
Paris Agreement (COP21), 2015:
The aims of Paris Agreement is as below:
▪ Keep the global temperature rise this century well below 2o C above the pre-
industrial level (1850-1900).
▪ Pursue efforts to limit the temperature increase even further to 1.5o C.
▪ Strengthen the ability of countries to deal with the impacts of climate change.
WHY EVS ?
THE GLOBAL CONTEXT
Climatic Change: The prospect of rapid global temperature increase has created the need for a
reduction in the use of fossil fuels and the associated emissions.

Advances in Renewable Energy: Over the last decade, advances in wind and solar electricity
generation technologies have drastically reduced their cost and introduced the possibility of
clean, low-carbon and inexpensive grids. India proposes to add 450 GW of renewable energy
capacity by 2030 and to achieve 50 percent of its electricity generation from non-fossil sources
by the same year.

Battery Chemistry: Advances in battery technology have led to higher energy densities, faster
charging and reduced battery degradation from charging. Combined with the development of
motors with higher rating and reliability, these improvements in battery chemistry have reduced
costs and improved the performance and efficiency of electric vehicles.
WHY EVS ?
THE GLOBAL CONTEXT

As a result, developed economies such as EU, the USA and Japan as well as
developing economies such as China and India have all included EVs in
their policies to lower their carbon emissions while providing convenient
and cost-effective mobility.
 PROS AND CONS OF EVS

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ADVANTAGES OF EVS
▪ No fuel, No Emission
✓ No petrol or diesel is needed in a fully electric vehicle, which is great for
carbon footprint.
✓ With renewable energy for charging, carbon footprint shrinks
dramatically.

▪ Cheaper to Run
✓ The EVs are much cheaper to run compared to ICE based vehicle.
SUV : EV = ₹1.2/km (₹6/unit) , ICE = ₹9.16/km (12 kmpl, ₹110/ltr)
✓ Use of renewable energy for charging can further reduce cost.
✓ It can recover energy during breaking
ADVANTAGES OF EVS
▪ Health benefits
✓ Reduced harmful exhaust emissions is good news for our health.
✓ Better air quality will lead to less health problems and medical costs
✓ Less vibration while driving.
▪ Support of EV to the electric power grid
✓ Ancillary services :
frequency control, reactive power support, load regulation,
▪ Safety improvements
✓ EVs tend to have a lower center of gravity that makes them less likely to roll
over. It is due to placement of batteries and motor at the bottom of the car.
✓ They can also have a lower risk for major fires or explosions.
EV → 0.03%, ICE → 1.5%, HEV → 3.4%
ADVANTAGES OF EVS
▪ Quieter
✓ Less moving parts than a conventional vehicle results in less noise.

▪ Cheaper to maintain
✓ Electric cars runs on electrically powered engines and hence there is no need to
lubricate the engines.
✓ Traditional combustion engine have hundreds of moving parts, whereas an
electric motor has fewer than 20. This means that your EV is likely to have
lower long-term maintenance costs than other vehicles.
✓ Case study: Argonne national laboratory study shows that maintenance and
repair of EV transit bus is 40% less than cost to maintain an ICE vehicle of
same size.
DISADVANTAGES OF EVS
▪ More expensive than ICEV
✓ Due to initial battery cost
✓ Replacement of battery after few years

▪ Limited Driving Range

✓ Tesla EV is estimated to cover more than 300 miles per charge.
✓ Volkswagen promises over 400 miles per charge for its next launch.
✓ These numbers will improve with time.

▪ For same energy requirement, BEV requires more space and weight.
 COMPARISON OF
EV AND ICEV

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COMPARISON OF EV AND ICEV

Fig. Life-cycle GHG emissions of average medium-size gasoline ICEVs

and BEVs in different countries.

The stages of emissions can be broadly divided into three stages -

production, usage, and scrapping of the car.
COMPARISON OF EV AND ICEV

Fig. Comparison of harmful emissions between ICEV and Battery EV

COMPARISON OF EV AND ICEV

Liquid fuels : Petrol, Diesel

Gaseous fuels : CNG, LNG

PHEV
HEV : Hybrid EV
PHEV : Plug-in HEV
BEV : Battery EV
UCEV : UC + Battery
UFEV : Ultra Flywheel + Battery
FEV : Fuel Cell EV

Fig. Comparison of energy diversification between various EVs and ICEV

COMPARISON OF EV AND ICEV

Fig. Comparison of tank-to-wheels efficiencies of BEV, FEV and ICEV

COMPARISON OF EV AND ICEV

Fig. Comparison of well-to-wheels efficiencies of BEV and ICEV

COMPARISON OF EV AND ICEV

Fig. Comparison of cost premium and fuel economy of conventional HEVs

 SPECIFICATIONS OF
COMMERCIAL EVS

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SPECIFICATIONS OF AVAILABLE EVS

Nissan Leaf Parameters

Parameters Values
Acceleration 7.9 sec
Electric Range 230 km
Total Power 110 kW
Total Torque 320 Nm
Drive Front
Battery Capacity 40.0 kWh
Efficiency 16.5 kWh/100km
Top Speed 144 km/h
* Acceleration – 0 to 100 kmph
SPECIFICATIONS OF AVAILABLE EVS

Tesla Model 3 Long Range Dual Motor Parameters

Parameters Values
Acceleration 7.9 sec
Electric Range 475 km
Total Power 258 kW
Total Torque 527 Nm
Drive AWD
Battery Capacity 75.0 kWh
Efficiency 15.6 kWh/100km
Top Speed 233 km/h

▪ AWD: All Wheel Drive

SPECIFICATIONS OF AVAILABLE EVS

Hyundai Kona Electric

Parameters Values
Acceleration 7.6 sec
Electric Range 400 km
Total Power 150 kW
Total Torque 395 Nm
Drive Front
Battery Capacity 67.1 kWh
Efficiency 16.0 kWh/100km
Top Speed 167 km/h
SPECIFICATIONS OF AVAILABLE EVS

Audi e-tron 55 quattro Parameters

Parameters Values
Acceleration 5.7 sec
Electric Range 360 km
Total Power 300 kW
Total Torque 664 Nm
Drive AWD
Battery Capacity 95.0 kWh
Efficiency 23.2 kWh/100km
Top Speed 200 km/h
SPECIFICATIONS OF AVAILABLE EVS

Kia e-Niro Parameters

Parameters Values
Acceleration 7.8 sec
Electric Range 375 km
Total Power 150 kW
Total Torque 395 Nm
Drive Front
Battery Capacity 67.1 kWh
Efficiency 17.1 kWh/100km
Top Speed 167 km/h
SPECIFICATIONS OF AVAILABLE EVS

Volkswagen e-Golf Parameters

Parameters Values
Acceleration 9.6 sec
Electric Range 190 km
Total Power 100 kW
Total Torque 290 Nm
Drive Front
Battery Capacity 35.8 kWh
Efficiency 16.8 kWh/100km
Top Speed 150 km/h
SPECIFICATIONS OF AVAILABLE EVS

Mercedes EQC 400 Parameters

Parameters Values
Acceleration 5.1 sec
Electric Range 355 km
Total Power 300 kW
Total Torque 760 Nm
Drive AWD
Battery Capacity 85.0 kWh
Efficiency 22.5 kWh/100km
Top Speed 180 km/h
SPECIFICATIONS OF AVAILABLE EVS
Websites:
1) https://ev-database.org/
2) https://www.zerofy.net/ev-database.html
3) https://ev.motorwatt.com/
 EXAMPLES OF EVS
Battery Battery Energy Motor
Model Power Range Charger Fast Charger Type
Voltage Type Storage(kWh) Type
Tesla Model X- 400V Li 60/75/90/100 200/237/2 4 P IM 240V/48A Supercharger(120kW)
60D/75D/90D/ 57/289 onboard up & CHAdeMO(50kW)
P100D miles gradable to
72A
Tesla 60 Li 60 225 kW 219 miles 4 P IM 240V/48A Supercharger(120kW)
Model onboard up & CHAdeMO(50kW)
60D Li 60 280 kW 225 miles 4 P IM
S gradable to
70D Li 70 439 kW 240 miles 4 P IM 72A
85 Li 85 485 kW 265 miles 4 P IM
85D Li 85 566 kW 270 miles 4 P IM
P85D Li 85 926 kW 253 miles 4 P IM
90D Li 90 302 miles 4 P IM
P90D Li 90 294 miles 4 P IM
P100D Li 100 315 miles 4 P IM

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 EXAMPLES OF EVS
Battery Battery Energy Motor
Model Power Range Charger Fast Charger Type
Voltage Type Storage(kWh) Type
Lighting GT Li 36/44 300 kW 120/150 PMSM
miles
Hyundai Blue On Li 16.4 61 kW 140 miles PMSM

Honda fit EV Li 20 92 kW 82 miles PMSM 6.6kW/32A/

240V/120V

Toyota RAV4 EV Li 42 115 kW 112 miles IM 10kW/240V

/40A/level-2

BMW i3 Li 18.8 125 kW 100 miles 7.4kW Dc fast charging

onboard 125A/50kW-30min
charger
Mercedes B- Li 28 124 kW 87 miles IM 10KW Do not quick charger
Class Electric onboard
charger
Chevy Spark EV Li 104.4kW 82 miles 120V No dc charging
charging
socket
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 EXAMPLES OF EVS
Battery Battery Energy Motor Fast Charger
Model Power Range Charger
Voltage Type Storage(kWh) Type Type
Kia Soul EV Li 27 90 kW 93 miles 6.6 KW onboard 480V, DC Fast
Electric Car charger Charge
120/240V CHAdeMO
Saab 9-3 e power Li 35.5 135 kW 200 km

coda sedan Li 34 100 kW 193 km

Ford Focus Li 23 107 kW PMSM 6.6kW onboard
Electric charger

Skoda Octavia Li 26.5 85 kW 160 km 230V onboard

green E line charger
Volvo C-30 drive Li 24 150 kW 82 mile 3.3kW onboard
electric charger
Renault Fluence Li 22 70 kW 185 mile SR
ZE
Renault ZOE 400 Li 22 65 kW 210 km PMSM Adaptive, single or
three-phase, between
2 and 43KW
60
 EXAMPLES OF EVS
Battery Battery Energy Motor Fast Charger
Model Power Range Charger
Voltage Type Storage(kWh) Type Type
Tata Indica Vista Li 26.5 55 kW 151 mile IM

Ford Tourneo LI 21 50 kW 100 mile PMSM

Connect Ev
Kangoo Express Li 22 44 kW 170 km SR
ZE EV
Fiat Doblo Li 18 43 kW 140km IM

Peogeot iOn Li 16 35 kW 130km PMSM

Renault Twizy Li 6.1 13 kW 43miles IM 230V socket 3.5

hour of charging
Reva NXR 48 Li 19 kW 120km IM 220V/15A/5 hour 10
minutes
Nissan Leaf Li 24/30 80 kW 84/107mil PMSM 6.6 kW onboard Quick
es charger, 5-6 hour for charging in 30
full charging minute in
selected
model
BYD F3M Li 15 125 kW 100km PMSM
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 EXAMPLES OF EVS
Battery Battery Energy Motor Fast Charger
Model Power Range Charger
Voltage Type Storage(kWh) Type Type
Ford Transit Li 28 50 kW 129 miles IM
Citroen C zero Li 16 47 kW 130km PMSM 6 hour 0.5 hour with
fast charger
Gordan Murray Li 12 25 kW 130km
T-27
Wheego Whip 115 Li 30 15 kW 161km IM Level-1 level-2
LiFe charging
Venturi Fétish Li 54 220 kW 340km
Mini E Li 35 150 kW 100mile IM 4.5 hour for full
charging
BYD e6 Li 82 160 kW 400km PMSM 3.3kW onboard
charger
Mitsubishi i 330 Li 16 47 kW 160 miles PMSM 120V -12/8A(14/22 DC quick
MiEV hour) charging(CH
240V/15A 6 hour AdeMO)
Subaru Stella EV 346 Li 9.2 40 kW 90km PMSM
Smart ED Li 17.6 55 kW 76 miles 6.6Kw onboard No quick
charger(5 hour) charging
62
 EXAMPLES OF EVS
Battery Battery Energy Motor Fast Charger
Model Power Range Charger
Voltage Type Storage(kWh) Type Type
Citroen C1 Evie Li 30 30 kW 110 miles IM

Zytel Gorila Pb 10.8 17 kW 80 miles

Electric
Micro-Vett Fiat Li 22 15 kW 120 miles IM
Panda
Micro-Vett Fiat Li 22 15 kW 130 miles IM
500
Tazzari Zero Li 19 15 kW 140 miles IM
Chana Benni Li 50 kW 150 miles 220V conventional Fast charging
charging(hour) 30 min.
Tesla Roadster Li 53 215 kW 340 miles IM
Think city Na/Li 24 34 kW 160 km IM
Think city Li 23 34 kW 160 miles IM
Lumeneo Smera Li 10 30 kW 100 km PMSM
Stevens Zecar Pb 27 kW 80km IM

63
 EXAMPLES OF EVS
Battery Battery Energy Motor Fast Charger
Model Power Range Charger
Voltage Type Storage(kWh) Type Type
Reva i Pb 9.3 13 kW 80km IM
Reva i Li 9.3 13 kW 80km IM
Ac propulsion LI 35 150 kW 250km IM
eBox
ZAP!OBVIO Li 39 120 kW 386km IM
828E
Phoniex sut Li 35 100 kW 206km
Phoniex sut Li 70 100 kW 403km
Smart ED Na 13.2 30 kW 110 miles PMSM
Kewet Buddy Pb 8.4 13 kW 40km DC
The Kurrent Pb 4.1 kW 60 miles
City Car Li 7 120km
Nice Mega City Pb 6.5 4 kW 81 miles DC

ZAP Xebra Pb 7.2 5 kW 40 miles DC

64
 EXAMPLES OF EVS
Battery Energy Motor Fast Charger
Model Battery Type Power Range Charger
Voltage Storage(kWh) Type Type
Commuter Car Pb 16 43 kW 100 miles DC
Tango
Cree Sam Li 7 100 11.6 PMSM

G-Wiz Pb 9.3 77 4.8 DC

Dynasty IT Pb 5 48

General Motor NiMH 26.4 225 102 IM

EV1
Ford Ranger NiMH 26 132 67 IM

Peugeot Partner NiCd 16.2 96 28 DC

Hypermini Li 15 115 24 PMSM

Myers Motors Pb 8.6 64 20 DC

NmG
Peogeot 106 NiCd 12 150 20 DC

65
 EXAMPLES OF TWO WHEELER EVS IN INDIA
Company/Model Battery Type Battery Specification
Okinawa
Praise Li 72 V, 45 Ah,2500W(peak)
Ridge Li 60 V, 24 Ah,1200W(peak)
Hero Electric
Cruz Li 48 V, 20 Ah,250W
Flash Li 48 V, 24 Ah,1200W(peak)
NYX e5 Li 48 V, 24 Ah,1300W(peak)
Optima e2 Li 48 V, 20 Ah,250W
Photon Li 72 V, 20 Ah,1500W
Avon
E Bike VRLA 36 V, 12 Ah
E Mate VRLA 48 V, 20 Ah
E Scoot VRLA 48 V, 20 Ah
Ather Li 2.4 kWh
Twenty Two Motors flow Li 2.1 kWh
Palatino
Angel VRLA 48 V, 20Ah
Sunshine VRLA 48 V, 20Ah
Princess VRLA 48 V, 20Ah
Spyker VRLA 60 V, 20Ah
Ryan VRLA 60 V, 20Ah 66
WORLDWIDE SCENARIO OF EVS

https://www.virta.global/en/global-electric-vehicle-market
WORLDWIDE SCENARIO OF EVS

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_car_use_by_country
WORLDWIDE SCENARIO OF EVS
 WORLDWIDE SCENARIO OF EVS

Notes: PLDV: passenger light duty vehicle, LCV: light commercial vehicle, BEV:
battery electric vehicle, PHEV: plug-in hybrid electric vehicle.
WORLDWIDE SCENARIO OF EVS
CONCLUSION
▪ Electric vehicle (EV) market is still developing, which requires extensive
study and research in this area.
▪ To reduce the running cost of EVs, range anxiety and to increase the
efficiency of the vehicle deep research in this field is needed.
▪ Advantages of EVs make it future of mobility.
▪ Worldwide research is focused on various parts of EVs.