EMİR CAN YILMAZ

200304052

JOMINY HARDENABILITY TEST

[Experimental Methods in Engineering II _ Experiment ]

The purpose of the experiment

With jominy, we test to harden steel by heat treatment to determine the depth of hardening.
At the depth of hardening, we take the steel and look at the iron carbon balance diagram to see 
what temperature we will be astonished.
This is related to our carbon content.

Try it introductory section

For plain carbon steels, at full eutectoid 0.77 carbon, the temperature of A1
rises above 727 and therefore 30-50 degrees.
but if we look under the eutectoid, we need to go 30-50
degrees above the A3 temperature. Thus, we determine the austenitizing temperature.

In alloyed
steels, since the conversion temperatures are affected, we should look specifically and determi
ne the A3 and A1 temperatures.
------------------------
At room temperature, there is ferrite with HMK structure. If we heat it,
austenite with the structure of YMK is formed. If we leave it alone, it returns to the HMK stru
cture. However, if we cool it quickly, the carbon atoms in our solution, which has too much
carbon in it, cannot come out, they resist to come out and try to shrink in the cage by nature.

Thus, a volume-centered tetragonal
lattice structure is formed. The phase with this lattice structure is called the martensite phase.

Therefore, when we austenite the steel and give it water, the steel hardens because the martens
ite phase is formed. Because the martensite phase is very harsh.
Does not include sliding system. It resists the applied forces and if we force it too hard, the
pole will break.

When we austenite our steel and throw it into the water, the cooling rate is different from the 
outermost part and the inner part.
The outermost part will come into contact with cold water, but heat must be transferred inside,
so we look at the temperature-time conversion diagrams.

Watering is the general name of cooling, and when we cool it from the austenite phase, at wha
t rate does it cool, what phases are formed?
We can determine this by looking at the CCT TTT diagrams.
 CCT diagram of 4140 steel

In our diagram with S curves, we look at the critical cooling rate and look at whether perlite
, brain, or martensite is formed by interpreting it graphically.
That is, when we put the steel in the oven and we make it austenit, it means that if it cools ver
y slowly in the oven, it will cool for a very long time.

If we do not leave it in the oven and throw it into the water, it cools very quickly, this time
martensite starts to form. And martensite formation is completed. The martensite phase is
completely formed inside the material.
Phases with different hardness are gradually formed towards the steel.

In other words, if we measure its hardness, when we harden the surface, the stiffness graduall
y decreases inwards.
Phases with different hardnesses are gradually formed into the steel. In other words, if we
measure its hardness, when we harden the surface, the hardness inwards gradually decreases.
If we can harden a steel in a large layer from the surface to the core, we can say that the steel
has the hardenability capability.

EXPERIMENT

When we place our sample through the auricles, it becomes
suspended in the air and we give water from the bottom. If we threw it all into the water, it wo
uld represent the outermost part.
The part that we do not water represents the part from the surface of the steel to the core.
When completely cooled
After about 10-15 minutes, we start the hardness measurement step by step, starting from the
point where we take the sample and pour water. We determine the hardenability graph of the
material by making a hardness graph depending on the distance.

There is a chart showing hardenability for different Steels here is 1040 steel 1040 steel is a
plain carbon steel It contains 0.4 carbon in 100 As for 5040 steel, this Steel also contains 0.4
carbon but we expect alloy element in 8640, the amount of alloying element increased even
more in 4140 it increased even more in 4340 it increased more in all of them the carbon
content is the same the amount of alloying element gradually increases the curve goes up on
the surface almost 55-56 Rockwell on all of them but 1040 fell immediately 5140 fell more
slowly
 If we look at 4340, it almost never fell from the surface to the core because it was hardened.
alloying elements shift our s curves to the right here, the maximum alloying element is 4340.

So this material is also in the innermost part and there is still time for martensite to form.

The effect of alloying elements shifts their artifacts to the right, even if it cools more slowly, it
allows us to obtain martensite Structure or allows us to obtain a deeper martensite Structure.
The hardenability is also the layer hardened until 50% martensite is formed from the surface
of the steel. This is the part that we measure as hardening.

If we draw it, the hardening depth of the 1040 steel is below 5 and it is three and a half to 4
millimeters.
If we look at the 5140 steel, if we draw 50% I, we observe it as approximately 12mm. It is
around 22-23 25 millimeters in 4140 Steel, but 4340 Steel showed 50 mm below and we
obtained eighty percent martensite, that is, we were able to harden this Steel completely.

In other words, the values given in millimeters that we are talking about here are
actually the radius, so we can harden an entire piece with a thickness of 100 millimeters.

Dimensions of our 4140 steel:

diameter 20mm
length 100mm
Conclusion :

a)

Since alloy steels have higher hardenability, martensite may form in their internal
structures at lower cooling rates. Alloys increase hardenability.
An alloy steel with high hardenability
While the jominy curve does not show a sudden decrease, a rapid decrease is observed
in the jominy curve of unalloyed carbon steel. In other words, we can find from the
graph that 4340 steel has the highest hardenability and 1040 steel has the lowest
hardenability.

The distance quenched in 4010 steel is between 15-20 mm and has a hardness of 35-40
RSD-C.

b)
It is possible to show the cooling curves suitable for the cooling rates at Jominy distances on
the CCT diagrams. This diagram is given below.

c)
 The temperature called AC1 is the eutectoid temperature of 723 degrees Celsius and forms
the boundary between ferrite-cementite, austenite-ferrite or austenite-cementite fields. The
AC3 temperature, on the other hand, is the temperature at which α‐iron transforms into – γ
iron, forming a boundary between the ferrite‐austenite and austenite fields.
If we look at the CCT diagram, the ac1 temperature is around 720 and the ac3
temperature is around 780.

d)

Conclusion 2 :
a)

Of the alloying elements, C, B, Cr, Mn, Mo, Si and Ni affect the hardenability the most.
Carbon, hardness of martensite.

b) The answer to this question is available in the comments above.

c)
It is the general name given to the state of the water used in the experiment as the
hardenability measurement methods, when the steel becomes martensite and the hardening
properties of the steel emerge. This feature is the situation where the hardness of the steel,
which occurs from the outer surface to the inner center, can be different according to the
surface.
 c) The hardenability depends on the chemical composition of the steel (carbon and
alloying elements), its structure and the austenite grain size during quenching.

Steels with alloying elements increase the hardness as they shift the s curves to
the right. In addition, when the steel is austenitized and quenched, the steel becomes
hard because the martensite phase is formed.

e)

It takes the form of a descending curve as shown in the figure above, and this curve is
called the jominy curve. The distance from the cooled end is called jominy distance,
and as this distance increases, the cooling rate decreases.

g)
We can increase hardenability by alloying. Since titanium is one of the important carbide-
forming elements, it increases the hardness of the steel. At the same time, it also creates a
grain-thinning effect, just like niobium. In addition, when used together with boron, it can
strengthen the positive effect of boron on hardenability.
Most metallic alloying elements slow down ferrite and pearlite reactions and thus
increase hardenability.

h)
The most important difference between Gradual Cooling Diagram (TTT diagram) and
Continuous Cooling Diagram (CCT diagram); It is the study of the progress of the t
ransformation as a function of time at a constant temperature in a gradual cooling diagram.
Since we look at gradual cooling at constant temperature over time, we can have detailed
information about the structure formed in the CTT diagrams.

REFERANCES
https://slideplayer.biz.tr/slide/1905748/
https://www.dokumtek.com/kademeli-soguma-diyagrami-ttt-
diyagrami-nedir/#:~:text=S%C3%BCrekli%20So%C4%9Fuma
%20Diyagram%C4%B1%20ile%20Kademeli,zaman%C4%B1n
%20bir%20fonksiyonu%20olarak%20incelemesidir.
 https://www.ktu.edu.tr/dosyalar/14_14_00_1b633.pdf