DCE3614: Introduction to

Digital Signal Processing

CLO1: Solve the digital signal processing (DSP) systems,

analog-to-digital (ADC) and digital-to-analog (DAC) by
using appropriate digital processing techniques.
By Steven Khoo.
Introduction to Digital Signal
Processing (DSP)
◼ Signal.
◼ Block Diagram.
◼ Basic Concepts of DSP.
◼ Overview of DSP in
Real-World Applications.
◼ DSP Applications &
Examples.
Signal
◼ What is Signal?
◼ Any physical phenomenon that carries or
conveys infromation from one place to
other and represents as a function of
independent variables such as time,
distance, position, temperture, pressure
etc.
Examples
◼ Flow of audio from sound waves.
Examples
◼ Satellite TV Broadcasting.
Multidimensional Signal
◼ Signals can be multidimensional.
◼ Signals may be classified as:
Multidimensional Signal
◼ One dimensional signals: A signal which is a
function of single independent variable is called
one dimensional signal.
 E.g.: music, speech, heart beat, etc.
◼ Multidimensional signals: A signal which is a
function of two or more independent variables is
called multidimensional signal.
 E.g.:A photograph is an example of two
dimensional signal, the motion picture of a black
and white TV is an example of three dimensional
signal.
Multidimensional Signal
◼ A multidimensional signal is one that can be
indexed in many directions.
 E.g.,
typical video that play on the laptop is a 4-
dimensional signal, 𝑥 𝑘, 𝑡, 𝑟, 𝑐 :
◼ 𝑘 indexes colour (𝑘 = 0 for red, 𝑘 = 1 for green, 𝑘 = 2 for
blue)
◼ 𝑡 is the frame index.
◼ 𝑟 is the row index.
◼ 𝑐 is the column index.
 If
there are 3 colours, 30 frames/second, 480 rows
and 640 columns, with one byte per pixel, then: 3 ×
30 × 480 × 640 = 27684000 bytes/sec.
Electrocardiography (ECG) Signal
◼ Signal that represent the electrical activity of the
heartbeat.
◼ Periodic waveform, one period represents one cycle of
the blood transfer process from the heart to the arteries.
ECG Signal Issue
◼ In ECG recording, there is often an unwanted 60 Hz
interference in the recorded data.
◼ The interference comes
from the power line and
includes magnetic
induction, displacement
current in leads or in the
body of the patient,
effects from equipment
interconnections
another imperfections.
Electroencephalogram (EEG) Signal
◼ Represent the electrical activity caused by the random
firings of billions of neurons in the brain.
Seismic Signal
◼ Caused by the movement of rocks resulting
from an earthquake, a volcanic eruption, or an
underground explosion.
Signal Processing
◼ What is Signal Processing?
◼ Signal processing is the analysis,
interpretation and manipulation of physical
quantities such as sound, images, time-varying
measurement values and sensor data etc.
◼ Types of signal processing:
Analog Signal Processing (ASP)
◼ ASP processes the signals which are not digitized
including classical radio, TV, telephone, radar etc.
◼ Processing is applied on analog signal directly and
does not require any ADC or DAC unlike digital signal
processing.
◼ Examples of non linear circuits which use ASP concept:
 Compandors
 Multiplicators (mixers/voltage controlled amplifiers)
 VCOs (Voltage-Controlled Oscillators)
 VCFs (Voltage-Controlled Filters)
 PLLs (Phase Locked Loops)
Analog Signal Processing (ASP)
◼ In general, the analog signal process does not
require software, an algorithm, ADC, and DAC.
◼ The processing relies wholly on electrical and
electronic devices such as resistors,
capacitors, transistors, operational
amplifiers, and integrated circuits (ICs).
Digital Signal Processing (DSP)
◼ DSP processes discrete time discrete amplitude
signals which are samples at discrete points in time.
◼ Most popular DSP chip is from Texas Instruments (TI)
which is TMS320. Other DSP manufacturers include
Freescale, Intel, CEVA, XILINX etc.
◼ Typical applications of DSP include up/down sampling,
filtering, image processing, audio processing, Fourier
transform, compression, acquisition,
correlation/convolution, ECG in medical domain, radar
etc.
Digital Signal Processing (DSP)
◼ DSP systems use software, digital processing,
and algorithms; thus they have a great deal of
flexibility, less noise interference, and no
signal distortion in various applications.
◼ DSP systems still require minimum analog
processing such as the anti-aliasing and
reconstruction filters, which are essential for
converting real-world information into digital form
and digital form back into real-world information.
Digital Signal Processing (DSP)
◼ Digital: Operate by the use of discrete signal to
represent data in the form of numbers.
◼ Signal: A parameter (electical quantity or effect)
that can be varied in such a way as to convey
information.
◼ Processing: A series of operation performed
according to programmed instructions.
Digital Systems
◼ To take advantage of digital techniques when dealing
with analogue inputs and outputs, three steps must be
followed:
1. Convert the real-world analogue inputs to digital form.
2. Process (operate on) the digital information.
3. Convert the digital outputs back to real-world analogue
form.
Digital Systems
Self-Test 1
◼ Provide a real-life application of DSP using
appropriate diagram.
◼ y u w v d ’ p f m:
 https://padlet.com/stevenkhoobt/digital-signal-
processing-e7fwru08ekdt0h7e
◼ Please re-post different example if your
application has been posted.
DSP Application on Modern Living
◼ Cellular/Mobile Telephony ◼ Medical Electronics
 Speech and channel coding  Critical/Intensive care monitors
 Voice and data processing  Digital X-rays
 Power management  ECG analyzers
 Multipath equalization  Cardiac monitors
◼ Automotive  Medical imaging
 Digital Audio
◼ Computer
 Digital Radio
 Sound cards
 Personal communication
 Data storage and retrieval
systems
 Error correction/concealment
 Active suspension
 Multimedia
◼ Digital Audio  Modems
 Stereo and surround sound
 Audio equalization and mixing
 Electronic music
Basic Concepts of DSP
◼ The concept of DSP is consists of an analog
filter, an analog-to-digital conversion (ADC)
unit, a digital signal (DS) processor, a digital-
to-analog conversion (DAC) unit, and a
reconstruction (anti-image) filter.
Basic Concepts of DSP
◼ The analog input signal is continuous in time
and amplitude.
 E.g.:current, voltage, temperature, pressure and light
intensity.
◼ Transducer (sensor) is used to convert the non-
electrical signal to the analog electrical signal
(voltage).
Basic Concepts of DSP
◼ This analog signal is fed to an analog filter,
which is applied to limit the frequency range of
analog signals prior to the sampling process.
◼ The purpose of filtering is to significantly
attenuate aliasing distortion.
Basic Concepts of DSP
◼ The band-limited signal at the output of the analog filter
is then sampled and converted via the ADC unit into the
digital signal, which is discrete both in time and in
amplitude.
◼ The DS processor then accepts the digital signal and
processes the digital data according to DSP rules such
as low pass, high pass, and bandpass digital filtering,
or other algorithms for different applications.
Basic Concepts of DSP
◼ DS processor unit is a special type of digital
computer and can be a general-purpose digital
computer, a P, or an advanced C.
◼ DSP rules can be implemented using software.
◼ DS processor and corresponding software, a
processed digital output signal is generated.
◼ This signal behaves in a manner according to
the specific algorithm used.
Basic Concepts of DSP
◼ The DAC unit, which converts the
processed digital signal to an analog
output signal.
◼ The signal is continuous in time and
discrete in amplitude (usually a sample-
and-hold signal).
Basic Concepts of DSP
◼ The final block is designated as a function
to smooth the DAC output voltage levels
back to the analog signal via a
reconstruction (anti-image) filter for real-
world applications.
Self-Test 2
◼ Describe ONE advantage and ONE
disadvantage of DSP in details.
◼ y u w v d ’ p f m h
given section:
 https://padlet.com/stevenkhoobt/dsp-self-test-
2-pseri2erzxy3hwoz
◼ Please re-post different example if your
advantage and disadvantage have been posted.
DSP Examples
◼ Digital filtering to remove noise to obtain a clean
signal.
Summary
◼ Analog signal is continuous in both time and
amplitude.
◼ Analog-to-digital signal conversion requires an
ADC unit (hardware) and a low pass filter
attached ahead of the ADC unit to block the high-
frequency components that ADC cannot handle.
◼ Digital signal can be converted back to an analog
signal by sending the digital values to DAC to
produce the corresponding voltage levels and
applying a smooth filter (reconstruction filter) to
the DAC voltage steps.
Summary
◼ Digital signal processing finds many applications in the
areas of digital speech and audio, digital and cellular
telephones, automobile controls, communications,
biomedical imaging, image/video processing, and
multimedia.
◼ There are many real-world DSP applications that do not
require DAC, such as data acquisition and digital
information display, speech recognition, data encoding,
and so on.
◼ DSP applications that need no ADC includes CD
players, text-to-speech synthesis, digital tone
generators, and so on.