Nutrition and Human

Ingestion:
1. Which part contain living cells?
Dentine
Pulp cavity
Gum
Jaw bone

2. Which part contain non-living cells? (Calcium salt)

Enamel
Dentine
Jaw bone

3. Dental formula/Dentition
 搵中線分開四隻門牙 *上下排牙分開搵，因為上下排牙有機會唔對稱*
 對照反牙齒種類，直接數有幾多隻就得

2 2 1 2

Adult (Permanent teeth): 2123/2123 (Incisor/Canine/Premolar/Molar)

Child (Milk teeth): 2102/2102 (Incisor/Canine/Premolar/Molar)
4. 認得唔同種類牙嘅樣

Incisor 門齒 Canine 犬齒 Premolar 前臼齒 Molar 臼齒

Chisel shaped Pointed 2 cups and 1-2 4 cups and 2-3
鑿形 錐形 roots roots

Exercise:
 Digestion:
Physical digestion Chemical digestion
1. Increase the surface area of food in contact with the 1. Break down large, complex food molecules into
Function digestive juices small, simpler molecules
2. Doesn’t change the chemical structure of the food 2. Changes the chemical structure of the food
1. Salivary amylase
(Starch  Maltose)
2. Mucus
Mouth Chewing  Crush food into smaller
Saliva 唾液: (Bind food together + moisten &
cavity (mastication) pieces and mix with saliva
lubricate)
3. Water
(Dissolve soluble substance)
 Food become bolus
 Wave of muscle contraction
Esophagus Peristalsis that push the food along the /
alimentary canal
1. Pepsin
(Protein  Peptide)
2. Hydrochloric acid
 Muscle movement of (Acidic  For pepsin action & kill
Gastric juice
Stomach Churning stomach that squeeze and mix bacteria)
胃液:
the food with gastric juice 3. Mucus
(Protects the stomach wall from
being digested by the pepsin and
being damaged by HCl)
 Food become chyme
1. Pancreatic amylase
Peristalsis /
(Starch  Maltose)
1. Bile salts
2. Proteases
(Emulsify lipids into small
(Protein  Peptide, Peptide 
droplets  increase the
Pancreatic Amino Acid)
surface area for lipase)
juice
Small Emulsification 2. Bile pigments 3. Pancreatic lipase
胰臟液:
intestine of lipid: (Breakdown of haemoglobin from (Lipid  Fatty acid + glycerol)
Bile 膽汁 RBC)
(Bile have no 4. Sodium hydrogencarbonate
digestive enzyme) (Alkaline  Neutralize acidic
chyme & optimum pH for enzyme)
3. Sodium hydrogencarbonate
1. Sodium hydrogencarbonate
Intestinal juice
2. Water
腸液:
3. Mucus

**Carbohydrates (Disaccharides monosaccharides) &

Proteases are present on the cell membrane of epithelial cells
 Not part of intestinal juice
Digestion 重點:
1. Bile is produced by liver, stored in gall bladder, and secreted into duodenum
though bile duct.
 Bile does not contain any digestive juice (NOT chemical digestion)

2. Peristalsis occurs in whole alimentary canal.

 Pushes food along the esophagus and other parts of the alimentary canal
 Helps mix the food with the digestive juices
 Increases the contact between the wall of the alimentary canal and digested
food to facilitate absorption (along the small intestine)

3. First place of physical & chemical digestion is in our mouth

 Chemical digestion: salivary amylase
 Physical digestion: chewing (mastication)

4. Distinguish food / bolus / chyme / chyle

 Food after chewing  bolus (mixed with saliva)
 Bolus after digested inside stomach  chyme (mixed with gastric juice)
 Chyme after whole digestion  chyle (ready for absorption)

5. Digestion of carbohydrates, proteins and lipids is COMPLETED in the small intestine

 Small intestine: Digestion + Absorption (most of the digested food molecules are
absorbed in the small intestine)
 Large intestine: Absorption of REMAINING water & minerals + Forming feces
答題：
1. Describe how liver helps the digestion of food.
 Liver produces bile
 which is released into the duodenum
 To help the digestion of fat/to emulsify fat
 To provide an alkaline medium for enzymes to work

2. Suggest why coagulation of milk protein can facilitate stomach’s digestion.

 Coagulated milk protein, being in semi-solid form, can be retained in the
stomach for a longer period of time
 For the protease to digest it

3. Explain how the process of digestion would be affected if a person lost a lot of
molars.
 Food cannot be ground or crushed into small pieces/there would be less
mechanical digestion
 The surface area for the action of digestive enzymes would not be large enough
 It would take longer time for the food to be broken down into simple soluble
forms

4. Suggest why the faeces produced by patients whose pancreatic duct is blocked
have a high fat content.
 Pancreas produces pancreatic juice, which contains pancreatic lipase
 due to the blockage of pancreatic duct, pancreatic lipase cannot reach the
duodenum
 Thus fat in the food cannot be digested and is egested in the faeces

5. In patients whose pancreatic duct is blocked, their tissues of the pancreas may
get digested. Why?
 Due to the blockage of pancreatic duct, digestive enzymes accumulate in the
pancreas
 The protease accumulated digests the tissue of the pancreas/the lipase
accumulated digest the cell membrane of pancreatic tissue cells

6. What will happen to a patient without bile duct / gall bladder in terms of
digestion.
 Less bile can be stored up and delivered to the duodenum.
 Since bile emulsify lipids into small droplets to increase the surface area for
lipase to act on
 Less bile will decrease the rate of emulsification and hence the surface area for
 the action of lipase decreases
Absorption: Small intestine

Adaptation Significance
Allows sufficient time for digestion and
Very long
absorption
Inner wall highly folded
Presence of many finger-like
projections (villi) Increase the surface area for absorption
Numerous microvilli on the
epithelial cells of villi
Reduces the distance for diffusion of food
Thin epithelium molecules into the blood
 Increases the diffusion rate
Allow the absorbed food molecules to be
carried away by blood rapidly
Presence of network of capillaries  keep a steep concentration gradient of
food molecules across the wall of small
intestine
Increases contact between the digested food
Peristalsis along the small intestine
molecules and villi

**Small intestines absorb + digest all**

 **Large intestine absorb mainly water and minerals**
Absorption: Process

Substance Methods Destination

Water soluble molecules
(Monosaccharides / Amino
Diffusion & active transport
acid / Water-soluble
vitamin (B&C) / Minerals)
Osmosis Blood
 Absorption of digested food into capillaries
the blood  water potential of the
Water
content in the small intestine
increases (higher than that of the
blood)
Diffusion
 Enter the epithelium of the villi
by diffusion
Fatty acid & glycerol
 Recombine into fine lipid Lacteals
droplets in the epithelial cells (= lymph)
 Enter the lymph in the lacteals
Lipid-soluble vitamins
Diffusion
(A&D)
Assimilation:

 For water-soluble food molecules:

Capillaries of villus  hepatic portal vein  liver  hepatic vein  vena cava
 heart  aorta  all parts of the body

 For lipids & lipid-soluble vitamins:

lacteals of villus  lymph vessels  vena cava  heart  aorta  all parts of
the body

Usage In excess
 Used by body cells for  Converted to glycogen
Glucose releasing energy by (stored in the liver & muscles)
respiration and adipose tissue
 Used by cells to make
structural proteins for
growth and repair
Amino
 As the raw materials for  Deaminated in the liver
acid
making functional proteins
(enzymes, hormones,
antibodies)
 Used by cells to make cell
 Adipose tissue
membrane & some
Lipid - Under skin
hormones
- Around internal organ
 Energy reserves in our body
Liver
1. Regulation of blood glucose level
- Before meal: blood glucose drops  liver convert stored glycogen into
glucose and released into blood
- After meal: blood glucose rises  liver convert excess glucose into
glycogen

2. Storage of glycogen, iron (used for making new RBC) and lipid-soluble vitamins

3. Production of bile

4. Deamination
- Amino group  converted to urea 尿素 and
excreted by urine
- Remaining group  used to form carbohydrates or
lipids

5. Detoxification
- Breakdown of mild toxic substances (e.g. alcohol & drugs) into harmless
substances

Egestion:
Egestion: Process of removing undigested and unabsorbed matters from the body
Excretion: Removal of metabolic wastes.

Faeces:
 Water
 Undigested matter (mainly dietary fibre),
 Bile pigments
 Dead cells from the lining of the alimentary canal
 Large number of bacteria

答題：如果冇咗 large intestine 嘅一部分會點 ?

 Watery faeces will be produced