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    MAY2006

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    Panashe Gora
    The document provides information about a hydrology exam for a bachelor's degree including 6 questions on hydrology topics like rainfall analysis, infiltration, groundwater flow and streamflow hydrographs. The questions involve calculations, sketches and explanations.

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    MAY2006

    Uploaded by

    Panashe Gora
    5 views5 pages
    The document provides information about a hydrology exam for a bachelor's degree including 6 questions on hydrology topics like rainfall analysis, infiltration, groundwater flow and streamflow hydrographs. The questions involve calculations, sketches and explanations.

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    Hydrology

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    The document provides information about a hydrology exam for a bachelor's degree including 6 questions on hydrology topics like rainfall analysis, infiltration, groundwater flow and streamflow hydrographs. The questions involve calculations, sketches and explanations.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    5 views5 pages

    MAY2006

    Uploaded by

    Panashe Gora
    The document provides information about a hydrology exam for a bachelor's degree including 6 questions on hydrology topics like rainfall analysis, infiltration, groundwater flow and streamflow hydrographs. The questions involve calculations, sketches and explanations.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 5

    NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

    FACULTY OF INDUSTRIAL TECHNOLOGY


    DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL AND WATER ENGINEERING
    BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING (HONOURS) DEGREE
    PART II SECOND SEMESTER EXAMINATIONS APRIL/MAY 2006
    HYDROLOGY TCW 2202

    INSTRUCTIONS
    Answer any four questions. Illustrate your answers, where appropriate with clearly
    labeled sketches. Useful formulae are given at the end of the paper.
    Total marks 100 Time 3 hours

    QUESTION I
    (a) Discuss the application of hydrology in Civil Engineering. [7 marks]
    (b) Define the terms “Latent heat of vaporization” and “Dynamic cooling”.
    [6 marks]
    (c) Describe the advantages of an automatic rain gauge [4 marks]
    (d) The average annual rainfalls at 5 gauge stations in Bulawayo (Fig. Q1.1) are
    given in Table Q1.1. Determine the mean annual rainfall of the city using the
    isohyetal method. [8 marks]

    Table Q1.1

    Station Airport CBD Hillside Luveve NUST


    Rainfall (mm) 610 554 506 531 435

    Cowdary Park

    Scale 1:1000
    Fig. Q1.1

    1
    QUESTION 2
    (a) The mean annual rainfalls at NUST for a period of 16 years are in Table Q2.1.
    Determine:

    (i) Rainfall for 50yr recurrence interval [5 marks]


    (ii) Probability of occurrence of rainfall of 510mm and the recurrence
    interval. [5 marks]
    (iii) If the risk of failure of a project with a design life of 100yrs is 5%,
    what is the recurrence interval? [3 marks]

    Table Q2.1

    Year Rainfall Year Rainfall Year Rainfall Year Rainfall,


    (mm) (mm) (mm) (mm)
    1986 480 1991 735 1996 515 2001 620
    1987 746 1992 625 1997 480 2002 701
    1988 689 1993 715 1998 500 2003 600
    1989 492 1994 630 1999 520 2004 490
    1990 501 1995 545 2000 700 2005 700

    (b) The accumulated rainfall for a storm over time is in Table Q2.2.
    (i) Derive a fitting equation for the data. [9 marks]
    (ii) The rainfall intensity after 95 minutes [3 marks]

    Table Q2.2

    Time (min) 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100


    Accumulated rainfall (mm) 5 10 40 45 90 40 50 54 60 62

    QUESTION 3

    (a) During an infiltrometer test, the following results were obtained after 20
    hours:

    fo =2mm/min
    fc =20mm/hour
    F =80cm

    Assuming that the Horton’s model is valid, estimate the recession constant, k.
    [7 marks]
    (b) State the assumptions for the Dupuit-Thiem’s equations for steady state flow
    for confined and unconfined aquifers. [6 marks]
    (c) The drawdowns (s) obtained from observation wells which are at a distance r
    from a pumping well are given in Table Q3.1. If the pump was discharging at
    2.3m3/hr, compute the hydraulic conductivity of the aquifer. Assume an
    aquifer thickness of 106m. [7 marks]

    2
    Table Q3.1

    r, m 30 60 90 180 300 600 900


    Drawdown (s), m 8.1 6.3 5.85 4.2 3 1.5 0.75

    (d)
    Discuss two factors based on soil type which limits the application of
    Horton’s equation.
    [5 marks]
    QUESTION 4

    (a) Define the term “Storage coefficient”. [3 marks]

    (b) A 375mm well is pumped at the rate of 2560 litres per minute. The
    drawdowns from an observation well 2.85m away from the pumping well are in
    Table Q4.1. Compute:-

    (i) Transmissivity [3 marks]


    (ii) Storage coefficient [3 marks]
    (iii) Drawdown in the observation well after 250 days [2 marks]
    (iv) Drawdown in the pumping well after 300 days [2 marks]

    (c) Discuss the main advantages of the dilution method in stream gauging.
    [5 marks]
    (d) A plan area of a new housing site is shown in Fig. Q4.1. The catchment
    characteristics are shown in Table Q4.1 and Fig. Q4.1. Estimate the surface
    runoff at the outfall point (O) into the secondary drain for a design return
    period of 1: 5yrs. The other remaining area is open space. [7 marks]

    Table Q4.1

    Catchment A Catchment B
    Runoff coefficient for plot area 0.8 0.7
    Runoff coefficient for the road 0.95 0.95
    Open space runoff coefficient 0.35 0.35
    % of road area 20 25
    Plot area 60 55

    QUESTION 5
    (a) With clearly labeled sketches, outline the propositions of a unit hydrograph.
    [10 marks]
    (b) The inflow hydrograph with a rainfall period of 2 hours of a catchment area of
    200km2 is shown in Table 5.1. In the same catchment area, there were three
    consecutive storms: a 3-hr at 22mm/hr; a 5-hr at 15mm/hr and a 4-hr storm at
    20mm/hr. The storm loss for each of the storm was 8mm/hr. Derive a total
    hydrograph for all the three storms. [15 marks]

    3
    Rainfall intensity, cm/hr

    Fig.
    Fig. Q4.1

    4
    O

    4.1
    Table 5.1

    Time Discharge Time Discharge


    (hrs) (m3/s) (hrs) (m3/s)
    0 6 8 50
    1 6 9 40
    2 20 10 30
    3 50 11 25
    4 70 12 21
    5 80 13 15
    6 74 14 10
    7 60 15 8

    QUESTION 6
    The inflow and outflow hydrographs for a river reach are given Table Q6.1.
    Determine the Muskingum coefficients, K and X for the reach. [25 marks]

    Table Q6.1

    Time, hr 0 12 24 36 48 60 72 84 96 108
    Inflow, m3/s 30 120 570 740 450 240 140 90 60 50
    Outflow, 40 50 280 620 630 390 230 140 90 60
    m3/s

    Useful formula

    2.3Q 2.25Tt 2.3Q 2.25Tto 2.3Q


    S= log 2 T= S= T=
    4πT r Sc 4π∆s r2 2π∆s
    − KX + 0.5∆t KX + 0.5∆t K − KX − 0.5∆t
    Co = C1 = C2 =
    K − KX + 0.5∆T K − KX + 0.5∆T K − KX + 0.5∆T

    S = K [ XI + (1 − X )O ] O2 = C O I 2 + C1 I 1 + C 2 O1

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