Unit 3 Analytic Functions

Analytic functions – Necessary and Sufficient conditions for analyticity in Cartesian and
Polar Coordinates – Properties – Harmonic Conjugate – Construction of Analytic function –
Conformal mapping – Mapping by Functions – Bilinear Transformation.

Analytic Functions
A function f (z) which is single – valued and possess a unique derivative with respect to z at all
points of a region R, is called an analytic function of z in that region.
A function which is analytic everywhere in the complex plane is known as entire function. As
derivative of a polynomial exists at every point, a polynomial of any degree is an entire function.
A function which is not analytic at a point is called a singular point of a function.

Note:
An analytic function is also called a regular function or a holomorphic function.

Cauchy – Riemann equations

If u and v are real single valued functions of x and y such that ∂u/∂x, ∂u/∂y, ∂v/∂x, ∂v/∂y are con-
tinuous throughout a region R, then the Cauchy – Riemann equation

∂u ∂v ∂u ∂v
= and =-
∂x ∂y ∂y ∂x
are both necessary and sufficient continuous for the function f (z) = u + iv to be analytic in R.

Note:
• The real and imaginary parts of an analytic function are called conjugate functions.
• The relation between two conjugate functions is given by C-R equation

∂u 1 ∂v ∂v 1 ∂u
• Polar form of Cauchy – Riemann equation is = and =-
∂r r ∂q ∂r r ∂q
3.2 Engineering Mathematics I

Properties of an Analytic Function

Property 1
If f (z) = u + iv is an analytic function of z = x + iy, then u and v satisfy Laplace equation. Laplace
∂2f ∂2f
equation —2f = 0 i.e. 2 + 2 = 0.
∂x ∂y
Solution:
Let f (z) = u + iv is an analytic function of z \ f (z) satisfies C-R equation. The C-R equation is
∂u ∂v ∂u ∂v
(i) = and (ii) =- .
∂x ∂y ∂y ∂x
Differentiating (i) and (ii) with respect to x and y we get

∂2 u ∂2 v ∂2u -∂2v
= and 2 =
∂x 2 ∂x ∂y ∂y ∂x ∂y
∂2 u ∂2 u
fi + = 0 …(A)
∂x 2 ∂y 2
Similarly differentiating (i) and (i) w.r.t. to y and x respectively

∂2 u ∂2 v ∂2 v ∂2 u
- = and 2 =
∂x ∂y ∂x 2 ∂y ∂x ∂y
∂2 v ∂2 v
+
= 0 …(B)
∂x 2 ∂y 2
From (A) and (B) u and v satisfies Laplace equation

Harmonic Function
Any function of x and y satisfies Laplace equation is called a harmonic function.

Note:
If f (z) = u + iv is an analytic function of z, then u and v are harmonic functions.
Property 2
If f (z) = u + iv is an analytic function, then the curves u(x, y) = c1 and v(x, y) = c2 where c1and c2
are constants are orthogonal to each other.
Solution:
Given f (z) = u + iv is an analytic therefore f (z) satisfies C­-R equation

∂u ∂v ∂u ∂v
= and =-
∂x ∂y ∂y ∂x
 Analytic Functions 3.3

If u(x, y) = c1 then du = 0
By total derivative
∂u ∂u
du = dx + dy
∂x ∂y
∂u ∂u
fi dx + dy = 0
∂x ∂y
dy ∂u / ∂x
\ =- = m1 (say)
dx ∂u / ∂y

Similarly If v(x, y) = c2 then dv = 0

By total derivative
∂v ∂v
dv = dx + dy = 0
∂x ∂y

dy ∂v / ∂x
=- = m2 (say)
dx ∂v / ∂y
The curves u(x, y) = c1 and v(x, y) = c2 are orthogonal, then we check m1m2 = –1

-∂u / ∂x -∂v / ∂x
Therefore, m1m2 = ¥
∂u / ∂y ∂v / ∂y
-∂u / ∂x ∂u / ∂y
= ¥ [using CR equation]
∂u / ∂y ∂u / ∂x
m1m2 = –1
\ The curves u(x, y) = c1 and v(x, y) = c2 are orthogonal to each other.
Property 3
If f (z) is analytic in a region R and f ¢(z) = 0 everywhere in R, show that f (z) is constant.
Solution:
Given f (z) is analytic. Therefore f (z) satisfies CR equation.

∂u ∂v ∂u ∂v
CR equation is = and =- given f ¢(z) = 0
∂x ∂y ∂y ∂x

∂u ∂v
\ + = 0 = 0 + i0
∂x ∂x
∂u ∂v
i.e. = 0 and =0
∂x ∂x
3.4 Engineering Mathematics I

Therefore u and v are independent of x by CR equation

∂v ∂u
= 0 and =0
∂y ∂y
Therefore u and v are independent of y.
fi u and v are independent of x and y
\ u(x, y) = Constant and v(x, y) = Constant
fi f (z) = u + iv is constant.
Property 4
Prove that an analytic function with constant real part is constant.
Solution:
Let f (z) = u + iv the analytic function given that u = c. (constant). Now we prove f (z) is constant,
i.e. to prove v is constant.
If u = c
∂u ∂u
fi = 0 and =0
∂x ∂y
Using CR equation we get
∂v ∂v
= 0 and = 0 [\ f (z) is analytic]
∂y ∂x
fi u and v are independent of x and y therefore u = constant and v = constant
\ f (z) = u + iv is constant
Property 5
Prove that an analytic function with constant modulus is constant.
Solution:
Let f (z) = u + iv be an analytic function given

| f (z)| = u2 + v 2 = c (constant)
fi u2 + v2 = C (c2=C) …(1)
where c is constant
Differentiating (1) partially w.r.t. to x and y

∂u ∂v
2u + 2v = 0
∂x ∂x

∂u ∂v
and 2u + 2v = 0
∂y ∂y
 Analytic Functions 3.5

∂u ∂v
\ u +v = 0 …(2)
∂x ∂x

∂u ∂v
u +v = 0 …(3)
∂y ∂y
∂u ∂v ∂u ∂v
Given f (z) is analytic, f (z) satisfies CR equation = and u =-
Using CR equation in (2) and (3), we have ∂x ∂y ∂y ∂x

∂u ∂v
u +v = 0 …(4)
∂x ∂x
∂u ∂v
v - u = 0 …(5)
∂x ∂x
Solve (4) and (5)
u v
= –(u2 + v2) = –c ≠ 0
v -u

Therefore the only possibility is uy = 0 and vy = 0.Using CR equation

\ ux = uy = 0 fi u is constant
vx = vy = 0 fi v is constant
Hence f (z) is constant.
Property 6
If f (z) and f (z ) are analytic function of z prove that f (z) is a constant.
Solution:
Given f (z) = u + iv and f (z ) = u – iv are analytic functions.Therefore f (z) and f (z ) satisfies C-R
equation,
fi ux = vy and uy = –vx …(1)
and ux = –vy and uy = vx …(2)
From (1) and (2) 2vy = 0 an 2vx = 0
fi vy = vx = 0

v is an independent of x and y, therefore ‘v’ is a constant

Using CR equation
vy = 0 fi ux = 0 and vx = 0 fi uy = 0
u is an independent of x and y, therefore‘u’ is a constant.
fi f (z) is constant
3.6 Engineering Mathematics I

Problems
1. Show that the function f (z) = z is no where differentiable. [Nov 2001/Anna]
Solution:
Given f (z) = z   f (z) = x – iy
Here f (z) = u + iv = x – iy
fi u = x and v = –y
ux = 1, vx = 0, uy = 0 & vy = –1
ux ≠ vy
\ C-R equations are not satisfied.
\ f (z) = z is no differentiable anywhere

2. Show that f (z) = |z|2 is differentiable at z = 0 but not analytic at z = 0 [April 2008/Anna]
Solution:
Let z = x + iy and z = x – iy

|z| = x2 + y2
|z|2 = x2 + y2 = (x + iy) (x – iy) = z z
f (z) = x2 + y2
u + iy = x2 + y2
u = x2 + y2 and v = 0
ux = 2x, vx = 0, uy = 2y and vy = 0
ux = vy and uy = –vx only at z = 0, so f (z) may be differentiable only at z = 0.

3. Test the analyticity of the function (i) w = sin z and (ii) w cos z [may 2001/Anna]
Solution:
(i) Given w = f (z) = u + iv = sin z

u + iv = sin(x + iy)

= sin x cos iy + cos x sin iy

u + iv = sin x cosh y + i cos x sinh y [\ cos iy = cosh y, sin iy = i sinh y]

u = sin x cosh y   v = cos x sinh y

ux = cos x cosh y   vx = –sin x sinh y

uy = sin x sinh y   vy = cos x cosh y

 Analytic Functions 3.7

fi ux = vy and uy = –vx
\ CR equations are satisfied
\ w = sin z is analytic
(ii) u + iv = cos(x + iy)
= cos x cos iy – sin x sin iy
u + iv = cos x cosh y – i sin x sinh y
u = cos x cosh y        v = –sin x sinh y
ux = –sin x cosh y        vx = –cos x sinh y
uy = cos x sinh y         vy = –sin x cosh y
ux = vy and uy = –vx
\ CR equations are satisfied
w = cos z is analytic

4. Verify the f (z) = 2xy + i(x2 – y2) is analytic. [May 2002/Anna]

Solution:
Given f (z) = 2xy + i(x2 – y2)
u = 2xy  v = x2 – y2
ux = 2y vx = 2x
uy = 2x vy = –2y
ux ≠ vy and uy ≠ –vx
\ CR equation are not satisfied
\ f (z) is not analytic

1
5. Show that f (z) = is analytic everywhere except at z = 0.
z
Solution:
1 1
Given f (z) = =
z x + iy

1 ( x - iy )
= ¥
x + iy x - iy

x - iy
u + iv =
x2 + y2
3.8 Engineering Mathematics I

x -y
u = 2 2
and v =
x +y x + y2
2

(x 2 + y 2)(1) - 2 x 2 (x 2 + y 2)(0) - (- y ) (2 x )
ux = vx =
(x 2 + y 2)2 (x 2 + y 2)2

y2 - x2 2 xy
ux = 2 2 2
vx =
(x + y ) (x + y 2)2
2

0 - 2 xy ( x 2 + y 2)(-1) - (- y )(2 y )
uy = vy =
(x 2 + y 2)2 (x 2 + y 2)2

-2 xy y2 - x2
uy = vy =
(x 2 + y 2)2 (x 2 + y 2)2
fi ux = vy and uy = –vx
CR equation is satisfied, therefore f (z) is analytic

6. Test whether the function f (z) is analytic are not f (z) = ex(cos y + i sin y).
Solution:
Given f (z) = u + iv = ex(cos y + i sin y)
u = ex cos y v = ex sin y
ux = ex cos y vx = ex sin y
uy = –ex sin y vy = ex cos y
fi ux = vy and uy = –vx
CR equations are satisfied f (z) is analytic.

7. Test the analyticity of a function f (z) = z3 + z.

Solution:
Given f (z) = z3 + z
Put z = x + iy, we get u + iv = (x + iy)3 + (x + iy)
= x3 + 3(x2)(iy) + 3x(iy)2 + (iy)3 + x + iy
u + iv = x3 + i3x2y – 3xy2 – iy3 + x + iy
u + iv = x3 – 3xy2 + x + i(3x2y – y3 + y)
u = x3 – 3xy2 + x v = 3x2y – y3 + y
ux = 3x2 –3y2 + 1 vx = 6xy
uy = –6xy vy = 3x2 – 3y2 + 1
 Analytic Functions 3.9

fi ux = vy and uy = –vx, C-R equations are satisfied, therefore f (z) is analytic.

8. Determine the function f (z) = 2xy + i(x2 – y2) is analytic.

Solution:
Given f (z) = 2xy + i(x2 – y2)
Here u = 2xy v = x2 – y2
ux = 2y vx = 2x
uy = 2x vy = –2y
ux ≠ vy and vx ≠ –uy, C-R equation are not satisfied therefore f (z) is not analytic.

9. Test whether the function f (z) = ez is analytic or not.

Solution:
Given f (z) = ez
Put z = x + iy
u + iv = e(x + iy) = ex eiy
= ex(cos y + i sin y)
u + iv = ex cos y + i ex sin y
u = ex cos y v = ex sin y
ux = ex cos y vx = ex sin y
uy = –e sin y
x
vy = ex cos y
fi ux = +vy and uy = –vx , therefore f (z) is analytic.

x + iy
10. Test the analyticity of a function f (z) =
x2 + y2
Solution:
x + iy
Given f (z) = u + iv =
x2 + y2
x y
u = 2 2
v=
x +y x + y2
2

(x 2 + y 2)(1) - 2 x 2 -2 xy
ux = 2 2 2
vx =
(x + y ) (x 2 + y 2)

-2 xy (x 2 + y 2) - 2 y 2
uy = vy =
(x 2 + y 2)2 (x 2 + y 2)2
fi ux = vy and uy ≠ –vx , f (z) is not analytic
3.10 Engineering Mathematics I

Problems on Harmonic Functions

-y
1. If u = x2 – y2, v = 2 2
prove that u and v are harmonic functions but u + iv is not an analytic
function. x + y [May 2005/Anna]
Solution:
-y
Given u = x2 – y2 and v =
x + y2
2

ux = 2x uy = –2y …(1)
uxx = 2 uyy = –2
uxx + uyy = 0
fi Þ u is harmonic
-y
v =
x + y2
2

(x 2 + y 2)(0) - (- y )(2 x )
vx =
(x 2 + y 2)2

= 2xy/(x2 + y2)2 …(2)

(x 2 + y 2)2 (2 y ) - 2 xy 2( x 2 + y 2)(2 x )
vxx =
( x 2 + y 2 )4

(x 2 + y 2) ÈÎ2 x 2 y + 2 y 3 - 8 x 2 y ˘˚
=
( x 2 + y 2 )4

(2 y 3 - 6 x 2 y )
vxx =
(x 2 + y 2)3

( x 2 + y 2)(-1) - (- y )2 y y2 - x2
vy = = …(3)
(x 2 + y 2)2 (x 2 + y 2)2

(x 2 + y 2)2 (2 y ) - ( y 2 - x 2) 2(x 2 + y 2)(2 y )

vyy =
( x 2 + y 2 )4

(x 2 + y 2) ÈÎ2 x 2 y + 2 y 3 - 4 y 3 + 4 x 2 y ˘˚
=
( x 2 + y 2 )4
6x 2 y - 2 y 3
vyy =
(x 2 + y 2)3
 Analytic Functions 3.11

2 y 3 - 6x 2 y + 6x 2 y - 2 y 3
vxx + vyy =
(x 2 + y 2)3

vxx + vyy = 0
fi v is harmonic
Now we show that u + iv is not analytic from equation (1), (2) and (3) we get
∂u ∂v ∂u ∂v
π and =-
∂x ∂y ∂y ∂x
u + iv is not satisfies CR equation, therefore u + iv is not analytic

1
2. Prove that u = log(x2 + y2) is harmonic. [Dec 2006/Anna]
2
Solution:
1
Given u = log(x2 + y2)
2
∂2 u ∂2 u
To prove + =0
∂x 2 ∂y 2
∂u 1 1 x
= 2 2
(2 x ) = 2

∂x 2 x + y x + y2

∂2 u (x 2 + y 2)(1) - 2 x 2 y2 - x2
= =
∂x 2 (x 2 + y 2)2 (x 2 + y 2)2

∂u 1 2y y
= = 2
∂y 2 ( x + y ) x + y 2
2 2

∂2 u (x 2 + y 2) - 2 y 2 x2 - y2
= =
∂y 2 (x 2 + y 2)2 (x 2 + y 2)2

∂2 u ∂2 u y2 - x2 + x2 - y2
+ = =0
∂x 2 ∂y 2 (x 2 + y 2)2

fi u is harmonic

3. Show that the function u = cos x cosh y is harmonic.

Solution:
Given u = cos x cosh y
3.12 Engineering Mathematics I

∂2 u ∂2 u
To prove + =0
∂x 2 ∂y 2
∂u
= –sin x cosh y
∂x
∂2 u
= –cos x cosh y
∂x 2
∂u
= cos x sinh y
∂y
∂2 u
= cos x cosh y
∂y 2
∂2 u ∂2 u
\ + =0
∂x 2 ∂y 2
fi u is harmonic

4. Prove that ex(x cos y – y sin y) can be the real part of an analytic function.
Solution:
Let u = ex(x cos y – y sin y). Now we prove u is a real of an analytic function
i.e. to prove u is harmonic
∂u
= ex[cos y] + [x cos y – y sin y] ex
∂x
= ex cos y + exx cos y – exy sin y
∂2 u
= ex cos y + ex cos y + exx cos y – exy sin y
∂x 2
= 2ex cos y + exx cos y – exy sin y
∂u
= ex[–x sin y – [y cos y + sin y]]
∂ y
= –exx sin y – exy cos y – ex sin y
∂2 u
= –exx cos y + exy sin y – ex cos y – ex cos y
∂y 2
∂2 u
= –exx cos y + exy sin y – 2ex cos y
∂y 2
∂2 u ∂2 u
+ = 0
∂x 2 ∂y 2
fi u is harmonic
‘u’ is a real part of an analytic function
 Analytic Functions 3.13

5. If f (z) is an analytic function of z, prove that

(i) —2 (log |f (z)|) = 0

È ∂2 ∂2 ˘
(ii) Í 2 + 2 ˙ |Re f (z)2| = 2|f ¢(z)|2
ÍÎ ∂x ∂y ˙˚

È ∂2 ∂2 ˘
(iii) Í 2 + 2 ˙ |f (z)|2 = 4|f ¢(z)|2
ÍÎ ∂x ∂y ˙˚

È ∂2 ∂2 ˘
(iv) Í 2 + 2 ˙ |Im f (z)|2 = 2|f ¢(z)|2
ÍÎ ∂x ∂y ˙˚

È ∂2 ∂2 ˘
(v) Í 2 + 2 ˙ |f (z)|p = p2|f (z)|p–2|f ¢(z)|2
ÍÎ ∂x ∂y ˙˚
2 2
È∂ ˘ È∂ ˘
(vi) Í | f (z ) |˙ + Í | f (z ) |˙ = |f ¢(z)|2
Î ∂x ˚ Î ∂x ˚

Solution:
Let z = x + iy and z = x – iy
z+z z-z
x = y=
2 2i
∂ ∂ Ê ∂x ˆ ∂ Ê ∂y ˆ
= Á ˜+ Á ˜
∂x ∂x Ë ∂z ¯ ∂y Ë ∂z ¯
∂ Ê 1ˆ ∂ Ê 1 ˆ È ∂x 1 ∂y 1 ˘
= Á ˜+ Á ˜
∂x Ë 2 ¯ ∂y Ë 2i ¯ ÍÎ∵ ∂z = 2 , ∂z = 2i ˙˚

∂ 1È ∂ ∂˘
\ = Í -i ˙ …(1)
∂z 2 Î ∂x ∂y ˚
∂ ∂ ∂x ∂ ∂y
= +
∂ z ∂x ∂ z ∂y ∂ z
∂ Ê 1 ˆ ∂ Ê -1ˆ È ∂x 1 ∂y 1 ˘
=
∂x
ÁË ˜¯ +
2
Á ˜
∂y Ë 2i ¯ Í∵ ∂ z = 2 ∂ z = 2i ˙
Î ˚
1È ∂ 1 ∂ ˘
= -
2 ÍÎ ∂x i ∂y ˙˚
∂ 1È ∂ ∂˘
= +i ˙ …(2)
∂ z 2 ÍÎ ∂x ∂y ˚
3.14 Engineering Mathematics I

∂2 Ê1È ∂ ∂ ˘ˆ Ê 1 È ∂ ∂ ˘ˆ
\ = Á Í - i ˙˜ Á Í + i ˙˜
∂z ∂ z Ë 2 Î ∂x ∂y ˚ ¯ Ë 2 Î ∂x ∂y ˚ ¯

1 ÈÊ ∂ ˆ Ê ∂ˆ ˘
2 2
= ÍÁ ˜ - (i)2 Á ˜ ˙
4 ÍÎË ∂x ¯ Ë ∂y ¯ ˙˚

1 ÈÊ ∂ ˆ Ê ∂ ˆ ˘
2 2
∂2
= ÍÁ ˜ + Á ˜ ˙
∂z ∂ z 4 ÍÎË ∂x ¯ Ë ∂y ¯ ˙˚
2 2
Ê ∂ˆ Ê ∂ˆ ∂2
+
ÁË ˜¯ Á ˜ = 4
∂x Ë ∂y ¯ ∂z ∂ z

∂2 ∂2 ∂2
+ =4
∂x 2 ∂y 2 ∂z ∂z

∂2
i.e. —2 = 4 …(3)
∂z ∂z

Ê ∂2 ∂2 ˆ
(i) —2 (log |f (z)|) = Á 2 + 2 ˜ log |f (z)|
Ë ∂x ∂y ¯
∂2
=4 log |f (z)| [\using equation (3)]
∂z ∂ z

∂ ∂
=4 [log |f (z)|]
∂z ∂ z

∂ ∂ È1 ˘
=4 log | f (z )|2 ˙
∂z ∂z ÍÎ 2 ˚

∂ ∂
=2 [log f (z) f ( z ) ] [\ |f (z)|2 = f (z) f ( z ) ]
∂z ∂ z

∂ ∂
=2 Èlog f (z ) + log f ( z )˘˚
∂z ∂ z Î

∂ È 1 ˘
=2 Í0+ f ¢ ( z )˙
∂z Î f (z ) ˚
= 2[0 + 0]

—2[log |f (z)|] = 0
 Analytic Functions 3.15

È ∂2 ∂ ˘ 2 ∂2
(ii) Í 2 + 2 ˙ | Re f (z ) | 4= | Re f (z ) |2
ÍÎ ∂x ∂y ˙˚ ∂z ∂ z
2
∂2 È f (z ) + f ( z ) ˘ È f (z ) + f ( z ) ˘
=4 Í ˙ [\ using equation (3) and Í∵Re f (z ) = ˙]
∂z ∂ z Î 2 ˚ Î 2 ˚

∂2 1
=4 [ f (z ) + f ( z )]2
∂z ∂ z 4

∂2
= [ f (z ) + f ( z )]2
∂z ∂ z

∂ È∂ ˘
= Í [ f (z ) + f ( z )]2 ˙
∂z Î ∂ z ˚

∂ È
= 2 [ f (z ) + f ( z )][ f ¢ ( z )]˘˚
∂z Î

= 2 [ f ¢(z )][ f ¢(z )]

= 2|f ¢(z)|2

È ∂2 ∂2 ˘
Í 2 + ˙ |Re f (z)|2 = 2|f ¢(z)|2
ÍÎ ∂x ∂y 2 ˙˚

Ê ∂2 ∂2 ˆ ∂2
(iii) Á 2 + 2 ˜ |f (z)|2 = 4 (| f (z )|2 )
Ë ∂x ∂y ¯ ∂z ∂ z
∂2 È 2 ˘
=4
∂z ∂ z
[ f (z ) f (z )] Î∵| f (z )| = f (z ) f (z )˚
∂ ∂
=4 È f ( z ) f ( z )˘
∂z ∂ z Î ˚

∂ È
=4 f (z ) f ¢(z )˘˚
∂z Î

= 4 ÈÎ f ¢(z ) f ¢(z )˘˚

Ê ∂2 ∂2 ˆ
Á 2 + 2˜
| f (z )|2 = 4|f ¢(z)|2
Ë ∂x ∂y ¯
3.16 Engineering Mathematics I

Ê ∂2 ∂2 ˆ ∂2
(iv) Á 2 + 2 ˜ |Im f (z)| = 4
2
[|Im f (z)|2]
Ë ∂x ∂y ¯ ∂z ∂ z
2
∂2 È f (z ) - f (z ) ˘ È f (z ) - f (z ) ˘
=4 Í ˙ ÍIm f (z ) = ˙
∂z ∂ z Î 2i ˚ Î 2i ˚

∂2 1
=4 [ f (z ) - f (z )]2
∂z ∂z -4
∂ ∂
= [ f (z ) - f (z )]2
∂z ∂ z
∂
=- 2[ f (z ) - f (z )][- f ¢(z )]
∂z

= 2 f ¢(z) f ¢(z )
= 2|f ¢(z)|2 [∵ f ¢(z) f ¢(z ) = |f ¢(z)|2]

Ê ∂ ∂2 ˆ p ∂
(v) Á 2 + 2 ˜ | f (z )| = 4 | f (z )|p
Ë ∂z ∂y ¯ ∂z ∂ z
p
∂2
=4 (| f (z )|2 ) 2
∂z ∂ z
p
∂2
=4 ( f (z ) f (z )) 2
∂z ∂ z

∂ È∂
p˘
=4 Í
∂z Î ∂ z
(
f (z ) f (z ) 2 ˙
˚
)
∂ Èp ˘
p p
=4
∂z Î 2
(
Í ( f ( z )) 2 f ( z ) ) 2 -1 f ¢(z )˙˚
Èp p p p
-1 ˘
= 4 Í
Î2 2
[ f ( z ) ] 2
-1
f ¢ ( z )[ f ( z )] 2 f ¢( z ) ˙
˚
p -2
= p ÈÎ[ f (z ) f (z )˘˚
2 2 È f ¢(z ) f ¢(z )]˘
Î ˚

p -2
= p ÈÎ| f (z ) | ˘˚ ÈÎ| f ¢(z ) |2 ˘˚
2 2
2

= p2 |f (z)|p – 2 |f ¢(z)|2
 Analytic Functions 3.17

(v) f (z) = u + iv
|f (z)| = u2 + v 2 and |f (z)|2 = u2 + v2

-1
∂ 1
|f (z)| = (u2 + v2) 2 (2uux + 2vvx) [∵ u and v are function of x and y]
∂x 2
1
= (uux + vvx)
u2 + v 2
2 2
È∂ ˘ (uux + vv x )
ÍÎ ∂x | f ( z )|˙˚ =
u2 + v 2

2
È∂ ˘ (uu y + vv y )2
Similarly Í f (z ) ˙ =
Î ∂y ˚ u2 + v 2

2 2 2 2
È∂ ˘ È∂ ˘ (uux + vv x ) + (uu y + vv y )
ÍÎ ∂x | f ( z )| +
˙˚ Í ∂y | f ( z )|˙ =
Î ˚ u2 + v 2

u2ux2 + v 2v x2 + 2uvux v x + u2u2y + v 2v 2y + 2uvu y v y

=
u2 + v 2

u2[ux2 + u2y ] + v 2[v x2 + v 2y ] + 2uv ÈÎux v x + u y v y ˘˚

=
(u2 + v 2)

u2 | f ¢(z )|2 + v 2 | f ¢(z )|2 + 2uv ÈÎ-ux u y + ux u y ˘˚

=
(u2 + v 2)

[using CR equation, f ¢ = ux + ivx and f ¢ = uy + ivy]

(u2 + v 2) | f ¢(z )|2 + 2uv(0)

=
(u2 + v 2)

2 2 2 2 2
È∂ ˘ È∂ ˘ (u + v ) | f ¢(z )|
ÍÎ ∂x | f ( z )| +
˙˚ Í ∂y | f ( z )|˙ =
Î ˚ (u2 + v 2)

2 2
È∂ ˘ È∂ ˘ 2
ÍÎ ∂x | f (z )|˙˚ + Í ∂y | f (z )|˙ = | f ¢(z )|
Î ˚
3.18 Engineering Mathematics I

6. Show that sin x cosh y is harmonic.

Solution:
Let u = sin x cosh y

∂u ∂2 u
= cos x cosh y,      = –sin x cosh y
∂x ∂x 2
∂u ∂2 u
= sin x sinh y,      = sin x cosh y
∂y ∂y 2

∂2 u ∂2 u
fi + =0
∂x 2 ∂y 2
u is harmonic

7. Show that the following functions are harmonic.

-y
(i) ex sin y (ii)  2xy + 3y (iii)  (iv)  3x2y – y3
x + y2
2
Solution:
(i) Let u = ex sin y
∂u ∂2 u
= ex sin y = ex sin y
∂x ∂x 2
∂u ∂2 u
= ex cos y = –ex sin y
∂y ∂y 2

∂2 u ∂2 u
+ = 0, therefore ex sin y is harmonic
∂x 2 ∂y 2
(ii) Let u = 2xy + 3y
∂u ∂2 u
= 2y =0
∂x ∂x 2
∂u ∂2 u
= 2x + 3 =0
∂y ∂y 2

∂2 u ∂2 u
fi + =0
∂x 2 ∂y 2
fi  2xy + 3y is harmonic
(iii) u = –y/x2 + y2
2 2
∂u x + y (0) - (- y )(2 x ) 2y x
= =
∂x ( x 2 + y 2)2 ( x 2 + y 2)2
 Analytic Functions 3.19

∂2 u (x 2 + y 2 )2 (2 y ) - 2 yx 2 ( x 2 + y 2 )(2 x )
=
∂x 2 ( x 2 + y 2 )4

(x 2 + y 2) [2 x 2 y + 2 y 3 - 8 x 2 y]
=
(x 2 + y 2) 4 3

∂2 u 2 y 3 - 6x 2 y
2
=
∂ x (x 2 + y 2 )3

∂u È (x 2 + y 2 )(1) - 2 y 2 ˘
= -Í ˙

∂y ÍÎ (x 2 + y 2 )2 ˙˚

y2 - x2
=
(x 2 + y 2 )2

∂2 u (x 2 + y 2)2 (2 y ) - ( y 2 - x 2) 2(x 2 + y 2)2 y

=
∂y 2 ( x 2 + y 2 )4

(x 2 + y 2)[2 x 2 y + 2 y 3 - 4 y 3 + 4 x 2 y]
=
( x 2 + y 2 )4

∂2 u [6 x 2 y - 2 y 3 ]
=
∂y 2 ( x 2 + y 2 )4

∂2 u ∂2 u
fi + = 0
∂x 2 ∂y 2

-y
fi is harmonic
x + y2
2

(iv) Let u = 3x2y – y3

∂u ∂2 u
= 6xy = 6y
∂x ∂x 2
∂u ∂2 u
= 3x2 – 3y2 = –6y
∂y ∂y 2
∂2 u ∂2 u
+ = 0, therefore ‘u’ is harmonic.
∂x 2 ∂y 2
3.20 Engineering Mathematics I

Exercise 1
1. Determine which of the following functions u are harmonic. Also find harmonic conjugate
and express u+iv as an analytic function of z.
2 3 2
(i) 3x y + 2 x - y - 2 y Ans: v = 4 xy - x 3 + 3xy 2 + c, f (z ) = 2z 2 - iz 3 + ic
2 3
(ii) 2 xy + 3xy - 2 y Ans: Not Harmonic
-x
(iii) e (x sin y - y cos y ) Ans: v = e - x (x cos y + y sin y ) + c, f (z ) = ize - z + ic
x
(iv) e (cos y - sin y ) Ans: Not Harmonic
-2 xy 2
(v) e sin( x 2 - y 2 ) Ans: v = -e -2 xy cos( x 2 - y 2 ) + c, f (z ) = ieiz + ic
2. Test whether the following functions are analytic or not.
x
(i) f (z ) = e (cos y + i sin y ) Ans: Analytic
(ii) f (z ) = 1 / z Ans: Analytic except at the origin
(iii) f (z ) = y Ans: Not Analytic
-x
(iv) f (z ) = e (cos y - i sin y ) Ans: Analytic
(v) f (z ) = z Ans: Not Analytic
3
(vi) f (z ) = z + z Ans: Analytic
2 2
(vii) f (z ) = 2 xy + i(x - y ) Ans: Not Analytic
x + iy
(viii) f (z ) = Ans: Not Analytic
x2 + y2
(ix) f (z ) = sin z Ans: Analytic
2x
(x) f (z ) = e (cos 2 y + i sin 2 y ) Ans: Analytic

Construction of Analytic Function

MILNE – THOMSON Method

Type (i): If real part u(x, y) is given

we construct the analytic function f (z) = u + iv to use the following steps.
∂u ∂u
(i) Find and
∂x ∂y
∂u ∂u
(ii) Find (z, 0) and (z, 0)
∂x ∂y
∂u ∂u
(iii) Using the formula Ú f ¢(z)dz = Ú ∂x (z , 0)dz - i Ú ∂y (z , 0)dz and integrating we get analytic
function f (z).