JOB# 7

COMPACTION
Theory:
in soil mechanic compaction means to press the soil particles tightly together by
expelling air from the void space. Compaction is normally produced deliberately
and proceeds repeatedly during construction often by heavy compaction rollers.
Compaction of soil increases its density and produce three important effects:
i. An increase in shear strength
ii. A decrease in future settlement
iii. A decrease in its permeability
These three effects are beneficial for various types of construction such as
highways, air fields, earth dams & as a general rule. The greater the compaction
the greater the benefits will be. Compaction is actually a rather cheap and
effective way to improve the properties of soil. For a given compactive effort
there is a particular moisture content at which dry density is greatest and the
compaction is best. The moisture is called optimum moisture content and the
associated dry density is called max. dry density.
The usual practice in a construction project is to perform lab compaction on
representative samples from construction site to determine the OMC and max.
dry density. These results are used by the designers for the future plan of the
project.
There are two types of compaction test:
 Standard proctor test (standard AASHTO)
 Modified proctor test (Modified AASHTO)
Experiment:
To perform the standard Compaction Test
Apparatus:
 Compaction Mould with base plate and collar mould (1/30 cu-ft.)
 Compaction hammer (2.5 kg with height of 12 in.)
 Moisture tins
 Large mixing bowl
 Sample extruder
 Steel straight edge
 Trimming knife
 Drying oven
 Balance sensitive to 0.01 gm

Measurements:
 Volume of the compaction mould.
 Weight of clean empty mould.
 Weight of mould and compacted soil.
 Moisture content of soil specimen.

Procedure:
1. Select a representative quantity of air-dried soil that passes sieve no 4.
2. Take six lbs. of the soil and mix with a percentage of water by dry weight
from an inspection (about 7%).
3. Use a standard compaction method and compact the soil in three equal
layers, each layer being given 25 blows from the hammer weighing 5.5lbs
dropping from height f 12in. the blow should be uniformly distributed over
 the surface of each layer. The amount of soil used should be just sufficient
to fill the mould leaving about ¼ in to be struck off when the collar is
removed.
4. Remove the collar and base plate carefully strike both the top and base
with the straight edge. Fill in any hole if remains and then smoothing them.
5. Clean the mould from outside and weight it to 1g.
6. Extrude the cylinder of the soil and take some sample for the oven drying
reading.
7. Break the sample to sieve no. 4 and add more moisture content to the soil.
8. Plot the zero-air void line and saturation curve.

OBSERVATION & CALCULATION:

Blow per layer= 25 blows No of Layers= 3 Vol of
mould=945cm3
WATER CONTENT DETERMINATION:

SAMPLE NO 1 2 3 4

Moisture Can No 30 2 18 41

Wt of Can + Wet soil

44.63 48.9 43.2 48.16
(g)
Wt of Can + dry soil
42.57 45.66 39.6 43.83
(g)

Wt of Water 2.06 3.24 3.6 4.33

Wt of Can (g) 14.34 11.22 15.21

15.23
Wt of dry soil (g) 31.32 28.38 28.62
27.34

Water Content % 7.5347 10.3448 12.6850 15.1293

DENSITY DETERMINATION:

SAMPLE NO 1 2 3 4

Assumed Water Content 6 9 12 15

Water Content % 7.5347 10.3448 12.685 15.1293

Wt of soil+mould (kg) 4.291 4.39 4.532 4.487

Wt of mould (kg) 2.522 2.522 2.522 2.522

Wt of soil in mould (g) 1769 1868 2010 1965

Wet density γb KN/m^3 18.364 19.392 20.866 20.399

Dry density γd KN/m^3 17.0772 17.5737 18.5169 17.718

GRAPH:
 STANDARD COMPACTION
19.00
Dry Density ( kN /m3 )

18.50

18.00

17.50

12.68%
17.00

16.50
6.00 7.00 8.00 9.00 10.00 11.00 12.00 13.00 14.00 15.00 16.00

Moisture Content ( % )

OPTIMUM MOISTURE CONTENT= 12.68%

MAXIMUM DRY DENSITY = 18.5169 KN/m3

Experiment:
To perform the Modified Compaction Test
Apparatus:
 Compaction Mould with base plate and collar mould (1/30 cu-ft.)
 Compaction hammer (10lbs with height of 18 in.)
 Moisture tins
 Large mixing bowl
 Sample extruder
 Steel straight edge
 Trimming knife
 Drying oven
 Balance sensitive to 0.01 gm

Measurements:
 Volume of the compaction mould.
 Weight of clean empty mould.
  Weight of mould and compacted soil.
 Moisture content of soil specimen

Procedure:
1. Select a representative quantity of air-dried soil that can pass through the
US No 4.
2. Take 6 lbs. (about 3 kg) of the selected soil and mix with the percentage of
water by dry weight from an inspection of the soil specimen (About 7% for
sandy soils and 10% for the clayey soils).
3. Weight the compaction mould less the collar and base plate.
4. Measure the compaction mould to determine its volume. Attach the collar
and base plate to the mould.
5. Use the modified compaction method and compact the soil in five equal
layers. Each layer being given 25 blows from the hammer weight of 4.5 kg
dropping from the height of 18 inches. the blows should be just sufficient to
fill the mould.
6. Remove the collar and base plate carefully. Strike both the top and base of
the compacted cylinder of soil with a straightedge.
7. Clean the mould from outside and weight it to the nearest 1 gram.
8. Extrude the cylinder of the soil from the mould. Split it take samples and
put them in the over for moisture content.
9. Break the sample to NO; 4 sieve size and add 2 percent of water. Carefully
remix and repeat steps 5 to 9 until based on wet a peak value is followed by
two slightly lesser compacted weights.
Observations and Calculation:
Blow per layer= 25 blows No of Layers= 5 Vol of mould=945cm 3
WATER CONTENT DETERMINATION:

SAMPLE NO 1 2 3 4

MOISTURE CAN NO AS Z-9 A-19 Z-19

WT. OF CAN + WET SOIL 37.27 41.72 23.77 26
(G)

WT. OF CAN + DRY SOIL (G) 35.95 39.59 22.77 23.4

WT. OF WATER 1.32 2.13 1.00 2.6

WT. OF CAN (G) 13.82 14.84 14.40 4.96

WT. OF DRY SOIL (G) 22.13 24.75 8.37 18.44

WATER CONTENT % 5.96 8.6 11.95 14.1

DENSITY DETERMINATION:

SAMPLE NO 1 2 3 4

ASSUMED WATER CONTENT

6 9 12 15

WATER CONTENT %
5.96 8.6 11.95 14.1

WT. OF SOIL+MOULD (G)

4295 4409 4.492 4.424

WT. OF MOULD (G)

2497 2497 2497 2497

WT. OF SOIL IN MOULD (G)

1798 1912 1995 1927

WET DENSITY ΓB KN/M^3

18.86 20.06 20.93 20.19

DRY DENSITY ΓD KN/M^3

17.80 18.47 18.70 17.70
 STANDARD COMPACTION TEST
19
18.7
18.6 18.47
DRY DENSITY (kN/m^3)
18.2
17.8
17.8 17.7

17.4

17
5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
MOISTUE CONTENT %

MAXIMUM DRY DENSITY= 18.7(kN/m^3)

OPTIMUM MOISTURE CONTENT= 12%

COMMENTS:
When we can compare the both graph with each other we can clearly see that
when we can increase the compactive effort the value of optimum moisture
content decrease, and dry density increase with the compactive effort.
One more thing keep in mind that do not add a lot of water in the soil because if
we add the lot of water when the hammer hit the soil the water can splashed out
from the mould and we can redo the test.

JOB # 6
DETERMINATION OF IN-PLACE SOIL DENSITY BY CORE
CUTTER METHOD & SAND CONE METHOD
Objectives:
 To determine the field density or unit weight of soil by Core cutter method.
 To determine the field density or unit weight of soil by sand replacement
method.
Related theory:
Field density is defined as weight of unit volume of soil present in site. That is
W
µd = V
Where,
µd = Density of soil
W = Total weight of soil
V = Total volume of soil
The soil weight consists of three-phase system that is solids, water and air. The
voids may be filled up with both water and air, or only with air, or only with
water. Consequently, the soil may be dry, saturated or partially saturated. In soils,
mass of air is considered to be negligible, and therefore the saturated density is
maximum, dry density is minimum and wet density is in between the two.
Dry density of the soil is calculated by using equation,
µb
µd = 1+ w

Where,
µd = dry unit weight in g/cm3
µb =field moist unit weight in g/cm3
W =water content of soil
EXPERIMENT
Soil density by core cuter method
Apparatus:
 Cylindrical core cutter
 Steel rammer
 Steel dolly
 Balance of sensitivity 0.01 gm
 Spade or grafting tool
 Trimming Knife
 Water content containers
Procedure:
 1. Measure the height and internal diameter of the core cutter to the nearest
0.25mm.
2. Calculate the internal volume of the core-cutter Vc in cm³.
3. Determine the weight of the clean cutter accurate to 1 g (W1 in g).
4. Select the area in the field where the density is required to be found out.
5. Clean and level the ground where the density is to be determined.
6. Place the dolly over the top of the core cutter and press the core cutter into
the soil mass using the rammer.
7. Remove the soil surrounding the core cutter by digging using spade, up to
the bottom level of the cutter.
8. Lift up the cutter and remove the dolly and trim both sides of the cutter
with knife and straight edge.
9. Clean the outside surface of the cutter and determine mass of the cutter
with the soil (W2 in g).
10. Remove the soil core from the cutter and take the representative sample in
the water content containers to determine the moisture content.
11. Use the above equation, given the theory section, for determining density
of soil (µd).
Observations & calculation:
Height of core cutter = h = 12.9 cm
Diameter of core cutter = d = 10.1 cm
Volume of core cutter = Vc = 1034 cm3
DETERMINATION NO. SYMBOLS VALUE
WT. OF CORE CUTTER (W1) g 1022
WT. OF CORE CUTTER + WET (W2) g 2948
SOIL
WT. OF WET SOIL W3=W2-W1 (g) 1926
VO. OF THE CORE CUTTER Vc (cm3) 1034
BULK DENSITY Ɣb=W/V=W3/V (g/cc) 1.8626
CONTAINER NO. No. 30
WT. OF CONTAINER Wa (g) 15.23
WT. OF CONTAINER + WET Wb (g) 44.39
SOIL
WT. OF CONTAINER + DRY Wc (g) 39.47
 SOIL
WT. OF WATER Ww=Wb-Wc (g) 4.92
WT. OF DRY SOIL Ws=Wc – Wa (g) 24.26
WATER CONTENT W%=Ww/Ws x 100% 20.28%
DRY DENSITY Ɣd = Ɣb /(1+w) g/cc 1.5485
EXPERIMENT:
“Field density by sand replacement method”
Apparatus:
 Density apparatus
 Cylindrical calibrating container 10 cm internal diameter and 15 cm depth
 Glass plate, trays, containers for determining water content
 Tools for making of a hole of 10 cm diameter and 15 cm deep, knife and
other accessories
 Metal container to collect excavated soil
 Weighing balance
PROCEDURE

Stage1: Determination of mass of sand that fills the cone

 Measure the internal dimensions (diameter, d and height, h) of the calibrating can and compute its
internal volume, Vc = π(d)2 h/4
 With the valve closed, fill the cylinder with sand
 Weight of sand filled in the cylinder + cylinder W1=-------gms.
 Keep the cylinder on a glass plate, which is kept on a horizontal surface.
 Open the valve and allow the sand to fill the cone completely.
 Wight of sand in the cylinder +cylinder W2=-------gms
 Determine the mass of the sand left in the cylinder.
 Weight of sand fills the conical portion=W3=W1-W2
 The difference between the mass of sand taken prior to opening of the valve, the weight of sand
left in the cylinder after opening the valve gives the weight sand that fills the cone. Let the mass
be W3.

Stage 2- Determination of bulk density of sand

 Measure the internal dimensions of the calibrating container and find its volume.
 Length of calibrating container l =------------cm
 Diameter of calibrating container d =---------cm
 Volume of calibrating container Vc =---------cm3
  Place the pouring cylinder concentrically on the top of the calibrating container with the valve
closed. Fill the cylinder with sand up to about 1 cm below the top.
 Weight of cylinder W4=-------g
 Weight of cylinder +sand in the cylinder W4=-------g
 Weight of sand filled in the cylinder W6=W5-W4=-------g
 Open the valve of the cylinder and allow the sand to flow into the container. When no further
movement of sand is seen, close the valve. Find the weight of the sand left in the cylinder and
calculate bulk density.

Stage 3 - Determination of in-situ density:

 Level the area where the density is required.
 Place the metal plate on the surface, which is having a circular hole of about 10cm diameter at the
center. Dig a hole of this diameter up to about 15 cm depth collect all the excavated soil in a
container.
 Let the weight of the soil from the hole = W=----------g
 Remove the plate and place the sand-pouring cylinder concentrically on the hole.
 Weight of cylinder+ sand before filling the hole completely W 7=------g
 Weight of cylinder+ sand after filling the hole completely W 8=------g
 Weight of sand filling only the hole in the field W9 = W7- W8- W3=------g

OBSERVATION AND CALCULATIONS:

DETERMINATION OF WEIGHT OF SAND IN THE CONE

Wt. of apparatus +Sand (Before Test) = W1 = 5080 g
Wt. of apparatus +Sand (after filling cone) = W2 = 5533 g
Wt. of Sand in Cone W3= W1 - W2 = 453 g

DETERMINATION OF BULK DENSITY OF SAND

Volume of the calibrating container = V = 1029.63 cm3
Wt. of calibrating container = W4 =1681 g
Wt. of calibrating container + Sand = W5 = 2976 g
Wt. of sand (in vol. V) =W6 = W5 -W4 = 1295 g
Bulk density of sand = W6/V = 1.258 g/cm3

DETERMINATION OF BULK DENSITY OF SOIL

Wt. of the wet soil from the hole = W = 1332 g
Wt. of apparatus+ Sand (Before pouring in the hole) =W7 = 5460 g
Wt. of apparatus + Sand (after pouring in the hole) =W8 = 4206 g
W. of Sand in the hole W9= (W7-W8-W3) = 868 g
Bulk density of soil = Wt. of soil excavated from the hole/vol. of the hole = 1.93g/cm^3

Bulk density of soil= 1.93g/cm^3

Comments:
These tests are used in the fields to find the density of the soil. So, the core cutter
method is use at such a type of place where the large size of particles present. But
the sand replacement method is use for the loose soil particles.

JOB# 8
CONSOLIDATION
RELATED THEORY:
When a compressive load is applied to soil mass, a decrease in its volume
takes place, the decrease in volume of soil mass under stress is known as
compression and the property of soil mass pertaining to its tendency to
decrease in volume under pressure is known as compressibility. In a saturated
soil mass having its void filled with incompressible water, decrease in volume or
compression can take place when water is expelled out of the voids. Such a
compression resulting from a long-time static load and the consequent escape
of pore water is termed as consolidation. Then the load is applied on the
saturated soil mass, the entire load is carried by pore water in the beginning. As
the water begins escaping from the voids, the hydrostatic pressure in water gets
gradually dissipated and the load is shifted to the soil particles which increases
effective stress on them, as a result the soil mass decrease in volume. The rate
of escape of water depends on the permeability of the soil.

TYPES OF CONSOLIDATION:
There are two type of consolidations commonly used to perform the
consolidation test.
1- Floating ring consolidation
2- Fixed ring consolidation
But both are one dimensional consolidation.

NEED AND SCOPE:

The test is conducted to determine the settlement due to primary
consolidation.
 Rate of consolidation under normal load.
 Degree of consolidation at any time.
 Pressure-void ratio relationship.
 Coefficient of consolidation at various pressures.
 Compression index.
The above information can be used to predict the time rate and extent of
settlement of structures founded on fine-grained soils. It is also helpful in
analyzing the stress history of soil.
REFERANCE:
 AASHTO T216-66
 ASTM D2435-70

EQUIPMENTS:
 Consolidometer
 A ring of diameter = 60mm and height = 20mm,
 Two porous stones
 Guide ring.
 Outer ring.
 Water jacket with base.
 Pressure pad.
 Dial
 Dial gauge reading to 0.01mm
 Loading device
 Stop watch
 Sample trimming equipment
SAMPLE PREPARATION:
1) Undisturbed Sample:
From the sample tube, eject the sample into the consolidation ring.
The sample should project about one cm from outer ring. Trim the sample
smooth and flush with top and bottom of the ring by using wire saw. Clean
the ring from outside and keep it ready for weighing.
2) Remolded sample:
 Choose the density and water content at which sample has to be
compacted from the moisture-density curve, and calculate the quantity of
soil and water required to mix and compact.
 Compact the specimen in compaction mould in three layers using the
standard rammers.
 Eject the specimen from the mould using the sample extractor.

PROCEDURE:
1. Saturate two porous stones either by boiling in distilled water about 15
minute or by keeping them submerged in the distilled water for 4 to 8 hrs.
Fittings of the Consolidometer which is to be enclosed shall be moistened.
2. Assemble the Consolidometer, with the soil specimen and porous stones
at top and bottom of specimen, and providing a filter paper between the
soil specimen and porous stone.
3. Position the pressure pad centrally on the top porous stone. Mount the
mould assembly on the loading frame, and center it such that the load
applied is axial. Make sure that the porous stone and pressure pad are not
touching the walls of mould on their sides.
4. Position the dial gauge to measure the vertical compression of the
specimen. The dial gauge holder should be set so that the dial gauge is in
the beginning of its releases run, and also allowing sufficient margin for
the swelling of the soil, if any.
5. Fill the mould with water and apply an initial load to the assembly. The
magnitude of this load should be chosen by trial, such that there is no
swelling. It should be not less than 50 g/cm2 for ordinary soils & 25 g/cm2
for very soft soils. The load should be allowed to stand until there is no
 change in dial gauge readings for two consecutive hours or for a maximum
of 24 hours.
6. Note the final dial reading under the initial load. Apply first load of
intensity 0.1 kg/cm2(Approx.) and start the stop watch simultaneously.
Record the dial gauge readings at various time intervals. The dial gauge
readings are taken until 90% consolidation is reached. Primary
consolidation is gradually reached within 24 hrs.
7. At the end of the period, specified above take the dial reading and time
reading. Double the load intensity and take the dial readings at various
time intervals. Repeat this procedure for successive load increments. The
usual loading intensity is as follows (Approx.): 0.1, 0.2, 0.5, 1, 2, 4 and 8
kg/cm2.
8. After the last loading is completed, reduce the load to ¼ of the value of the
last load and allow it to stand for 24 hrs. Reduce the load further in steps
of ¼ the previous intensity till an intensity of 0.1 kg/cm 2 is reached. Take
the final reading of the dial gauge.
9. Reduce the load to the initial load, keep it for 24 hrs and note the final
readings of the dial gauge,
10.Quickly dismantle the specimen assembly and remove the excess water on
the soil specimen in oven, note its dry weight.
IMPORTANT RELATIONS:
 Height of solids (HS) is calculated from the equation
 HS = WS/ (GS*A)
 Void ratio. Voids ratio at the end of various pressures are calculated from
equation:
o e = (H – HS)/HS
 Coefficient of consolidation. The Coefficient of consolidation at each
pressure increment is calculated by using the following equations:
 Cv = 0.197 d2/t50 (Log fitting method)
 Cv = 0.848 d2/t90 (Square fitting method)
T50 and t90 are obtained from their respective graphs.
  Compression Index. To determine the compression index, a plot of voids
ratio (e) Vslog (t) is made. The virgin compression curve would be a
straight line and the slope of this line would give the compression index
C c.
 Coefficient of compressibility: it is calculated as follow
Av=∆e/∆ σ
∆e= change in void ratio
∆ σ = change in vertical stress
 Coefficient of permeability. It is calculated as follows
k = Cv.av. γw/ (1+eo).
OBSERVATION AND CALCULATION:
CALCULATION:
Pressur D Chang Acc Ht of Strai Void E=
Load Load Cc mv
e Reading e Cha sam n Ratio 1/mv
*0.01m m2/ MP
lbs kg kPa mm mm mm % e  
m MN a
0.00
0.00 0.0 0.0 1000.0 0.000 19.05 0.00 0.67      
0
0.34
1.25 0.57 53.66 966.00 0.340 18.71 1.78 0.64      
0
 0.61 0.07
2.50 1.13 107.32 939.00 0.270 18.44 3.20 0.62 0.269 3.7
0 9
0.92 0.09
5.00 2.27 214.65 907.50 0.315 18.13 4.86 0.59 0.157 6.4
5 2
10.0 1.47 0.15
4.54 429.30 853.00 0.545 17.58 7.72 0.54 0.136 7.4
0 0 9
20.0 2.22 0.21
9.07 858.60 778.00 0.750 16.83 11.65 0.48 0.093 10.7
0 0 9
40.0 18.1 2.89 0.19
1717.20 711.00 0.670 16.16 15.17 0.42 0.042 24.0
0 5 0 5
80.0 36.3 3.74 0.24
3434.39 626.00 0.850 15.31 19.63 0.34 0.026 37.8
0 0 0 8
20.0 3.60
9.07 858.60 640.00 0.140 15.45 18.90 0.36  
0 0    
3.37
5.00 2.27 214.65 663.00 0.230 15.68 17.69 0.38
0      
3.14
1.25 0.57 53.66 686.00 0.230 15.91 16.48 0.40
0      
2.85
0.00 0.00 0.00 715.00 0.290 16.20 14.96 0.42
0      

GRAPHS:

0.80 CONSOLIDATION
0.70
VOID RATIO

0.64
0.60 0.62
0.59
0.54
0.50 0.48
0.40 0.40 0.42
0.38 0.36 0.34
0.30

0.20

0.10
10 100 1000 10000
PRESSURE, kPa
 D IA L G U A G E R E A D IN G (m m ) CONSOLIDA TION
700

680

660

640

620

600

580
-1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5

LOG OF TIME (sec)

720
CONSOLIDATION
700
DIAL GUAGE READING (mm)

680

660

640

620

600

580
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40

SQUARE ROOT OF TIME (sec)

COMMENTS:

JOB# 9
 PERMEABILITY
Permeability refers to the porosity of a material to allow a fluid to move through
its pores. It generally refers to allow the water to pass through the pores.
In laboratory we can generally use the two methods to find the permeability of
the soil.
1. Constant Head method
2. Falling Head method
Both methods use the Darcy Law:
q=KiA

Where
 q= quantity of fluid flow in a given time (vol/time)
 K= coefficient of permeability (length/ time)
 i= hydraulic gradient
 A= cross sectional area of soil mass
PREPARATION OF SPECIMEN FOR TESTING
UNDISTURBED SOIL SAMPLE:

 Note down the sample number, bore hole number and its depth at which
the sample was taken.
 Remove the protective cover (paraffin wax) from the sampling tube.
 Place the sampling tube in the sample extraction frame, and push the
plunger to get a cylindrical form sample not longer than 35 mm in diameter
and having height equal to that of mould.
 The specimen shall be placed centrally over the porous disc to the drainage
base.
 The angular space shall be filled with an impervious material such as
cement slurry or wax, to provide sealing between the soil specimen and the
mould against leakage from the sides.
 The drainage cap shall then be fixed over the top of the mould.
 Now the specimen is ready for the test. 
DISTURBED SOIL SAMPLE:
  A 2.5 kg sample shall be taken from a thoroughly mixed air dried or oven
dried material.
 The initial moisture content of the 2.5 kg sample shall be determined. Then
the soil shall be placed in the air tight container.
 Add required quantity of water to get the desired moisture content.
 Mix the soil thoroughly.
 Weigh the empty permeameter mould.
 After greasing the inside slightly, clamp it between the compaction base
plate and extension collar.
 Place the assembly on a solid base and fill it with sample and compact it.
 After completion of a compaction the collar and excess soil are removed.
 Find the weight of mould with sample.
 Place the mould with sample in the permeameter, with drainage base and
cap having discs that are properly saturated.
CONSTANT HEAD PERMEABILITY
APPRATUS:
 Constant Head Permeameter Device
 Constant elevation reserve with water supply
 Thermometer
 1000-ml beaker
 Weight balance
 Meter stick
 Plastic tubing
 Stop watch

PROCEDURE:
1. Measure the inside diameter of the permeameter and record as D.
2. Measure the length L of the permeameter between the center of the two
piezometer tubes.
3. Calculate the volume of the specimen needed for length L.
4. For the given bulk density and moisture content calculate the weight of the
soil needed for the volume in step 3.
 5. Place the specimen in the permeameter and allow water to flow through
the sample for at least 10 min in order to saturate it. Longer periods are
sometimes required to ensure complete saturation of the sample bubbles
that appear should be removed by tapping gently on the permeameter.
6. When constant flow conditions have been achieved measure the hydraulic
head “h” across the sample.
7. Using a 500 0r 1000 cu-cm container record the time required to collect
1000 cu=cm of water. Repeat two or three additional times until two runs
agree reasonably well.
8. Measure and record the temperature of the test water as T oC.
9. Compute the k value at test temperature. Also compute K20.

OBSERVATIONS AND CALCULATIONS:

Dia of the permeameter D= 3.9 inches= 9.906cm
Length of specimen L= 5inches=12.7 cm
Area of the specimen A= 77.06793 cm2
TEST volume of Tem K20=Kt*(ηT/
h1 h2 h=h1-h2 time Q=V/t Kt= QL/Ah
# water p η20)
  (cm) (cm) (cm) (ml) sec (ml/sec)   (cm/sec) (cm/sec)
1 60.5 16.3 44.2 19 30 0.633 23 0.00236 0.0022
2 60.5 16.3 44.2 36 60 0.6 23 0.00237 0.00221

FALLING-HEAD- PERMEAMETER
APPRATUS:
 Falling head permeameter device
 Stand pipe
 Plastic tubing
 Thermometer
 Meter stick
 Stop watch
PROCEDURE:
1. Measure the inside diameter of the permeameter and record as D.
2. Measure the length of the soil specimen and record as L.
3. Weigh the permeameter mould and record as “W1”.
4. Take undisturbed soil sample in the mould and record the weight of the
mould with soil sample as “W2”.
5. Calculate the weight of the soil sample “W”.
6. Attach the permeameter with the water supply and allow water to flow.
This protest flow period should be permitted to continue until the specimen
is saturated.
7. Once the soil is statured close the stand pipe valve. Measure the height of
the water in the stand pipe with respect to some convenient datum and
record as “h1”.
8. Open the stand pipe valve and start the stop watch simultaneously.
9. After a reasonable period or after a reasonable quantity of water has
flowed out of the stand pipe. Close the stand pipe valve and record the
time as “t”. measure the height to the stand pipe water level from the same
datum used in step 7 and record as “h2”.
10.Measure and record the water temperature as T o C.
11.Also compute the value of K20.

OBSERVATIONS AND CALCULATIONS:

Internal dia of the mould = 10.16 cm
Internal height of the mould L = 12.7 cm
Internal area of mould A= 81.07081 cm2
Internal vol of mould V = 1029.599 cm3
Wt of empty mould W1= 965 g
Wt of empty mould + soil W2= 2500g
Wt of soil sample. W3= 1535 g
Dia of stand pipe “d” = 0.6 cm
Area of stand pipe =0.2836 cm2
Test Kt=(2.3aL/At)*(log(h1/ K20=Kt(ηT/
h1 h2 h t Temp
# h) η20)
   (cm) (cm) (cm) (sec)   (cm/sec) (cm/sec)
1 85 51.5 33.5 60 23 6.8878E-04 6.4132E-05

2 85 69 16 30 23 3.0849E-04 2.8712E-05

PERCAUTIONS:
 During test there should be no volume change in the soil, there should be
no compressible air present in the voids of soil i.e. soil should be
completely saturated. The flow should be laminar and in a steady state
condition.
 Coefficient of permeability is used to assess drainage characteristics of soil,
to predict rate of settlement founded on soil bed.
COMMENTS:
 After perform permeability we can learn that the constant head method is
uses for the course size particles. And the falling head method is used for
the fine grain particles.
 We see that the constant head test performs faster as compare to the
falling head because in the course particles the water can easily flow from
the voids as compare to the fine grain particles.

FINAL          
 
Ring dia = 38.1 mm Gs= 2.69  
Soil ht = 16.20 mm ef = 0.421  
Volume = 18.47 cc Sf = 51.94 %
wt of ring= 49.14 gm Hs= 11.40 mm
ring+soil = 86.25 gm  
wt of ring +dry soil 83.46 gm  
F.M.C. = 8.13 %  
Bulk density = 24.4 kN/m3  
Dry density= 22.0 kN/m3