Generator and

Transformer Model:
The Per Unit System
PSEN 801: POWER SYSTEMS ENGINEERING 1

Dr AA Adebiyi (Shine)

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Generator and Transformer Model
Introduction
• As a rule, distribution circuits and small loads are not shown in details but are
taken into consideration as a lumped loads on substation busses.
• In analyzing power systems, it is most convenient to use the per-unit system.
This help to eliminate transformers by simple impedances.
• This lecture would present the analysis of power system, followed by the
system impedance diagram of the network, expressed to a common MVA
base.
• Students should read page 1 – 12 of the attached textbook for detailed
introduction.
• The expression for the generator Magnetomotive force (MMF) is derived
using the winding function approach. This method enables the analysis of
stator current spectra in the cage rotor induction machine. 2
Generator and Transformer Model
Synchronous Generator
• Three-phase synchronous generators, also called alternators, are used to
produce large scale electricity and are powered by steam or gas turbines. The
stator, a stationary component, is where the armature windings are mounted.
The windings on the armature are made to produce balanced three-phase
voltages.

• There are two types of rotor for three-phase synchronous generators with
distinct bold variability.

• They are (a) Cylindrical (non-salient) pole ; (b) Salient pole rotor.
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Generator and Transformer Model
•T

• (a) Salient pole rotor ; (b) Cylindrical (non-salient) pole. 4

Generator and Transformer Model
Synchronous Generator
• The difference between salient pole and cylindrical pole rotors lies in their
speed, winding, and other features. The two types of the rotor in a
synchronous generator also differ in their specific application.
• The term “saliency” simply refers to the ability to project outward. Salient
pole rotors, by definition, must have poles extending outward.
• Cylindrical rotor type generators are often limited to 2 and 4-pole turbine
generators, whereas salient pole types are manufactured with 4 poles.
• Salient pole rotors are large in diameter and shorter in length. They are
typically used in lower speed electrical machines (100 rpm to 1500 rpm).
Salient pole rotors normally require damper windings to avoid oscillations of
rotors during operation. They are mostly used in hydropower plants.
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Generator and Transformer Model
• Cylindrical (non-salient) pole or round-
rotor usually can be found in higher speed
higher power applications, such as
turbogenerators.
• These generators are driven by steam
turbines and are designed for higher speed
operation. The cylindrical pole spins at
1800 rpm with 2 or 4 poles.
• However, each slot of the rotor has
different turns, so that sinusoidal flux is
created when excited.
• A simple per-phase model for a cylindrical
(non-salient) pole rotor generator is based
on Equation (3.11) as shown in Figure 3.3. 6
Generator and Transformer Model
Synchronous Generator
• The armature resistance is generally very small than the synchronous
reactance and is often negligible.
• The equivalent circuit connected to an infinite bus becomes Figure 3.4 and
Equation (3.11) reduces to Equation (3.12).

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Generator and Transformer Model
Synchronous Generator
• Figure 3.5 presents the phasor diagram of the generator with terminal voltage
as reference for excitation corresponding to lagging, unity and leading power
factors.

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Generator and Transformer Model
Synchronous Generator
• An alternator’s voltage regulation as a figure of merit is used for other
machine comparison.
• This gives an indication of change in field current required to maintain the
system voltage when going from no-load to rated-load at some specific power
factor.
• The no-load voltage for a particular power factor could be determined by
operating the generator at rated load conditions and then removing the load
and observing the no-load voltage.

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Generator and Transformer Model
Cylindrical (non-salient) rotor: Power Factor Control
• Synchronous generators are connected to large interconnected electric power
network.
• These networks have important features at the point of connection. That is
constant voltage magnitude, phase angle and frequency. Such point in power
system is referred to as an infinite bus.
• The per-phase equivalent circuit of a synchronous generator shown in Figure
3,4 is connected to an infinite bus.
• With a negligible resistance, the output power of the generator is equal to the
power generated, which is assumed to remain constant given by Equation
(3.14). Where V =phase-to-neutral terminal voltage

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Generator and Transformer Model
Generator Power Angle Features
• Examine Figure 3.4 per-phase equivalent circuit. The generator terminal's
three-phase complex power is as follows:

• When you express the phasor voltage in polar form, the armature/rotor current
becomes:

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Generator and Transformer Model
Generator Power Angle Features
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Generator and Transformer Model
Generator Power Angle Features
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(sin 90o = 1)

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Generator and Transformer Model
Generator Power Angle Features
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Generator and Transformer Model
Generator Power Angle Features
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Generator and Transformer Model
Solution
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Generator and Transformer Model
Solution
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Generator and Transformer Model
Solution
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Generator and Transformer Model
Generator Power Angle Features
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Generator and Transformer Model
Solution
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Generator and Transformer Model

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Generator and Transformer Model

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Generator and Transformer Model

Solution
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Generator and Transformer Model
Solution
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Generator and Transformer Model
Solution
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Generator and Transformer Model

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Generator and Transformer Model
Solution
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Generator and Transformer Model
Solution
• sin 90o = 1
•,

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Generator and Transformer Model
Solution
• sin 90o = 1
•,

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Generator and Transformer Model
Solution
• sin 90o = 1
•,

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Generator and Transformer Model
Solution
• ..
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Generator and Transformer Model
Solution
• ..
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