8

Science
Quarter 4 – Module 1:
Structures and Functions
of the Digestive System

CO_Q4_Science 8_ Module 1
Science – Grade 8
Alternative Delivery Mode
Quarter 4 – Module 1: Structures and Functions of the Digestive System
First Edition, 2020

Republic Act 8293, section 176 states that: No copyright shall subsist in any work of the
Government of the Philippines. However, prior approval of the government agency or office wherein
the work is created shall be necessary for exploitation of such work for profit. Such agency or office
may, among other things, impose as a condition the payment of royalties.

Borrowed materials (i.e., songs, stories, poems, pictures, photos, brand names, trademarks,
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exerted to locate and seek permission to use these materials from their respective copyright owners.
The publisher and authors do not represent nor claim ownership over them.

Published by the Department of Education

Secretary: Leonor Magtolis Briones
Undersecretary: Diosdado M. San Antonio

Development Team of the Module

Writers: Rodeliza R. Wahing, Doriza F. Deso-Asido, Shellah May P. Castillo
Editor: Ana Rubi L. Sereño
Reviewers: Bernabe L. Linog, Corazon P. Roa, Juvy B. Luna, Arlene L. Abala,
Kathleen Torculas, Nonita c. Patalinghug
Illustrator: Rosa Mia L. Pontillo
Layout Artist: Edgardo D. Pamugas III
Layout Evaluators: Celeste Faith R. Almanon, Jay S. Ayap
Management Team: Francis Cesar B. Bringas
Isidro M. Biol, Jr.
Maripaz F. Magno
Josephine Chonie M. Obseñares
Gregoria T. Su
Marvilyn C. Francia
Jay S. Ayap
Nonita C. Patalinghug

Printed in the Philippines by

Department of Education – Caraga Region

Office Address: Teacher Development Center

J.P. Rosales Avenue, Butuan City, Philippines 8600
Telefax: (085) 342-8207/ (085) 342-5969
E-mail Address: [email protected]
 8

Science
Quarter 4 – Module 1:
Structures and Functions
of the Digestive System
Introductory Message
This Self-Learning Module (SLM) is prepared so that you, our dear learners,
can continue your studies and learn while at home. Activities, questions, directions,
exercises, and discussions are carefully stated for you to understand each lesson.

Each SLM is composed of different parts. Each part shall guide you step-by-
step as you discover and understand the lesson prepared for you.

Pre-tests are provided to measure your prior knowledge on lessons in each

SLM. This will tell you if you need to proceed on completing this module or if you
need to ask your facilitator or your teacher’s assistance for better understanding of
the lesson. At the end of each module, you need to answer the post-test to self-
check your learning. Answer keys are provided for each activity and test. We trust
that you will be honest in using these.

In addition to the material in the main text, Notes to the Teacher are also
provided to our facilitators and parents for strategies and reminders on how they
can best help you on your home-based learning.

Please use this module with care. Do not put unnecessary marks on any part
of this SLM. Use a separate sheet of paper in answering the exercises and tests. And
read the instructions carefully before performing each task.

If you have any questions in using this SLM or any difficulty in answering the
tasks in this module, do not hesitate to consult your teacher or facilitator.

Thank you.
 What I Need to Know

This module was designed and written with you in mind. It is here to help
you master the structures and functions of the digestive system. The scope of
this module permits it to be used in many different learning situations. The
language used recognizes the diverse vocabulary level of students. The lessons
are arranged to follow the standard sequence of the course. But the order in
which you read them can be changed to correspond with the learner’s material
you are now using.

This module contains:

Lesson 1 – The Digestive System

After going through this module, you are expected to:

1. Identify the organs that make up the digestive system;

2. Give the function of each organ;

3. Describe how some accessory organs and glands help the body in the

digestive process; and

4. Explain ingestion, digestion, absorption, assimilation, and excretion.

(MELC Week 1 S8LT-IVa-13)

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CO_Q4_Science 8_ Module
 What I Know

Directions: Choose the letter of the correct answer. Write your answers on a
separate sheet of paper.

1. In what process do animals take in food that provides energy and nutrients?
A. assimilation
B. digestion
C. excretion
D. ingestion

2. The process in which digested foods are distributed into different parts of
the body cells are .
A. assimilation
B. digestion
C. excretion
D. ingestion

3. What is the process of turning food into smaller molecules with the aid of
enzymes?
A. churning
B. mastication
C. chemical digestion
D. mechanical digestion

4. Where does the final stage in digestion of food happen?

A. liver
B. mouth
C. small intestine
D. large intestine

5. What type of enzyme present in saliva helps break down starch?

A. amylase
B. lactase
C. lipase
D. maltase

6. Which of the following breaks down food into tinier pieces to

begin mechanical digestion?

A. esophagus
B. stomach
C. teeth
D. tongue

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CO_Q4_Science 8_ Module
7. What organ system is responsible for breaking down of large molecules into
smaller molecules and absorption of organic compounds needed by the body?
A. circulatory system
B. digestive system
C. Nervous system
D. respiratory system

8. What is the main function of the large intestine?

A. It breaks down hemoglobin.
B. It secretes digestive enzymes.
C. It regulates the release of bile.
D. It reabsorbs water from chyme.

9. What do you call the wavelike contraction of the smooth muscles of

digestive tract pushes food in small sections through the gastro-intestinal
tube?
A. mixing movement
B. parietal movement
C. contractile movement
D. peristaltic movement

10. If the liver is severely damaged, metabolism of which nutrients would be

most affected?
A. carbohydrates
B. lipids
C. proteins
D. All of the above

11. What is the most essential function of the intestinal villi?

A. pushes the fecal matter into the rectum
B. increases surface area for nutrient absorption
C. secretes serous fluid to decrease friction among the organs
D. secretes mucous to facilitate the movement of chyme via the
alimentary canal

12. Which of the following shows the correct sequence of the

processes involved in the human digestive system?
A. assimilation, absorption, ingestion, digestion, and egestion
B. digestion, ingestion, assimilation, egestion and absorption
C. egestion, absorption, digestion, assimilation and ingestion
D. ingestion, digestion, absorption, assimilation and egestion

13. What is the term for the food that is chewed and mixed with saliva that turns
into a moist ball?
A. bolus
B. chyme
C. feces
D. gastric juice
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CO_Q4_Science 8_ Module
14. It is the process by which the nutrients from the digested food move into
the blood vessels passing through the lining of the small intestine.
A. assimilation
B. digestion
C. egestion
D. elimination

15. Which of these substances is an enzyme that digests protein in the stomach?
A. amylase
B. hydrochloric acid
C. pepsin
D. saliva

Lesson The Digestive System

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Why do we eat? Is eating necessary in keeping us alive? Where do we get
the energy that enables us to carry out the many activities that we do each day?
How do we obtain materials needed for the growth and repair of body parts?

The food that we eat plays a central role in the survival of species. It
provides the energy that enables us to carry out the many activities that we do
each day such as breathing, walking, studying and cooking. Food also provides
the substances needed for growth and repair of body parts.

The cells in the body need food for energy used for growth and repair. Food
must be broken down into a form that these microscopic cells can use. The body
changes food into a usable form by means of a group of organs referred to as the
digestive system.

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CO_Q4_Science 8_ Module
 What’s In

Activity 1. Tummy Puzzle!

Directions: Hidden in the word puzzle are terms associated to digestive system.
Pick fifteen (15) of these terms and write your answers on a
separate sheet of paper.

M W Q S D F F O O D M E T S Y

O T R S A L I V A Z G S Q M K

U B P A N C R E A S A O G A H

T E E T H X M P X S L P D L H

H H J O C K L P F H L H W L Q

S D F N A H A H S Q B A T I G

G H J G M K L A F Q L G W N T

A S W U O R T R Q D A U T T G

F G H E T M J Y R K D S L E P

F S W E S G H N E J D K L S V

L I V E R F B X C D E Q E T Y

G H J K V D F G T A R X A I W

G H J K D S A N U S Q E R N T

H J K S A E W A M X C B F E Q

L A R G E I N T E S T I N E F

Note to the Teacher

Please provide the students with a loose copy of this puzzle.

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CO_Q4_Science 8_ Module
 What’s New

Activity 2. A Gutsy Game!

This activity is a board game that needs at least two players. The game
demonstrates the flow of food into our digestive system. The first one to reach
the finish tile wins!
Objectives:

After performing this activity, you are expected to:

1. Identify the parts that compose the digestive system; and

2. Describe the function of each organ.

Materials Needed:

Game board (refer to page 7)

A piece of cube dice or six-sided small box with numbers 1 to 6

Playing token (e.g., pebble, button, etc.)
Procedure:

1. Find someone whom you can play the board game with.
2. Choose a playing token for you and your playmate; place your tokens
on the board’s starting line.
3. Take turns in rolling the dice.
4. The number on the dice tells the number of boxes you may move your token.
5. Should your token land on a box with instructions beside it, execute
the instructions.
6. The player who first makes it all the way throughout the digestive
system and down to finish line wins the game.

Questions:

1. What does the playing token represent?

.

2. What do the boxes on the game represent?

3. What do the instructions beside the boxes tell you about the digestive
system?
.

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CO_Q4_Science 8_ Module
BOARD GAME

YOUR STOMACH IS HAVING DIFFICULTY DIGESTING WHAT YOU

YOUR BODY IS READY TO GET RID OF WASTE. MOVE AHEAD 1 SPACE

FINISH

Illustrated by: Rosa Mia L. Pontillo

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CO_Q4_Science 8_ Module
 What is It

In Activity 1, you must have inferred that the digestive system is composed of
different organs that work together to break down food and nourish the body. It also
involves important processes in order to carry out the function of the digestive
system.
The function of the digestive system is digestion, the breakdown of organic
compounds into their simple forms for use by the cells. Digestion is the chief
function of the digestive system. It breaks down food mechanically and chemically.
Let us take a journey
throughout the human digestive
system to see how it works and how
the organs coordinate in order to carry
out the processes of digestion (see
figure 1). To make it a little more
interesting, try to imagine what
happens to a hamburger when eaten.
Remember that ground meat is mostly
protein, mayonnaise is mostly fat, and
the bun is mostly carbohydrate. The
journey of the food starts from the
mouth down to the anus takes about
18-20 hours.

A. INGESTION is the first process that

happens in digestive system. It is the
journey of taking in food or any
substance into the body through the
mouth. The journey of food starts when
a bit of hamburger enters your mouth.

Figure 1. Parts and Processes of the Digestive System

Illustrated by: Rosa Mia L. Pontillo
B. DIGESTION is the second process involved in digestive system. It is the process
that involves break down of large food molecules into smaller molecules for easy
absorption of the cells. Both chemical and mechanical digestions begin immediately
in the mouth. While the food is in the mouth, the teeth cut, crush, and break it apart
into tiny pieces while the tongue helps mix food with saliva secreted by the
salivary glands forming into a moist ball called bolus so it can be easily
swallowed. This process is known as mastication or chewing considered as a
mechanical digestion, which is the initial stage of digestion. The saliva contains
salivary amylase, the enzyme that breaks down starch into smaller carbohydrate.
Then, the bolus passes from the mouth to the esophagus - a tube that attaches the
mouth to the stomach. A series of wave-like muscle contractions known as
peristalsis push and transport foods and liquids in small sections to the stomach.

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 The stomach is a J-shaped, bag-like muscular organ that can hold
approximately one liter of fluid and food. The primary function of the stomach is to
store food, which turns to chyme after being acted on by the stomach acid. Chyme
is a semifluid material formed from bolus that is acted upon by the gastric juices
secreted by the stomach. The walls of the stomach have special cells that secrete
gastric juices like hydrochloric acid and pepsin that begin the chemical
breakdown of proteins.

Illustrated by: Rosa Mia L. Pontillo

Let us take a short detour into the three organs that are part of the digestive
system and helps in secretion of essential substances. These organs are the liver,
the pancreas and the gall bladder.
The liver produces bile, a green fluid that turns large fat droplets into
smaller ones and stores them in the gall bladder. When necessary, bile gets into
the small intestine and helps in the digestion of fat. The pancreas makes three
different kinds of enzymes namely amylase, peptidase, and lipase released through
a pancreatic duct that aid in the digestion of all three organic compounds such as
carbohydrates, proteins, and fats respectively. The process takes about half of a
liter of digestive juices each day. The liver is the biggest organ inside the body with
a mass of about two kilograms. Gall bladder - a small pear-shaped sac that can hold
about 50ml of bile. The pancreas is a small organ found below the stomach.
The small intestine is an organ that breaks down food further into
substances, such as glucose, that can be absorbed by the villi. It has three parts
namely the duodenum, the jejunum, and ileum. The duodenum is the first and
shortest part of the small intestine that starts at the lower end of the stomach and
extends for about 20 cm to 25 cm in length. Basically, it is in charge for the
continuous breaking-down process as it partially receives the chyme from the
stomach, it resumes chemical digestion of food, and prepares for absorption
through the villi.

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 Organic compounds such as carbohydrates, proteins, and fats are specifically
broken down with the aid of different enzymes. Carbohydrates are broken down into
sugars by enzymes like amylase, maltase and lactase. Proteins are broken down into
amino acids by enzymes like trypsin and peptidase. Fats are broken down into fatty
acids by the enzyme lipase. After about four hours, the stomach pushes food into the
small intestines. See Figure 2 and Figure 2.1. The production and release of enzymes
and acids in the digestive system is called secretion. It aids in the breaking down of
complex food molecules into their chemical building blocks.
The jejunum is the second part of the small intestine that is 2.5 cm in length.
Its wall works for absorption through enterocytes or columnar cells of small nutrient
particles which have been previously digested by the enzymes in the duodenum.

C. Absorption is the third process that

happens in the digestive system. It occurs
Villi mostly in the small intestine where several
digestive juices, pancreatic juice, and bile aid
in the chemical digestion of food. Absorption
is the process of passing the soluble food
molecules in the wall of the small intestine
through the villi – the tiny, finger-like
projections from the epithelial lining of the
intestinal wall. Each villus contains blood
capillaries that enable it to absorb water,
Figure 3. Absorption of nutrients through
glucose, amino acids, vitamins, minerals,
the villi.
and fatty acids. It also increases the amount
Illustrated by: Rosa Mia L. Pontillo of surface area available for the absorption of
nutrients. See figure 3.

D. Assimilation is the fourth process that occurs in

the digestive system. It is the movement of digested
food nutrients into the blood vessels of the small
intestine through diffusion and use of nutrients into
the body cells through the microvilli – microscopic
cellular membrane projections that serves to expand
the surface area for diffusion and also to lessen any
increase in volume. See figure 4.
Body Cells
The third part of the small intestine is the ileum which
is about 3.5 meters in length. Its main function is the
assimilation (absorption) of B12 and the re- Figure 4. Diffusion of Nutrients
assimilation (reabsorption) of conjugated bile salts. through the Microvilli.
Illustrated by: Rosa Mia L. Pontillo

The Large intestine is divided into caecum, ascending colon, transverse colon,
descending colon, and sigmoid colon. This is where reabsorption of liquid,
electrolytes and some vitamins from the undigested food takes place. It secretes
mucus to aid in the formation of feces and maintains alkaline conditions. This is the
last segment of the gastrointestinal tract that completes absorption and compacts
waste.

1
E. Egestion is the last process that occurs in the digestive system. It is the release
of undigested food collected in the rectum called feces and pushed out of the body
through the anus by defecation.

What’s More

Activity 3. Pick Me UP!

Directions: Identify the five organs that are part of the digestive system from
among the picture in the box below. Write only the letters
corresponding to your answer on a separate sheet of paper.

Illustrated by: Rosa Mia L. Pontillo

1
Activity 4. Match ME!
Directions: Describe the function of each organ in the digestive system by
matching column A with column B. Write only the letter of the
correct answer on a separate sheet of paper.

Column A Column B

1. This is where the food is mechanically

broken down by chewing chewed pulp and A.
the tongue helps in pushing the bits and
broken into small pieces for easier digestion.
In here, the saliva softens the food to of food Illustrated by: Rosa Mia L. Pontillo
into the pharynx.

2. It reabsorbs water from undigested food B.

materials coming from the small intestine.
Illustrated by: Rosa Mia L. Pontillo

3. It is where the waste or remaining food

materials that become more solid known as
feces will be temporarily stored and C.
eliminated Illustrated by: Rosa Mia L. Pontillo

4. It is a tube that connects the mouth and

stomach. It carries the food down to your
stomach for temporary storage and D.
further digestion.
Illustrated by: Rosa Mia L. Pontillo

5. Here, the food is mixed with intestinal juices

which contain enzymes that help in E.
digestion. It is where the final digestion and
absorption of nutrients happen

Illustrated by: Rosa Mia L. Pontillo

6. J-shaped organ found at the end of the F.

esophagus on the upper left side of the
abdomen or abdominal cavity that
produces gastric juices and acids.

Illustrated by: Rosa Mia L. Pontillo

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Activity 5. I Fill You!
Directions: Label the main organs involved in the digestive system in the figure
and answer the questions that follow. Write your answers on a
separate sheet of paper.

1. Label the organ pointed by the arrow.

Illustrated by: Rosa Mia L. Pontillo

2. Name the enzymes secreted by the organs identified from box #1, #3 and #4.
.
3. The liver produces bile. How does bile help in digestion of food?
.

1
Activity 6. Share It!
Directions: Study the figure below and answer the questions that follow. Write
your answers on a separate sheet of paper.

Illustrated by: Rosa Mia L. Pontillo

Questions:
1. When does ingestion begin?

2. What happens to food when it is in your:

a. mouth ;

b. stomach ;

c. small intestine ?

3. How are nutrients from the food you eat absorbed after digestion?

4. Why are villus and microvilli important in the human digestive system?

5. What happens to the undigested food in the large intestine?

Scoring Rubrics

2 points Discussions are complete with no misconception.

1 point Discussions are incomplete with minor misconception.

0 point There is no discussion shown.

1
 What I Have Learned

Activity 7. Wordy GUT!

Directions: Complete the crossword puzzle. Write your answers on a separate
sheet of paper.

Down:
Across:
1 produces pancreatic juice
2 reabsorbs water from undigested food
3 intakes of food
9 where bile is being stored
4 produces bile
10 acts as temporary storage of feces
5 helps mix the food with saliva in the mouth
11 exit point of feces
6 entry point of food
14 digests fats
7 where final digestion takes place
15 breaks down carbohydrates
8 absorbs vitamin B12 and bile salts 17 shortest region of the small intestine
12 breaks down fats into fatty acids 19 connects the mouth to the stomach
13 speeds up chemical digestion
16 products of digestion in the stomach
18 secretes acids and enzymes

1
 What I Can Do

Activity 8. I Create You Gullet!

Directions: Create a comic strip of digestive process on a sheet of bond paper
based on the situation below. Put a title of your comic strip on one square. Make ten
more squares for your story. Each square shall show both drawings and words to
tell your story. The following terms and concepts should include in your comic
strip:

● Mechanical digestion ● Stomach

● Chemical digestion ● Small intestine

● Mouth ● Villi

● Saliva ● Large intestine

● Esophagus ● Rectum

● Peristalsis ● Anus

Situation: Imagine that you are a piece of food (bread, pizza, mango, etc.) that is
about to be eaten by a human being! As you journey through the digestive system,
starting from the first bite and ending with your exit from the human body, you are
able to meet the different organs and enzymes that interact with you.

Scoring Rubric (per square)

2 points Discussions and illustrations are complete with no misconception.

1 point Discussions and illustrations are incomplete with minor misconception.

0 point There is no discussion and illustration shown

1
 Assessment

Directions: Choose the letter of the correct answer. Write your answers on a separate
sheet of paper.

1. The following organs are part of the human digestive system

EXCEPT:
A. mouth
B. esophagus
C. small Intestine
D. gastro vascular cavity

2. In which part of the digestive system does the breaking down of food into tinier
pieces occur?
A. mouth
B. stomach
C. small intestine
D. large Intestine

3. Which of the following helps in the digestion of food in the mouth?

A. amylase
B. bile
C. protease
D. saliva

4. What enzyme aids the digestion of lipids in the small intestine?

A. amylase
B. gastric enzyme
C. lipase
D. pepsin

5. Which tiny structures line the internal surface of the small intestine to increase
its surface area for the absorption of nutrients?
A. bile ducts
B. cilia
C. salivary glands
D. villi

6. What is the largest internal organ of the human body?

A. heart
B. gall bladder
C. liver
D. stomach

1
7. Which of the following is produced by the liver?
A. amylase
B. bile
C. pepsin
D. renin

8. Which organ stores bile and pumps it into duodenum?

A. appendix
B. colon
C. gall bladder
D. pancreas

9. What is the result of chemical digestion of carbohydrates?

A. amino acid
B. bile
C. fatty acids
D. simple sugars

10. Where does absorption of nutrients mostly occur?

A. stomach
B. small intestine
C. large intestine
D. all the above

11. What aids the passage of food through the digestive tract?
A. pull from the anus
B. chemical absorption
C. movement of the cilia
D. wavelike muscle contractions

12. What is the main work of the digestive system?

A. fights disease
B. regenerates cells
C. breaks down food
D. distributes energy throughout the body

13. Which of the following is the correct order of the digestive tract?
A. mouth → rectum → esophagus → rectum → anus → small intestine
→ large intestine
B. mouth → stomach → esophagus → rectum → anus → small intestine
→large intestine
C. mouth → esophagus → stomach → small intestine → large intestine
→ rectum → anus
D. mouth → esophagus → stomach → small intestine → anus
→ large intestine → rectum

1
14. How do nutrients from digested food reach the blood?
A. by passing through the esophagus into the blood
B. by being absorbed into the blood through the blood vessels
C. by being absorbed into the blood through the walls of the lungs
D. by passing through the small intestine into the large intestine, then
into the blood

15. What will happen to the undigested food that pass through the
digestive tract?
A. goes to the pancreas to await disposal
B. enters to the stomach and await disposal
C. goes to small intestine and await disposal
D. moves down to the large intestine and await disposal

Additional Activities

Activity 9: Now I Know!

The digestive system is an important part of our body. It helps our body
breaks down bulk of food, absorb essential nutrients from what we eat and even get
rid of its waste product. Digestive system may suffer complications that ranges
from mild to severe so it is important to recognize common problems related to
digestion.

Directions: Create an infographic of the digestive system - parts and functions as

well as the disorders that you might be getting from malfunction of some organs of
the system.
Note: An infographic is a collection of images, diagrams, and text that provides an
easy-to-understand general idea of a topic. Most infographics use prominent and
attractive illustrations to converse the facts quickly and clearly.

Scoring Rubric (per square)

2 points Discussions and illustrations are complete with no misconception.

1 point Discussions and illustrations are incomplete with minor misconception.

0 point There is no discussion and illustration shown

1
Answer Key

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References
Digestive System. (2014, September 26). Retrieved from DepEd Learning
Portal: lrmds.deped.ph/pdf-view/6315
Pia C. Campo, e. a. (2013). Science- Grade8 Learner's Module. Meralco Avenue,
Pasig City: Vibal Publishing House, Inc.
PROJECT EASE. (n.d.). In Module 11 Energy Producing and Distributing Systems
(pp. 2-11). DepEd Complex, Meralco Avenue Pasig City: BUREAU OF
SECONDARY EDUCATION.

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For inquiries or feedback, please write or call:
Department of Education - Bureau of Learning Resources (DepEd-BLR) Ground Floor, Bonifacio Bldg.
Meralco Avenue, Pasig City, Philippines 1600 Telefax: (632) 8634-1072; 8634-1054; 8631-4985
Email Address: *