Chapter 3 Selections

Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Tenth Edition, Global Edition. © Pearson Education Limited 2015
 Chapter 2 Review
• Elementary Programming
– How to solve practical problems programmatically.
– Java primitive data types and related subjects
• Variables
• Constants
• data types (byte, short, int, double,…)
• operators (+, -, *, /, %, +=, var++, --var,…)
• expressions ((𝑥 + 𝑦) / 𝑧)

Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Tenth Edition, Global Edition. © Pearson Education Limited 2015 2
 Motivations
If you assigned a negative value for radius in the
program, ComputeAreaWithConsoleInput.java, the
program would print an invalid result.

If the radius is negative, you don't want the

program to compute the area. How can you deal
with this situation?

Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Tenth Edition, Global Edition. © Pearson Education Limited 2015 3
 Outline
• boolean type and operators
• Selection Control
• one-way if statements
• two-way if-else statements
• multi-way if statements.
• Logical Operators
• switch statements
• Conditional expression
• Mathematical Functions

Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Tenth Edition, Global Edition. © Pearson Education Limited 2015 4
 The boolean Type and Operators
• Often in a program you need to compare two
values, such as whether i is greater than j.

• Java provides six comparison operators (also

known as relational operators) that can be used to
compare two values.

• The result of the comparison is a Boolean value:

true or false.
• boolean b = (1 > 2);

Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Tenth Edition, Global Edition. © Pearson Education Limited 2015 5
 The boolean Type and Operators

• The result of the comparison is a Boolean value:

true or false.

boolean b = (1 > 2);

boolean lightsOn = true;

Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Tenth Edition, Global Edition. © Pearson Education Limited 2015 6
 Relational Operators
Java Mathematics Name Example Result
Operator Symbol (radius is 5)

< < less than radius < 0 false

<= ≤ less than or equal to radius <= 0 false
> > greater than radius > 0 true
>= ≥ greater than or equal to radius >= 0 true
== = equal to radius == 0 false
!= ≠ not equal to radius != 0 true

Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Tenth Edition, Global Edition. © Pearson Education Limited 2015 7
 Problem: A Simple Math Learning Tool
This example creates a program to let a first grader
practice additions. The program randomly
generates two single-digit integers number1 and
number2 and displays a question such as “What is
7 + 9?” to the student. After the student types the
answer, the program displays a message to indicate
whether the answer is true or false.

https://liveexample-ppe.pearsoncmg.com/codeanimation/AdditionQuiz.html?
AdditionQuiz
Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Tenth Edition, Global Edition. © Pearson Education Limited 2015 8
 if Statements
• An if statement is a construct that enables a
program to specify alternative paths of
execution.

Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Tenth Edition, Global Edition. © Pearson Education Limited 2015 9
 One-way if Statements
if (radius >= 0) {
area = radius * radius * PI;
System.out.println("The area"
+ " for the circle of radius "
if (boolean-expression) { + radius + " is " + area);
statement(s); }
}

Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Tenth Edition, Global Edition. © Pearson Education Limited 2015 10
 Note
if i > 0 { if (i > 0) {
System.out.println("i is positive"); System.out.println("i is positive");
} }
(a) Wrong (b) Correct

if (i > 0) { if (i > 0)
System.out.println("i is positive"); Equivalent System.out.println("i is positive");
}

(a) (b)

Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Tenth Edition, Global Edition. © Pearson Education Limited 2015 11
 Simple if Demo

Write a program that prompts the user to enter an integer. If the

number is a multiple of 5, print HiFive. If the number is divisible
by 2, print HiEven.

http://liveexample.pearsoncmg.com/codeanimation/SimpleIfDemo.html? SimpleIfDemo

Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Tenth Edition, Global Edition. © Pearson Education Limited 2015 12
 The Two-way if Statement
Decide the execution path based on whether the condition is true or false.
if (boolean-expression) {
statement(s)-for-the-true-case;
}
else {
statement(s)-for-the-false-case;
}

Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Tenth Edition, Global Edition. © Pearson Education Limited 2015 13
 if-else Example
if (radius >= 0) {
area = radius * radius * 3.14159;

System.out.println("The area for the “

+ “circle of radius " + radius +
" is " + area);
}
else {
System.out.println("Negative input");
}

Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Tenth Edition, Global Edition. © Pearson Education Limited 2015 14
 Multiple Alternative if Statements

if (score >= 90.0) if (score >= 90.0)

System.out.print("A"); System.out.print("A");
else else if (score >= 80.0)
if (score >= 80.0) Equivalent System.out.print("B");
System.out.print("B"); else if (score >= 70.0)
else System.out.print("C");
if (score >= 70.0) else if (score >= 60.0)
System.out.print("C"); System.out.print("D");
else else
if (score >= 60.0) System.out.print("F");
System.out.print("D"); This is better
else
System.out.print("F");

(a) (b)

Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Tenth Edition, Global Edition. © Pearson Education Limited 2015 15
 Multi-Way if-else Statements

Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Tenth Edition, Global Edition. © Pearson Education Limited 2015 16
animation
Trace if-else statement
Suppose score is 70.0 The condition is false

if (score >= 90.0)

System.out.print("A");
else if (score >= 80.0)
System.out.print("B");
else if (score >= 70.0)
System.out.print("C");
else if (score >= 60.0)
System.out.print("D");
else
System.out.print("F");

Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Tenth Edition, Global Edition. © Pearson Education Limited 2015 17
animation
Trace if-else statement
Suppose score is 70.0 The condition is false

if (score >= 90.0)

System.out.print("A");
else if (score >= 80.0)
System.out.print("B");
else if (score >= 70.0)
System.out.print("C");
else if (score >= 60.0)
System.out.print("D");
else
System.out.print("F");

Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Tenth Edition, Global Edition. © Pearson Education Limited 2015 18
animation
Trace if-else statement
Suppose score is 70.0 The condition is true

if (score >= 90.0)

System.out.print("A");
else if (score >= 80.0)
System.out.print("B");
else if (score >= 70.0)
System.out.print("C");
else if (score >= 60.0)
System.out.print("D");
else
System.out.print("F");

Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Tenth Edition, Global Edition. © Pearson Education Limited 2015 19
animation
Trace if-else statement
Suppose score is 70.0 grade is C

if (score >= 90.0)

System.out.print("A");
else if (score >= 80.0)
System.out.print("B");
else if (score >= 70.0)
System.out.print("C");
else if (score >= 60.0)
System.out.print("D");
else
System.out.print("F");

Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Tenth Edition, Global Edition. © Pearson Education Limited 2015 20
animation
Trace if-else statement
Suppose score is 70.0 Exit the if statement

if (score >= 90.0)

System.out.print("A");
else if (score >= 80.0)
System.out.print("B");
else if (score >= 70.0)
System.out.print("C");
else if (score >= 60.0)
System.out.print("D");
else
System.out.print("F");

Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Tenth Edition, Global Edition. © Pearson Education Limited 2015 21
 Note
The else clause matches the most recent if clause in the
same block.

Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Tenth Edition, Global Edition. © Pearson Education Limited 2015 22
 Note, cont.
Nothing is printed from the preceding statement. To force
the else clause to match the first if clause, you must add a
pair of braces:
int i = 1;
int j = 2;
int k = 3;
if (i > j) {
if (i > k)
System.out.println("A");
}
else
System.out.println("B");

This statement prints B.

Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Tenth Edition, Global Edition. © Pearson Education Limited 2015 23
 Common Errors
Adding a semicolon at the end of an if clause is a common
mistake.
if (radius >= 0); Wrong
{
area = radius*radius*PI;
System.out.println("The area for the circle of radius " +
radius + " is " + area);
}
This mistake is hard to find, because it is not a compilation error or
a runtime error, it is a logic error.
This error often occurs when you use the next-line block style.

Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Tenth Edition, Global Edition. © Pearson Education Limited 2015 24
 Common Errors
• Equality Test of Two Floating-Point Values

double x = 1.0 - 0.1 - 0.1 - 0.1 - 0.1 - 0.1;

System.out.println(x == 0.5);

• it displays false.
• x is not exactly 0.5, but is 0.5000000000000001.

Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Tenth Edition, Global Edition. © Pearson Education Limited 2015 25
 TIP
The code assigns a test condition to a boolean variable

if (number % 2 == 0) Equivalent boolean even = number % 2 == 0;

even = true;
else
even = false;
(a) (b)

Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Tenth Edition, Global Edition. © Pearson Education Limited 2015 26
 CAUTION
To test whether a boolean variable is true or false in a test
condition, it is redundant to use the equality comparison
operator (==).

Equivalent if (even)
if (even == true)
System.out.println( System.out.println(
"It is even."); "It is even.");
(a) (b)

Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Tenth Edition, Global Edition. © Pearson Education Limited 2015 27
 Example#1
What is the output of the following code if
number is 14, 15, or 30?

if (number % 2 == 0)
System.out.println(number + " is even");
if (number % 5 == 0)
System.out.println(number + " is multiple of 5");

Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Tenth Edition, Global Edition. © Pearson Education Limited 2015 28
 Example#2
What is the output of the following code if
number is 14, 15, or 30?

if (number % 2 == 0)
System.out.println(number + " is even");
else if (number % 5 == 0)
System.out.println(number + " is multiple of 5");

Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Tenth Edition, Global Edition. © Pearson Education Limited 2015 29
 Problem: An Improved Math Learning Tool
This example creates a program to teach a
first grade child how to learn subtractions.
The program randomly generates two single-
digit integers number1 and number2 with
number1 >= number2 and displays a question
such as “What is 9 – 2?” to the student. After
the student types the answer, the program
displays whether the answer is correct.
SubtractionQuiz
Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Tenth Edition, Global Edition. © Pearson Education Limited 2015 30
 Problem: Body Mass Index
Body Mass Index (BMI) is a measure of health on
weight. It can be calculated by taking your weight
in kilograms and dividing by the square of your
height in meters. The interpretation of BMI for
people 16 years or older is as follows:
BMI Interpretation

BMI < 18.5 Underweight

18.5 <= BMI < 25.0 Normal
25.0 <= BMI < 30.0 Overweight
30.0 <= BMI Obese

ComputeAndInterpretBMI
Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Tenth Edition, Global Edition. © Pearson Education Limited 2015 31
 Problem: Computing Taxes
The US federal personal income tax is calculated
based on the filing status and taxable income.
There are four filing statuses: single filers, married
filing jointly, married filing separately, and head of
household. The tax rates for 2009 are shown below.

Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Tenth Edition, Global Edition. © Pearson Education Limited 2015 32
 Problem: Computing Taxes, cont.
if (status == 0) {
// Compute tax for single filers
}
else if (status == 1) {
// Compute tax for married file jointly
// or qualifying widow(er)
}
else if (status == 2) {
// Compute tax for married file separately
}
else if (status == 3) {
// Compute tax for head of household
}
else {
// Display wrong status
}

ComputeTax
Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Tenth Edition, Global Edition. © Pearson Education Limited 2015 33
 Logical Operators
Operator Name Description

! not logical negation

&& and logical conjunction

|| or logical disjunction

^ exclusive or logical exclusion

Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Tenth Edition, Global Edition. © Pearson Education Limited 2015 34
 Truth Table for Operator !
negate true to false and false to true.

p !p Example (assume age = 24, weight = 140)

true false !(age > 18) is false, because (age > 18) is true.

false true !(weight == 150) is true, because (weight == 150) is false.

Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Tenth Edition, Global Edition. © Pearson Education Limited 2015 35
 Truth Table for Operator &&
The AND (&&) of two Boolean operands is true if and only if both operands are true

p1 p2 p1 && p2 Example (assume age = 24, weight = 140)

false false false (age <= 18) && (weight < 140) is false, because (age >

18) and (weight <= 140) are both false.

false true false

true false false (age > 18) && (weight > 140) is false, because (weight

> 140) is false.

true true true (age > 18) && (weight >= 140) is true, because both

(age > 18) and (weight >= 140) are true.

Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Tenth Edition, Global Edition. © Pearson Education Limited 2015 36
 Truth Table for Operator ||
The OR (||) of two Boolean operands is true if at least one of the operands is true

p1 p2 p1 || p2 Example (assume age = 24, weight = 140)

false false false

false true true (age > 34) || (weight <= 140) is true, because (age > 34)

is false, but (weight <= 140) is true.

true false true (age > 14) || (weight >= 150) is false, because

(age > 14) is true.

true true true

Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Tenth Edition, Global Edition. © Pearson Education Limited 2015 37
 Truth Table for Operator ^
The exclusive or (^) of two Boolean operands is true if and only if the two operands
have different Boolean values.

p1 p2 p1 ^ p2 Example (assume age = 24, weight = 140)

false false false (age > 34) ^ (weight > 140) is true, because (age > 34) is false

and (weight > 140) is false.

false true true (age > 34) ^ (weight >= 140) is true, because (age > 34) is false

but (weight >= 140) is true.

true false true (age > 14) ^ (weight > 140) is true, because (age > 14) is

true and (weight > 140) is false.

true true false

Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Tenth Edition, Global Edition. © Pearson Education Limited 2015 38
 Examples
Here is a program that checks whether a number is divisible by 2
and 3, whether a number is divisible by 2 or 3, and whether a
number is divisible by 2 or 3 but not both:

TestBooleanOperators

Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Tenth Edition, Global Edition. © Pearson Education Limited 2015 39
 Examples
System.out.println("Is " + number + " divisible by 2 and 3? " +
((number % 2 == 0) && (number % 3 == 0)));

System.out.println("Is " + number + " divisible by 2 or 3? " +

((number % 2 == 0) || (number % 3 == 0)));

System.out.println("Is " + number +

" divisible by 2 or 3, but not both? " +
((number % 2 == 0) ^ (number % 3 == 0)));

Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Tenth Edition, Global Edition. © Pearson Education Limited 2015 40
 Example

Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Tenth Edition, Global Edition. © Pearson Education Limited 2015 41
 Problem: Determining Leap Year?
This program first prompts the user to enter a year as
an int value and checks if it is a leap year.
A year is a leap year if it is divisible by 4 but not by
100, or it is divisible by 400.
(year % 4 == 0 && year % 100 != 0) || (year % 400 == 0)

LeapYear
Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Tenth Edition, Global Edition. © Pearson Education Limited 2015 42
 switch Statements
A switch statement executes statements based on the value of a
variable or an expression.

switch (status) {
case 0: compute taxes for single filers;
break;
case 1: compute taxes for married file jointly;
break;
case 2: compute taxes for married file separately;
break;
case 3: compute taxes for head of household;
break;
default: System.out.println("Errors: invalid status");
System.exit(1);
}

Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Tenth Edition, Global Edition. © Pearson Education Limited 2015 43
switch Statement Flow Chart

Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Tenth Edition, Global Edition. © Pearson Education Limited 2015 44
 switch Statement Rules
The switch-expression
must yield a value of char, switch (switch-expression) {
byte, short, int or String
type and must always be case value1: statement(s)1;
enclosed in parentheses. break;
case value2: statement(s)2;
The value1, ..., and valueN must break;
have the same data type as the …
value of the switch-expression.
The resulting statements in the case valueN: statement(s)N;
case statement are executed when break;
the value in the case statement default: statement(s)-for-default;
matches the value of the switch-
}
expression. Note that value1, ...,
and valueN are constant
expressions, meaning that they
cannot contain variables in the
expression, such as 1 + x.

Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Tenth Edition, Global Edition. © Pearson Education Limited 2015 45
 switch Statement Rules
The keyword break is optional, switch (switch-expression) {
but it should be used at the end of
case value1: statement(s)1;
each case in order to terminate the
remainder of the switch break;
statement. If the break statement case value2: statement(s)2;
is not present, the next case
statement will be executed. break;
…
case valueN: statement(s)N;
The default case, which is break;
optional, can be used to perform default: statement(s)-for-default;
actions when none of the
specified cases matches the
}
switch-expression.
When the value in a case statement matches the value
of the switch-expression, the statements starting from
this case are executed until either a break statement or
the end of the switch statement is reached.

Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Tenth Edition, Global Edition. © Pearson Education Limited 2015 46
animation

Trace switch statement

Suppose day is 2:

switch (day) {
case 1:
case 2:
case 3:
case 4:
case 5: System.out.println("Weekday"); break;
case 0:
case 6: System.out.println("Weekend");
}

Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Tenth Edition, Global Edition. © Pearson Education Limited 2015 47
animation

Trace switch statement

Match case 2

switch (day) {
case 1:
case 2:
case 3:
case 4:
case 5: System.out.println("Weekday"); break;
case 0:
case 6: System.out.println("Weekend");
}

Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Tenth Edition, Global Edition. © Pearson Education Limited 2015 48
animation

Trace switch statement

Fall through case 3

switch (day) {
case 1:
case 2:
case 3:
case 4:
case 5: System.out.println("Weekday"); break;
case 0:
case 6: System.out.println("Weekend");
}

Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Tenth Edition, Global Edition. © Pearson Education Limited 2015 49
animation

Trace switch statement

Fall through case 4

switch (day) {
case 1:
case 2:
case 3:
case 4:
case 5: System.out.println("Weekday"); break;
case 0:
case 6: System.out.println("Weekend");
}

Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Tenth Edition, Global Edition. © Pearson Education Limited 2015 50
animation

Trace switch statement

Fall through case 5

switch (day) {
case 1:
case 2:
case 3:
case 4:
case 5: System.out.println("Weekday"); break;
case 0:
case 6: System.out.println("Weekend");
}

Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Tenth Edition, Global Edition. © Pearson Education Limited 2015 51
animation

Trace switch statement

Encounter break

switch (day) {
case 1:
case 2:
case 3:
case 4:
case 5: System.out.println("Weekday"); break;
case 0:
case 6: System.out.println("Weekend");
}

Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Tenth Edition, Global Edition. © Pearson Education Limited 2015 52
animation

Trace switch statement

Exit the statement

switch (day) {
case 1:
case 2:
case 3:
case 4:
case 5: System.out.println("Weekday"); break;
case 0:
case 6: System.out.println("Weekend");
}

Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Tenth Edition, Global Edition. © Pearson Education Limited 2015 53
 Problem: Chinese Zodiac
Write a program that prompts the user to enter a year
and displays the animal for the year.

ChineseZodiac
Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Tenth Edition, Global Edition. © Pearson Education Limited 2015 54
 Conditional Expressions
• A conditional expression evaluates an expression
based on a condition.
if (x > 0)
y = 1;
else
y = -1;

is equivalent to
y = (x > 0) ? 1 : -1;

(boolean-expression) ? expression1 : expression2

Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Tenth Edition, Global Edition. © Pearson Education Limited 2015 55
 Conditional Operator
if (num % 2 == 0)
System.out.println(num + “is even”);
else
System.out.println(num + “is odd”);

System.out.println(
(num % 2 == 0)? num + “is even” :
num + “is odd”);

Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Tenth Edition, Global Edition. © Pearson Education Limited 2015 56
 Example
• Suppose that, when you run the following program, you enter the input
2 3 6 from the console. What is the output?

Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Tenth Edition, Global Edition. © Pearson Education Limited 2015 57
 Operator Precedence
• Operator precedence and associativity determine the
order in which operators are evaluated.
• var++, var-- (Postfix)
• +, - (Unary plus and minus), ++var, --var (Prefix)
• (type) Casting
• ! (Not)
• *, /, % (Multiplication, division, and remainder)
• +, - (Binary addition and subtraction)
• <, <=, >, >= (Relational operators)
• ==, != (Equality)
• ^ (Exclusive OR)
• && (Conditional AND)
• || (Conditional OR)
• =, +=, -=, *=, /=, %= (Assignment operator)
Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Tenth Edition, Global Edition. © Pearson Education Limited 2015 58
 Operator Precedence and Associativity
• The expression in the parentheses is evaluated first.
(Parentheses can be nested, in which case the
expression in the inner parentheses is executed first.)

• When evaluating an expression without parentheses, the

operators are applied according to the precedence rule
and the associativity rule.

• If operators with the same precedence are next to each

other, their associativity determines the order of
evaluation. All binary operators except assignment
operators are left-associative.
Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Tenth Edition, Global Edition. © Pearson Education Limited 2015 59
 Operator Associativity
When two operators with the same precedence
are evaluated, the associativity of the operators
determines the order of evaluation. All binary
operators except assignment operators are left-
associative.
a – b + c – d is equivalent to ((a – b) + c) – d
Assignment operators are right-associative.
Therefore, the expression
a = b += c = 5 is equivalent to a = (b += (c = 5))

Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Tenth Edition, Global Edition. © Pearson Education Limited 2015 60
 Example
Applying the operator precedence and associativity rule,
the expression 3 + 4 * 4 > 5 * (4 + 3) - 1 is evaluated as
follows:

3 + 4 * 4 > 5 * (4 + 3) - 1
(1) inside parentheses first
3 + 4 * 4 > 5 * 7 – 1
(2) multiplication
3 + 16 > 5 * 7 – 1
(3) multiplication
3 + 16 > 35 – 1
(4) addition
19 > 35 – 1
(5) subtraction
19 > 34
(6) greater than
false
Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Tenth Edition, Global Edition. © Pearson Education Limited 2015 61
 Debugging
• Logic errors are called bugs.

• The process of finding and correcting errors is called

debugging.

• You can hand-trace the program (i.e., catch errors by reading

the program), or you can insert print statements in order to
show the values of the variables or the execution flow of the
program.

• This approach might work for a short, simple program.

• But for a large, complex program, the most effective

approach for debugging is to use a debugger utility.
Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Tenth Edition, Global Edition. © Pearson Education Limited 2015 62
 Debugger
Debugger is a program that facilitates debugging.
You can use a debugger to

• Execute a single statement at a time.

• Trace into or stepping over a method.
• Set breakpoints.
• Display variables.
• Display call stack.
• Modify variables.

 For more details, look at “Debugging in Eclipse” document.

Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Tenth Edition, Global Edition. © Pearson Education Limited 2015 63