Chapter 8 Multidimensional Arrays

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 Motivations
Thus far, you have used one-dimensional arrays to model linear
collections of elements. You can use a two-dimensional array to
represent a matrix or a table. For example, the following table that
describes the distances between the cities can be represented using a
two-dimensional array.
Distance Table (in miles)

Chicago Boston New York Atlanta Miami Dallas Houston

Chicago 0 983 787 714 1375 967 1087

Boston 983 0 214 1102 1763 1723 1842
New York 787 214 0 888 1549 1548 1627
Atlanta 714 1102 888 0 661 781 810
Miami 1375 1763 1549 661 0 1426 1187
Dallas 967 1723 1548 781 1426 0 239

Houston 1087 1842 1627 810 1187 239 0

Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Tenth Edition, Global Edition. © Pearson Education Limited 2015 2
 Motivations

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 Objectives
• To give examples of representing data using two-dimensional arrays.
• To declare variables for two-dimensional arrays, create arrays, and
access array elements in a two-dimensional array using row and column
indexes.
• To program common operations for two-dimensional arrays (displaying
arrays, summing all elements, finding the minimum and maximum
elements, and random shuffling).
• To pass two-dimensional arrays to methods.
• To use multidimensional arrays.

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Declare/Create Two-dimensional Arrays
// Declare array ref var
datatype [][] refVar;
double[][] refVar;

// Create array and assign its reference to variable

refVar = new dataType[10][10];

// Combine declaration and creation in one statement

dataType[][] refVar = new dataType[10][10];
double[][] refVar = new dataType[10][10];

// Alternative syntax
dataType refVar[][] = new dataType[10][10];
double refVar [][] = new dataType[10][10];
Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Tenth Edition, Global Edition. © Pearson Education Limited 2015 5
 Declaring Variables of Two-
dimensional Arrays and Creating
Two-dimensional Arrays
int[][] matrix = new int[10][10];
or
int matrix[][] = new int[10][10];
matrix[0][0] = 3;

for (int i = 0; i < matrix.length; i++)

for (int j = 0; j < matrix[i].length; j++)
matrix[i][j] = (int)(Math.random() * 1000);

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Two-dimensional Array Illustration

matrix.length? 5 array.length? 4
matrix[0].length? 5 array[0].length? 3

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 Declaring, Creating, and Initializing Using
Shorthand Notations
You can also use an array initializer to declare, create and
initialize a two-dimensional array. For example,

int[][] array = {
int[][] array = new int[4][3];
{1, 2, 3}, array[0][0] = 1; array[0][1] = 2; array[0][2] = 3;
{4, 5, 6}, Same as array[1][0] = 4; array[1][1] = 5; array[1][2] = 6;
{7, 8, 9}, array[2][0] = 7; array[2][1] = 8; array[2][2] = 9;
{10, 11, 12} array[3][0] = 10; array[3][1] = 11; array[3][2] = 12;
};

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 Lengths of Two-dimensional
Arrays
int[][] x = new int[3][4];

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 Lengths of Two-dimensional
Arrays, cont.
int[][] array = { array.length
{1, 2, 3}, array[0].length
{4, 5, 6}, array[1].length
{7, 8, 9}, array[2].length
{10, 11, 12} array[3].length
};

array[4].length ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException

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 Ragged Arrays
Each row in a two-dimensional array is itself an array. So,
the rows can have different lengths. Such an array is
known as a ragged array. For example,
int[][] matrix = {
{1, 2, 3, 4, 5}, matrix.length is 5
{2, 3, 4, 5}, matrix[0].length is 5
matrix[1].length is 4
{3, 4, 5}, matrix[2].length is 3
{4, 5}, matrix[3].length is 2
{5} matrix[4].length is 1

};
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 Ragged Arrays, cont.

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Processing Two-Dimensional Arrays
See the examples in the text.
1. (Initializing arrays with input values)
2. (Printing arrays)
3. (Summing all elements)
4. (Summing all elements by column)
5. (Which row has the largest sum)
6. (Finding the smallest index of the largest element)
7. (Random shuffling)

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 Initializing arrays with input values
int[][] matrix = new int[10][10];

java.util.Scanner input = new Scanner(System.in);

System.out.println("Enter " + matrix.length + " rows and " +
matrix[0].length + " columns: ");

for (int row = 0; row < matrix.length; row++) {

for (int column = 0; column < matrix[row].length; column++) {
matrix[row][column] = input.nextInt();
}
}

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 Initializing arrays with random values
for (int row = 0; row < matrix.length; row++) {
for (int column = 0; column < matrix[row].length; column++) {
matrix[row][column] = (int)(Math.random() * 100);
}
}

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 Printing arrays
for (int row = 0; row < matrix.length; row++) {
for (int column = 0; column < matrix[row].length; column++) {
System.out.print(matrix[row][column] + " ");
}

System.out.println();
}

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 Summing all elements
// Two dimentional array
int sum = 0;
for (int row = 0; row < matrix.length; row++) {
for (int column = 0; column < matrix[row].length; column++) {
sum += matrix[row][column];
}
}
// one dimentional array
int sum = 0;
for (int i = 0; i < matrix.length; i++) {
{
sum += array[row];
}
}

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 Summing elements by column
for (int column = 0; column < matrix[0].length; column++) {
int total = 0;
for (int row = 0; row < matrix.length; row++)
total += matrix[row][column];

System.out.println("Sum for column " + column + " is "

+ total);
}

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 Random shuffling
for (int i = 0; i < matrix.length; i++) {
for (int j = 0; j < matrix[i].length; j++) {
int i1 = (int)(Math.random() * matrix.length);
int j1 = (int)(Math.random() * matrix[i].length);

// Swap matrix[i][j] with matrix[i1][j1]

int temp = matrix[i][j];
matrix[i][j] = matrix[i1][j1];
matrix[i1][j1] = temp;
}
}

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Passing Two-Dimensional Arrays to
Methods
• When passing an array to a method, the reference of the array is passed to the
method.

• For a parameter of an array type, the value of the parameter contains a

reference to an array; this reference is passed to the method. Any changes to
the array that occur inside the method body will affect the original array that
was passed as the argument.

• When a method returns an array, the reference of the array is returned

PassTwoDimensionalArray

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 Problem: Grading Multiple-
Choice Test
Students’ answer Objective: write a
program that grades
multiple-choice test.

GradeExam
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Problem: Finding Two Points
Nearest to Each Other

FindNearestPoints
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 What is Sudoku?

5 3 7
6 1 9 5
9 8 6
8 6 3
4 8 3 1
7 2 6
6
4 1 9 5
8 7 9

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 Every row contains the numbers 1 to 9

5 3 7 5 3 4 6 7 8 9 1 2
6 1 9 5 6 7 2 1 9 5 3 4 8
9 8 6 1 9 8 3 4 2 5 6 7
8 6 3 8 5 9 7 6 1 4 2 3
4 8 3 1 4 2 6 8 5 3 7 9 1
7 2 6 7 1 3 9 2 4 8 5 6
6 9 6 1 5 3 7 2 8 4
4 1 9 5 2 8 7 4 1 9 6 3 5
8 7 9 3 4 5 2 8 6 1 7 9

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 Every column contains the numbers 1 to 9

5 3 7 5 3 4 6 7 8 9 1 2
6 1 9 5 6 7 2 1 9 5 3 4 8
9 8 6 1 9 8 3 4 2 5 6 7
8 6 3 8 5 9 7 6 1 4 2 3
4 8 3 1 4 2 6 8 5 3 7 9 1
7 2 6 7 1 3 9 2 4 8 5 6
6 9 6 1 5 3 7 2 8 4
4 1 9 5 2 8 7 4 1 9 6 3 5
8 7 9 3 4 5 2 8 6 1 7 9

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 Every 3×3 box contains the numbers 1 to 9

5 3 7 5 3 4 6 7 8 9 1 2
6 1 9 5 6 7 2 1 9 5 3 4 8
9 8 6 1 9 8 3 4 2 5 6 7
8 6 3 8 5 9 7 6 1 4 2 3
4 8 3 1 4 2 6 8 5 3 7 9 1
7 2 6 7 1 3 9 2 4 8 5 6
6 9 6 1 5 3 7 2 8 4
4 1 9 5 2 8 7 4 1 9 6 3 5
8 7 9 3 4 5 2 8 6 1 7 9

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Checking Whether a Solution Is Correct
5 3 7 5 3 4 6 7 8 9 1 2
6 1 9 5 6 7 2 1 9 5 3 4 8
9 8 6 1 9 8 3 4 2 5 6 7
8 6 3 8 5 9 7 6 1 4 2 3
4 8 3 1 4 2 6 8 5 3 7 9 1
7 2 6 7 1 3 9 2 4 8 5 6
6 9 6 1 5 3 7 2 8 4
4 1 9 5 2 8 7 4 1 9 6 3 5
8 7 9 3 4 5 2 8 6 1 7 9

CheckSudokuSolution

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Finding the starting cell of each 3 x 3 box

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 Checking the value in each 3 x 3 block
You can easily identify all the cells in the box. For instance, if
grid[r][c] is the starting cell of a 3 x 3 box, the cells in the
box can be traversed in a nested loop as follows:

// Get all cells in a 3-by-3 box starting at grid[r][c]

for (int row = r; row < r + 3; row++)
for (int col = c; col < c + 3; col++)
// grid[row][col] is in the box

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 Multidimensional Arrays
Occasionally, you will need to represent n-
dimensional data structures. In Java, you can create
n-dimensional arrays for any integer n.

The way to declare two-dimensional array

variables and create two-dimensional arrays can be
generalized to declare n-dimensional array
variables and create n-dimensional arrays for n >=
3.

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 Multidimensional Arrays
double[][][] scores = {
{{7.5, 20.5}, {9.0, 22.5}, {15, 33.5}, {13, 21.5}, {15, 2.5}},
{{4.5, 21.5}, {9.0, 22.5}, {15, 34.5}, {12, 20.5}, {14, 9.5}},
{{6.5, 30.5}, {9.4, 10.5}, {11, 33.5}, {11, 23.5}, {10, 2.5}},
{{6.5, 23.5}, {9.4, 32.5}, {13, 34.5}, {11, 20.5}, {16, 7.5}},
{{8.5, 26.5}, {9.4, 52.5}, {13, 36.5}, {13, 24.5}, {16, 2.5}},
{{9.5, 20.5}, {9.4, 42.5}, {13, 31.5}, {12, 20.5}, {16, 6.5}}};

Which student Which exam Multiple-choice or essay

scores[ i ] [ j ] [ k ]

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 Problem: Calculating Total Scores

Objective: write a program that calculates the total score for students
in a class. Suppose the scores are stored in a three-dimensional array
named scores. The first index in scores refers to a student, the second
refers to an exam, and the third refers to the part of the exam. Suppose
there are 7 students, 5 exams, and each exam has two parts--the
multiple-choice part and the programming part. So, scores[i][j][0]
represents the score on the multiple-choice part for the i’s student on
the j’s exam. Your program displays the total score for each student.

TotalScore
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