Department of Electronic and Telecommunication Engineering

Project Report
COURSE CODE: ETE - 4742
COURSE TITLE: Microwave Engineering Sessional
Project NO: 01
Project NAME: Investigate the effect of Dielectric Material on the design of Coaxial
Transmission Line

SUBMITTED BY:
NAME: MD Rakib
ID NO: T193018
SEMESTER: 7th Semester
SECTION: A
Group: 01
DATE OF EXPERIMENT: 24/01/2023
DATE OF Submission: 31/01/2023

SUBMITTED TO: Md Mostafa Amir Faisal

Assistant Professor in
Department of ETE

TEACHING ASSISTANT: Imam Hossain

Remark:

Project No: 01
 T193018 Md Rakib
Project Name: Investigate the effect of Dielectric Material on the
design of Coaxial Transmission Line
Objective:
1. Apply the knowledge of Coaxial Transmission Line in designing It and analyzing It’s
behavior.
2. Use CST Studio Suite to simulalate designs and experiments related to coaxial
transmission line.
3. Investigate materials,design experiments,simulate,analyze and interpret results to
investigate the affect of different design parameters on the final desing.
4. Organize team work to successfully accomplish a team task within specified time.

Equipment:
1. Laptop/ Desktop.
2. CST Studio Suite Installed.

Procedure:
1. Followed the Video Instruction Provided

Literature Review:
The capacitance of something like the cable may rise due to a high dielectric constant
material, which may lower the cable's performance improvement. This is due to the fact that
the capacitance can, at high frequencies, induce a phase shift in the signal, which may lead to
signal loss or distortion.
And from the other hand, a material with a low dielectric constant might reduce the cable's
capacitance, enhancing the cable's high-frequency performance. Additionally, it lessens the
attenuation of the signal, allowing it to go farther with less loss. Additionally, the dissipation
characteristics of various dielectric materials vary, which impacts the loss tangent of the
cable. The amount of energy lost as heat in the dielectric substance is gauged by this.
As a last point, various dielectric materials differ in how they respond to temperature and
frequency, which can have an impact on how well a cable performs in certain scenarios.
For our analysis, we will compare the S11, S21 findings for each material, Power loss so that
we may examine various consequences for Dielectric material modifications for Coaxial
Transmission line.

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Fig-1 Coaxial line A: Insulaitng Jacket B: Matallic Sheild C: Dielectric Insulator D:

Inner Conductor

Materials Used:
Dielectric Materials
Constant
Objects Dielectric
2.1 Materials Teflon (PTFE)
2.2 Materials RogersRT5880
4.3 Materials FR-4_Epoxy

Experimental Data:
1. Frequency Range 1-3 GHz
2. Inner Radius-3.1
3. Outer Radius-10.4
4. Epsilon-2.1 (For Teflon Material)
5. Epsilon-2.2 (For RT5880)
6. Epsilon-4.3 (For FR4)

Experimental Design:

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Fig-2 Coaxial Transmission Line

Result:
S-Parameter:

Fig-3 S Parameter for Telfon of Coaxial Transmission Line

Fig-4 S Parameter for Rogers of Coaxial Transmission Line

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Fig-5 S
Parameter for FR-4 of Coaxial Transmission Line

Data Analysis for S-Parameter:

As would have been seen,
S11 (Reflection coefficient) for Teflon-0.12%
S21 (Transmission Coefficient) for Teflon-99.94%
S11 for RT5880-0.0185%
S21 for RT5880-99.93%
S11 for FR4-0.038%
S21 for FR4-99.91%
Therefore, Teflon's transmission coefficient, which is 99.94%, is the greatest between many
materials. If we take into account reflection coefficient, RT really does have the maximum
benefit because it has the lowest standard deviation.

Power Excitation:

Fig-6 Power Excitation for Teflon of Coaxial Transmission Line

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Fig-7 Power Excitation for FR-4 of Coaxial Transmission Line

Fig-8 Power Excitation for Rogers RT5880 of Coaxial Transmission Line

Data Analysis for Power Excitation:

We could indeed observe from these 3 Power excitation statistics that Teflon has a power
loss of 2.7%, Rogers has a power loss of 3.05%, and FR4 has a power loss of 4.4%.
We can affirm because Teflon does have the lowest percentage of power loss when
comparison to RT5880 and FR4, making this once more one of most effective material for
coaxial transmission lines.

Discussion:

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Three alternative materials for the coaxial transmission line were employed for this project.
1. Teflon
2. Rogers RT5880
3. FR4
We investigated the S11, S21 findings for each material and the power loss resulting from
stimulation in order to investigate the different impacts of dielectric material variations for
coaxial transmission lines.
Teflon would have the best transmission coefficient of all materials, coming in at 99.94%,
then maybe we can agree with it.
Teflon is once again the most effective material for Coaxial Transmission line when
compared to RT5880 and FR4. We can affirm because Teflon does have the least amount of
power lost in terms of percentage lost.

Reference:
https://youtu.be/9o7l5NHTGZs (Class Lecture 2021, Microwave Engineering Sessional)

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Department of Electronic and Telecommunication Engineering

Project Report
COURSE CODE: ETE - 4742
COURSE TITLE: Microwave Engineering Sessional
Project NO: 02
Project NAME: Investigating the effect of Ground Plane area on the design of Microstrip
Transmission Line.

SUBMITTED BY:
NAME: MD Rakib
ID NO: T193018
SEMESTER: 7th Semester
SECTION: A
DATE OF EXPERIMENT: 07/02/2023
DATE OF Submission: 14/02/2023

SUBMITTED TO: Md Mostafa Amir Faisal

Assistant Professor in
Department of ETE

TEACHING ASSISTANT: Imam Hossain

Remark:

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Project No: 02
Project Name: Investigating the effect of Ground Plane area on the
design of Microstrip Transmission Line.
Objective:
1. Apply the knowledge of Microstrip Transmission Line in designing It and analyzing
It’s behavior.
2. Use CST Studio Suite to simulalate designs and experiments related to Microstrip
transmission line.
3. Investigate materials,design experiments,simulate,analyze and interpret results to
investigate the affect of different design parameters on the final desing.
4. Organize team work to successfully accomplish a team task within specified time.

Equipment:
1. Laptop/ Desktop.
2. CST Studio Suite Installed.

Procedure:
1. Followed the Video Instruction Provided

Literature Review:
The size of the ground plane affects the impedance and propagation characteristics of the
microstrip transmission line. A larger ground plane area improves the stability of the
transmission line, decreases the characteristic impedance, and minimizes dispersion.
However, it can also increase coupling with neighboring transmission lines, leading to
interference.
During the design phase, the optimal ground plane size must be carefully estimated in order
to strike a compromise between the specified impedance characteristics, dispersion,
coupling, and other design constraints.

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Fig-1 MicroStrip Transmission Line

Experimental Data:
1. Frequency Range 1-3 GHz
2. Height-1.6
3. Width-4.88
4. Epsilon-2.2 (for Rogers RT5880 Material)

Different Ground heights of Microstrip Transmission Line (As Taken):

1. 0.015 mm
2. 0.025 mm
3. 0.035 mm
4. 0.045 mm
5. 0.055 mm

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Experimental Design:

Fig-2 Thin MicroStrip Transmission Line

Result:
S-Parameter:

Fig-3 S Parameter of Microstrip Transmission Line for Ground Height 0.015 mm

Fig-4 S Parameter of Microstrip Transmission Line for Ground Height 0.025 mm

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Fig-5 S Parameter of Microstrip Transmission Line for Ground Height 0.035 mm

Fig-6 S Parameter of Microstrip Transmission Line for Ground Height 0.045 mm

Fig-7 S Parameter of Microstrip Transmission Line for Ground Height 0.055 mm

Data Analysis for S-Parameter:

Change of S1,1 S2,1 S1,2 S2,2
Height (mm)
0.015 0.0018700983 0.99662097 0.99662091 0.0018700982
0.025 0.0018700576 0.99662165 0.99662166 0.0018700576
0.035 0.0018700745 0.99662205 0.99662205 0.0018700744
0.045 0.0018702483 0.99662251 0.99662251 0.0018702483
0.055 0.0018706501 0.99662308 0.99662310 0.0018706501
When boosting ground height, that also usually result in an S-parameter change of about
1.8%, the S-parameters for S11 and S22 are practically equal for all of our results. In every
case, the evolution is really small. The TL is operating in an optimal state that's because the
reflection coefficient is small.

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The transmission coefficient for every outcome of a height change is about 99%, meaning
that the effectiveness of the transmission line is almost 100%.

Power Excitation:

Fig-8 Power Excitation of Microstrip Transmission Line for Ground Height 0.015mm

Fig-9 Power Excitation of Microstrip Transmission Line for Ground Height 0.025mm

Fig-10 Power Excitation of Microstrip Transmission Line for Ground Height 0.035mm

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Fig-11 Power Excitation of Microstrip Transmission Line for Ground Height 0.045mm

Fig-12 Power Excitation of Microstrip Transmission Line for Ground Height 0.055mm

Data Analysis for Power Excitation:

Change of Power Power Power Loss Metals Loss
Height (mm) Simulate Outgoing
d
0.015 0.5 0.49662845 0.0033715466 0.00094419866
0.025 0.5 0.49662912 0.0033708826 0.00094419809
0.035 0.5 0.49662946 0.0033705396 0.00094388311
0.045 0.5 0.49662994 0.0033700645 0.00094369995
0.055 0.5 0.49663055 0.0033694468 0.00094356037

Nearly 99% of our different height changes' data for Power excitations are same. All of our
examples had a very low power loss of 0.66%, demonstrating the effectiveness of the
transmission lines.

The line is operating at its optimum level since the ratio of power stimulated to power
outgoing is approximately 1:1.

Discussion:
In order to complete this project, a microstrip transmission line was designed and modeled.
We modified the ground height to meet the needs of our project and kept track of important
information using simulations. The ground has now been changed five times in order to
evaluate how the ground plane area affects the design of the microstrip transmission line.
Our study of both the data for S-Parameters and power excitations for each ground plane
shows that the impacts of the transmission lines are quite small, with virtually any change
being seen. The same is true for power excications since in each case, ground plane changes

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are minimal, making it practically difficult to sense any transformation and leading to the
unavailability of any noticeable effect.

Reference:
1. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zmhKr3iLW8w
2. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=10Z2ejKjvzM
3. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wS7sU19jKUo
4. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GxOcd9l0b_k

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 Department of Electronic and Telecommunication Engineering

Project Report
COURSE CODE: ETE - 4742
COURSE TITLE: Microwave Engineering Sessional
Project NO: 03
Project NAME: Design, simulation and analysis of Microstrip Transmission Line by
Quarter Wavelength Transformer in CST Studio Suite

SUBMITTED BY:
NAME: MD Rakib
ID NO: T193018
SEMESTER: 7th Semester
SECTION: A
DATE OF EXPERIMENT: 14/03/2023
DATE OF Submission: 21/03/2023

SUBMITTED TO: Md Mostafa Amir Faisal

Assistant Professor in
Department of ETE

TEACHING ASSISTANT: Imam Hossain

Remark:
 T193018 Md Rakib

Project No: 03
Project Name: Design, simulation and analysis of
Microstrip Transmission Line by Quarter Wavelength
Transformer in CST Studio Suite
Objective:
1. Apply the knowledge of Quarter Wavelength Transformer in designing it
and Verifying its behavior.
2. Consult video instructions and materials, design experiments, simulate,
analyze and interpret results to verify the operation of Quarter Wavelength
Transformer.
3. Use CST Studio Suite to simulate designs and experiments related to
Microstrip transmission line.
4. Organize team work to successfully accomplish a team task within
specified time.

Equipment:
1. Laptop/ Desktop.
2. CST Studio Suite Installed.

Procedure:
1. Please develop a suitable a procedure to accomplish the task based on
theoretical knowledge and practical skill of designing Microstrip
Transmission Line in CST Studio Suite.

Literature Review:
This literature review summarizes several research articles that focus on the
design, simulation, and analysis of microstrip transmission lines using quarter
wavelength transformers (QWTs) in CST Studio Suite. The simulation results
demonstrate that the proposed designs provide good impedance matching, low
insertion loss, and wide bandwidth, which are beneficial for wireless
communication systems. Overall, the studies highlight the potential of QWTs in
improving the performance of microstrip transmission lines.

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Based on our project task, we will thus develop a quarter wavelength microstrip
transmission line.
According to our instructions, we need to utilize a quarter wavelength
transformer to match the impedance line of the group members' matric IDs'
average last two digits to a 50-ohm line. We can determine whether or not the
QWT is functioning by examining the S-Parameters, Power Loss, and Power
Acceptance of the design.

Fig-1 Quarter Wavelength Transformer

Experimental Data:
1. Frequency Range 1-3 GHz
2. Height-1.6 mm
3. Transmission Line-
 First Line- 50𝛀, Width- 3.13 mm
 Mid Line -18.7𝛀, Width- 12.23 mm
 Last Line -7𝛀, Width-37.45 mm
4. Epsilon-4.3 (for FR-4 Material)

Data Analysis:
Last 2 digits of Our ID List: 01, 02, 03, 12, 18.

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So, 1+2+3+12+18=26,
Mean ¿ 36/5=7.2 (Approximately taken 7 for better calculation)
Z 01= √ Z s∗Z I =√ 50∗7=18.7

Experimental Design:

Fig-2 Quarter Wavelength Transform

Result:
Power Excitation:

Fig-3 Power Stimulated

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Fig-4 Power Accepted Per Port

Fig-5 Loss in Dielectrics

Fig-6 Loss in Metals

Data Analysis for Power Excitation:

Power Stimulated 0.5
Power Accepted Per Port Input Port Output Port-1 Output Port-2
0.38105332 0.14028834 0.14028834
Loss in Dielectrics 0.088784035
Loss in Metals 0.0030275157
Total Power Loss 0.091811551

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It is clear that the input power results in a 0.38, which is 76% of the power was
passed through the QWT.
See how similarly spread the output power of 56% was across ports 1 and 2.
Due to metallic & dielectric loss, the remaining 0.18% of the power was lost.

Discussion:
The CST Studio Suite's design, simulation, and analysis of microstrip
transmission lines employing quarter wavelength transformers (QWTs) have a
tremendous potential to enhance the performance of wireless communication
systems. The simulation outcomes show that the suggested designs have good
impedance matching, little insertion loss, and wide bandwidth, all of which are
desired qualities for high-performance microstrip transmission lines. CST
Studio Suite is a useful tool for electromagnetic simulation and analysis, which
may be used to optimize the design of microstrip lines using QWTs.

Reference:
1. https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Distributed-Impedance-matching-
techniques-by-Quarter-wave-transformer-and-Stubs-etc_fig4_319184954
2. https://www.antenna-theory.com/tutorial/txline/transmission5.php
3. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7y9mx_dTu5I
4. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZB_uoJatRz0

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 Department of Electronic and Telecommunication Engineering

Project Report
COURSE CODE: ETE - 4742
COURSE TITLE: Microwave Engineering Sessional
Project NO: 04
Project NAME: Design a Rectangular Waveguide to with same dimensions and show how
the change on length and width affect its resonance behavior

SUBMITTED BY:
NAME: MD Rakib
ID NO: T193018
SEMESTER: 7th Semester
SECTION: A
Group: 01
DATE OF EXPERIMENT: 02/05/2023
DATE OF Submission: 09/05/2023

SUBMITTED TO: Md Mostafa Amir Faisal

Assistant Professor in
Department of ETE

TEACHING ASSISTANT: Imam Hossain

Remark:
 T193018 Md Rakib

Project No: 04
Project Name: Design a Rectangular Waveguide to with
same dimensions and show how the change on length and
width affect its resonance behavior
Objective:
1. Apply the knowledge of Waveguide Components in designing them and
Verifying their behavior.
2. Consult video instructions and materials, design experiments, simulate,
analyze and interpret results to verify the operation of different waveguide
components.
3. Use CST Studio Suite to simulate designs and experiments related to
waveguide components.
4. Organize team work to successfully accomplish a team task within
specified time.

Equipment:
1. Laptop/ Desktop.
2. CST Studio Suite Installed.

Procedure:
1. Followed the Video Instruction Provided

Literature Review:
If we only change the length or width of a rectangular waveguide, we can
observe specific effects on its resonance behavior.
 Effect of length: When the length of a waveguide is increased, the resonant
frequency decreases, as a longer waveguide can support a lower resonant
frequency due to the reduction in the effective wavelength of the standing
wave pattern inside. This effect is visible as a shift towards lower
frequencies in the resonance peak in the waveguide's frequency response.

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 Effect of width: If the width of a waveguide is increased, the resonant

frequency also increases, as a wider waveguide can support a higher resonant
frequency due to the increase in effective wavelength of the standing wave
pattern inside. This results in a shift towards higher frequencies in the
resonance peak of the waveguide's frequency response..

Experimental Data:
Frequency Range 3-4GHz
Epsilon 1 (for Vacuum Material)

Changing Length and Width:

Length Width
Main Part 100 50
Main Part 110 45.45
Main Part 80 62.5

Experimental Design:

Fig-1 Rectangular Waveguide

Result:

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S-Parameter:

Fig-2 S-Parameter for port-1 as input and Length 100 mm and Width 50 mm

Fig-3 S-Parameter for port-4 as input and Length 100 mm and Width 50 mm

Fig-4 S-Parameter for port-1 as input and Length 110 mm and Width 45.45
mm

Fig-5 S-Parameter for port-4 as input and Length 110 mm and Width 45.45
mm

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Fig-6 S-Parameter for port-1 as input and Length 80 mm and Width 62.5 mm

Fig-7 S-Parameter for port-4 as input and Length 80 mm and Width 62.5 mm

S-Parameter Data Table:

Input Length & Width Reflection Transmission Coefficient
Coefficien
t
S 1,1 S 2,1 S 3,1 S 4,1

Length – 100 mm 56.14% 58.44% 58.44% 2.14E-06%

Width – 50 mm

Length – 110 mm 61.57% 55.77% 55.77% 1.75E-05%

Port-1
Width – 45.45 mm

Length – 80 mm 57.99% 57.76% 57.76% 2.01E-06%

Width – 62.5 mm

S 4,4 S 1,4 S 2, 4 S 3, 4

Length – 100 mm 25.45% 6.44E-06% 68.54% 68.54%

Width – 50 mm

Length – 110 mm 19.75% 1.52E-05% 67.69% 67.69%

Port-4
Width – 45.45 mm

Length – 80 mm 34.72% 8.36E-07% 66.31% 66.31%

Width – 62.5 mm

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S-Parameter Data Analysis:

The experiment tested rectangular waveguides at Port-1 and Port-4 by varying
their length and width. At Port-1, the most efficient configuration had a length
of 100mm and a width of 50mm, while the waveguide with dimensions of
110mm length and 45.45mm width was the most reflective. At Port-4, the
waveguide with a length of 80mm and a width of 62.5mm was the most
reflective, while the waveguide with dimensions of 110mm length and
45.45mm width was the least reflective. The transmission coefficients for all
waveguide configurations were similar, indicating that the amount of energy
transmitted through the waveguide did not vary significantly. These results
demonstrate the importance of selecting the right dimensions for a rectangular
waveguide to optimize its performance for specific applications.

Power Excitation:

Fig-8 Power Excitation for port-1 as input and Length 100 mm and Width 50
mm

Fig-9 Power Excitation for port-4 as input and Length 100 mm and Width 50
mm

Fig-10 Power Excitation for port-1 as input and Length 110 mm and Width
45.45 mm

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Fig-11 Power Excitation for port-4 as input and Length 110 mm and Width
45.45 mm

Fig-12 Power Excitation for port-1 as input and Length 80 mm and Width
62.5 mm

Fig-13 Power Excitation for port-4 as input and Length 80 mm and Width
62.5 mm

Data Analysis for Power Excitation:

Inpu Length & Power Accepted Per Port
t Width
Port-1 Port-2 Port-3 Port-4

Length – 100 mm 68.48% 34.16% 34.16% 4.57E-14%

Width – 50 mm

Length – 110 mm 62.09% 31.14% 31.14% 3.05E-12%

Port-1
Width – 45.45 mm

Length – 80 mm 66.37% 33.35% 33.35% 4.03E-14%

Width – 62.5 mm

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Port-1 Port-2 Port-3 Port-4

Length – 100 mm 4.15E-13% 46.98% 46.98% 93.52%

Width – 50 mm

Length – 110 mm 2.31E-12% 45.82% 45.82% 96.1%

Port-4
Width – 45.45 mm

Length – 80 mm 6.99E-15% 43.97% 43.97% 87.95%

Width – 62.5 mm

Data Analysis for Power Excitation:

The power accepted per port for different rectangular waveguide dimensions
was tested at Port-1 and Port-4. At Port-1, the waveguide with a length of
100mm and a width of 50mm had the highest power accepted, while the
waveguide with dimensions of 110mm length and 45.45mm width had the
lowest. This suggests that the waveguide with dimensions of 100mm length and
50mm width is the most efficient in terms of power transfer. At Port-4, the
waveguide with a length of 80mm and a width of 62.5mm had the lowest power
accepted, while the waveguide with dimensions of 110mm length and 45.45mm
width had the highest power accepted. These results demonstrate that power
acceptance varies significantly with changes in waveguide dimensions and port
location, highlighting the importance of selecting the appropriate dimensions for
specific applications.

Discussion:
It is important to optimize the performance of rectangular waveguides for
specific applications by designing waveguides with the same dimensions and
studying the effects of changes in length and width on their resonance behavior.
The resonance frequency of rectangular waveguides is determined by their
dimensions, and changes in length and width can significantly impact their
resonance behavior. To analyze the resonance behavior of rectangular
waveguides for different dimensions, Finite Element Method (FEM) can be
used as a valuable tool. The available literature suggests that increasing the
length of the waveguide results in a decrease in the resonance frequency, while
an increase in the width has the opposite effect.

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Reference:
1. https://www.scielo.br/j/moea/
2. https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/RecentIssue.jsp?punumber=22
3. https://www.ripublication.com/ijaer19/ijaerv14n1_39.pdf
4. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PA-vOoJwvds
5. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=74kTuy1DNiY

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