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AP Calculus Formulae Sheet
Shapes Trigonometry Differentiation
Area of Triangle ! $ ) +
x base x height Sine Rule Finding a side: = = Turning/Stationary Solve !# = 0
!"

" %&'( %&'* %&',

Area of Parallelogram base x height -./ ( -./ * -./ , Points Remember to include values where derivative is undefined too i.e.
!
Finding an angle: = = (Max/Min/Extrema) the holes
Area of Trapezoid $ ) +
of parallel sides) x height
(sum Absolute: check endpoint values too. Plug all A values into function
" Cosine Rule inding a side: '0 = (0 + & 0 − 2(& cos = and see which gives greatest value
Circumference & Area: Circle " = 2%&, ( = %& " )#2+ #1$# !!" !!"
Finding an angle:= = cos 1! > ? Proving whether If !# ! > 0 min and !# ! < 0 max
Cuboid Surface area )( = 2*+ + 2*- + 2+- 0)+ Max/Min !"
Or can do sign change test for !#
where *, +, ./0 - are side lengths Area of Triangle 1
'(ABCD When doesn’t derivative • Corner (sharp turn) D = |A|
Cuboid Volume 1 = *+- 2 "

B !C< not exist? • Vertical Tangent D = A #

where *, +, ./0 - are side lengths Degrees to radians and vice D to R: × !C< R to D: × !
B • Cusps “concave corners” D = A #
Cylinder Surface Area )( = 2%&ℎ + 2%& " versa 1, A ≥ 0
• Discontinuities F(A) = I
Note: Curved part: 2%&ℎ 3
−1, A < 0
Cylinder Volume 1 = %& "ℎ
Length of an arc × 2FG (degrees) or GH (radians) Points of Inflection solve !# ! = 0
!!"
456
Cone Surface Area )( = %&3 + %& " Area of a Sector 3
× FG 0 (degrees) or
! 0
G H (radians) Increasing/Decreasing Increasing: solve !# > 0 decreasing: solve !# < 0
!" !"

Note: Curved part: %&3, where 3 is slant length 456 0

Convex/Concave concave up/convex: solve !# ! > 0
!!"

1 Small Angle Approximations 3#

Cone Volume sin H ≈ H , cos H ≈ 1 − , tan H ≈ H !!"
1 = %& "ℎ 0 concave down/concave: solve !# ! < 0
3
)( = 4%& " (Hemisphere= 3%& ") Differentiation 1st • Generally: !# = F $(A) = lim
!" ((#*%),((#)
Sphere Surface Area Pythagorean identity 1 ABC0 $ + &KA 0 $ = 1 %→' %

# " Principles • At a point a: F $ (Q) = lim

((-*%),((-)
Sphere Volume 7 = $ %& $ (Hemisphere= $ %& $) Pythagorean identity 2 1 + L'C0 $ = AM& 0 $. %→' %
((#),((-)
• Alternate form: F $(Q) = lim (we don’t really use
Prism Volume 1 =Area of cross section x height Pythagorean identity 3 1 + &KL 0 $ = &KAM& 0 $ #→- #,-
this)
Pyramid Volume 1 Cofunction cos $ = sin(90 − $) • To show derivative exists: show 2 sides limits equal
1 = × 9.:; .&;. × ℎ
3 sin $ = cos (90 − $) lim$
((-*%),((-)
%
= lim%
((-*%),((-)
%
%→' %→'
Indices Identity of PQR . sin $ Differentiability ⟹Continuity
tan $ = Continuity ⇏Differentiability
Multiplication * % × * & = * %'& cos $
! ! ! Chain Rule VD VD VU
("* % + & )( = " ( * %( + &( Reciprocal sec $ = , csc $ = , cot $ = D = T(U), U = F(A) ⟹ = ×
78- 9 -./ 9 :;/ 9 VA VU VA
Division *% Product Rule VD VX VU
* ÷ * & = & = * %)&
%
D = UX ⟹
=U +X
* Double Angle sin 2$ = 2 sin $ cos $ VA VA VA
1 Quotient rule VU VX
Negative Powers )*
* = * &KA2$ = &KA 0 $ − ABC0 $ U VD X VA − U VA
D= ⟹ =
* 78- 092! X VA X.
+ * +! + )* ,!
= 2 cos 0 $ − 1 ⟹ cos 0 $ =
Fractions ?,@ = ,! and ?,@ = +! 0 Implicit !"
“every time we differentiate a y we write !# "
1 − cos 2$ Derivatives • A / ⟹ [A /,0
Rational Powers * " * = 1 − 2 sin0 H ⟹ sin0 $ =
2
/ /,0
.- = A √.C • \F(A)] ⇒ [\F(A)] F $ (A)
2 tan $ •
($(#)
ln\F(A)] ⇒ ((#)
Binomial tan 2$ =
(. + 9)*
1 − L'C0 $ • sin F(A) ⇒ F $ (A) cos F(A)
Binomial Theorem: Half Angle • cos F(A) ⇒ −F $ (A) sin F(A)
9 !178- 9 9 78- 92!
integer powers =.* + A*!C.*)!9 + ⋯ + A*/C.*)/ 9/ +…+9* ABC = ±U &KA = ±U • c ((#) ⇒ F $ (A)c ( (#)
0 0 0 0
/ /! • Q ((#) ⇒ F $ (A) Q ((#) ln Q
Binomial Coefficient ? @ = /"/ = Compound Angle sin(= ± V) = sin = cos V ± cos = sin V • tan F(A) ⇒ F $ (A) sec. F(A)
& (/ − &)! &! • sec F(A) ⇒ F $ (A) sec F(A) tan F(A)
Geometry &KA(= ± V) = &KA=&KAV ∓ ABC=ABCV • ghicg F(A) ⇒ −F $ (A)ghicg F(A) cot F(A)
• cot F(A) ⇒ −F $ (A)gig . F(A)
Straight Line: Equation • Slope intercept form: ! = #$ + & L'C(= ± V) =
:;/ (±:;/ *
• sin,0 F(A) ⇒
( &(#)

(gradient means slope) • General form: '$ + (! + ) = 0 !∓:;/ ( :;/ * !

10,2((#)3

∥ same slope, ⊥ “flip fraction, Special Angles • cos,0 F(A) ⇒ −

( &(#)
• Point slope form: ! − !! = #($ − $! ) 10,2((#)3
!

change sign” which means ( &(#)

• tan,0 F(A)) ⇒
slopes × to make −1) 0*2((#)3
!

( &(#)
Straight Line: Gradient +") +! • sec,0 F(A) ⇒
I= ((#)12((#)3 ,0
!

*") *! ( & (#)

• ghicg ,0 F(A) ⇒ −
Distance between J(*") *!)" + (+") +! )" ((#)12((#)3 ,0
!

Even/Odd sin(−$) = − sin $, &KA (−$) = cos $, ( & (#)

(." , 0" ), (.# , 0# ) • cot ,0 F(A) ⇒ −
0*2((#)3
!

Coordinates of midpoint of *!'*" +!'+" tan(−$) = −tan $ If f is continuous over [a,b] and w is a number between f(a) and f(b)
? , @ IVT
(." , 0" ), (.# , 0# ) 2 2 then ∃g ∈ [Q, m] s.t. F(g) = o
Averages This is mainly used to show that a certain value of a function exists
Quadratics Average value of function f on [a,b] ! & MVT If f is continuous on [a,b] and differentiable on (a,b) then ∃ at least
∫ R(*)0* ((4),((-)
Quadratic Function: Solutions )&±2&#)#%3 &)% % one c ∈ [Q, m] such that F $ (g) = 4,-
*= , .≠0 Average rate of function of f on ?(&))?(%)
to KL0 + ML + N = O "%
&)%
This is mainly used to show that a certain value of a derivative
Quadratic Function: 9 [a,b] exists or to find the value when given a table and not the equation
R(*) = * " + 9* + " ⟹ * = − Instantaneous rate at * = " R′(") Rolle’s Theorem If f is continuous on [a,b] and differentiable on (a,b) then ∃ at least
Axis of Symmetry 2. (particular case of MVT) one c ∈ [Q, m] such that F $ (g) =0.
Quadratic Function: ∆= 9" − 4." (Note: at a point, not an interval)
Tangents and Normals D − D0 = p(A − A0 )
Discriminant • > 0 (2 real distinct roots) Functions Differentiate to get p (tangent ∥, Normal ⊥)
• = 0 (2real repeated/double roots) Inverse Replace R(*) with +, swap * & +, solve for + Local linear approx This is basically just asking for the tangent line
• < 0 (no real roots) Composite R[(*) means plug [(*) into R(*) Integration
9 "
#54 "54
Completing The Square 9" Transformations: ! Area between curve & A QAsi: ∫#5- D VA curve & D axis: ∫"5- A VD
. X* ± Y + " − a=vertical stretch sf ., b=horizontal stretch sf &
KL0 ± ML + N = O 2. 4. .R(9* + ") + 0 (take + answer if neg)
3 c=translation c units x direction, #54
Between 2 curves: ∫#5- (top curve-bottom curve)VA
Exponentials & Logarithm • " 3Z[% 9 ⟺ 3Z[% 9 “anything in a bracket does the
d=translation d units in y direction
Rules` • log % 9 = " ⟺ .3 = 9, ., 9, > 0,. ≠ 1 opposite” Remember to split up if separate areas
R(−*)=reflc in + .*e:, − R(*)=reflc in + .*e: -
• log % 9 + log % " ⟺ log % 9" Properties v (A)VA = 0
& Inverse Replace R(*) with +, swap * & +, solve for +
• log % 9 − log % " ⟺ log % 3 -
4 -
Odd/Even Even: R(−*) = R(*), odd: R(−*) = −R(*) Can swap limits: ∫- AF(A)VA = − ∫4 (A)VA
456 &
• log % 9 ⟺ 456$ % Periodic X($ + Y) = X($) where p is the period
4
Can split up: ∫- (A)VA = ∫- (A)VA + ∫6 (A)VA
6 4

$
… # '%"
• Solving a power of *: log both sides if 2 Basic Domain Fractions : * ∈ ℝ, * ≠ value(s) where denom = 0 Integrals • ∫ A VA =/
/*0
+ g, [ ≠ −1
… 0 0
terms or use substitution if 3 terms “the L values allowed” Roots: √… : Solve for part under root to be ≥ 0 • ∫ 7# VA = 8 ln|A| + g
• Solving an exponential : ln both sides
0
(see table below for domain and Exponentials ; … : * ∈ ℝ (power can be anything, no • ∫ sin xA VA = − 8 cos xA + g
• Solving a logarithm: raise e both sides or range for all common functions in restriction on it) • ∫ cos xA VA = 8 sin xA + g
0

write as log 7 as procced as for 3Z[ more detail) Logarithms ln ( … ) : Solve for argument to be > 0 • ∫ c 7# VA = 7 c 7# + g
0

0
Dealing with Inequalities Linear: y = zL + N JH'G • ∫ Q7# VA = 89: - Q7# + g
Rational: IH'K
+ ~ 0
Polynomials, Rational Use number line to put zeros and undefined Domain: x∈ ℝ • ∫ sec. xA VA = 8 tan xA + g
(
points and check signs either side Range: y∈ ℝ Domain: x∈ ℝ, * ≠ −3 (Hint:denom≠0) • ∫ sec xA tan xA VA = 7 sec xA + g
0

% 0
Mod |*| < . ⟹ −. < * < . Quadratic: y = ±K(ML + N)0+ d Range: y∈ ℝ, + ≠ 3 + ; • ∫ cosec xA cot xA VA = − 8 cosec xA + g
|*| > . ⟹ * < −. bc * > . Domain: x∈ ℝ ( %
Asymptotes: * = − 3 , + = 3 + ; • ∫ cosec. xA VA = − 7 cot xA + g
0

OR: graph each and then see where one graph Range: + ≥ 0 if min, + ≤ 0 if max • ∫ icg xA VA = 7 ln| sec xA + tan xA| + g
0

lies above (>)/below (<) the other Note: often . and or ; are zero
Exponential: y = K~GH'I + • • ∫ ghicg xA VA = − 7 ln|ghicgxA + cot xA|+c
0

Trigonometry:y = KÉÑÅ(ML + N)+d

Limits Domain: x∈ ℝ (Hint: power of exp can •
0
∫ ;- ! ,(4#)! VA = 4 sin,0 y - z + g
0 4#
y = KNÖÉ(ML + N)+d
Graphically: Can we trace inwards from the left and right and still reach the same y be anything, so no restriction) 0 0 4#
Domain: * ∈ ℝ • ∫ ,;-! ,(4#)! VA = 4 cos,0 y - z + g
coordinate? If yes, has a limit Range: + > 0 if . > 0, + < 0 if . < 0
Range: −. + 0 ≤ + ≤ . + 0 •
0
∫ -! *(4#)! VA = -4 tan,0 y - z + g
0 4#
(Hint: exp can’t be zero)
Note: If asked to find values of a,b,c,d &)%
Method: Logarithm: y = KÄÅ(ML + N)+d LMN ,)LOP , Trapezium Rule %
[D' + 2(D0* D.* D<* D= + ⋯ ) + D/ ] h = *;-&7/ 9? T@/>QT
3
Domain: * > − & (Hint: 3/ can’t take . = amplitude= .
Direct substitution, if get a number or one of the following 4 then done: "
"B $R< &)%
1)
8*, *9* :7/9 *;-&7/ ±=
= d/0;Re/;0 2) *9* >*?>*@7 *;-&7/ = ±∞ a neg number so 9* + " > 0) 9 = Q7/>9( or Q7/>9( Riemann Left: ℎ[D' + D0 + D. + D< + ⋯ D/,0 ] h=
< *;-&7/ 9? T@/>QT
Range: y ∈ ℝ LMN ,'LOP ,
0 = principal axis= Right: ℎ[D0 + D. + D< + D= + ⋯ D/ ]
3 "
< 8*, *9* >*?>*@7 *;-&7/ Asymptote: * = − & " =phase shift (plug in point to find after Midpoint Midpoint:ℎ ~D" + D# + D( + ⋯ + D/,# + D/," •
3)8*, *9* :7/9 *;-&7/ =0 4) ±=
=0 &)% ! ! ! ! !

Root: K√ML + N + •: finding a, b and d) h = *;-&7/ 9? T@/>QT

1) and 2) just say that there is no limit and 3) and 4) just say limit is zero 3
< = Domain: * ≥ − & (Hint: under root Trigonometry:y = KÜKÅ(ML + N)+d Kinematics:
>
Distance=∫> ! |X(Ä)|VÄ, Displacement=∫> ! X(Ä)VÄ
>
If not, and get < Z& = it is indeterminate form and not an answer. We then either B " "

must be positive so b* + " ≥0) Domain: * ∈ ℝ, * ≠ " + /% >

Velocity: ∫> ! Q(Ä)VÄ or !> , Acceleration= !> = !> !
!? !@ !!?

§ Factorise and cancel "

Range: + ≥ 0 if . > 0 and + ≤ 0 if Range:−∞ ≤ + ≤ ∞ Changed direction: X = 0,
§ Rationalise and cancel
a<0 Inverse trig: y = ÉÑÅ)SL Moving right/up ⟹ X > 0
§ Use a trig identity and cancel Moving left/down : X < 0
Modulus K|ML + N| + •: Domain: −1 ≤ * ≤ 1
§ Apply L’ Hopital’s Rule (differentiate numerator and denominator) B B Speeding up/velocity increasing/accel: a, v same sign
Domain: x∈ ℝ Range: − " ≤ * ≤ " Slowing down/velocity decreasing/dec: a, v opp sign
and then apply substitution again
Range: + ≥ 0 if . > 0 and + ≤ 0 if Inverse trig: y = NÖÉ)SL Max displacement/max distance from/furthest left or right or up or
Other hints:
. <0 Domain: −1 ≤ * ≤ 1
down: = X = 0
If trig and → 0 : use small angle approx. or identity and simplify or squeeze theorem *, * ≥ 0 Min/max velocity : X $ = Q = 0 and then plug back into X
If algebraic and → ∞: divide by highest power in denominator or memorise that Note: Definition of |*| = Ç Range: 0 ≤ * ≤ % Arc length
4
−*, * < 0 ∫- Ñ1 + (F(A). )VA
• Even powers in numerator and denominator Inverse trig: y = ÜKÅ)SL
• Bottom heavy + = 0 © MyMathsCloud Domain: −∞ ≤ * ≤ ∞
B B
Volume of revolution Disc:
#54
A QAsi ∶ Ü = á ∫#5- (àQVsUi). VA
• Top Heavy + = ∞ (no asymptote) Range: − " < * < " "54
D axis: Ü = á ∫"5- (àQVsUi). VD
Note: Watch out for when you have roots in the denominator. Graphing harder rational functions Washer:
If all the above has failed use squeeze theorem! About x axis ∶
• Vertical asymptotes set denominator =0 and solve
Continuity • Horizontal asymptotes: Find lim R(*)
A5B
V = π ∫A5C [(outer radius). − (inner radius). )]dx
Graphically: Can we trace the curve without taking pen off page? If yes, continuous! +→= About y axis ∶
Easiest method: Can just use the fact that even powers + =coefficents of ratio of D5B
V = π ∫D5C [(outer radius). − (inner radius). )]dy
Jump Removable Infinite highest powers, Bottom heavy + = 0 , Top Heavy + = ∞ (no asymptote) &
Volume of cross sections ∫% ((*)0* where ((*) =
• Slant: only exists if top heavy. Divide and quotient part is slant asymptote (⊥to L axis)
• Intercepts : set * = 0, find + and vice versa "&Z:: :;"ejZ/.3 .&;. ZR jℎ; :ℎ.á;
Differential equations Get y’s on one side and x’s on other and integrate each side
• check the behaviour each side of vertical asymptote * = .: lim& R(*) and lim% R(*). Remember: we only × and÷ to re-arrange
+→% +→%
We want to know whether + tends to tend to +∞ Z& − ∞. > >
Total Amount Starting value + ∫> ! àQÄc s[ − ∫> ! àQÄc hUÄ
Definition: A function is continuous at a point c if Easiest Method: Can just try a value just less than and just bigger than a " "

• check the behaviour near horizontal asymptote: lim R(*) and lim R(*) to find which Fundamental Theorem
1) R(")e: 0;Re/;0, meaning the function has a value at * = " i.e. +→)= +→= &
when you plug c in the function it returns a value side of the horizontal asymptotes you’re on when far out to left or right. First : ∫% R(*)0*=F(b) - F(a) i.e.∫ àU (L) = à(L)
( +
2) lim R(*) ;*e:j: e. ;, lim% R(*) = lim& R(*) , meaning the limit Easiest Method: You don’t have to find the limit here, you can just use the other Second: (+ ∫% R(j)0j = R(*)
+→3 +→3 +→3
exists at x=c (i.e. the two sided limits are equal) features of the graph that you already have to help you
3) lim R(*) = R("), meaning the value of the function at x=c is equal Remember: You can NEVER cross a vertical asymptote, but can cross a horizontal one centrally.
+→3
to the value of the limit at * = "
We cannot cross a horizontal one far out though © MyMathsCloud