EE 653

Power Electronics - 1

Instructor: Prof. Anshuman Shukla

Email: [email protected]
Office: Power Electronics Lab 2, EE Main Building

Lecture 17
OUTPUT VOLTAGE RIPPLE
The peak-to-peak ripple in the output voltage can be calculated by considering the
waveforms for a continuous mode of operation. Assuming that all the ripple
current component of the diode current iD flows through the capacitor and its
average value flows through the load resistor, the shaded area represents charge ΔQ.
Therefore, the peak-peak voltage ripple is given by

A similar analysis can be

performed for the discontinuous
mode of conduction.
BUCK-BOOST CONVERTER
The main application of a buck-boost converter is in regulated dc
power supplies, where a negative-polarity output may be desired
with respect to the common terminal of the input voltage, and the
output voltage can be either higher or lower than the input voltage.
A buck-boost converter can be obtained by the cascade connection of the two basic
converters: the stepdown converter and the step-up converter.

In steady state, the output-to-input voltage

conversion ratio is the product of the conversion
ratios of the two converters in cascade (assuming
that switches in both converters have the same D):
This allows the output voltage to be
higher or lower than the input
voltage, based on the duty ratio D.
BUCK-BOOST CONVERTER
• When the switch is closed, the input
provides energy to the inductor and
the diode is reverse biased.
• When the switch is open, the energy
stored in the inductor is transferred
to the output.
• No energy is supplied by the input
during this interval.
In the steady-state analysis presented
here, the output capacitor is assumed
to be very large, which results in a
constant output voltage v0(t) ≈ V0.
BUCK-BOOST CONVERTER CONTINUOUS-CONDUCTION MODE
Integrating vL over one time period to zero,

Also,

Depending on the duty ratio, the output

voltage (current) can be higher or lower
than the input voltage (current).
Buck-boost analysis CONTINUOUS-CONDUCTION MODE
Buck-boost analysis CONTINUOUS-CONDUCTION MODE
Buck-boost analysis Average inductor current
Buck-boost analysis L and C values
Buck-boost analysis Boundary between Cont. and Discont. Conduction

Since the average

capacitor current is zero.

The average inductor current and the output current at the border of the continuous
conduction in terms of V0, and

Most applications in which a buck-boost converter may be used require that V0

be kept constant, though Vd (and, hence, D) may vary.
Both ILB and I0B result in their maximum values at D = 0.

and

Figure shows ILB and loB as a function of

D, keeping V0 = const.
Buck-boost analysis DISCONTINUOUS-CONDUCTION MODE
If we equate the integral of the inductor
voltage over one time period to zero,

and

From Fig.

Since V0 is kept constant, it is useful to

obtain D as a function of the output load
current I0 for various values of V0/ Vd.
Using the equations derived earlier, we
find that

Figure shows the plot of D as a

function of I0/ I0B,max for various values
of Vd/V0. The boundary between the
continuous and the discontinuous
mode is shown by the dashed curve.
EFFECT OF PARASITIC ELEMENTS
Analogous to the step-up converter, the parasitic elements
have significant impact on the voltage conversion ratio and the
stability of the feedback-regulated buck- boost converter.

The effect of these parasitic elements can be modeled in the

circuit simulation programs for designing such converters.
OUTPUT VOLTAGE RIPPLE

Assuming that all the ripple

current component of iD flows
through the capacitor and its
average value flows through
the load resistor, the shaded
area represents charge ΔQ.

Therefore, the peak-to-

peak voltage ripple is

A similar analysis can be performed for

the discontinuous mode of operation.
Converters in CCM: Summary
We have seen that in the buck (forward) converter, the energy transfer from
the input to the output side occurs when the static switch is in the ON state.
In the flyback (buck-boost) converter, this transfer takes place when the static
switch is turned OFF. In both cases, the energy transfer is not continuous.
 Cuk dc-dc CONVERTER
We have seen that in the buck (forward) converter, the energy transfer from
the input to the output side occurs when the static switch is in the ON state.
In the flyback (buck-boost) converter, this transfer takes place when the static
switch is turned OFF. In both cases, the energy transfer is not continuous.
This limitation can be overcome by providing adequate filtering.
The filter consists of energy storage elements such as an inductor or
capacitor or both, which serve as reservoirs of energy and ensure
that the flow of energy into the load is continuous and ripple free.
In contrast to the above, in the converter developed by Cuk, energy transfer
from the input side to the output occurs both during the ON time and the OFF
time of the static switch. Ideally, the Cuk converter can function with zero ripple.
Named after its inventor, the Cuk converter is obtained by using
the duality principle on the circuit of a buck-boost converter.
Cuk dc-dc CONVERTER

Cuk converter can be considered to be a series combination of a boost

converter followed by a buck converter with the particular feature that
the output boost capacitor is an energy source for the buck section of
the system, and both converters share the same switching elements.
It is a derivative of the buck-boost converter in that the energy
transfer from the input to the output is achieved by a capacitor
rather than an inductor as in the buck-boost converter.
THE Cuk CONVERTER
• Output voltage magnitude
can be either larger or
smaller than that of the
input.
• Similar to the buck-boost
converter, the Cuk converter
The inductor on the input acts as a filter for the dc
provides a negative-polarity
supply to prevent large harmonic content. Unlike the
regulated output voltage previous converter topologies where energy transfer
with respect to the common is associated with the inductor, energy transfer for
terminal of the input voltage. the Cuk converter depends on the capacitor C1.
C1 is the primary means of storing and transferring energy from the input to the output.
Cuk CONVERTER Analysis
The analysis begins with these assumptions:
1. Both inductors are very large and the currents in them are constant.
2. Both capacitors are very large and the voltages across them are constant.
3. The circuit is operating in steady state, meaning that voltage and current
waveforms are periodic.
4. For a duty ratio of D, the switch is closed for time DT and open for (1-D)T.
5. The switch and the diode are ideal.
Cuk CONVERTER Analysis
In steady state, the average inductor
voltages VL1 and VL2 are zero.
When the switch is opened, C1 is
charged through the diode D. The
capacitor receives the charge and
energy from the source V1 and also
from L1, if L1 has stored energy prior
to the opening of the switch S.
When S is closed, C1 comes across the
diode, reverse-biasing it. The capacitor
is now connected directly across the
output side of the converter, and energy
is transferred from it to the output. L2
and C2 are the output filter inductance
and filter capacitor respectively.

For this circuit, assuming ideal elements,

the output voltage expression can be
derived by first deriving an expression
for the voltage VC1 across C1.
Cuk CONVERTER Analysis
When S is ON, the voltage across L1
is equal to V1: VL1 = V1 during TON.
When S is OFF, the diode D will be
conducting. Assume that the diode is ON
for the entire OFF period of the switch. Therefore, VL1 = -(VC1-V1) during TOFF.

For the steady-state continuous operation, the waveform of VL1 cannot have a DC
component. Otherwise, an indefinite current build up would occur in L1. Therefore,
we equate the positive and negative volt-seconds areas under the waveform:

V1TON = (VC1-V1)TOFF => VC1 = V1/(1-D)

Cuk CONVERTER Analysis

VC1 = V1/(1-D)

Voltage across the diode:

The voltage across the diode will be equal to VC1 when S is ON and zero when it is
OFF. Therefore, the DC component of this voltage will be given by: V(DC) = DVC1.
With ideal elements, the DC component of the voltage will be same as the output
voltage V0 across the capacitor C2. Assume C2 to be large enough so that the ripple
voltage is negligible. Therefore, V0 = DVC1 = D/(1-D)V1
This result shows that the converter is a buck-boost converter: buck for duty
cycle values less than 0.5 and boost for duty cycle values greater than 0.5.
THE C´UK CONVERTER
In steady state,

Therefore, VC1 is larger

than both Vd and V0.
For sufficiently large C1,

When T is off, the inductor

currents iL1 and iL2 flow
through the diode. Capacitor
C1 is charged through the
diode by energy from both the
input and L1. Current iL1
decreases, because VC1 is
larger than Vd.
Energy stored
in L2 feeds the
output. Therefore,
iL2 also decreases.
THE C´UK CONVERTER
When the switch is on,
VC1 reverse biases the
diode. The inductor
currents iL1 and Il2 flow
through the switch. Since
VC1 > V0, C1 discharges
through the switch,
transferring energy to the
output and L2. Therefore,
iL2 increases. The input
feeds energy to L1 causing
iL1 to increase.
iL1 and iL2 are assumed to be continuous.
If we assume the capacitor voltage VC1 to be constant, then equating the integral of the
voltages across L1 and L2 over one time period to zero yields

=>
THE C´UK CONVERTER
In another method, assume
that iL1 and iL2 are essentially
ripple free. When the switch
is off, the charge delivered to
C1 equals IL1(l - D)Ts. When
the switch is on, the capacitor
discharges by an amount
IL2DTs. Since in steady state
the net change of charge
associated with C1 over one
time period must be zero,

In practical circuits, the assumption of a

=> nearly constant VC1 is reasonably valid.

An advantage of this circuit is that both the input current

and the current feeding the output stage are reasonably
ripple free (unlike the buck- boost converter where both
these currents are highly discontinuous). It is possible to simultaneously eliminate the ripples in
Il1 and iL2 completely, leading to lower external filtering requirements. A significant
disadvantage is the requirement of a capacitor C, with a large ripple-current-carrying capability.