Third Year Part1
Third Year Part1
SH 553
Lecture : 3 Year : III
Tutorial : 1 Part : I
Practical : 3
Course objective:
The course aims to introduce numerical methods used for the solution of
engineering problems. The course emphasizes algorithm development and
programming and application to realistic engineering problems.
1. Introduction, Approximation and errors of computation (4hours)
1.1. Introduction, Importance of Numerical Methods
1.2. Approximation and Errors in computation
1.3. Taylor's series
1.4. Newton's Finite differences (forward , Backward, central
difference, divided difference)
1.5. Difference operators, shift operators, differential operators
1.6. Uses and Importance of Computer programming in Numerical
Methods.
2. Solutions of Nonlinear Equations (5 hours)
2.1 Bisection Method
2.2 Newton Raphson method ( two equation solution)
2.3 Regula-Falsi Method , Secant method
2.4 Fixed point iteration method
2.5 Rate of convergence and comparisons of these Methods
3. Solution of system of linear algebraic equations (8 hours)
3.1 Gauss elimination method with pivoting strategies
3.2 Gauss-Jordan method
3.3 LU Factorization
3.4 Iterative methods (Jacobi method, Gauss-Seidel method)
3.5 Eigen value and Eigen vector using Power method
4. Interpolation (8 hours)
4.1 Newton's Interpolation ( forward, backward)
4.2 Central difference interpolation: Stirling's Formula, Bessel's
Formula
4.3 agrange interpolation
4.4 Least square method of fitting linear and nonlinear curve for
discrete data and continuous function
4.4 Spline Interpolation (Cubic Spline)
5. Numerical Differentiation and Integration (6 hours)
5.1 Numerical Differentiation formulae
Practical:
Algorithm and program development in C programming language of following:
1. Generate difference table.
2. At least two from Bisection method, Newton Raphson method, Secant
method
3. At least one from Gauss elimination method or Gauss Jordan method.
Finding largest Eigen value and corresponding vector by Power method.
4. Lagrange interpolation. Curve fitting by Least square method.
5. Differentiation by Newton's finite difference method. Integration using
Simpson's 3/8 rule
6. Solution of 1st order differential equation using RK‐4 method
7. Partial differential equation (Laplace equation)
8. Numerical solutions using Matlab.
References:
1. Dr. B.S.Grewal, " Numerical Methods in Engineering and Science ",
Khanna Publication, 7th edition.
2. Robert J schilling, Sandra l harries , " Applied Numerical Methods for
Engineers using MATLAB and C.", 3rd edition Thomson Brooks/cole.
3. Richard L. Burden, J.Douglas Faires, "Numerical Analysis 7th edition" ,
Thomson / Brooks/cole
Evaluation scheme:
The questions will cover all the chapters of the syllabus. The evaluation scheme
will be as indicated in the table below
Chapters Hours Marks distribution*
1
9 16
2
3 8 16
4 8 16
5 6 10
6 6 10
7 8 12
Total 45 80
* There could be a
minor deviation in the marks distribution
Course Objective:
The threefold objective of the course is to:
1. Familiarize the terminologies and concepts of displacements, stresses,
strains, stiffness etc. and their parameters in the context of indeterminate
systems,
2. Practice in examples the basic concepts and theorems on static
(equilibrium), geometrical (compatibility) and physical (Force, stiffness and
displacements) conditions in the context of indeterminate systems,
3. Prepare the candidates for advanced courses in structural mechanics by
introducing to the necessary tools like matrix method, force method,
displacement method, plastic analysis etc.
1. Introduction (8 hours)
1.1 Formulation of problems in theory of structure: functions of the
structural systems and the corresponding requirements/conditions
to be fulfilled, strength, stiffness and stability of a system
1.2 Conditions and equations: static, compatibility, and physical
1.3 Satisfaction of conditions
1.4 Boundary conditions, partial restraints
1.5 Solutions of equations
1.6 Structure idealization, local and global coordinate systems and static
and deformation conventions of signs
1.7 Indeterminacy of structural systems its physical meanings and its
types
1.8 Degree of static indeterminacy of a system and its
determination/calculation: static indeterminacies; use of formula,
necessity of visual checking: for plane systems only in the form of
truss, frame and arch
1.9 Degree of kinematic indeterminacy of a system and its
determination/calculation: use of formula, necessity of visual
checking: for plane systems only in the form of truss, frame and arch
1.10 Definitions and explanations of force and displacement for a
structural system as operational parameters in comparison with
2. Force method (12 hours)
2.1 Definitions and explanations; specialties of force method and its
limitations
2.2 Primary systems with replacements of static indeterminacies, choice
of unknowns for force quantities and its limitations, primary system
with unit forces for static indeterminacies, unit force diagrams
2.3 Compatibility conditions and formulation of equations in matrix
form, system specific matrix and its dependency upon choice of
unknowns
2.4 Flexibility matrix: generations and calculations
2.5 Use of graphical method for calculation of coefficients (elements of
flexibility matrix); derivation of formula for the standard case of
parabola and straight line, its extension to the case when both are
straight lines
2.6 Applications to beams and frames; three moment theorem, effects
of temperature variance and settlement of supports in beams and
frames, determination of redundant reactions or member forces in a
beam (two to three spans) and frames (one storey two bay or two
storey one bay), consideration of settlement of support, variance in
internal and external temperature for beams (up to two spans) and
frames (portal only) involving not more than four unknowns.
2.7 Applications to trusses; effects of temperature variance and misfits
2.8 Applications to arches (parabolic and circular): simple cases of two
hinged and hinge less arches; cases of yielding of supports and
temperature effects, influence line diagrams for two hinged arches
2.9 Bending moment, shear force and normal thrust diagrams for the
3. Displacement method (15 hours)
3.1 Definitions and explanations; specialties of Displacement method
and its limitations
3.2 Primary system: kinematic indeterminacy and unit displacement
system, unit displacement diagrams and their applications
3.3 Choice of unknowns and its uniqueness in comparison with force
method
3.4 Equilibrium conditions and formulation of equations in matrix form
3.5 Stiffness matrix its formation, properties and application as system
specific
3.6 Applications to beams and frames, effects of settlement of support
and temperature
3.7 Applications to trusses, effect of temperature change
3.8 Bending moment, shear force and normal thrust diagrams for the
systems
3.9 Fixed end moment, slope and deflection and their uses in beam
systems
3.10 Equilibrium conditions of the joints in beams and frames
3.11 Slope deflection equations and their applications in beam systems
3.12 Stiffness of a member in a rigid joint
3.13 Boundary conditions
3.14 Distribution of unbalanced moment in a rigid joint
3.15 Principle of moment distribution with consideration of cross
sectional stiffness, member stiffness (consideration of length) and
boundary conditions
3.16 Application of moment distribution method to solve beams and
frames (simple cases with one bay and two storeys or two bays and
one storey)
3.17 Consideration of sway conditions(simple cases with one bay and two
storeys or two bays and one storey)
4. Influence line (IL) for continuous beams (4 hours)
4.1 Definitions and explanations: given section, structural quantity
(support reaction, bending moment or shear force etc.) and the
given structural system as the three basic elements of definition of
IL, IL diagrams as system specific diagrams ‐ independent of
operational parameters like loads
5. Introduction to plastic analysis (6 hours)
5.1 Definitions and explanations
5.2 Plastic analysis of bending members
5.3 Plastic bending
5.4 Plastic hinge and its length
5.5 Load factor and shape factor
5.6 Basic theorems on methods of limit analysis
5.7 Collapse loads: partial collapse, complete collapse
5.8 Collapse with tied loads for simple cases of statically indeterminate
beams (not more than three spans) and frames (only portal frames)
Experiments (8 hours)
Determination of redundant reaction components and their comparative
studies in the following four experiments:
1 Continuous beams (propped cantilever, two spanned beams with various
end conditions)
2 Two hinged arch
3 Symmetrical portal frame
4 Unsymmetrical portal frame
Evaluation Scheme
The questions will cover all the chapters of the syllabus as far as practicable.
The approximate mark allocation to the questions is proposed to be as
indicated in the table below:
* There may be minor variation in marks distribution
Course Objective:
The objective of this course is to provide the student with the basic concepts
and tools that can be used to determine the structure/ foundation/ soil
interactions. The courses include a review of soil mechanics principles and deal
with a variety of foundations and retaining walls.
1. Introduction [1 hour]
1.1. Foundation Engineering, Importance and purpose
1.2. Classification and general requirement
1.3. Factors influencing the choice of a foundation
1.4. Selection of the type
2. Soil Exploration [6 Hours]
2.1. Introduction
2.2. Methods of exploration
2.3. Planning the exploration programme
2.4. Method of boring
2.5. Soil sampling and soil samplers
2.6. Vertical and lateral extent of borings
2.7. Field tests like Penetration test( Standard Penetration Test, Static
Cone Penetration Test, Dynamic Cone Penetration Test) Pressure
meter tests, dialatometer test and field Vane shear test.
2.8. Ground water observations
2.9. Borehole logs
2.10. Site investigation reports
3. Lateral Earth Pressure Theories and Retaining Walls [10 Hours]
3.1. Introduction
3.2. Effect of wall movement on Earth pressure
3.3. Earth pressure at Rest
3.4. Classical Earth Pressure Theories
Rankine’s theory
Coulomb’s theory
3.5. Yielding of wall of limited height
3.6. Graphical solution for coulomb’s earth pressure
Tutorials:
There shall be related tutorials exercised in class and given as regular
homework exercises. Tutorials can be as following for each specified chapters.
1. Introduction (0.5 hour)
Theory; definition and concept type questions.
2. Soil Exploration (2.0 hours)
Theory; definition, numerical examples types of questions.
Laboratories
Field tests on penetration test.
One observation tour of a site investigation projects and each student should
prepare a brief report on the basis of prescribed data‐format.
References
1. “Foundation Analysis and Design” Joseph E.Bowels. McGraw‐Hill
International Editions, Fifth Edition, 1997
2. “Principles of Foundation Engineering” Braja M. Das, Fifth Edition, 2003.
Thomson/Brookscole
3. “Basic and Applied soil mechanics “Gopal Ranjan and ASR Rao, Second
Evaluation Scheme:
The questions will cover all the chapters in the syllabus. The evaluation scheme
will be as indicated in the table below:
Mark
Chapter Hours
Distribution*
1. 1 2
2. 6 12
3. 10 16
4. 3 4
5. 3 4
6. 6 12
7. 3 6
8. 6 12
9. 4 8
10. 3 4
Total 45 80
* There may be minor deviation in marks distribution.
Practical : 10 days (10*13hrs) Field Works
Objective:
The main objectives of the survey camp, which is to be scheduled during third
year first part, are as under:
To give the students an ample opportunity to consolidate and update their
practical and theoretical knowledge in Engineering Surveying, in the actual
field conditions and with practical problems.
To provide the students real field based exposure to learn and apply
different surveying methods, modern surveying instruments,
computational practices and ways of presentation of their final reports. So,
following field works are recommended:
A) Horizontal Control Practices for Large Area Major Traverse:
For this purpose at least 1.5 km periphery area (not less than 15‐17
stations) shall be enclosed by forming the closed traverse and coordinates
of those traverse points shall be controlled with reference to national grid
system. X and Y coordinates shall be controlled by Total Station and Z
coordinates must be controlled by Auto Level.
Time Allocated: 2 Days (Including reconnaissance, stations selection and
pegging of major traverse, minor traverse, major traverse angles, distances
measurement etc)
B) Horizontal and vertical control for forming minor traverse inside the
major traverse:
For this purpose detailed topographic survey shall be conducted within the
perimeter of the semi built up area around 4.0 to 6.0 hectares of land
(about 5‐7 control points). Coordinates (XYZ) of these traverses including
details shall be controlled by using Total Station and Auto level. Link
traverse exercise must be compulsory.
Time Allocated: 5 Days
1 Day for fly leveling and RL transfer
2.5 Days for detailing in minor traverse
C) Bridge Site Survey:
Detailed topographic survey of suitable bridge site area (200m *120m)
shall be conducted by which Topographic map, L‐ section, X section etc
shall be prepared at standard scale.
Time Allocated: 1.5 Days
Detailing shall be done by using total station. Vertical control for control
points shall be done by auto level.
D) Road Alignment Survey:
At least 600m road alignment survey Shall be done from where plan, L
section, X section etc shall be drawn at standard scale including selection of
grades and formation levels etc.
Time Allocated: 1.5 Days
Requirements:
As far as possible, number of students for each group should not be more than
5 (five). For conducting camp as far as possible modern surveying equipments
such as Total Station, EDM, Auto level etc are to be used.
Evaluation Criteria:
For Internal 50 Marks:
Regular evaluation throughout the 10 days as well as viva for computation and
plotting of major traverse, minor traverse, viva for road and bridge site survey
and traverse orientation check should be taken.
For Final 50 Marks:
Standard Reports shall be prepared groupwise. During compilation of the
report, data shall be submitted contentwise and all the reference sketches and
standard drawings shall be compiled in A3 size and all the original data and
drawings shall be presented during final viva.
Course Objective:
This course is aimed at teaching the students the functions of the various
components of the water supply system, water resources and their utilization,
determination of water demand, water quality, intake construction, water
treatment technology and construction of water mains and distribution.
1. Introduction [2 hours]
1.1. Importance of water
1.2. Definition of types of water
1.2.1. Pure and impure water
1.2.2. Potable and wholesome water
1.2.3. Polluted and contaminated water
1.3. Historical development of water supply system
1.4. Objectives of water supply system
1.5. Schematic diagram of typical water supply system
1.6. Components of water supply system and their functions
2. Sources of Water [4 hours]
2.1. Classification of sources of water
2.2. Surface sources
2.2.1. Rivers
2.2.2. Streams
2.2.3. Lakes
2.2.4. Ponds
2.2.5. Impounded reservoir
2.2.6. Numerical on capacity determination of impounded reservoir
2.3. Ground sources
2.3.1. Confined and unconfined aquifers
2.3.2. Springs
2.3.3. Wells
2.3.4. Infiltration galleries and wells
4. Quality of Water [5 hours]
4.1. Impurities in water, their classification and effects
4.1.1. Suspended impurities
4.1.2. Colloidal impurities
4.1.3. Dissolved impurities
4.2. Hardness and alkalinity
4.2.1. Types of hardness
4.2.2. Types of alkalinity
4.2.3. Relation between hardness and alkalinity
4.2.4. Numerical on hardness and alkalinity
4.3. Living organisms in water
References:
1 BC. Punmia, Ashok Kuamr Jain and Arun Kumar Jain, "Water Supply
Engineering", Laxmi Publications (P) Ltd., New Delhi, 1998
2 P.N. Modi, "Water Supply engineering", Standard Book House, Delhi, 1998
3 G.S. Birdie and J.S. Birdie, "Water Supply and Sanitary Engineering",
Dhanpat Rai Publishing Company (P) Ltd,. New Delhi, 2002
4 K.N. Duggal, "Elements of Environmental Engineering"' S. Chand and
company Ltd.., New Delhi, 1997
Practical:
1. Determination of temperature, color, turbidity and pH
2. Determination of suspended, dissolved and total solids
3. Determination dissolved oxygen by Winkler method
4. Determination of optimum dose of coagulant by jar test apparatus
Course Rationale:
The course provides practical information on concrete technology and masonry
structures. The first part of the course deals with concrete technology and in
this part students will learn properties of concrete ingredients and will be able
to design concrete mix of different grades using commonly used
methodologies. The students will also learn properties of green and hardened
concrete and will learn the tools and techniques of quality control in different
stages of use of concrete. The second part deals with Masonry structures and in
this part students will learn classification, construction technologies and
behavior of masonry structures. The students will be able to analyze and design
masonry structures for gravity loads and lateral loads.
Part I: Concrete Technology
1. Introduction to concrete and concrete materials [4 hours]
1.1. Use of concrete in structure and types of concrete
1.2. Concrete materials ‐ Role of different materials (Aggregates, Cement,
Water and Admixtures)
1.2.1. Aggregates ‐ Properties of aggregates and their gradation
1.2.2. Cement ‐ Manufacturing of cement, Compound composition
of Portland Cement, Structure and reactivity of compounds
1.2.3. Introduction to special types of cement
1.2.4. Use of water in concrete
1.2.5. Admixtures ‐ Classification of admixtures, Introduction to
commonly used admixtures (Super‐plasticizer, Water proofing
agent and Retarders), Use of Mineral admixtures in concrete
2. Structure of concrete [3 hours]
2.1. Concrete as three phase system
2.2. Structure of aggregate phase
2.3. Structure of the hydrated cement paste phase
2.4. Transition zone in concrete
3. Mix design of concrete and property of green concrete [6 hours]
Part II Masonry Structures
7. Introduction to masonry structures [4 hours]
7.1. Use of masonry structures
7.2. Construction technology ‐ English bond, Flemish bond, Rat‐trap bond
7.3. Hollow block and compressed earth block
7.4. Masonry as infill walls
7.5. Reinforced and un‐reinforced masonry
8. Design of masonry walls for gravity loads [8 hours]
8.1. Introduction to codal provisions
8.2. Design example for gravity loads
Solid wall, wall with openings, walls with eccentric loadings and walls
acting as columns
Laboratories
Part I : Concrete Technology
1. Gradation/Properties of aggregates
2. Concrete Mix design: Nominal mix, DoE, ACI and IS Method
3. Test of concrete cubes, cylinders, prisms
4. Non‐destructive testing
Part II : Masonry Structures
5. Test of bricks on Compression
6. Test of wall on Compression
7. Demonstration of Non‐destructive test
References
1. A.M. Neville, J.J. Brook, Concrete Technology, International Students'
Edition
2. M. S. Shetty, Concrete Technology: Theory and Practice, S. Chand, New
Delhi, 2005
3. P.K. Mehta, Paulo j. M. Monteiro, Concrete, Microstructure, Properties and
Materials, University of California, Berkley (Indian Edition)
4. A.S. Arya, Masonry and Timber Structures including earthquake resistant
Design, Nem Chandra and Bros, Roorkee, 1987
5. A.W. handry, B.P. Sinha, S.R. Davies, An Introduction to Load Bearing Brick
Design, University of Edinburgh, 1981
6. P. Dayaratnam, Brick and Reifnorced Brick Structures, Oxford and IBH
Publishing Co. Pvt. Ltd. 1987
Evaluation scheme
The questions will cover all the chapters in the syllabus. The evaluation scheme
will be as indicated in the table below:
Marks
Chapters Hours
distribution*
1 4 6
2 3 6
3 6 12
4 3 6
5 6 12
6 3 6
7 4 6
8 8 12
9 5 8
10 3 6
Total 45 80
* There may be minor variation in marks distribution
Course Objectives:
This course is aimed at teaching students the concept of hydrology and
computational analysis for the design and management of water resources
projects. It gives a practical approach to the various facets of the subject and
emphasizes the application of hydrological knowledges to solve engineering
problems.
1. Introduction [2 hours]
1.1. Definition and Uses of Engineering hydrology
1.2. Hydrologic cycle and water balance equations
1.3. Development of hydro‐meteorological study in Nepal
2. Precipitation [8 hours]
2.1. Causes, forms and types of precipitation
2.2. Measurement of rainfall (types and adequacy of rain gauges)
2.3. Snow fall and its measurements
2.4. Estimation of missing rainfall data
2.5. Test for inconsistencies of rainfall data (Double Mass Curve)
2.6. Presentation of rainfall data (Mass curve, Hyetograph, Average curve
of annual rainfall)
2.7. Estimation of mean rainfall over an area
2.8. Development of Intensity ‐ Duration ‐ Frequency (IDF) curve and
equation
2.9. Depth ‐ Area ‐ Duration (DAD) curve
3. Hydrological Losses [8 hours]
3.1. Initial losses (Interception and depression storage)
3.2. Evaporation process
3.2.1. Meteorological parameters (Radiation, Temperature, Vapor
pressure, Humidity, Wind)
3.2.2. Energy Budget methods and Mass transfer approach (Dalton’s
law)
3.2.3. Evaporimeters
4. Surface Runoff [8 hours]
4.1. Drainage basins and its quantitative characteristics
4.2. Factors affecting runoff from a catchment
4.3. Rainfall ‐ Runoff relationship
4.4. Stream gauging (selection of sites, types of gauges and measurement)
4.5. Stream flow measurement by velocity area method (current meters,
floats and velocity rods)
4.6. Stream flow computation by slope area method
4.7. Development of Rating curve and its uses
4.8. Estimation of monthly flows from rainfall
5. Hydrograph Analysis [7 hours]
5.1. Components of a hydrograph
5.2. Separation of base flow
5.3. Unit hydrographs, their uses and limitations
5.4. Derivation of unit hydrographs from isolated and complex storms
5.5. Derivation of unit hydrographs of different durations
6. Flood Hydrology [7 hours]
6.1. Design flood and its frequency
6.2. Statistical methods of flood prediction
6.2.1. Continuous Probability distribution
6.2.2. Return period, Frequency and risk
6.2.3. Plotting positions, frequency factors
6.2.4. Log Pearson III Method
6.2.5. Gumbel’s Extreme Value Type I Method
6.3. Flood prediction by Rational and Empirical methods
7. Flow Routing [5 hours]
7.1. Linear Reservoir routing
7.2. Time area Method
7.3. Clark Unit hydrograph
Practical:
Rainfall – Runoff Simulation
Field visit at meteorological station
Stream flow measurement by velocity area method (Current meter and
Floats)
Stream flow measurement by dilution techniques.
Recommended Books and References:
1. Engineering Hydrology by K. Subramanya, Tata‐McGraw Hill Publishing Co.,
New Delhi
2. Applied Hydrology by V.T. Chow, D.R. Midment and L.W. Mays, McGraw Hill
International
3. Engineering Hydrology by R. S. Varshney, Nem Chand & Bros., Roorkee
4. Hydrology for Engineers by Linsley, Kohler and Paulhus, McGraw Hill
International Co.
5. Engineering Hydrology by B. L. Gupta, Standard Publishers and Distributors,
New Delhi