Worksheet 12, Math 10560

1 The partial fraction decomposition of the rational function

2x + 1
(x + 1)2 (x2 + 4)3

is of the form:

A Bx + C Cx + D Ex3 + F x2 + Gx + H Ix5 + Jx4 + Kx3 + Lx2 + M x + N

+ + 2 + +
x + 1 (x + 1)2 x +4 (x2 + 4)2 (x2 + 4)3

Ax + B Cx + D
+
(x + 1)2 (x2 + 4)3
A B Cx + D Ex + F Gx + H
+ 2
+ 2 + 2 2
+ 2
x + 1 (x + 1) x +4 (x + 4) (x + 4)3
Ax + B Cx5 + Dx4 + Ex3 + F x2 + Gx + H
+
(x + 1)2 (x2 + 4)3
A B Cx + D Gx + H
+ + +
x + 1 (x + 1)2 x2 + 4 (x2 + 4)3

Solution: The denominator is the product of a repeated linear factor (x + 1)2 and a repeated
irreducible quadratic factor (x2 + 4)2 . Our decomposition must be of the form

A B Cx + D Ex + F Gx + H
+ + + + .
x + 1 (x + 1)2 x2 + 4 (x2 + 4)2 (x2 + 4)3
2 Which of the following expressions give the partial fraction decomposition of the function

4x2 + 3x + 8
f (x) = .
x(x − 2)3 (x2 + 8)

A B C D Ex + F
+ + 2
+ 3
+ 2
x x − 2 (x − 2) (x − 2) x +8
A Bx + C Dx + E F x + G Hx + I
+ + 2
+ + 2
x x−2 (x − 2) (x − 2)3 x +8
A Bx2 + Cx + D Ex + F
+ + 2
x (x − 2)3 x +8
A B Cx + D
+ + 2
x x−2 x +8
A B C D E
+ + 2
+ 3
+ 2
x x − 2 (x − 2) (x − 2) x +8

Solution:

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 3 Find
2x3 − 2x2 + 1
Z
dx
x2 − x

Solution:

4 Give the FORM of the partial fraction. Do NOT solve for the coefficients.

3x2 − 9x
=
x(x − 1)2 (x2 + 1)2

Solution:

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 5 Calculate the integral Z
dx
√ .
x+ 3x

Solution: Make substitution u = x1/3 . Then u3 = x and with dx = 3u2 du

3u2 du
Z Z Z
dx 3udu 3 3
√ = 2
= 2
= ln(u2 + 1) = ln(x2/3 + 1) + C.
x+ x 3
u(u + 1) u +1 2 2

6 Evaluate the integral Z 1 √ 8

(1 − x) dx.
0

√ √
Solution: We do this with u-substitution. Let u = 1− x so that x = 1−u and hence x = (1−u)2 .
Using this, we see that dx = −2(1 − u)du. Also, the bounds of integration go from x = 0 to u = 1
and from x = 1 to u = 0. Making the substitution gives:
Z 1 Z 0 Z 1
√ 8 8
(1 − x) dx = −2(1 − u)u du = 2 u8 − u9 du
0 1 0
 9 1
u10 
     
u 1 1 1 1
=2 −  =2 − −0 =2 =
9 10  9 10 90 45
0

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 7 Find
x2 + 3x
Z
√ dx.
x+4

√
Solution: Let u = x + 4. then du = 21 (x + 4)−1/2 dx and x = u2 − 4. Hence dx = 2udu and

x2 + 3x
Z Z
√ dx = 2((u2 − 4)2 + 3(u2 − 4)) du
x+4

5u3 u5
Z
= 2 4 − 5u2 + u4 du = 2[4u − + ]+C
3 5
h √ 5 (x + 4)5/2 i
3/2
= 2 4 x + 4 − (x + 4) + + C.
3 5
2√
= x + 4 (8 + x + 3x2 ) + C.
15

8 Find Z √
x
dx.
x+1

√
Solution: Let u = x. then du = 21 (x)−1/2 dx and x = u2 . Hence
√
2u2
Z Z
x
dx. = du
x+1 u2 + 1
Z
2
= 2− du = 2u − 2 tan−1 (u) + C
u2
+1
√ √
= 2 x − 2 tan−1 ( x + C.

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 Z √
x
9 Find e dx

Solution:

10 Compute the integral Z

2
dx .
x(x2+ 1)

Solution: We write
2 A Bx + C
= + 2
x(x2 + 1) x x +1
Then grouping by powers of x, we determine

x2 : A+B =0
x1 : C=0
x0 : A=2

Hence, A = 2, B = −2, and C = 0. Therefore,

2
R R 2 R 2x
x(x2 +1)
dx = x
dx − x2 +1
dx

= ln x2 − ln(x2 + 1) + C

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11 Evaluate the integral
4x2 + 3
Z
dx.
x3 + x

Solution:
4x2 + 3 4x2 + 3 A Bx + C
3
= 2
= + 2
x +x x(x + 1) x x +1
Multiplying both sides by x(x2 + 1), we get

4x2 + 3 = A(x2 + 1) + (Bx + C)x = Ax2 + Bx2 + Cx + A

Comparing coefficients, we get

A = 3, C = 0, A + B = 4, → A = 3, C = 0, B = 1.

Hence we have
4x2 + 3 3 x
3
= + 2
x +x x x +1
and
4x2 + 3
Z Z Z
3 x
dx = dx + dx
x3 + x x 2
x +1
Z
1 1
= 3 ln |x| + du
2 u
(where u = x2 + 1)
1
== 3 ln |x| + ln |u| + C
2
1
== 3 ln |x| + ln |x2 + 1| + C
2

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 12 Evaluate the integral
x3 + 4x + 6
Z
dx.
x4 + 4x2

Solution: Use a partial fraction decomposition. Factoring the denominator

x4 + 4x2 = x2 (x2 + 4)

where x2 is a repeated linear factor and x2 + 4 is an irreducible quadratic factor. Therefore the
decomposition is of the form

x3 + 4x + 6 A B Cx + D
2 2
= + 2+ 2
x (x + 4) x x x +4

This leads to the equation:

x3 + 4x + 6 = Ax(x2 + 4) + B(x2 + 4) + (Cx + D)x2 = Ax3 + 4Ax + Bx2 + 4B + Cx3 + Dx2

which breaks down into system of equations

A+C =1
B+D =0
4A = 4
4B = 6.

We solve this to find A = 1, B = 23 , C = 0, and D = − 32 . Therefore

x3 + 4x + 6
Z Z Z Z
1 3 1 3 1
dx = dx + dx − dx
x4 + 4x2 x 2 x 2 2 2
x +4
3 3 x
= ln |x| − − arctan + C.
2x 4 2

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 1
2x2
Z
13 Evaluate dx
0 (x + 1)(x2 + 1)

Solution:

14 Find the integral Z

3x + 1
dx.
x3 + x2

Solution: Use partial fraction decomposition

3x + 1 3x + 1 A B C Ax(x + 1) + B(x + 1) + Cx2

= = + + = .
x 3 + x2 x2 (x + 1) x x2 x + 1 x2 (x + 1)

Therefore
3x + 1 = (A + C)x2 + (A + B)x + B.
It follows that
A + C = 0, A + B = 3, B = 1,
A = 2, B = 1, C = −2,
and Z Z
3x + 1 2 1 2 1
dx = ( + 2− )dx = 2 ln |x| − − 2 ln |x + 1| + C.
x3 + x2 x x x+1 x

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