Senior High School

Physical Science
Quarter 2 - Module 5
Physical Science - Grade 12
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Quarter 2 - Module 5:

First Edition, 2020

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Published by the Department of Education Region X-Northern Mindanao

Regional Director: Dr. Arturo B. Bayocot, CESO V

Development Team of the Module

Authors: Jenifer Jude G. Ragandang
Noeme S. Lagos
Doris D. Pabalate

Reviewers: Jean S. Macasero, EPS-Science

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Nina D. Leyson
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 Senior
Senior High
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School

Physical Science
Quarter 2 - Module 5

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 Table of Contents

What This Module is About ................................................................................................................... i

What I Need to Know .............................................................................................................................. i
How to Learn from this Module. ...........................................................................................................i
Icons of this Module. .............................................................................................................................. .ii

What I Know. .......................................................................................................................................... .iii

Lesson 1:
Various Light Phenomena
........................................................................................................ 1
What I Need to Know .................................................................................... 1
...............................................1
What Is It: Why Optical Phenomena Happen ................................................2
.......................................................................4

..................................................................5

Lesson 2:

........................................................................................................ .6
What I Need to Know .................................................................................... .6
Find Me Clearly........................................................................6
.........................................................................7
..................................................................7

................................................................8

Key to Answers ......................................................................................................................11

References .............................................................................................................................13
What This Module is About
In this module, you will be introduced to various light phenomena and how Hertz
produced radio pulses applying the evidence-based knowledge of his predecessors on light
and electron.

Quite interesting! You may now start exploring this module.

The following are the lessons contained in this module:

1. Various Light Phenomena
2. Hertz's Radio Pulses

What I Need to Know

At the end of this module, you should be able to:

1. Explain various light phenomena such as:

A. Your reflection on the concave and convex sides of a spoon looks different
B. Mirages
C. Light from a red laser passes more easily through red cellophane than green
cellophane
D. Clothing of certain colors appear different in artificial light and sunlight
E. Haloes, sundogs, primary rainbows, secondary rainbows, and supernumerary bows
F. Why clouds are usually white and rainclouds dark
G. Why the sky is blue and sunsets are red (S11/12PS-IVf-66)
2. Describe how Hertz produced radio pulses (S11/12PS-IVf-68)

How to Learn from this Module

To achieve the objectives cited above, you are to do the following:
Get your pen and journal ready.
Take your time reading the lessons carefully note-taking important information and
keywords.
Follow the directions and/or instructions in the activities and exercises diligently.
Perform the activities to the heart. Write your observations in your journal.
Answer all the given tests and exercises as honestly as possible.
If you have any questions for clarification, feel free to consult your teacher.

i
Icons of this Module
This part contains learning objectives that
What I Need to
are set for you to learn as you go along the
Know
module.

This is an assessment as to your level of

knowledge of the subject matter at hand,
What I know
meant specifically to gauge prior related
knowledge

This part connects the previous lesson with

that of the current one.

An introduction of the new lesson through

various activities, before it will be presented
to you

These are discussions of the activities as a

What is It way to deepen your discovery and
understanding of the concept.

These are follow-up activities that are

intended for you to practice further to master
the competencies.

What I Have Activities designed to process what you have

Learned learned from the lesson

These are tasks that are designed to

showcase your skills and knowledge gained
What I can do
and applied to real-life concerns and
situations.

ii
 What I Know

Multiple Choice. Select the letter of the best answer from among the given choices.

1. Which of the following is true about the image formed in a concave mirror?
A. It is always enlarged, laterally reversed, and upright
B. it may be smaller than the object, laterally reversed, and inverted
C. it may be smaller, laterally reversed, and upright
. D. it is always enlarged, laterally reversed, and inverted
2. Why is the color of certain clothing appears different in artificial light than in sunlight?
A. Artificial light contains less amount of color pigments than sunlight.
B. Artificial light contains more amount of color pigments than sunlight.
C. Artificial light does not contain any color pigment as compared to sunlight.
D. Artificial light contains color with the same intensities as sunlight.
3. Which of the following is true about a secondary rainbow?
A. can be seen below the primary rainbow
B. brighter than the primary rainbow
C. has broader bands of colors
D. can be seen only in the morning or late in the afternoon.
4. What natural occurrence is produced by the refraction of light as it travels between hot
and cold air?
A. mirage C. sundogs
B. myriad D. halo
5. What optical phenomena is seen on the inner part of the primary rainbow?
A. Halo C. Secondary rainbow
B. Sundogs D. Supernumerary bow
6. Which of the following is produced by refraction caused by ice crystals?
A. halo C. rainbows
B. mirage D. supernumerary bows
7. Which of these primary phenomena causes the formation of rainbows?
A. Diffraction and reflection C. reflection and interference
B. Refraction and dispersion D. refraction and reflection
8.Which of these optical processes may result in the formation of supernumerary bows?
A. reflection C. interference
B. refraction D. diffraction

9. Who discovered the radio wave?

A. Heinrich Hertz C. Henry Hertz
B. Heinrich Hess D. Henry Hess

10.
I. When sparks flew across the main gap, sparks also flew across the secondary gap.
II. When sparks flew across the main gap, sparks stopped across the secondary gap.
III. When sparks flew across the main gap, the secondary gap does not ignite.
A. I only C. II and III only
B. I, II, and III D. III only

iii
 Lesson

1 Various Light Phenomena

In module 4, you have learned that rainbows are formed due to the dispersion of light
in water droplets that act as a prism. You have also learned that the blue sky, the reddish
sunset, and the white and dark clouds are products of the scattering of light in the atmosphere;
while the rainbow-colored soap bubbles are due to the interference of light and the bright
fringes and dark bands in shadows are results of the diffraction of light.

In the previous module, you knew that light reflects or bounces back as it hits an
opaque object such as a mirror and passes through transparent objects such as glass and
lenses. Light refracts or bends as it enters from one medium to another with different optical
density. You also knew that the colors we see on the object are the color of light that is
reflected by the object to our eyes. The green color of the leaves is due to the green light that
is reflected by the leaves to our eyes, and as the leaves absorbed all other colors only green
is reflected.

These behaviors of light produce spectacular light phenomena that we often see in our
daily life and sometimes we may not notice it.

What I Need to Know

In this lesson, you are expected to explain various light phenomena such as your
reflection on the concave and convex side of a spoon, mirage, haloes, sundogs, primary and
secondary rainbows, and supernumerary bows. You are also expected to explain why a red
laser light passes through easily on red cellophane than on a green one and why colors of
clothing appear different in artificial light as compared to natural sunlight.

Activity 5.1.1A. My Image

1. In a well-lighted room, hold a shiny spoon at arm's length with the backside facing at
you. Look at your image and describe your observation.
2. Now, turn the spoon and hold it at arm's length such that the front side faces you.
Observe and describe your image.
3. Write your observations in your journal notebook.

1
 Activity 5.1.1B. May I Pass Through
1. Point a red laser light at 900 or perpendicular to red-colored cellophane. Observe the
transmitted light on a screen (maybe a white bond paper or white wall). Write your
observation in your journal notebook. Note: If red laser light is not available, you may
use a red bulb.
2. This time, use green cellophane instead of red and do the same as procedure no. 1.
What do you observe? Again, write your observation in your journal notebook.

What Is It

For activity 5.1.1A, the backside of the spoon represents the convex mirror while the
front side of the spoon represents the concave mirror. How are the images formed in a convex
and concave mirror? In a convex mirror, reflected light rays diverge as if it originates from the
imaginary focus of the mirror, thus producing a small, upright, and laterally reverse image just
as what you observe. The image is upright because the point of intersection of the extended
reflected light rays through which the image is formed is above the principal axis. See figure
5.1 below.

For a concave mirror, incident light rays parallel to the principal axis bend towards
the focus of the mirror as it reflects, thus producing a small, laterally reversed, and upside
down or inverted image. The image is inverted because the point of intersection of the real
reflected light rays is below the principal axis.

For Activity 5.1.1B, colored cellophane acts as a filter for allowing certain colors to pass
through while absorbing the other colors. In the case of the activity, red laser light passes
through more easily in red cellophane than in green one because much of the red light is
absorbed in the green cellophane.

Light is transmitted in transparent materials without being scattered at an angle of 90

degrees, otherwise, light is refracted, but not 100 % of the incident light is transmitted, some
are absorbed and others are reflected.

2
 When light hits an opaque object, some of its frequencies are absorbed and some are
reflected. Such in the case of green leaves, only the green frequency is reflected while the
other frequencies are absorbed by the object. The green light is reflected in our eyes, and we
see it green. When all frequencies of light are reflected, we see a white object, such as the
white clouds, but when all frequencies of light are absorbed, we see the object black.

Colored objects have pigments capable of reflecting specific colors of light. A blue-
colored dress reflects the blue frequency and absorbs the other. But comparing the results of
reflection from natural sunlight and an artificial light source such as from a LED light, the color
intensities are different. The blue dress would appear pale blue in artificial light because it
contains less amount of blue light as compared to the natural sunlight.

Various Light Phenomena

The many wonderful picturesque in our surroundings are some of the many examples
of light phenomena that are governed by the properties and behavior of light such as reflection,
refraction, dispersion, scattering, interference, and diffraction.

Mirage is a natural occurrence produced by the refraction of light as it travels between

hot and cold air. It is mostly observed on a straight highway at noontime when the sun heats
the road to high temperatures. It is an optical illusion of seeing water on the highway on a very
hot sunny day.

Haloes and sundogs are optical phenomena that happen when light is reflected or
refracted by ice crystals in the atmosphere. Haloes are formed around the sun or the moon
when ice crystals refract light twice, making 22 0 refraction from its original direction. The
refraction occurs in hexagonal ice crystals mostly found in cirrus clouds.

Sundogs have the same mechanism as the formation of haloes, however, they are
most visible when the sun is near the horizon. As light enters the face side of the hexagonal
ice crystals, light exits at 220 on the other side towards the eyes. Mock sun or parhelion are
the other terms for sundogs.

In module 4, you learned that rainbows are

formed from the dispersion of light on droplets of
water in the atmosphere. When water droplets
refract light between 40° to 42°angle towards the
eyes, a primary rainbow is formed. We may see
a second rainbow which is fainter than the first.
This happens when two reflections are made
inside the water droplets. A secondary rainbow
is formed when water droplets refract the light at
an angle between 54° and 52° making the colors
in reverse order. Supernumerary bows are found
in the inner part of the primary rainbow due to the
interference of the wave crest. They are usually
greenish-purple colors.

Did you know that a rainbow always appears opposite the sun? So, the next time
you want to see a rainbow after the rain shower, let your back face the sun and let your
eyes wander in the lower sky.

3
 Activity 5.1.2. Picture Analysis

Analyze the photographs of different optical phenomena and answer the guide
questions below in your journal notebook.

Guide Questions:

1. On a very sunny day, have you observed the apparent pool of water on a straight
highway? What do you call this phenomenon and what causes this? Which photo is
this?
2. Which photo shows a halo? What causes the formation of haloes?
3. Which photo depicts sundogs? What property of light causes sundogs?
4. Rainbows are a spectacular view of the sky. What is the difference between a primary
rainbow and a secondary rainbow?
5. Which among the pictures is a supernumerary bow? What property of light causes its
formation?

What I Have Learned

Answer the questions briefly. Write your answers in your journal notebook.

1. Compare and contrast the images formed on the front side and the backside of a shiny
spoon. What does the front side of the spoon represent? The backside?
2. Why does red light pass through easily in red cellophane? What happens to the green
light as it passes through the red cellophane?
3. The color of the dress when artificial light is shone upon it is different compared to the
color of the dress when natural sunlight is shone upon it. Why?
4. What behavior of light is responsible for the formation of mirage?
5. What are the similarities and differences between a halo and a sundog?
6. How is a primary and secondary rainbow different?
7. What is a supernumerary bow? How is it formed?

4
 What I Can Do

Now that you have studied various light phenomena, select at least 3 and make
a sketch or illustrate the following in your journal notebook. Color your illustrations properly.

1.
2. A supernumerary bow is located at the inner part of a primary bow.
3. An image of a red rose is reflected on the front side of the spoon.
4. An image of a native fruit is reflected on the backside of the spoon.
5. The color difference of an orange dress when an artificial light shines on its side with
the same dress illuminated by the natural sunlight.

5
 Lesson

2
In the previous topic, you have learned about light phenomena that are any
observable events that resulted from the interaction of light and matter. Various light
phenomena are formed due to the interaction of light from the sun or moon with the
atmosphere, clouds, dust, water, and other particulates. Light phenomena include rainbows,
haloes, the color of clouds, and the sky.

What I Need to Know

(http://www.brainkart.com/article/Production-and-properties-of-electromagnetic-waves---Hertz-experiment_38544/)

o Who is Heinrich Rudolf Hertz? What was his contribution to electromagnetic waves?
o Why did Hertz able to do this kind of experiment?
o How did the Hertz experiment produce radio pulses?
o Why is the unit of frequency Hertz?
o on nowadays?

The questions above will give you an idea of the things Hertz did and how they
became an important part of the new generation. Before you proceed please try to answer the
questions above using prior knowledge on this topic.

Activity 5.2.1. Find Me Clearly

Turn On an AM/FM Radio. First, select clear AM radio stations. Record the names
and frequencies of the radio stations with clear reception. This time tune in to FM radio
stations. Record again the names and frequencies of stations that give clear reception. What
have you observed on the radio frequency when you turn the dial knob to the right and the
left? Is there a difference in the frequency of AM and FM radio stations? Do you know how
radio signals are transmitted and who discovered them? Write your answers in your journal
notebook.
6
 What Is It

HEINRICH HERTZ
1890

https://www.famousscientists.orghow-hertz-discovered-radio-waves

Heinrich Rudolf Hertz (1857 1894) was a

German physicist who became the first person to transmit
and receive controlled radio waves. He was the first to
conclusively prove the existence of electromagnetic
waves theorized by James Clerk Maxwell's
electromagnetic theory of light.

Hertz proved the theory on how to transmit and

receive radio pulses using experimental procedures. He
planned a set of experiments to test Maxwell's
hypothesis. This apparatus consists of polished brass
knobs, each connected to an induction coil and separated
by a tiny gap over which sparks could leap as shown in
Figure 5.2.1
Figure 5.2.1

Activity 5.2 2.

Make an improvise of Hertz's experiment. Using the picture below as your guide
or you can watch the you-tube https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9gDFll6 Ge7g. Picture
your output and paste it into your journal notebook.
(https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=A5mXwBABgDs)

7
 What I Have Learned
Activity 5.2.3. Test your Memory

Answer the following questions briefly: Write your answers in your journal notebook.

1. What is the unit of frequency? In whose honor is it named?

______________________________________________________________________

2. Why will a large voltage be used to produce sparks based on the Hertz experiment?
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________

3. How did Hertz produce sparks?

______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________

4. Was Hertz successful in proving James Clerk Maxwell's electromagnetic theory of

light?
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________

What I Can Do
Activity 5.2.4. Research Time
Do some research work on the given topic below and record your answer in
your journal notebook.

1. Differences between AM and FM

2. Why NTC order to stop the ABS-CBN from using their frequency

Summary

1. Mirage, rainbows, supernumerary bows, haloes, sundogs, red sunset, blue sky, and
white clouds are some of the spectacular light phenomena we can observe in our life.

2. Heinrich Rudolf Hertz discovered radio pulses and the unit of frequency, Hertz, is
named after him.

8
 Assessment (Post Test)

Multiple Choice. Select the letter of the best answer from among the given choices.

1. What optical phenomena is seen on the inner part of the primary rainbow?
A. Halo C. Secondary rainbow
B. Sundogs D. Supernumerary bow
2. Why is the color of certain clothing appears different in artificial light than in sunlight?
A. Artificial light contains less amount of color pigments than sunlight.
B. Artificial light contains more amount of color pigments than sunlight.
C. Artificial light does not contain any color pigment as compared to sunlight.
D. Artificial light contains color with the same intensities as sunlight.
3.Which of the following is true about the image formed in a concave mirror?
A. It is always enlarged, laterally reversed, and upright
B. it may be smaller than the object, laterally reversed, and inverted
C. it may be smaller, laterally reversed, and upright
. D. it is always enlarged, laterally reversed, and inverted
4.Which of the following is produced by refraction caused by ice crystals?
A. halo C. rainbows
B. mirage D. supernumerary bows
5.Which of the following is true about a secondary rainbow?
E. can be seen below the primary rainbow
F. brighter than the primary rainbow
G. has broader bands of colors
H. can be seen only in the morning or late in the afternoon.
6.. Which of these primary phenomena causes the formation of rainbows?
C. Diffraction and reflection C. reflection and interference
D. Dispersion and refraction D. refraction and reflection
7.Which of these optical processes may result in the formation of supernumerary bows?
C. reflection C. interference
D. refraction D. diffraction
8. What natural occurrence is produced by the refraction of light as it travels between hot
and cold air?
A. mirage C. sundogs
B. myriad D. halo
9. The reason why Hertz used the same length of wire from CA to CB.
I. The voltage reached at the same direction.
I. The voltage reached at the same point.
II. The voltage reached at the same time.
A. I only C. II and III only
B. I and II only D. III only

10.
I. When sparks flew across the main gap, sparks flew across the secondary gap.
II. When sparks flew across the main gap, sparks stopped across the secondary gap.
III. When sparks flew across the main gap, the secondary gap does not ignite.
A. I only C. II and III only
B. I, II, and III D. III only